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Seminar1 201501
Seminar1 201501
Seminar1 201501
Fundamental physical parameters of a wave (2) 基本的な波の諸元 (2) Derivation of the Continuity equation (1) 連続式の導出 (1)
z
Continuity of mass is considered about the range Water surface 水面
x (see the figure)
t t , x
右図のような微小区間xに対して
質量保存を考える t, x
D.L. x, t
Change of the water surface during the small
Cross sectional average velocity time t D.L.
断面平均流速: U
微小時間t間の水位の変化量は
h
Unit discharge 線流量: t t , x t , x
Q U dz
h t , x t t , x
t Q t , x h Q t , x x
t
t
Bed 水底
The increase of volume is expressed
Unit discharge [m2/s] is the integrated value of velocities from river bed to water surface
水路幅をBとすると,水量の増分Vは
It is a discharge in unit width
V Btx
線流量は流速を水深方向に積分したもので,単位は[m2/s] t
x Bed 水底
(単位幅あたりの流量) Where B is the channel width ここに、Bは水路幅
Derivation of the momentum equation (1)
Derivation of the Continuity equation (2) 連続式の導出 (2) Lateral velocity 水平方向流速:u
運動方程式の導出 (1)
Inflow discharge (right side) and outflow discharge (left side)
Euler’s equation of motion in x and z directions are Vertical velocity 鉛直方向流速:w
within time t Water surface 水面
微小時間t間の左端からの流入量と,右端からの流出量は
x,z軸方向のEulerの運動方程式 Pressure 圧力:p
t t , x (x direction)
u
u
u
w
u
1 p Density of water 水の密度:
Inflow disch arg e from leftsuide t x z x
Qt , x Bt t, x Gravitational acceleration
左端からの流入量 w w w 1 p 重力加速度:g
(z direction) u w g
Outflow disch arg e from right side t x z z
Qt , x x Bt D.L.
w
w
z Bx
右端からの流出量 Long wave approximation [長波近似] z
h 1 1
Q When L 20 ~ 25 , vertical component of water motion
Qt , x Bt Btx
x can be neglected
h 1 1 z
The increase of volume is calculated by ~ のとき,水の運動の
L 20 25 u
(inflow-outflow) and is given by 鉛直成分は水平成分に対して無視できる uBz u x Bz
x
Q t , x h Q t , x x
[流入量] - [流出量]が水量の増分Vに Then, vertical component of velocity, W can be
等しくなるので neglected 鉛直方向流速:w に関する項は無視
x
The 2nd term of the momentum equation (x direction)
Q wB x
Btx Q t , x Bt Q t , x Bt Btx can be calculated
t x x方向の運動方程式の左辺第2項は Then it can be
右図のような微小領域の連続式から neglected (because of
Q u w u w the function of w)
0 x Bed 水底 uBz u x Bz wBx w z Bx 0 w で表すことができ無
t x x z x z
視できる
Derivation of the momentum equation (2) z Derivation of the momentum equation (3) 運動方程式の導出 (3)
運動方程式の導出 (2)
u
u 1 p (x方向) g 0
(x-direction x方向) t x
t x D.L. x
1 p When the depth averaged velocity U is used for u U
(z-direction z方向) 0 g x方向の流速を断面平均流速を用いて表すと, g 0
z t x
p h
Momentum equation in z direction is integrated
from water surface () to z Above momentum equation in x direction is integrated from the bed (-h) to water
Bed 水底 surface ()
z方向の運動方程式を水面()から 上記の運動方程式を鉛直方向に水底(-h)から水面( )まで積分する
任意の高さ(z)まで鉛直方向に積分する
1 z p U U
pz p g z pz p g z h g h
z
z
dz gdz
h t
dz g
h x
dz 0
t x
0
As a pressure at water surface, p 0 水面での圧力: p 0 なので, When small amplitude of wave is assumed, [微小振幅波を仮定]
i.e., wave height is enough small compared to water depth
Pressure at z is, p z g z 任意の高さ(z)における圧力は, pz g z 波高が水深に比べて十分に小さいとすると,
Substituting this into the momentum equation in x direction, g h gh 1 gh
x h x x Q
これをx方向の運動方程式に代入すると, gh 0
t x
Q h U h 1U hU
u z u z u h
g g 0 g 0
t x t x x t x
One dimensional linear long-wave equations 1次元線形長波の基礎方程式 Discretization (1) 離散化 (1)
Q
,Q ,Q
< Momentum Equation > gh 0
t x x,t
未知量,Q を数値計算により解く
x,t x,t
Continuous values 連続的な値 Discontinuous values
Discretization 離散化
Discretization (2) 離散化 (2) Discretization (3) 離散化 (3) Discretization in time 時間方向の離散化
Discretization in space 空間方向の離散化
Leapfrog method:Location of calculation of water surface elevation and unit
Staggered Grid:Location of calculation of water surface elevation and unit discharge is defined like a leap frog
discharge is defined in staggered arrangement 水位と線流量の計算点を交互に定義
水位と線流量の計算点を交互に定義
t
x n 1 n +1
(horizontal view 水路を上から見た図)
x 2
t Q n 1 2
x n +1
