SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT Learning Area: Practical Research 1

PAVIA NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL

Evangelista St., Pavia Iloilo AY 2018-2019 Second Semester
5001 Philippines Duration of the Lesson: One week

“QUALITY EDUCATION OUR PRIDE”

Chapter 1:

Nature of Inquiry and Research

• Inquire- to ask about, to search (investigate), to put a question

• Crucial- important or essential as resolving a crisis

• Guarantee-an assurance for the fulfillment of a condition

Source: Merriam Webster Dictionary

LEARNING

• Is your way of obtaining knowledge about your surrounding

INQUIRY

• is a learning process that motivates you to obtain knowledge or information about people, things, places, or events

• Investigates or asked questions

• It requires you to collect data, meaning, facts, and information about the object of inquiry and examine such data carefully

Being INQUISITIVE

• You tend to act like scientists who are inclined to think logically or systematically in seeking evidence to support their
conclusions about something

Governing Principles or Foundation of Inquiry

Three Educational Theories

• John Dewey’s theory of connected experiences for exploratory and reflective thinking

• Lev Vygotsky’s Theory: Zone of proximal Development and Social Development Theory

• Jerome Bruner’s “Discovery Learning Theory”/Theory of Intellectual Development

John Dewey’s theory of connected experiences for exploratory and reflective thinking

• an American philosopher, psychologist, and educational reformer whose ideas have been influential in education and social
reform

• Proponent of Progressive education is essentially a view of education that emphasizes the need to learn by doing “hands-on
approach”

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 • Lev Vygotsky

Theory: Zone of proximal Development and Social Development Theory

Key Concepts:

 Learning is a change in cognitive structure through interaction with culture and more knowledgeable others.

 ZPD (Zone of Proximal Development)- the cognitive level of children where they can solve problems independently

 According to Vygotsky, student needs to be guided first by MKO (More Knowledgeable Others)/ peer collaboration. Then,
after that student can already work independently.

 Scaffolding-facilitate learning through the guidance of an adult

Jerome Bruner

“Discovery Learning Theory”/Theory of Intellectual Development

• believes that it is up for learners to discover facts and relationships for themselves

• learning is a movement through the three modes of representation

Key Concepts:

• Spiral Learning

• Three modes of Representation

a. Enactive-learning through movement and action

b. Iconic-learning through the use of models/icons

c. Symbolic- learning through thinking in abstract term

Benefits of Inquiry-Based Learning

 1. Elevates interpretative thinking through graphic skills

 2. Improves students learning abilities

 3. Widens learner’s vocabulary

 4. Facilitates problem-solving acts

 5. Increases social awareness and cultural knowledge

 6. Encourages cooperative learning

 7. Provides mastery of procedural knowledge

 8. Encourages higher-order thinking strategies

 9. Hastens conceptual understanding

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 SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT Learning Area: Practical Research 1
PAVIA NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
Evangelista St., Pavia Iloilo AY 2018-2019 Second Semester
5001 Philippines Duration of the Lesson: One week

“QUALITY EDUCATION OUR PRIDE”

Research
 Is defined as a careful, systematic study in a field of knowledge that is undertaken to discover or establish facts or principles
(Webster, 1984)

 It is also defined as a systematic process of collecting and analyzing data to find an answer to a question or a solution to a
problem, to validate or test an existing theory

Characteristics of Research

1. Accuracy.

 It must give correct or accurate data, which the footnotes, notes, and bibliographical entries should honestly and
appropriately documented or acknowledged.

2. Objectiveness.

 It must deal with facts, not with mere opinions arising from assumptions, generalizations, predictions, or conclusions.

3. Timeliness.

 It must work on a topic that is fresh, new, and interesting to the present society.

4. Relevance.

 Its topic must be instrumental in improving society or in solving problems affecting the lives of people in a community.

5. Clarity.

 It must succeed in expressing its central point or discovered by using simple, direct, concise, and correct language.

6. Systematic.

 It must take place in an organized or orderly manner.

Purpose of Research

 1. To learn how to work independently

 2. To learn how to work scientifically or systematically

 3. To have an in-depth knowledge of something

 4. To elevate your mental abilities by letting you think in higher-order thinking strategies (HOTS) of inferring, evaluating,
synthesizing, appreciating, applying, and creating

 5. To improve your reading and writing skills

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  6. To be familiar with the basic tools of research and the various techniques of gathering data and of presenting research
findings

 7. To free yourself, to a certain extent, from the domination or strong influence of a single textbook or of the professor’s lone
view point or spoon feeding.

