Welcome to

430431 Reinforced Concrete Design

Lecture 1 - Introduction

Instructor: Mongkol JIRAVACHARADET

School of Civil Engineering

Suranaree University of Technology

ก 
กกก
 ก,    4 (2550)
  ,   


!"ก
 ก  # ก",
   2 (2540),  $ก%&'($)


!"ก
 ก  # &*+,
   5 (2539),  $ก%&'($)
 TEXTBOOKS
Reinforced Concrete: Mechanics and Design, 5th Edition
James G. MacGregor, James K. Wight, Prentice Hall, 2009.

Design of Concrete Structures, 13th Edition

Arthur H. Nilson, David Darwin, Charles W. Dolan,
McGraw-Hill, 2003.

Reinforced Concrete: A Fundamental Approach, 6th Edition

Edward G. Nawy, Prentice Hall, 2009.

Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete,

ACI318-08,American Concrete Institute, 2005.

TA444 N38 2009 TA683.2 W53 2009

TA683.2 N55 2004 TA683.2 H365 2005

TA683.2 M39 2009 TA683.2 R48 2008

 Course Objectives

ก ก กก 
  ก 

 ก
! "ก # $ก  
ก 
 ก
!%&!'&(ก กก ก
ก 
 ก
More than just trial and error, design is based on built up experience
as well as a solid background in analysis and an understanding of the
parameters affecting a good design solution.

Conduct of Course

Design Projects 20 %

Midterm Exam 40 %

Final Exam 40 %
 Grading Policy
Final Score Grade
100 - 90 A
89 - 85 B+
84 - 80 B
79 - 75 C+
74 - 70 C
69 - 65 D+
64 - 60 D
59 - 0 F
*',ก-. &(" /0' ')+
(

WARNINGS !!!
1) Participation expected, check 80%

2) Study in groups but submit work on your own

3) No Copying of Project

4) Submit Project at the right place and time

5) Late Project with penalty 30%

6) No make up quizzes or exams

Reinforced Concrete Design (RC Design)
Content:
• Specifications, Loads, and Design Methods

• Strength of Rectangular Section in Bending

• Shear and Diagonal Tension

• Design of Stairs, Double RC Beam, and T-Beam

• Analysis and Design for Torsion

• Design of Slabs: One-way, and Two-way

• Bond and Achorage

• Design of Column, and Footing

• Serviceability

Reinforced Concrete Design

Lecture 1 : Introduction
Topics Covered

Structural Design Concept

Mechanical Properties of Concrete

Steel Reinforcement

Reinforced Concrete Structures

 Structural Design Concept

Structural Engineering
1$
($ '(*ก
" )&2+*&3-*+',3' ) &
% ()+&&"
1
+ )&%()+&%3ก
+
*ก % 1*+*)')&*2

ก"2
4 4)'
 
(21+)
 Structural Design Concept

Stability
Economy

Safety
Environment

Serviceability

LIFE-CYCLE OF STRUCTURE

New Design
Traditional
activities
Construction

Maintenance / Repairs /
Renovation
Less
competitors

Removal / Failure
 /&  

+ +/ 

20 .. 2553
 Concrete & Steel Properties

What is Concrete?
Concrete is a mix of :

Water Cement Ratio (W/C) :

Low W/C 0.3 0.7 High W/C

High Strength Low Strength
Low Workability High Workability
Optimal ratios obtained
by trial and experience
 Compressive Strength of Concrete
f c′ compression test of standard cylinder at 28 days
∅ 15 cm
15 cm

30 cm
ASTM 15 cm BS

15 cm

( fc′) ASTM ≅ 0.85 ( f c′) BS

Normal used: 210, 240, 280, 320 kg/cm2

High strength: 350 - 700 kg/cm2

... 

.. 2522 : < 150 kg/cm2

Effect of water-cement ratio on 28 days compressive strength

500
Compressive strength, kgf/cm2

For type I
450
portland cement

No
400 n -a
ir -
en
350 Ai t ra
r-e ine
n tr d
ain co
300 ed nc
co re
n te
c re
250 te

200

0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7

Water-cement ratio, by weight
Tensile Strength of Concrete
- Greatly affects cracking in structures.
- Tensile strength is about 10-15% of compressive strength.

Splitting Tensile Test (ASTM C496):

2P
D f ct =
π LD

P
L

f ct ≈ 1.59 − 1.86 f c′ kgf/cm 2 for normal-weight concrete

f ct ≈ 1.33 − 1.59 f c′ kgf/cm 2 for light-weight concrete

ก
)+3 ก
0)++ 

แรงกด แรงดึง
Tensile Strength in Flexure

Standard Beam Test (ASTM C78):

Mc
fr = = Modulus of rupture
I

Practical choice for design purposes

f r = 7.5 f c′ psi = 2.0 f c′ ksc

Stress-Strain Relationship of Concrete

σ Initial modulus

f c′

Secant modulus
at 0.5 f c′ = Ec
0.5 f c′

ε
≈ 0.003 ASTM
Ultimate strain
εcu
 Concrete & Steel Strength-Deformations
σ Steel
Compression ∆L
REINF.
ROD L

fs fy fy fy CONCRETE

Concrete εc = ∆L/L = εs
f’c 0.85f’c
fc1 fc2
Strain
ε1 ε2 ε3 εcu
εy εcm

Failure
Strain
Tension

Modulus of elasticity

Concrete: Ec = 33 w1.5
c f c′ psi

lb/ft3 psi

Ec = 4, 270 wc1.5 f c′ ksc

t/m3 ksc

Ec = 15,100 f c′ ksc for wc = 2.32 t/m3

Steel: Es = 2.04 ×106 ksc

 Concrete Weight

Plain concrete = 2.323 t/m3

Steel = 7.850 t/m3

Reinforced concrete = 2.400 t/m3

Lightweight concrete = 1.6 - 2.0 t/m3

Steel Reinforcment

Round Bar (กก)

SR24: Fy = 2,400 ksc, Fu = 3,900 ksc

Deformed Bar (ก$%&&%&)

