Seminar1 201501

You might also like

Download as pdf or txt
Download as pdf or txt
You are on page 1of 9

Fundamental physical parameters of a wave (1) 基本的な波の諸元 (1)

Seminar on numerical simulation


and tsunami (1)
津波数値解析法について(1) z
Wave celerity 波速:c

Linear long wave equation


線形長波方程式 Datum line Wave height 波高:H Water surface elevation 水位:
D.L. x, t
基準線
・Derivation of fundamental equations 基礎方程式の導出
Wave length 波長:L,Wave period 周期:T
・Discretization of fundamental equations 基礎方程式の差分化
Total water depth (全)水深:D = h + 
・explicit method 陽解法 Still water depth 静水深:h

・Non-reflective wave generation boundary 無反射性造波境界


Bed 水底

Fundamental physical parameters of a wave (2) 基本的な波の諸元 (2) Derivation of the Continuity equation (1) 連続式の導出 (1)
z
Continuity of mass is considered about the range Water surface 水面
x (see the figure)
 t  t , x 
右図のような微小区間xに対して
 質量保存を考える  t, x 
D.L. x, t
Change of the water surface during the small
Cross sectional average velocity time t D.L.
断面平均流速: U
微小時間t間の水位の変化量は
h
Unit discharge 線流量:    t  t , x    t , x 

Q   U dz 
h   t , x   t   t , x 
t Q t , x  h Q t , x  x 

 t
t
Bed 水底
The increase of volume is expressed
Unit discharge [m2/s] is the integrated value of velocities from river bed to water surface
水路幅をBとすると,水量の増分Vは
It is a discharge in unit width

V  Btx
線流量は流速を水深方向に積分したもので,単位は[m2/s] t
x Bed 水底
(単位幅あたりの流量) Where B is the channel width ここに、Bは水路幅
Derivation of the momentum equation (1)
Derivation of the Continuity equation (2) 連続式の導出 (2) Lateral velocity 水平方向流速:u
運動方程式の導出 (1)
Inflow discharge (right side) and outflow discharge (left side)
Euler’s equation of motion in x and z directions are Vertical velocity 鉛直方向流速:w
within time t Water surface 水面
微小時間t間の左端からの流入量と,右端からの流出量は
x,z軸方向のEulerの運動方程式 Pressure 圧力:p
 t  t , x  (x direction)
u
u
u
w
u

1 p Density of water 水の密度:
 Inflow disch arg e from leftsuide  t x z  x
   Qt , x Bt  t, x  Gravitational acceleration
左端からの流入量  w w w 1 p 重力加速度:g
(z direction) u w  g 
Outflow disch arg e from right side  t x z  z
   Qt , x  x Bt D.L.

w 
w 
z Bx
右端からの流出量  Long wave approximation [長波近似]  z 
h 1 1
Q When L  20 ~ 25 , vertical component of water motion
 Qt , x Bt  Btx
x can be neglected
h 1 1 z
The increase of volume is calculated by  ~ のとき,水の運動の
L 20 25  u 
(inflow-outflow) and is given by 鉛直成分は水平成分に対して無視できる uBz u  x Bz
 x 
Q t , x  h Q t , x  x 
[流入量] - [流出量]が水量の増分Vに Then, vertical component of velocity, W can be
等しくなるので neglected 鉛直方向流速:w に関する項は無視
x
The 2nd term of the momentum equation (x direction)
  Q  wB x
Btx  Q t , x Bt   Q t , x Bt  Btx  can be calculated
t  x  x方向の運動方程式の左辺第2項は Then it can be
右図のような微小領域の連続式から neglected (because of
 Q  u   w  u w the function of w)
 0 x Bed 水底 uBz   u  x Bz  wBx   w  z Bx  0  w で表すことができ無
t x  x   z  x z
視できる