Research has several functions:

 It helps us answer questions, solve problems and make decisions

 It enables us to see and understand how and why a situation or a problem exists

 It helps us discover new things and ideas

 It allows us to validate existing theories or generate new ones

 It help us identify and understand the causes and effects of a situation or a phenomenon

The Role of Research in Improving Our Quality of Life

Types of Research

1. Based on Application of Research Method

 Pure Research

- it deals with concepts, principles, or abstract things

- this type of research aims to increase your knowledge about something

 Applied Research

-is a methodology used to solve a specific, practical problem of an individual or group

 2. Based on Purpose of the Research:

a. Descriptive Research

 this type of research aims at defining or giving a verbal portrayal or picture of a person, thing, event, group, situation, etc.

a. Correlational Research

 shows relationships or connectedness of two factors, circumstances, or agents, called variables that affect the research

 2. Based on Purpose of the Research:

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 c. Explanatory Research-

 this type of research elaborates or explains not just reasons behind the relationships of two factors, but also the ways which
such relationship exists

d. Exploratory Research

 are designed to describe an existing problem and examine the underlying factors that contribute to the emergence of the
problem, the nature of which is not yet well known

e. Action Research

 this type of research studies an ongoing organization, community, or institution for the purpose of obtaining results that will
bring improvements in the system

3. Based on Types of Data Needed

 Qualitative Research

 requires non-numerical data, which means that the research uses words rather than numbers to express the results, the
inquiry, or investigation about people’s thoughts, beliefs, feelings, views, and lifestyles regarding the object of the study

 emphasizes verbal descriptions and explanations of human behavior and practices in an attempt to understand how the units
or members of the study population experience or explain their own world

 Quantitative Research

 involves measurement of data, it presents research findings, referring to the number or frequency of something in numerical
forms (i.e. using percentages, fractions, numbers)

 this research seeks to quantify or reflect in numbers the observations on the characteristics of the population being studied

 it emphasizes precise measurement and oftentimes requires statistical analysis of data or the testing of hypotheses based on
a sample of observations

Types of data:

 Primary data

 are obtained through direct observation or contact with people, objects, artifacts, paintings, etc.

 this type of data are new and original information resulting from sensory experience

 Secondary data

 this type of data have already been written about or reported on and are available for reading purposes

Research Methods

1. Experimental Method-

 is used to determine the effectiveness of a treatment or an intervention or the “cause and effect” relationship of certain
phenomena under controlled condition

2. Survey Method

 -obtains data to determine specific characteristics of a group

 -the purpose of a survey is to get a general picture of the characteristics of a study population at a particular time

3. Historical method

 -is used to determine the growth and development of a group, organization or institution

 The description is based on information about some past aspects of the group, organization or institution

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  Most of the data used in this method are collected from secondary sources, such as records, documents, written materials,
accounts etc.

4. Content Analysis

 - is usually used when the intention of the researcher is to ascertain the quality of message or information found in a document
or in mass media

 Ex. Test the level of readability of certain book e.g. textbooks for elem. Pupils

 It is also used in determining authenticity of documents in literary research, e.g. literary analysis and criticism

Approaches of Research

1. Scientific or Positive Approach

 -in which you discover and measure information as well as observe and control variables in an impersonal manner

 -the data gathering techniques appropriate for this approach are structured interviews, questionnaires, and observational
checklists

2. Naturalistic Approach

 -this type of approach uses words

 -this research approach directs you to deal with qualitative data that speak how people behave towards their surroundings

 -these are non-numerical data that express truths about the way people perceive or understand the world

 -it happens in a natural setting

3. Triangulation Approach

 -in this case you are free to gather and analyze data using multiple methods, allowing you to combine or mix up research
approaches, research types, data gathering, and data analysis techniques

 -Triangulation approach gives you the opportunity to view every angle of the research from different perspectives (Badke
2012; Silverman 2013)

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 SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT Learning Area: Practical Research 1
PAVIA NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
Evangelista St., Pavia Iloilo AY 2018-2019 Second Semester
5001 Philippines Duration of the Lesson: One week

“QUALITY EDUCATION OUR PRIDE”