SD30: Fy = 3,000 ksc, Fu = 4,900 ksc

SD40: Fy = 4,000 ksc, Fu = 5,700 ksc

SD50: Fy = 5,000 ksc, Fu = 6,300 ksc

Stardard Reinforcing Bar Dimension and Weight

BAR SIZE AREA WEIGHT PERIMETER

(mm) (cm2) (kg/m) (cm)

RB6 0.28 0.222 1.89

RB9 0.64 0.499 2.83
DB12 1.13 0.888 3.77
DB16 2.01 1.58 5.03
DB20 2.84 2.23 5.97
DB25 4.91 3.85 7.86
DB28 6.16 4.83 8.80
DB32 8.04 6.31 10.06

Reinforced Concrete
Reinforced Concrete (RC) Structures

P
A Neutral axis

compression zone
tension zone
Concrete

A Steel bars Steel bars

Section A-A
Concrete: high compressive strength
but low tensile strength

Steel bars: embedded in concrete (reinforcing)

provide tensile strength

Steel and Concrete in Combination

(1) Bond between steel and concrete prevents slip
of the steel bars.
(2) Concrete covering prevent water intrusion
and bar corrosion.
(3) Similar rate of thermal expansion,
Concrete: 0.000010 - 0.000013
Steel: 0.000012
 WHY Reinforced Concrete?
 Concrete is cheaper than steel

 Good combination of Concrete & Steel

 Durability from concrete covering

 Continuity from monolithic joint

Disadvantages of RC

 Construction time

 Concrete Quality Control

 Cracking of Concrete
 Typical Structure

Spandrel
beam 2nd Floor Column

Beam Joist

1st Floor

Spread footing
Wall footing

Typical Structure

Column
Floor slab

Main beam
(Girder) Spandrel
beam

Pier

Foundation
(Footing)
คาน

รอยแตกราวเนื่องจากการดัด

รอยแตกราวเนือ
่ งจากการเฉือน

แรงอัด

แรงดึง

รอยแตกราว

บริเวณเกิดแรงอัดสูงสุด

บริเวณเกิดแรงดึงสูงสุด
การขยายตัวของแรงดึง ตามการแอนตัวของคานจากน้ําหนักที่เพิ่มขึ้น

1/6 W ขนาดแรงดึง kPa

2/6 W

3/6 W

4/6 W

5/6 W

แรงอัด แรงดึงต่ํา

แรงดึงสูงสุด

ลูกศรแสดงทิศทางของแรงดึง ณ จุดตางๆ
 ลูกศรแสดงทิศทางของแรงดึงในเนื้อคอนกรีต

ระนาบของรอยราวที่เปนไปได ซึ่งตองตั้งฉากกับทิศทางของแรงดึง

รอยแตกราวเนื่องจาก
การดัดตัวของคาน

เหล็กเสนรับแรงดึง
รอยแตกราวเนือ
่ งจากการเฉือน

เหล็กปลอกที่ใชรับแรงเฉือน

รอยแตกหลังคาน

รอยแตกใตทองคาน
 รอยแตกหลังคาน

รอยแตกใตทองคาน
ฐานรากทรุด

การแตกราวที่ผนัง เปนอาการของการทรุดตัวโครงสราง
 Reinforced Concrete Design

Lecture 2 - Specification, Loads and

Design Methods

Structural Design Process

Building Codes

Working Stress Design

Strength Design Method

Dead Load & Live Load

Load Transfer in Structure
Mongkol JIRAVACHARADET

SURANAREE INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING

UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY SCHOOL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

Design Process
Architectural
Functional Plans

Final Design
Select Structural
& Detailing
System
OK
Redesign
Trial Sections,
Acceptable?
Assume Selfweight
NG

Analysis for internal Design Loop

forces in member

Member Design
 Specifications

Developed by organizations such as AISC, ACI

ASCE, and EIT

Recommendations of good practice based on

the accepted body of knowledge

NOT legally enforceable

Organizations

EIT = Engineering Institute of Thailand

ASCE = American Society of Civil Engineers

AASHTO = American Association of State Highway

and Transportation Officials

UBC = Uniform Building Code

BOCA = Building Officials & Code Administrators

ACI = American Concrete Institute

 Building Codes

ก
   ก 

Minimum requirements to protect the public

- ...   2522

-
""#ก$
 
- $
%""#

Design Loads

Dead Loads - stationary loads of constant

magnitude

Live Loads - moving loads or loads that vary

in magnitude
 &ก
ก
 (Dead Load)

Caused by the weight of structure

Include both the load bearing and non-load

bearing elements in a structure

Generally can be estimated with reasonable

certainty

&ก/ ก0/
12


 kg/m3

ก 
 ก 2,400

ก  2,320
 500-1,200
 ก 7,850

 kg/m2
ก 
!" 14
ก #$%
&' 50
 ก( , * ก  5
 10-30
  5
ก!""#$"% 180-360
ก!""#$()" 100-200
Load from Precast Concrete Slab

Floor load = w kg/sq.m

S
Tributary area = 0.5SL sq.m
Load on beam = 0.5wSL kg/m
L

Example: CPAC Hollow Core Slab HC100

100 mm

600 mm

SLAB WEIGHT 296 KG/M2

PC WIRE 6∅4 MM.

4m
SPAN 4 M.
LIVE LOAD 300 KG/M2

w = ? kg/m

L : Beam span
 &ก
ก3 (Live Load)

Floor Loads

Snow and Ice: 50 - 200 kg/sq.m.