Derivation of the momentum equation (2) z Derivation of the momentum equation (3) 運動方程式の導出 (3)
運動方程式の導出 (2)
u 
u 1 p  (x方向) g 0
(x-direction x方向)  t x
t  x D.L. x
1 p When the depth averaged velocity U is used for u U 
(z-direction z方向) 0  g  x方向の流速を断面平均流速を用いて表すと, g 0
 z t x
p h
Momentum equation in z direction is integrated
from water surface () to z Above momentum equation in x direction is integrated from the bed (-h) to water
Bed 水底 surface ()
z方向の運動方程式を水面()から 上記の運動方程式を鉛直方向に水底(-h)から水面( )まで積分する
任意の高さ(z)まで鉛直方向に積分する
1 z p  U   U 
pz  p   g z    pz  p  g   z    h  g   h 
z

 z

dz    gdz
 
h t
dz   g
 h x
dz  0
t x
0

As a pressure at water surface, p  0 水面での圧力: p  0 なので, When small amplitude of wave is assumed, [微小振幅波を仮定]
i.e., wave height is enough small compared to water depth
Pressure at z is, p z  g   z  任意の高さ(z)における圧力は, pz  g   z  波高が水深に比べて十分に小さいとすると,
    
Substituting this into the momentum equation in x direction, g   h   gh  1  gh
x h  x x Q 
これをx方向の運動方程式に代入すると,  gh 0
  t x
Q    h U  h  1U  hU
u    z  u  z u  h 
 g g  0 g 0
t x t x x t x
One dimensional linear long-wave equations 1次元線形長波の基礎方程式 Discretization (1) 離散化 (1)

 Q Continuous variables are discretized for solving numerically


< Continuity Equation >  0
t x プログラムで処理できるように連続的な値を持つ変数を離散化する

Q 
,Q ,Q
< Momentum Equation >  gh 0
t x x,t

Unkonwn variables ,Q is solved by numerical simulation

未知量,Q を数値計算により解く

x,t x,t
Continuous values 連続的な値 Discontinuous values

Discretization 離散化

Discretization (2) 離散化 (2) Discretization (3) 離散化 (3) Discretization in time 時間方向の離散化
Discretization in space 空間方向の離散化
Leapfrog method:Location of calculation of water surface elevation and unit
Staggered Grid:Location of calculation of water surface elevation and unit discharge is defined like a leap frog
discharge is defined in staggered arrangement 水位と線流量の計算点を交互に定義
水位と線流量の計算点を交互に定義
t
x  n 1 n +1
(horizontal view 水路を上から見た図)
x 2
t Q n 1 2
x n +1
Unit width t n n
単位幅
2 n
0 1 i -1 i i +1 ie Q n 1 2
n -1
Calculation point for water
Qi 1 Qi Qi 1 surface elevation  n 1 n -1
水位の計算点
Calculation point for water surface
 i 1 2  i 1 2 Calculation point for unit elevation 水位の計算点
discharge 1
i -1 i i +1 線流量の計算点 Calculation point for unit discharge
0 線流量の計算点
Discretization (4) 離散化 (4)
Finite difference method (1) 有限差分法 (1)
Summary of the discretization in space and time
空間方向と時間方向の離散化のまとめ
df x  f f x  x   f x 
Definition of the time (old time)  lim  lim
dx x 0 x x 0 x
t  in1 2 時間方向の定義点 f
f(x)
x express the space
When x is enough small, the above equation
空間方向の定義点
Can be assumed as:
Definition of the time (new time)
n +1 n 1 2 時間方向の定義点 xが十分小さいとき,微分係数は次式で
Q
i
n 1 2
Q i 近似できる (右辺を差分商という) f
t express the space f  f
x df x 
df x  f x  x   f x 
空間方向の定義点 f
n  in1 2 
dx
dx x f
x
n -1 Calculation point for water surface Differentiation methods [差分の種類] x
x x  x
elevation 水位の計算点
Front-side difference 前方差分: f  f x  x   f x 
i -1 i i +1 Calculation point for unit discharge
線流量の計算点 Backward-side difference 後方差分: f  f x   f x  x 
x  x   x  f x  x   f x  x 
Central difference 中央差分: f  f  x   fx   or
 2   2  2

Finite difference method (2) 有限差分法 (2) Finite difference method (3) 有限差分法 (3)
Discretization of the continuity equation 連続式の差分化 Discretization of the momentum equation 運動方程式の差分化
 Q  n
i 1 2  n 1
i 1 2 Q n 1 2
Q n 1 2
Q  Q n 1 2
Qn 1 2
 n
i 1 2   in1 2
 0  i 1 i
0  gh 0 i i
 gh 0
t x t x t x t x
t n 1 2 t n
t
 in1 2   in112 
x
Qi 1  Qin 1 2  t
Qin 1 2  Qin 1 2  gh
x
 i 1 2   in1 2 
Unknown Known Unknown Known
未知量 既知量  1 1 未知量 既知量  1 1
n  , i   n  , i  
n +1  2 2 n +1  2 2
Time Space Time Space
Center差分の中心 時間 空間 Center 差分の中心 時間 空間