Unit width t n n
単位幅
2 n
0 1 i -1 i i +1 ie Q n 1 2
n -1
Calculation point for water
Qi 1 Qi Qi 1 surface elevation n 1 n -1
水位の計算点
Calculation point for water surface
i 1 2 i 1 2 Calculation point for unit elevation 水位の計算点
discharge 1
i -1 i i +1 線流量の計算点 Calculation point for unit discharge
0 線流量の計算点
Discretization (4) 離散化 (4)
Finite difference method (1) 有限差分法 (1)
Summary of the discretization in space and time
空間方向と時間方向の離散化のまとめ
df x f f x x f x
Definition of the time (old time) lim lim
dx x 0 x x 0 x
t in1 2 時間方向の定義点 f
f(x)
x express the space
When x is enough small, the above equation
空間方向の定義点
Can be assumed as:
Definition of the time (new time)
n +1 n 1 2 時間方向の定義点 xが十分小さいとき,微分係数は次式で
Q
i
n 1 2
Q i 近似できる (右辺を差分商という) f
t express the space f f
x df x
df x f x x f x
空間方向の定義点 f
n in1 2
dx
dx x f
x
n -1 Calculation point for water surface Differentiation methods [差分の種類] x
x x x
elevation 水位の計算点
Front-side difference 前方差分: f f x x f x
i -1 i i +1 Calculation point for unit discharge
線流量の計算点 Backward-side difference 後方差分: f f x f x x
x x x f x x f x x
Central difference 中央差分: f f x fx or
2 2 2
Finite difference method (2) 有限差分法 (2) Finite difference method (3) 有限差分法 (3)
Discretization of the continuity equation 連続式の差分化 Discretization of the momentum equation 運動方程式の差分化
Q n
i 1 2 n 1
i 1 2 Q n 1 2
Q n 1 2
Q Q n 1 2
Qn 1 2
n
i 1 2 in1 2
0 i 1 i
0 gh 0 i i
gh 0
t x t x t x t x
t n 1 2 t n
t
in1 2 in112
x
Qi 1 Qin 1 2 t
Qin 1 2 Qin 1 2 gh
x
i 1 2 in1 2
Unknown Known Unknown Known
未知量 既知量 1 1 未知量 既知量 1 1
n , i n , i
n +1 2 2 n +1 2 2
Time Space Time Space
Center差分の中心 時間 空間 Center 差分の中心 時間 空間
n -1 Calculation point for water surface n -1 Calculation point for water surface
Known elevation 水位の計算点 Known elevation 水位の計算点
既知量 i -1 i i +1 既知量 i -1 i i +1
Calculation point for unit discharge Calculation point for unit discharge
線流量の計算点 線流量の計算点
x x
Numerical simulation procedure (1) 数値解析 (1) Numerical simulation procedure (2) 数値解析 (2)
Flow of the numerical calculation 数値解析の流れ Initial condition and boundary condition 初期条件と境界条件
Boundary condition 境界条件 [Initial condition 初期条件]
(Known variables
Initial condition 初期条件 既知量) 静水状態(波がない状態)とし,すべての計算点で水位と線流量が0
t 静水状態(波がない状態)とし,すべての計算点で水位と線流量が0
The same procedures are repeated
ne for water surface elevation and unit 0 0, Q1 2 0
discharge for the next time step [Boundary condition 境界条件]
以降,時間ステップを進めながら ①wave generation boundary :造波境界
水位と線流量の計算を繰り返す
Sin curve (wave height H,wave period T) is generated
H 2
Next time step 次の時間ステップへ
波高H,周期Tの正弦波を造波する 1n2 sin nt
2 ② Unit discharge is calculated by 2 T
the momentum equation ②Channel boundary
② 運動方程式の差分式から線流量を計算
Qi e 0
t n Vertical wall (perfect reflection) 完全反射の直立壁とする
Qin 1 2 Qin 1 2 gh
x
i 1 2 in1 2
1 ① ① ②
Next time step 次の時間ステップへ
① Water surface elevation is calculated
0 x by the continuity equation
連続式の差分式から水位を計算
0 1 2 ie Horizontal view
t n 1 2
in1 2 in112 Qi 1 Qin 1 2 0 1 2 ie-1 ie
x 水路を上から見た図
(m)
Still water depth
t (s)
Channel length 水路長:l =100m 静水深:h =1m 0
l
t1 0 50 100 150
c
-0.1
x=1m
0.2 x
-0.2
tA tB
Wave generation boundary Channel boundary
Water surface elevation
造波境界 水路端境界
0.1 1 .5l 1 .5l 2 .5 l 2 . 5 l
tA , tB
c gh c gh
0
Channel length 水路長:l =100m
0 50 100 150
水位 (m)
1 1 1 x=xw
qw 2QI 2c I 2 gh I
x x x
Sponge 静水深:h
Layer From small amplitude wave theory
微小振幅波理論から
I Q
cosh k h z dz Q 0
0
sinh kh h
QI gh ls lb lc
t x
Energy absorption term エネルギー吸収項
I
0
1
sinh k h z
sinh kh k h e xs l s 1 r g rxs
<Model 1> <Model 2> cosh 1
I 1 e1 1 2sinh r r h ls
sinh kh ls should be at least more than twice of wave length(>2L)
sinh kh k r =3.0 is optimum =1.0
I 2 2 lsは最低でも波長の2倍(>2L)
, k r =3.0が最適, =1.0
k T L
L I When tsunami is calculated, wave length is very long. So the length of sponge layer,
ls should be taken very long. Then, CPU time becomes too large.