Traffic Load & Pedestrian Load for Bridges

Impact Loads

Lateral Loads: Wind & Earthquake

&ก
ก36&
กก

 6 (.. 2527) ..
. 
 .. 2522

 !"#$"%& '#"(#)*'#ก+

(kg/m2)

(1) 
30
(2) ก 

 ก 100
(3) ก
   
  !
"# 150
(4) %&" 'ก%&"()ก
 

) ก %# %* 200
 +,-.,


(5) !
ก
0

 250
(6) (ก) 


2-)3 4" ,%&" 'ก%&"()ก

2-)3 300
#
"-
 "-
  %*


(,) &  + )4
- ,

) ก %# 300
!
ก
%*0


 &ก
ก36& (0)
กก

 6 (.. 2527) ..
. 
 .. 2522

 !"#$"%& '#"(#)*'#ก+

(kg/m2)
(7) (ก) 
 

- 
7*)# # 8

 400
7*)# 4
 ( ##
9ก:& 3 9ก
 3
(,) &  + )4
- ,


2-)3 #
"-
 500
"-
 %*
(8) (ก) - 
ก<
--082=3 >9 3 

ก# 500
-#3 ก:ก
%*
(,) &  + )4
- ,
 

- 
500
7*)# 7*)# # 8

 # %*#
(9) ก: ,## 600
(10) 9ก:&ก74
800

Wind Loads
  ก*ก
0!1'23103(ก*#43#  ก53ก
65
ASCE 7-98
2
q = 0 .5 ρ V q = 0.00483 K V 2

7  q = stagnation pressure 3#  (กก./.2)

V = basic wind speed 8 7)#9#

3 !: 10 $ (ก./=.)

K = >ก$?!*'
!:7 # $"+ก 10 $
  $ ..
. 
 .. 2522

WIND DIRECTION

30 m
!: '#"( 
($) (กก./$..)

Leeward side
20 m
ก"4
10 50 Windward
side Step wind loading
10 < h < 20 80 10 m
20 < h < 40 120
#
กก"4
40 160 0m

 19
ก 
ก    ก


ก!"#$
" 
ก %ก&

"$ ก'( '
'('"$ 
!'"()

ก

ก
  
ก
 
ก ก
 
(1) ''/0 0
(2) 
 7'&ก''/0 0
(3) 
 '&ก''/0 0
(4)
 $'&ก''/0 10
(5)
 '&ก''/0 20
(6)
 '&ก''/0 30
(7)
 ก'&ก''/0 40
(8)
 &#''&ก''/0 
"$ 50
$8 ) %$ ) %$ $%' $%' 8989:; <= >& = 9
 %"ก$ &'ก#"= &ก"=
9'
ก %ก&"#$
" %ก 

 Building Code Requirements for
aci 318 Structural Concrete (ACI318-XX)
and Commentary (ACI318R-XX)

Early 1900s: WSD was mainly used.

ACI 318-56: USD was first introduced.

ACI 318-63: Treated WSD and USD on equal basis.

ACI 318-71: Based entirely on strength approach (USD)

WSD was small part called Alternate Design
Method (ADM).

ACI 318-77: ADM moved to Appendix A

USD was called Strength Design Method.

Building Code Requirements for

aci 318 Structural Concrete (ACI318-XX)
and Commentary (ACI318R-XX)
ACI 318-83: ADM moved to Appendix B

ACI 318-89: ADM back to Appendix A

ACI 318-95: Unified Design was introduced in Appendix B

ACI 318-99: Limit State at Failure Approach was introduced

ACI 318-02: Change load factor to 1.2DL + 1.6LL

ACI 318-05 ACI 318-08

Reinforced Concrete
Design Methods
Working Stress Design
(WSD)

Ultimate Strength Design

(USD)

Limit State Design

(LSD)

Performance-based Design
(PBD)

#708 (Working Stress Design : WSD)

ACI: Alternate Design Method

- Design under service load condition

- Apply F.S. to strength of materials for

allowable stress level Fa

Stress from Allowable stress

service load Fa

Concrete: Fa = 0.45f’c (ACI and ".),

= 0.375 f’c (... " #

 2522)
Steel: Fa = 0.50Fy
 Disadvantages of WSD:

- Not account for the variability of the resistances

and loads

- Lack of any knowledge of the level of safty

F.S. is not known explicitly

- Inability to deal with groups of loads where one load

increases at a rate different from that of the others.

#7ก  (Strength Design Method : SDM)

#*+ก, -. = Ultimate Stress Design (USD)
- Factored load condition = Structure is about to fail
(Ultimate load = /,ก(ก -. )

Design Strength ≥ Required Strength (U)

- Apply F.S. in design via:

- Load factors (> 1.0)

- Strength reduction factors (< 1.0)

 Load Factors
Required Strength (U) = Load Factors × Service load
= Factored Load
=

ก
ก 

Dead Load Factor = 1.4

Live Load Factor = 1.7
Factored Load = 1.4 DL + 1.7 LL
Service Load = DL + LL

Factored Load Combinations

General:
U = 1.4 DL + 1.7 LL

Wind Load:
U = 0.75(1.4 DL + 1.7 LL+1.7W)
U = 1.05DL + 1.275W

Lateral Earth Pressure:

U = 1.4 DL + 1.7 LL+1.7H
U = 0.9DL + 1.7H
 Strength Reduction Factors
Nominal Strength (N) = Strength of a member calculated using
Strength Design Method.

Strength Reduction Factor = factor that account for

(1) Variations in material strengths and dimensions
(2) Inaccuracies in the design equations
(3) Degree of ductility and required reliability of member
(4) Importance of member in the structure

Strength reduction factor (φ

φ) :
Bending φ = 0.90
Shear and Torsion φ = 0.85
Compression φ = 0.70 or 0.75

Load Transfer in Structure

Snow, Rain, Wind
and Construction load Floor loads

Roof + Dead load Slab + Dead load Wall load

Beam + Dead load

Wind load Column + Dead load

Earthquake Soil Foundation

 Reinforced Concrete Design

Bending in Beam 1

Floor Framing System

Load Transferred to Beam from Slab

ACI Moment and Shear Coefficients

Location of Reinforcement

Beam Design Requirements

Mongkol JIRAVACHARADET

SURANAREE INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING

UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY SCHOOL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

Floor Framing System

To transfer vertical loads on the floor to the beams and columns in a
most efficient and economical way
Columns

Layout of Beams and Columns

Joist
- Occupancy requirements
Spandrel
- Commonly used beam size

- Ceiling and services requirements

Stair

Stringer
Floor beam or Girder
 Loading on Beams
Tributary area = Area for which the beam is supporting

One-way Floor System (m =S/L < 0.5)

wS kg/m
C1
B2

S B1 Loading
L
Tributary area
B3
B1 Load from B1
Floor load w kg/m2

B3 Loading

B1 = Secondary Beam
B3 = Primary Beam

If span of B3 is too large, more secondary beam may be used.