Unknown variables 未知量 Unknown variables 未知量


n n
Known variables 既知量 Known variables 既知量

n -1 Calculation point for water surface n -1 Calculation point for water surface
Known elevation 水位の計算点 Known elevation 水位の計算点
既知量 i -1 i i +1 既知量 i -1 i i +1
Calculation point for unit discharge Calculation point for unit discharge
線流量の計算点 線流量の計算点
x x
Numerical simulation procedure (1) 数値解析 (1) Numerical simulation procedure (2) 数値解析 (2)
Flow of the numerical calculation 数値解析の流れ Initial condition and boundary condition 初期条件と境界条件
Boundary condition 境界条件 [Initial condition 初期条件]
(Known variables
Initial condition 初期条件 既知量) 静水状態(波がない状態)とし,すべての計算点で水位と線流量が0
t 静水状態(波がない状態)とし,すべての計算点で水位と線流量が0
The same procedures are repeated
ne for water surface elevation and unit  0  0, Q1 2  0
discharge for the next time step [Boundary condition 境界条件]
以降,時間ステップを進めながら ①wave generation boundary :造波境界
水位と線流量の計算を繰り返す
Sin curve (wave height H,wave period T) is generated
H  2 
Next time step 次の時間ステップへ
波高H,周期Tの正弦波を造波する  1n2  sin nt 
2 ② Unit discharge is calculated by 2 T 
the momentum equation ②Channel boundary
② 運動方程式の差分式から線流量を計算
Qi e  0
t n Vertical wall (perfect reflection) 完全反射の直立壁とする
Qin 1 2  Qin 1 2  gh
x
 i 1 2   in1 2 
1 ① ① ②
Next time step 次の時間ステップへ
① Water surface elevation is calculated
0 x by the continuity equation
連続式の差分式から水位を計算
0 1 2 ie Horizontal view
t n 1 2
 in1 2   in112  Qi 1  Qin 1 2  0 1 2 ie-1 ie
x 水路を上から見た図

Numerical simulation procedure (3) 数値解析 (3)


Flow Chart
t n 1 2  2
[差分式]  in1 2   in112  Q  Qin1 2 
x i 1
[境界条件]  1n2 
H
sin

n t 
START
2 T 
t n
Qin 1 2  Qin 1 2  gh
x
 i 1 2   in1 2  Qi e  0 Input Data and Constants

Input Data and Constants Initial Condition


Time Cycle : n =1~ne
:3.14159 (円周率:Pai)
Constants
g:9.81m/s2 (重力加速度:G,Gravitational acceleration) Wave Generation  3 1
(定数)  i  ~ ie  
 2 2
l:m (水路長:CL,Channel Length) Space Cycle : i =1~ie-1
Channel condition
(水路の条件) h:m (静水深:SWD,Still Water Depth) Calculation of  Water surface elevation is calculated by
the continuity equation
T:s (周期:WP,Wave Period) 連続式の差分式から水位を計算
Wave condition HI :m (入射波高:WHI,Incident Wave Height)
(波の条件) Calculation of Q Space Cycle : i =1~ie-1
c: gh (波速:WC,Wave Celerity)
L: cT (波長:WL,Wave Length) Unit discharge is calculated by the
momentum equations
x:  L 24 ~ L 36 (空間方向の分割幅:DX,Delta X)
Output 運動方程式の差分式から線流量を計算
Other condition
(その他の条件) ie:int(l /x) (空間方向の分割数:IE number of divide in space)
t:  x gh END
(時間方向の分割幅:DT,Delta T)
ne:int(3l /ct) (時間方向の分割数:NE number of divide in time)
Example of calculation 計算例
Effective calculation domain 有効計算領域
Wave height t
波高:H =0.1m 3l
Wave period
Output (water surface elevation) t3  Effective calculation domain
出力点(水位) c 0.2
有効計算領域
周期:T =10s
2l
t2  0.1
c

 (m)
Still water depth
t (s)
Channel length 水路長:l =100m 静水深:h =1m 0
l
t1  0 50 100 150
c
-0.1
x=1m
0.2 x
-0.2
tA tB
Wave generation boundary Channel boundary
Water surface elevation