Qualitative Research

Characteristics of a Qualitative Research

1. Human understanding and interpretation

 Data analysis results show an individual’s mental, social, and spiritual understanding of the world.
2. Active, powerful, and forceful
3. Multiple research approaches and methods
 It allows you to approach or plan your study in varied ways/methods.
4. Specificity to generalization
 It follows an inductive or scientific method of thinking, where you start thinking of particular or specific concept that
will eventually lead you to more complex ideas such as generalizations or conclusions.
5. Contextualization
 It is crucial for you to examine the context or situation of an individual’s life-the who, why, how, and other
circumstances-affecting his or her way of life.
6. Diversified data in real-life situations
 It prefers data in a natural setting like observing people as they live and work, analysing photographs or videos as
they genuinely appear to people.
7. Abounds with words and visuals
 Data gathering through interviews or library reading, as well as the presentation of data analysis results, is done
verbally
 Likewise, presenting people’s world views through visual presentation (i.e., pictures, videos, drawings, and graphs)
are significantly used
8. Internal analysis
 Examining the data yielded by the internal traits of the subject individuals (i.e., emotional, mental, spiritual
characteristics)

Types of Qualitative Research

1. Case Study
 This type of qualitative research usually takes place in the field of social care, nursing, psychology, rehabilitation
centers, education , etc.
 This involves a long-time study of a person, group, organization, or situation.
 It seeks to find answers to why such things occurs to the subject.
 Some of the methods used are interviews, questionnaires, observations, and documentary analysis.
2. Ethnography
 Is the study of a particular cultural group to get a clear understanding of its organizational set-up, internal operation,
and lifestyle.
3. Phenomenology
 Comes from the word “phenomenon”, which means something known through sensory experience.
 It refers to the study of how people find their experiences meaningful.
 Its primary goal is to make people understand their experiences
4. Content and Discourse Analysis
 Is a method of quantitative research that requires an analysis or examination of the substance or content of the mode
of communication (letters, books, journals, photos, video recordings, sms, online messages, e-mails, audio-visual
materials, etc.) used by a person, group, organization, or any institution in communicating
 A study of language structures used in the medium of communication to discover the effects of sociological, cultural,
institutional, and ideological factors on the content makes it a discourse analysis
 In studying the content or structures of the material, you need a question or a set of questions to guide you in your
analysis

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 5. Historical analysis
 Examination of primary documents in order understand the connection of past events to the present time
6. Grounded Theory
 This takes place when you discover a new theory to underlie your study at the time of data collection and analysis

Advantages or Strengths of Qualitative Research

1. It adopts naturalistic approach to its subject matter, which means that those involve in the research understand things based
on what they find meaningful.
2. It promotes a full understanding of human behavior or personality traits in their natural setting.
3. It is instrumental for positive societal changes.
4. It engenders respect for people’s individuality as it demands the researcher’s careful and attentive stand toward people’s
world views.
5. It is a way of understanding and interpreting social interactions.
6. It increases the researcher’s interest in the study as it includes the researcher’s experience or background knowledge in
interpreting verbal and visual data.
7. It offers multiple ways of acquiring and examining knowledge about something.

Disadvantages or Weaknesses of Qualitative Research

1. It involves a lot of researcher’s subjectivity in data analysis.

2. It is hard to know the validity or reliability of the data.
3. Its open-ended questions yield “data overload” that requires long-time analysis.
4. It is time consuming.
5. It involves several processes, which results greatly depend on the researcher’s view or interpretation.

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 SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT Learning Area: Practical Research 1
PAVIA NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
Evangelista St., Pavia Iloilo AY 2018-2019 Second Semester
5001 Philippines Duration of the Lesson: One week

“QUALITY EDUCATION OUR PRIDE”

Research process

Problem Identification and Definition

"Every research starts with a problem. Without a problem, there is no need to conduct research"

Learning objectives:

Studying this chapter shall enable the learners to:

1. Define what a research problem is,

2. Distinguish between a researchable problem from a non-researchable problem,
3. Identify and explain the characteristics of a good research problem,
4. Give examples of researchable problems, and
5. Formulate their own research problem

What is a Research Problem?

For researchers, problem could be conditions they want to improve, difficulties they want to eliminate, questions for they want
answers, or information gaps they wish to fill, or theories they wish to validate.

A research problem, could also be an issue that should be settled. It may be a question about the unknown characteristics of
a population or about factors that explain the presence or occurrence of a phenomenon.

Identifying a Research Problem

Note: In doing research, the first thing a researcher does is to identify and clearly define the problem to be studied. If the researcher
cannot pinpoint a problem, he/she cannot expect others to understand what problems he/she wants to solve.