Precast Concrete Slab

C1
B2

Floor load = w kg/sq.m

Tributary area = 0.5SL sq.m

B3 S
Load on beam = 0.5wSL kg/m

L
Two-way Slab Span ratio m = S/L

D C Short span (BC):

45o 45o Floor load = w kg/sq.m

S Tributary area = S2/4 sq.m

Load on beam = wS/4 wS/3 kg/m
45o 45o
A B
B C B C
L

Long span (AB):

Floor load = w kg/sq.m
Tributary area = SL/2 - S2/4 = S  2 − m  sq.m
2

4  m 

Load on beam wS  3 − m 2  kg/m

 
3  2 

 
  
50 




%ก*-(
(-)12, 
ก(34 
,'

10.30 . 3 &' 2 ,(.. 2547

 11   ก  
ก !

      1
 !  2-4   %&'
ก(

%
)(
*+,
ก-& ,
./!%ก!,,
ก )&),ก!,* 10
,
91
./ ,ก,ก9&')(
*  8 "
#$
%

&
ก'
' 2&ก
;,(; 4 (
CONTINUOUS BEAMS AND SLABS

w w w w

L L L L

SHEAR:

MOMENT:

Methods of Analysis:

- Exact analysis: slope-

slope-deflection, moment distribution
- Approximate analysis: ACI shears and moments coefficients
- Computer: MicroFEAP,
MicroFEAP, Grasp, SUTStructor,
SUTStructor, STAAD.Pro,
STAAD.Pro, SAP2000

ACI Approximated Coefficients for Moments and Shears


 

 
ก
 !"# 


:
1)


 2  
2)
ก 
 
ก


ก 
ก 20%
3) ! "# ก $%
"%
&
'
(ก
4) "# ก)
ก 3 & "# ก!(ก
5) &+&
,ก-. /
# 0


 13.1 


+ , 12& 30%
%45& ACI
(ก) 
ก
1)  ,
- ,

& 2&
ก!)(&! wuln2/11

- ,

& 2&#,&.  2&ก ก!)(&! wuln2/14
2)  3 wuln2/16
() 

1) 


+,!&! &ก&)(&!
3
 ก
- 
2&
 2  wuln2/9
- 
2&

กก 2  wuln2/10
2) 


+,!&!&)(&!
3 &2 < wuln2/11

() 
 (
)

3) 


+,!&!&)(&!(ก #%"#!
- =2 

ก 3.00
. wuln2/12

-  
&
% %
? %&%
& > 8 wuln2/12

4) 


+,!&!3 &)(&!

#,&.  2&ก!)(&!
- 
2&)(&!.  &! wuln2/24

- 
2&)(&!. % wuln2/16

() 
1) 12& &! &ก&)(&!
3 ก 1.15 wuln/2

2) 12& &!&)(&!
&2 < wuln/2
 (a) 
กก

)(&!. %

 &!(Spandrel)
)(&!.  &!

,

& 2&
: 0 1/11

)(&!. %: 1/16 1/14 1/10 1/11 1/16 1/11 1/11

)(&!.  &!: 1/24 1/14

 !"ก#$

)(&! )(&! )(&!

%#ก

%. )(&!
(b) 

,

& 2&
: 0 1/11

)(&!. %: 1/16 1/14 1/9 1/9 1/14 1/16

)(&!.  &!: 1/24 1/14

(c) &' (ก) 3 


1/12 1/14 1/12 1/12 1/16 1/12 1/12

(d) *+,
)-กก 8 ,
)-

1/12 1/14 1/12 1/12 1/16 1/12 1/12

Ex3.1: A two span beam is supported by spandrel beams at the outer edges and by
a column in the center. Dead load (including beam weight) is 1.5 t/m and live load is
3 t/m on both beams. Calculate all critical service-load shear forces and bending
moments for the beams. The torsional resistance of the spandrel beam is not
sufficient to cause restraint of beam ABC at the masonry walls.
Masonry Masonry
Wall
D CL E CL Wall

B’ B’’
6m 6.5 m
A B C
Check conditions (a) Loads are uniformly distributed,
(b) LL/DL = 3/1.5 = 2 < 3,
(c) (L2 – L1)/L1 = (6.5 – 6)/6 = 0.083 < 0.2

Bending Moments MAB = -4.5(6)2/24 = -6.75 t-m, MBA = -4.5(6.25)2/9 = -19.5 t-m,

MCB = -4.5(6.5)2/24 = -7.92 t-m, MBC = -4.5(6.25)2/9 = -19.5 t-m,

MD = 4.5(6)2/11 = 14.7 t-m, ME = 4.5(6.5)2/11 = 17.3 t-m

Masonry Masonry
Wall
D CL E CL Wall

B’ B’’
6m 6.5 m
A B C

Shear Forces
VA = 4.5(6)/2 = 13.5 tons, VB’ = 1.15(4.5)(6)/2 = 15.5 tons,

VC = 4.5(6.5)/2 = 14.6 tons, VB’’ = 1.15(4.5)(6.5)/2 = 16.8 t-m

Reactions
RA = VA = 13.5 tons,

RB = VB’ + VB’’ = 15.5 + 16.8 = 32.3 tons,

RC = VC = 14.6 tons
 Location of Reinforcement
Concrete cracks due to tension, and as a result, reinforcement is required
where flexure, axial loads, or shrinkage effects cause tensile stresses.
stresses.