造波境界 水路端境界
0.1 1 .5l 1 .5l 2 .5 l 2 . 5 l
tA   , tB  
c gh c gh

0
Channel length 水路長:l =100m
0 50 100 150
水位 (m)

Reflection from the wave generation


Time 時間 (s) When effective calculation Need to lengthen boundary should be deleted.
-0.1 the channel length
should be longer 造波境界からの再反射波をなくす
有効計算領域を広くしたい 水路長を長くする
[Non-reflective wave generation
-0.2 boundary]
Disadvantage) CPU time become long
デメリット)計算時間が長くなる [無反射性造波境界]

Non-reflective wave generation boundary (2)  function


Non-reflective wave generation boundary (1) 無反射性造波境界 (1) 無反射性造波境界 (2)
1 , x  xw
Sponge Layer Sponge Layer  x  xw   
0 , x  xw
Wave generation point: wave is generated at this source (Source method)
造波点:Source方式 [Source method]
xw : location at x coordinate
 Q
< Continuity equation >   qw  x  xw  of wave generation
t x 造波点のx座標

1 1 1 x=xw
qw  2QI  2c I  2 gh I
x x x
Sponge 静水深:h
Layer From small amplitude wave theory
微小振幅波理論から

Because wave is transported to + and – directions


2倍になっているのは,波がxの正・負方向に
ls lb lc 進行することに対応しているため BQI BQI
Wave is generated at the source method (i.e. water is put or taken at this source) Increase of volume V within time t h+
Source方式で波を造波する(外部から水を出し入れする) 右図に対して,t間の体積増分Vは
 Q
Wave energy of the generated wave or reflected wave at the boundary is dissipated V  Btx   Btx  2BQI t
at the sponge layer. t x B
Sponge Layer部分で波のエネルギーを吸収させる  Q
  2QI
1 x
(造波したSponge Layerに向かう波や水路端境界からの反射波)
t x x
Non-reflective wave generation boundary (2) 無反射性造波境界 (2)
※Small amplitude wave theory 微小振幅波理論
Sponge Layer xs
cosh k h  z 
uI   I
sinh kh
0 0 cosh k h  z  Sponge h
 h
uI dz   
h sinh kh
 I dz
[Sponge Layer]
Layer

 I Q 
cosh k h  z dz  Q  0
0

sinh kh h
QI   gh ls lb lc
t x
Energy absorption term エネルギー吸収項
 I
0
1 
 sinh k h  z 
sinh kh  k  h e xs l s  1 r g  rxs  
<Model 1>    <Model 2>   cosh   1
 I  1  e1  1 2sinh r  r  h   ls  
  sinh kh  ls should be at least more than twice of wave length(>2L)
sinh kh  k  r =3.0 is optimum  =1.0
 I 2 2 lsは最低でも波長の2倍(>2L)
   , k r =3.0が最適, =1.0
k T L
L I When tsunami is calculated, wave length is very long. So the length of sponge layer,
 ls should be taken very long. Then, CPU time becomes too large.
T
 c I c 
L
 gh 津波計算の場合、 Sponge Layerの長さlsを大きくとらなければならず,計算負荷が大きい
T
Non-reflective wave generation boundary and characteristic curve method
特性曲線法による無反射性造波境界

Non-reflective wave generation boundary (3) 無反射性造波境界 (3) Non-reflective wave generation boundary (4) 無反射性造波境界 (4)
Characteristic curve method 特性曲線法
Characteristic curve method 特性曲線法
As to one-dimensional linear long wave theory (constant still water depth)
[Wave generation boundary (perfect reflection) 一定水深の1次元線形長波方程式に対して,
Channel boundary
完全反射の造波境界]
水路端境界
① wave generation boundary 造波境界 ② < Continuity Equation >
 Q
t

x
0

t
 
gh  gh

x
Q   0 (1)

< Momentum Equation >


Q
t
 gh

x
0

t
Q   gh 
x
 
gh  0 (2)

is is +1 (Horizontal view 水路を上から見た図) ie-1 ie Eq.(2)±Eq.(1)



  gh
 
 
 Q  gh  0  
 t x
[Non-reflective wave generation boundary
 
Channel boundary
無反射性造波境界]    At the location at which wave propagates with gh
水路端境界   gh  Q  gh  0 to x direction
 t x  Q  gh  const.
① wave generation boundary 造波境界 ②
:x方向に gh の速度で進む点上で Q  gh  const.


  gh
 
 
 