T
c I c
L
gh 津波計算の場合、 Sponge Layerの長さlsを大きくとらなければならず,計算負荷が大きい
T
Non-reflective wave generation boundary and characteristic curve method
特性曲線法による無反射性造波境界
Non-reflective wave generation boundary (3) 無反射性造波境界 (3) Non-reflective wave generation boundary (4) 無反射性造波境界 (4)
Characteristic curve method 特性曲線法
Characteristic curve method 特性曲線法
As to one-dimensional linear long wave theory (constant still water depth)
[Wave generation boundary (perfect reflection) 一定水深の1次元線形長波方程式に対して,
Channel boundary
完全反射の造波境界]
水路端境界
① wave generation boundary 造波境界 ② < Continuity Equation >
Q
t
x
0
t
gh gh
x
Q 0 (1)
gh
At the location at which wave propagates with gh
Q gh 0 to x direction
Q gh const.
is is +1 (Horizontal view 水路を上から見た図) ie-1 ie t x
:x方向に gh の速度で進む点上で Q gh const.
Non-reflective wave generation boundary (5) 無反射性造波境界 (5) Non-reflective wave generation boundary (6) 無反射性造波境界 (6)
Characteristic curve method 特性曲線法 dx dx
t gh gh Characteristic curve method 特性曲線法
dt dt
dx
gh 上で Q gh const. Qisnx1 2 t gh isnx1 2 t Qi0 x gh i0x (1)
point(1) s ght s ght
dt
Qisnx1 2 t gh isnx1 2 t Qisnx12xt2 x 2 gh
gh isnx12xt2 x 2 gh
(2)
Qisnx1 2 t gh isnx1 2 t Qi0 x ght
gh i0x ght
x
s s
point(3)
Substituting this into Eq.(1) これをEq.(1)へ代入して,
point(2) (Eq.(3)+Eq.(2)) / 2
x
1 1
2 Qisnx1 2 t gh i0x ght
Qisnx12xt2 x 2 gh
gh isnx12xt2 x 2 gh
(4)
s
2 2
x
dx is-1 is is+1 Value at Wave Effect of reflective wave
gh 上で Q gh const. 反射波の影響
dt Location where unit Boundary generation
ght discharge is calculated 境界値 condition
線流量の定義点 造波条件
Qisnx1 2 t gh isnx1 2 t Qisnx12xt2 x 2 gh
gh isnx12xt2 x 2 gh
t n 1 2t Location where water
surface elevation
point(1) point(3) is calculated
水位の定義点 is is+1
Non-reflective wave generation boundary (7) 無反射性造波境界 (7) Non-reflective wave generation boundary (8) 無反射性造波境界 (8)
Characteristic curve method 特性曲線法 Characteristic curve method 特性曲線法
[Wave generation condition 造波条件] x
ex.) When t , the 2nd and 3rd terms of Eq.(4) become
2 gh
When sine wave (wave period T,wave length L,wave height HI) is generated, x
ex.) t のとき,Eq.(4)の右辺第2,3項は
入射波は正弦波で与え,周期をT,波長をL,波高をHIとすると 2 gh
2 2
x i s x
1 n 1 2 t x 2 1 1 n 1 2 t t 1
I I t , x
HI
sin t Qi x x 2 gh
gh isnx12xt2 x 2 gh
Qi x x 2 gh isnx12xt2 t
2 T L 2 s 2 2 s 2
Therefore, the 1st term of Eq.(4) becomes
1 n 1 2 t 1
したがって,Eq.(4)の右辺第1項は Qi 1 2 x gh ins 11 22 tx at
2 s 2
gh 0
i s x ght
gh I 0, i s x ght ghHI 2
sin
ght
ghHI 2
sin t t
2 L 2 T
L
1 n 1 2 t
Qi s x Qins 112xt
1
gh ins 1t 2 x ins 112tx
Effect of reflected waves c gh 4 4
T
[反射波の影響]
nt
Equation becomes different with the definition of t , x and the location of point(3)
x
ex.) When t
2 gh
2 1 n 1 2 t
Qisnx1 2 t
ghHI
sin
t Qi s x Qins 112xt
1
gh ins 1t 2 x ins 112tx
2 T 4 4
2 1 n 1 2
Qins 1 2
ghHI
sin
t Qi s Qins 11 2
1
gh ins 1 2 ins 11 2
2 T 4 4
t n 1 2t