• Simply supported beam

tensile stresses and cracks are

developed along bottom of the beam

Positive
Moment
BMD

longitudinal reinforcement is placed

closed to the bottom side of the beam

Location of Reinforcement

• Cantilever beam
- Top bars

- Ties and anchorage

to support
 Location of Reinforcement
• Continuous beam

Location of Reinforcement
• Continuous beam with 2 spans
Behavior of Beam under Load
w

L
εc f < f c′
Elastic Bending (Plain Concrete)

εc f < f r = 2.0 f c′

εc f < f c′
Working Stress Condition
C

T = As fs
εs

Brittle failure mode

εcu= 0.003
Crushing C

T = As fs
εs <εy fs < fy

Ductile failure mode

εc < 0.003
C

T = As fs
εs ≥εy fs = fy
Beam Design Requirements

1) Minimum Depth (for deflection control)

oneway
L/20 L/24 L/28 L/10
slab

BEAM L/16 L/18.5 L/21 L/8

2) Temperature Steel (for slab)

SR24: As = 0.0025 bt b
SD30: As = 0.0020 bt t
SD40: As = 0.0018 bt As
fy > 4,000 ksc: As = 0.0018 4,000 bt
fy

3) Minimum Steel (for beam)

As min = 14 / fy As

To ensure that steel not fail before first crack

4) Concrete Covering
stirrup
+กก
+ก

Durability and Fire protection

> 4/3 max. aggregate size

5) Bar Spacing
 Reinforced Concrete Design

Bending in Beam 2

Working Stress Design (WSD)

Practical Design of RC Beam

Analysis of RC Beam

Double Reinforcement

Mongkol JIRAVACHARADET

SURANAREE INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING

UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY SCHOOL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

WSD of Beam for Moment

Assumptions:
1) Section remains plane
2) Stress proportioned to Strain
3) Concrete not take tension
4) No concrete-steel slip

Modular ratio (n):

Es 2.04 × 106 134

n= = ≈
Ec 15,100 f c′ f c′
Effective Depth (d) : Distance from compression face to centroid of steel

Cracked transformed section

strain condition force equilibrium

compression face εc f c = Ecε c
C
kd
d N.A.
jd

εs T = As f s
b f s = Es ε s

f c = Ecε c
1
Compression in concrete: C = f c b kd kd
C
2
N.A.
jd
Tension in steel: T = As f s
T = As f s
f s = Es ε s
Equilibrium ΣFx= 0 :
Compression = Tension
1
f c b kd = As f s
2
Reinforcement ratio: ρ = As / bd
fc 2 ρ
= 1
fs k
Strain compatibility:
εc εc kd k
= =
ε s d − kd 1 − k
kd
d f c / Ec k
=
f s / Es 1 − k

fc k
εs n = 2
fs 1 − k

k = 2n ρ + ( n ρ ) − n ρ
2
Analysis: know ρ find k 1 2

n fc 1
Design: know fc , fs find k 2 k= =
n fc + fs 1 + fs
n fc

Allowable Stresses
Plain concrete: Steel:
f c = 0.33 f c′ ≤ 60 kg/cm 2 SR24: fs = 0.5(2,400) = 1,200 ksc

Reinforced concrete: SD30: fs = 0.5(3,000) = 1,500 ksc

f c = 0.375 f c′ ≤ 65 kg/cm 2 SD40, SD50: fs = 1,700 ksc

Example : f c′ = 150 ksc , fs = 1,500 ksc

134
n= = 10.94 ⇒ 11 (nearest integer)
150
f c = 0.375(150) = 56 ksc

1
k= = 0.291
1,500
1+
11(56)
 Resisting Moment
kd/3 Moment arm distance : j d
1 kd
C= fc k b d jd = d −
M 2 3
jd
k
j = 1−
T = As fs 3

Steel: M = T × jd = As f s jd
1
Concrete: M = C × jd = fc k j b d 2 = R b d 2
2
1
R= fc k j
2

Design Step: known M, fc, fs, n

1) Compute parameters
1 1
k= j = 1− k / 3 R= fc k j
1 + f s n fc 2

R (kg/cm2)
fc
n
(kg/cm2) fs=1,200 fs=1,500 fs=1,700
(kg/cm2) (kg/cm2) (kg/cm2)
45 12 6.260 5.430 4.988
50 12 7.407 6.463 5.955
55 11 8.188 7.147 6.587
60 11 9.386 8.233 7.608
65 10 10.082 8.835 8.161
Design Parameter k and j

fs=1,200 fs=1,500 fs=1,700

fc (kg/cm2) (kg/cm2) (kg/cm2)
n
(kg/cm2)
k j k j k j
45 12 0.310 0.897 0.265 0.912 0.241 0.920
50 12 0.333 0.889 0.286 0.905 0.261 0.913
55 11 0.335 0.888 0.287 0.904 0.262 0.913
60 11 0.355 0.882 0.306 0.898 0.280 0.907
65 10 0.351 0.883 0.302 0.899 0.277 0.908

1) For greater fs , k becomes smaller → smaller compression area

2) j ≈ 0.9 → moment arm j d ≈ 0.9d can be used in approximation
design.

2) Determine size of section bd2

Such that resisting moment of concrete Mc = R b d 2 ≥ Required M

Usually b ≈ d / 2 : b = 10 cm, 20 cm, 30 cm, 40 cm, . . .

d = 20 cm, 30 cm, 40 cm, 50 cm, . . .

3) Determine steel area

M
From M = As f s jd → As =
fs j d

4) Select steel bars and Detailing


 ก.1   
ก
   , .2

Number of Bars
Bar Dia.
1 2 3 4 5 6
RB6 0.283 0.565 0.848 1.13 1.41 1.70
RB9 0.636 1.27 1.91 2.54 3.18 3.82
DB10 0.785 1.57 2.36 3.14 3.93 4.71
DB12 1.13 2.26 3.53 4.52 5.65 6.79
DB16 2.01 4.02 6.03 8.04 10.05 12.06
DB20 3.14 6.28 9.42 12.57 15.71 18.85
DB25 4.91 9.82 14.73 19.63 24.54 29.45

 ก.3 !"ก #$%!