At the location at which wave propagates with  gh
 Q  gh  0 to x direction
Q  gh  const.
is is +1 (Horizontal view 水路を上から見た図) ie-1 ie  t x 
:x方向に  gh の速度で進む点上で Q  gh  const.
Non-reflective wave generation boundary (5) 無反射性造波境界 (5) Non-reflective wave generation boundary (6) 無反射性造波境界 (6)
Characteristic curve method 特性曲線法 dx dx
t   gh  gh Characteristic curve method 特性曲線法
dt dt

dx
 gh 上で Q  gh  const. Qisnx1 2 t  gh isnx1 2 t  Qi0 x   gh i0x  (1)
point(1) s ght s ght
dt
Qisnx1 2 t  gh isnx1 2 t  Qisnx12xt2 x 2 gh
 gh isnx12xt2 x 2 gh
(2)
Qisnx1 2 t  gh isnx1 2 t  Qi0 x  ght
 gh i0x  ght
x
s s

2 gh From small wave amplitude theory


point(1) point(2) Qi0 x   gh i0x 
微小振幅波理論から s ght s ght

point(3)
Substituting this into Eq.(1) これをEq.(1)へ代入して,

Qisnx1 2 t  gh isnx1 2 t  2 gh i0x  ght


(3)
s

point(2) (Eq.(3)+Eq.(2)) / 2
x
1 1
2 Qisnx1 2 t  gh i0x  ght
 Qisnx12xt2 x 2 gh
 gh isnx12xt2 x 2 gh
(4)
s
2 2
x
dx is-1 is is+1 Value at Wave Effect of reflective wave
  gh 上で Q  gh  const. 反射波の影響
dt Location where unit Boundary generation
ght discharge is calculated 境界値 condition
線流量の定義点 造波条件
Qisnx1 2 t  gh isnx1 2 t  Qisnx12xt2 x 2 gh
 gh isnx12xt2 x 2 gh
 t  n  1 2t Location where water
surface elevation
point(1) point(3) is calculated
水位の定義点 is is+1

Non-reflective wave generation boundary (7) 無反射性造波境界 (7) Non-reflective wave generation boundary (8) 無反射性造波境界 (8)
Characteristic curve method 特性曲線法 Characteristic curve method 特性曲線法
[Wave generation condition 造波条件] x
ex.) When t  , the 2nd and 3rd terms of Eq.(4) become
2 gh
When sine wave (wave period T,wave length L,wave height HI) is generated, x
ex.) t  のとき,Eq.(4)の右辺第2,3項は
入射波は正弦波で与え,周期をT,波長をL,波高をHIとすると 2 gh

 2 2
x  i s x 
1 n 1 2 t  x 2 1 1 n 1 2 t  t 1
 I   I t , x  
HI
sin t Qi x  x 2 gh
 gh isnx12xt2 x 2 gh
 Qi x  x 2  gh isnx12xt2 t
2 T L  2 s 2 2 s 2
Therefore, the 1st term of Eq.(4) becomes
1 n 1 2 t 1
したがって,Eq.(4)の右辺第1項は  Qi 1 2 x  gh ins 11 22 tx at
2 s 2
gh 0
i s x  ght

 gh I 0, i s x  ght   ghHI  2
sin

ght  
ghHI  2 
sin t t
2  L  2 T 
 L   
1 n 1 2 t
Qi s x  Qins 112xt 
1
 
gh  ins 1t 2 x   ins 112tx 
Effect of reflected waves  c   gh  4 4
 T 
[反射波の影響]

nt
Equation becomes different with the definition of t , x and the location of point(3)

(n -1)t Water surface elevation 水位


時間分割幅t と空間分割幅x の関係やpoint(3)の与え方によって式が異なる

x x isx (is +1)x Unit discharge 線流量


ex.) t  , t 
gh 2 gh x
Non-reflective wave generation boundary (9) 無反射性造波境界 (9)

Characteristic curve method 特性曲線法

x
ex.) When t 
2 gh

 2  1 n 1 2 t
Qisnx1 2 t 
ghHI
sin 
t   Qi s x  Qins 112xt 
1
 
gh  ins 1t 2 x   ins 112tx 
2 T  4 4

If t and x are omitted,

 2  1 n 1 2
Qins 1 2 
ghHI
sin 
t   Qi s  Qins 11 2 
1
 
gh  ins 1 2   ins 11 2 
2 T  4 4

 t  n  1 2t

You might also like