Listed below are some examples of possible research questions.

1. What problems do children of separated parents encounter and how do the children with these problems?
2. Does TV viewing affect a child’s school performance?
3. Have there been changes in the portrayal of men and women in commercial advertisements in the last five years?
4. To what extent do students use the internet?
5. Does the students’ use of the internet affect their performance in school?

While a problem is the initiating force for research, not all problems require research. A potential researchable problem exists when the
following conditions are present (Fisher, et al., 1991).

a. There is a perceived discrepancy between what is and what should be.

b. There are two or more plausible reasons for the discrepancy.

Note:

 There may be an existing difficult or disturbing situation, but if this condition is expected to happen because of known
circumstances, then the problem is not researchable.

Defining the Research Problem

The problem definition explains the existence and seriousness of the problem. The definition shows evidences that prove the
problem really exists, that it is serious, and/or widespread.

In defining a research problem, the following questions are usually answered:

1. Does the problem really exist? What are the evidences of the problem’s existence?

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 2. Is the problem serious? Who and how many are affected by it?
3. What places are affected? How widespread is it?
4. How often does the problem occur?

Things to Remember When Defining a Research Problem

1. First review relevant literature and previous studies on the problem,

2. Examine current available data/statistics,
3. Seek educated opinions from the persons concerned with the problem,
4. Determine the probable reasons for the existence of the problem from social, economic, or other theories that may explain the
existence of the problem and the possible connection between the problem and other factors.

A careful review of existing information or studies on a problem can also help the investigator determine:

1. What answer or solutions have been found/tried in the past to solve the problem and how successful they were, and
2. What questions still remain unanswered and what aspects of the problem need to be studied further.

Review of Related Literature

 is the process of collecting, selecting, and reading books, journal, articles, reports, abstracts, and other reference materials,
including electronic sources (CD-ROM) and the world wide web (www/http.) to get relevant information about the problem
under investigation

From the various sources, information on the following may be collected:

1. Background information about the problem and related concepts.

2. Theories that explain the existence of the problem and the possible connection between certain factors and the problem.
3. Data that confirm the existence and seriousness of the problem.
4. General and specific findings of studies related to the problem.
5. Recommendations for further study given in related studies.

Why Review Literature?

1. Related literature helps the researcher identify and define a research problem.
2. It helps justify the need for studying a problem.
3. It helps prevent unnecessary duplication of a study.
4. It can be a source of a theoretical basis for the study.
5. It enables the researcher to leran how to conceptualize a research problem and properly identify and operationally define
study variables.
6. Related studies provide a basis for identifying and using appropriate research design. It also helps in the formulation or
refinement of research instruments.
7. Results of related studies provide lessons for data analysis and interpretation. Findings of a study can be compared to
findings of related studies.

What to Review and Where to get the Materials

1. General References
 Shows where to locate other sources of information related to a certain topic.
 Examples of general references available in most libraries are indexes, reviews, and abstracts
2. Primary References
 Results of many research studies are published in journals, or monographs.
 These articles or reports are generally written by those who actually conducted the study.
 Ex. Philippine Sociological Review, Education Research Journal
3. Secondary Sources
 Refers to publications where authors cite the work of others
 Ex. Books, reviews, yearbooks and encyclopedias

Steps in Literature Review

1. Review the precise definition of the research problem.

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 2. Formulate “search terms” (key words or phrases) pertinent to the problem or question or interest.
3. Using the indexes of general references, search for relevant primary and secondary sources guided by the “search item”
4. List a note or index card the bibliographical data of the pertinent sources selected, including the: a) author of the source,
b) title c) name of publication d) date of publication (if book, include place and date) and e) page/s of the article

5. Read the selected reading materials, take notes and summarize key points. In taking notes, be as brief as possible, but include
all relevant information which you can use in your full review, such as: the problem, the objectives and hypotheses, the
procedures, major findings, and conclusions.

Writing the Literature Review

1. Introduction
 It briefly describes the nature of the research problem and explains what led the researcher to investigate the question.
2. Body
 The body of the review briefly reports what experts thinks or what other researchers have found about the research problem.
3. Summary/synthesis.
 “ties together” the major findings of the studies reviewed.
 It presents a general picture of what has been known or thought of about the problem to date
4. Conclusion
 This part presents the course of action suggested by the literature.
 Based on the state of knowledge revealed by the literature, the researcher could further justify the need for his/her
study.

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