& ACI

Simple One-end Both-ends

Member Cantilever
supported continuous continuous

One-way slab L/20 L/24 L/28 L/10

Beam L/16 L/18.5 L/21 L/8

L = span length

For steel with fy not equal 4,000 kg/cm2 multiply with 0.4 + fy/7,000
Example 3.2: Working Stress Design of Beam

w = 4 t/m Concrete: fc = 65 kg/cm2

Steel: fs = 1,700 kg/cm2

5.0 m From table: n = 10, R = 8.161 kg/cm2

Required moment strength M = (4) (5)2 / 8 = 12.5 t-m

Recommended depth for simple supported beam:

d = L/16 = 500/16 = 31.25 cm

USE section 30 x 50 cm with steel bar DB20

d = 50 - 4(covering) - 2.0/2(bar) = 45 cm

Moment strength of concrete:

Mc = R b d2 = 8.161 (30) (45)2

= 495,781 kg-cm

= 4.96 t-m < 12.5 t-m NG

TRY section 40 x 80 cm d = 75 cm

Mc = R b d2 = 8.161 (40) (75)2

= 1,836,225 kg-cm

= 18.36 t-m > 12.5 t-m OK

M 12 . 5 × 10 5
Steel area: As = = = 10 . 8 cm 2
f s jd 1,700 × 0 . 908 × 75

Select steel bar 4DB20 (As = 12.57 cm2)

Alternative Solution:

From Mc = R b d2 = required moment M

M M
bd 2
= ⇒ d =
R Rb

For example M = 12.5 t-m, R = 8.161 ksc, b = 40 cm

12 . 5 × 10 5
d = = 61 . 88 cm
8 . 161 × 40

USE section 40 x 80 cm d = 75 cm

Revised Design due to Self Weight

From selected section 40 x 80 cm

Beam weight wbm = 0.4 × 0.8 × 2.4(t/m3) = 0.768 t/m

Required moment M = (4 + 0.768) (5)2 / 8 = 14.90 < 18.36 t-m OK

Revised Design due to Support width

Column width 30 cm
30 cm 30 cm Required moment:

M = (4.768) (4.7)2 / 8

= 13.17 t-m

4.7 m clear span

5.0 m span
Practical Design of RC Beam
B1 30x60 Mc = 8.02 t-m, Vc = 6.29 t.
fc = 65 ksc, fs = 1,500 ksc, n = 10
Load
w = 2.30 t/m
dl 0.43
k = 0.302, j = 0.899, R = 8.835 ksc
wall 0.63
slab 1.24
b = 30 cm, d = 60 - 5 = 55 cm
5.00 w 2.30
Mc = 8.835(30)(55)2/105 = 8.02 t-m
M± = (1/9)(2.3)(5.0)2 = 6.39 t-m
Vc = 0.29(173)1/2(30)(55)/103
As± = 8.62 cm2 (2DB25)
= 6.29 t
V = 5.75 t (RB9@0.20 St.)
As± = 6.39×105/(1,500×0.899×55)
= 8.62 cm2

B2 40x80 Mc = 19.88 t-m, Vc = 11.44 t.

w = 2.64 t/m w = 2.64 t/m

8.00 5.00
8.54 9.83
SFD 12.58 3.37
+13.81 +2.15
BMD -16.17
13.65 15.99 2.13
As 3DB25 4DB25 2DB25
GRASP Version 1.02
B11-B12

Membe
Mz.i [T-m] Mz.pos [T-m] Mz.j [T-m] Fy.i [Ton] Fy.j [Ton]
r
1 0 39.03 -53.42 33.04 -50.84
2 -53.42 17.36 -37.97 44.52 -39.36
3 -37.97 20.75 -46.35 40.54 -43.34
4 -46.35 25.88 -28.26 44.96 -38.92
5 -28.26 6.59 -92.25 31.27 -52.61
6 -92.25 81.47 0.00 69.70 -47.73

Analysis of RC Beam

Given: Section As , b, d Materials fc , fs

Find: Mallow = Moment capacity of section

STEP 1 : Locate Neutral Axis (kd) εc

kd
k = 2ρ n + ( ρ n ) − ρ n
2
d

j = 1− k / 3
εs
As
where ρ = = Reinforcement ratio
bd
Es 2.04 × 106 134
n= = ≈
Ec 15,100 fc′ fc′
 STEP 2 : Compute Resisting Moment

1
Concrete: Mc = fc k j b d 2

2
Steel: M s = As f s j d

If Mc > Ms , Under reinforcement Mallow = Ms

If Mc < Ms , Over reinforcement Mallow = Mc

Under reinforcement is preferable because steel is weaker

than concrete. The RC beam would fail in ductile mode.

From Example 3.2: Analysis for Bending Strength of Beam Section

Design Section
w = 4 t/m Concrete: fc = 65 kg/cm2
80 cm

Steel: fs = 1,700 kg/cm2

5.0 m 4DB20
(As = 12.57 cm2)
40 cm
Required moment, M = (4.768) (4.7)2 / 8 = 13.17 t-m

Effective depth, d = 80 – 2.5(cover) – 2.0/2 = 76.5 cm

Reinforcement ratio, ρ = As/bd = 12.57/(40×76.5) = 0.00411 ρn = 0.0411

k = 2ρ n + ( ρ n )2 − ρ n = 2 × 0.0411 + (0.0411)2 − 0.0411

k = 0.249 j = 1 – 0.249/3 = 0.917

1 1
Mc = fc k j b d 2 = × 65 × 0.249 × 0.917 × 40 × 76.52 / 105 = 17.37 t-m
2 2
Ms = As fs j d = 12.57 × 1, 700 × 0.917 × 76.5 / 105 = 14.99 t-m CONTROL
Double Reinforcement (Double RC)

- Increase steel area

- Enlarge section
When Mreq’d > Mallow
- Double RC
only when no choice

A’s εc T’ = A’s f’s

d’ ε’s 1
M C = 2 fc k b d

As As1 fs
T = As fs
εs As2 fs

 
  ก ก
T’ = A’s f’s
1 T’ = A’s f’s
C=
1
f kbd C = 2 fckbd
2 c

jd d-d’

T = As fs T1 = As1 fs T2 = As2 fs
1 M2 = M − Mc
Moment strength M1 = M c = f c kjbd 2
2
M = M1 + M2 = As 2 f s (d − d ′)
= As1 f s jd
= As′ f s′(d − d ′)
Mc M − Mc
Steel area As = As1 = + As 2 =
f s jd f s ( d − d ′)
Compatibility Condition
d’ εc
εs d − kd
=
kd ε’s ′
εs kd − d ′
d From Hook’s law: εs = Es fs, ε’s = Es f’s

Es f s f d − kd
= s =
Es f s′ f s′ kd − d ′
εs
k − d′ d
f s′ = f s
1− k

... ก
  k − d′ d
f s′ = 2 f s
1− k

 ก ( A’s )

T’ = A’s f’s Force equilibrium [ ΣFx=0 ]
T’ = T2
d-d’
A’s f’s = As2 fs

T2 = As2 fs k − d′ d
Substitute f s′ = 2 f s
1− k

1 1− k
As′ = As 2
2 k − d′ d
 ก  ( k ) Compression = Tension

d’
εc Cc + Cs′ = T
1
f c b kd + As′ f s′ = As f s
kd ε’s 2
d k − d′ d A′
Substitute f s′ = 2 f s , ρ′ = s
1− k bd

1− k A
εs fs = n fc , ρ= s
k bd

 d′ 
2n  ρ + 2 ρ ′  + n 2 ( ρ + 2 ρ ′ ) − n ( ρ + 2 ρ ′ )
2
k =
 d

Example 3.4 Design 40x80 cm beam using double RC

w = 6 t/m fc = 65 ksc, fs = 1,700 ksc,

n = 10, d = 75 cm
5.0 m k = 0.277, j = 0.908, R = 8.161 ksc

Beam weight wbm = 0.4 × 0.8 × 2.4(t/m3) = 0.768 t/m

Required M = (6.768) (5)2 / 8 = 21.15 t-m

Mc = Rbd2 = 8.161(40)(75)2/105 = 18.36 t-m < req’d M Double RC

Mc 18.36 × 105
As1 = = = 15.86 cm 2
f s jd 1, 700 × 0.908 × 75

M − Mc (21.15 − 18.36) ×105

As 2 = = = 2.34 cm 2
f s ( d − d ′) 1, 700 × (75 − 5)
 Tension steel As = As1 + As2 = 15.86 + 2.34 = 18.20 cm2

USE 6DB20 (As = 18.85 cm2)

Compression steel
1 1− k 1 1 − 0.277
As′ = As 2 = × 2.34 × = 4.02 cm 2
2 k − d′ d 2 0.277 − 5 / 75
USE 2DB20 (As = 6.28 cm2)

2DB20
0.80 m

6DB20

0.40 m

Double RC : Analysis for Bending Strength of Beam Section

Design Section
Concrete: fc = 65 ksc
w = 6 t/m 2DB20
(A’s = 6.28 cm2) Steel: fs = 1,700 ksc
80 cm

n = 10
5.0 m 6DB20
(As = 18.85 cm2)
40 cm
Required moment, M = (6.768) (4.7)2 / 8 = 18.69 t-m

Effective depth, d = 80 – 2.5(cover) – 2.0/2 = 76.5 cm d ′ = 2.5 + 2.0 / 2 = 3.5 cm

Reinforcement ratio, ρ = As/bd = 12.57/(40×76.5) = 0.00411

ρ ′ = As′ / bd = 6.28 / ( 40 × 76.5 ) = 0.00205

 d′ 
2n  ρ + 2 ρ ′  + n 2 ( ρ + 2 ρ ′ ) − n ( ρ + 2 ρ ′ )
2
k =
 d
k = 0.222 j = 1 – 0.222/3 = 0.926
Strain compatibility:
d′ εc
εc kd k f c / Ec k fc k
ε s′ = = → = → n =
ε s d − kd 1 − k f s / Es 1 − k fs 1− k
kd
Assume fc = 65 ksc:
d
fs = nfc (1 − k ) / k = 10 × 65 (1 – 0.222 ) / 0.222

= 2,278 ksc > 1,700 ksc NG

εs Use fs = 1,700 ksc:

fc = fs k / n (1 − k ) = 1,700 × 0.222 / (10 × (1 – 0.222))

= 48.5 ksc < 65 ksc OK

fs′ = 2 fs (k − d ′ / d ) / (1 − k )

= 2 × 1,700 (0.222 – 3.5/76.5) / (1 – 0.222)

= 770 ksc < 1,700 ksc OK

Moment Strength: M = M1 + M2

1 1
M1 = Mc = fc k j b d 2 = × 48.5 × 0.222 × 0.926 × 40 × 76.52 / 105
2 2
= 11.67 t-m

M2 = As′ fs′ (d − d ′) = 6.28 × 770(76.5 − 3.5) /105 = 3.53 t-m

M = 11.67 + 3.53 = 15.2 t-m < [ Mreq’d = 18.69 t-m ] NG

REVISE DESIGN ???

 Reinforced Concrete Design

Bending in Beam 3

Strength Design Method (SDM)

Beam behavior under increasing load

Nominal Moment Strength (Mn)

Design Procedure

Mongkol JIRAVACHARADET

SURANAREE INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING

UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY SCHOOL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

Strength Design Method (SDM)

Ultimate Stress Design (USD)
Working Stress Design (WSD): early 1900s → early 1960s

Strength Design Method (SDM) is more realistic for safety and reliability at
the strength limit state.

Advantage of SDM over WSD:

1) Consider mode of failure

2) Nonlinear behavior of concrete

3) More realistic F.S.

4) Ultimate load prediction ≅ 5%

5) Saving (lower F.S.)

Strength Design Method (SDM)

Design Strength ≥ Required Strength (U)

Design Strength = Strength Reduction Factor (φ) × Nominal Strength (N)

φ) accounts for
Strength Reduction Factor (φ

(1) Variations in material strengths and dimensions

(2) Inaccuracies in the design equations

(3) Ductility & reliability of the members

(4) Importance of the member in the structure

Nominal Strength = Strength of a member calculated by using SDM

Required Strength = Load factors × Service Load

REQUIRED STRENGTH (U)

Load Combinations:
U = 1.4(D + F)
U = 1.2(D + F + T) + 1.6(L + H) + 0.5(Lr or S or R)
U = 1.2D + 1.6(Lr or S or R) + (1.0L or 0.8W)
U = 1.2D + 1.6W + 1.0L + 0.5(Lr or S or R)
U = 1.2D + 1.0E + 1.0L + 0.2S
U = 0.9D + 1.6W + 1.6H
U = 0.9D + 1.0E + 1.6H
where
D = dead load, E = earthquake, F = fluid pressure, H = lateral soil pressure,
L = live load, Lr = roof live load, R = rain load, S = snow load, T = temp. load,
U = required strength to resist factored load, and W = wind load
 Required Strength for Simplified Load Combinations

Loads Required Strength

Dead (D) and Live (L) 1.4D
1.2D + 1.6L + 0.5Lr

Dead, Live and Wind (W) 1.2D + 1.6Lr + 1.0L

1.2D + 1.6Lr + 0.8W
1.2D + 1.6W + 1.0L + 0.5Lr
0.9D + 1.6W

Dead, Live and Earthquake (E) 1.2D + 1.0L + 1.0E

0.9D + 1.0E

In Thailand, we still use: U = 1.4D + 1.7L

Strength Reduction Factors φ in the Strength Design Method

Tension-controlled sections 0.90

Compression-controlled sections
Members with spiral reinforcement 0.70
Other reinforced members 0.65

Shear and torsion 0.75

Bearing on concrete 0.65
Post-tensioned anchorage zones 0.85
Struts, ties, nodal zones and shearing areas 0.75
Behavior of Concrete Beam under increasing load

Before crack

As

b
εc fc

h d
As εs fs
ε ct fct

After crack

As

Ultimate strain
εc fc ε cu fc
Overload

εs εs fs
fs

Working Stress State Strength Limit State

Nominal Moment Strength ( Mn )
f c’
b
εcu = crushing strain
C = k fc’ bx
x
N.A.
d

As T = As fy ( for εs > εy )
εs

0.85 fc’
Equivalent Stress Distribution
(Whitney stress block)

a/2 [ΣFx = 0] C = T
a = β1x C = 0.85 fc’ a b

0.85 fc’ a b = As fy
d – a/2
As fy ρ fy d
a = =
0.85 fc′ b 0.85 fc′
T = As f y

Equivalent Stress Distribution

(Whitney stress block)
0.85 fc’
 ρ fy d 
M n = T (d − a / 2) = As fy  d − 
a/2  2(0.85) fc′ 
a = β1x C = 0.85 fc’ a b

 ρ fy 
d – a/2 M n = ρ fy bd 2  1 − 
 1.7fc′ 
T = As f y

Flexural resistance factor Rn : M n = Rn b d 2

 ρ fy 
Rn = ρ fy  1 − 
 1.7 fc′ 

fy  1 
Modular ratio: m = Rn = ρ fy  1 − ρ m 
0.85 fc′  2 
 for fc’ ≤ 280 ksc, β1 = 0.85
 fc′ − 280 
for fc’ > 280 ksc, β1 = 0.85 − 0.05   ≥ 0.65
 70 
β1
0.85 fc′ β1
0.65 210 0.85
240 0.85
280 0.85
0 fc′ 320 0.82
280 560
350 0.80
Reinforcement Ratio ρ :

 1 
From Rn = ρ fy  1 − ρ m  m fy ρ 2 − 2 fy ρ + 2 Rn = 0
 2 

1 2 m Rn 
ρ = 1− 1− 
m  fy 

Balance Steel Ratio ( ρb )


ก  ก 
กก  !ก
εcu = 0.003

C = 0.85 fc′ a b
Concrete crushing
c
d d

Steel yielding
T = As f y
ε s = ε y = f y / Es

c εcu  εcu 
= c=
 ε + ε 
From strain condition, d
d εcu + ε y  cu y

From force equilibrium, [ΣFx = 0] C=T

0.85 fc′ ab = A s fy 0.85 fc′ β1 c b = ρ fy b d

0.85 fc′  εcu 

ρb = β1 
Balance Steel Ratio:
fy  ε + ε 
 cu y

" εcu = 0.003   εy = fy / 2.04×106

0.85 fc′  6,120 

ρb = β1 
fy  6,120 + f 
 y 


ก  #$%&

ก ρ = As/bd
ρ = ρb ρ > ρb ρ < ρb
εcu εcu εcu

εy εs < εy εs > εy



กก 
ก
balance condition Over RC Under RC
$'" ก$%&

ก (Under RC)
30 cm
fc′ = 240 ksc 0.85 × 240  6,120 
ρb = × 0.85 ×  
4,000  6,120 + 4,000 
50 cm

β1 = 0.85
= 0.0262
fy = 4,000 ksc
2DB25
As = 2×4.91 = 9.82 cm2

As 9.82
ρ= = = 0.0073 ρ < ρb Under RC
b d 30 × 45
ρ < ρb
εcu
Steel Yield : fs = fy

C=T 0.85 fc′ β1 c b = A s fy

εs > εy
0.85×240×0.85×c×30 = 9.82×4,000

ก
c = 7.55 cm
Under RC

εcu = 0.003 εs d−c

Strain Condition: =
εcu c
c
εs = (45 – 7.55) / 7.55 × 0.003 = 0.0149
d
εy = fy / Es = 4,000 / 2.04e6 = 0.00196

εs > ε y Steel Yield : fs = fy Under RC

εs = ?

ACI 318-08 Section 10.5 : Minimum reinforcement of flexural members

10.5.1 – At every section of a flexural member where tensile reinforcement is

required, As provided shall not be less than that given by

0.8 fc′
A s, min = bd
fy

and not less than 14 b d / fy To prevent concrete first crack

$'" ก$%&

ก (Over RC)
30 cm
fc′ = 240 ksc 0.85 × 240  6,120 
ρb = × 0.85 ×  
4,000  6,120 + 4,000 
50 cm

β1 = 0.85
= 0.0262
8DB25 fy = 4,000 ksc

As = 8×4.91 = 39.28 cm2

39.28 ρ > ρb
ρ= = 0.0312 Over RC
ρ > ρb 30 × 42
εcu
Steel NOT Yield : fs < fy

C=T 0.85 fc′ β1 c b = A s fs

εs < ε y
0.85×240×0.85×c×30 = 39.28 fs 1

กก
Over RC 2 unknowns: c and fs ?

εcu = 0.003 εs d−c

Strain Condition: =
εcu c

c fs d−c
d εs = =   εcu
Es  c 

 42 − c 
fs = 6,120   1
 c 
εs = fs/Es
 42 − c 
5,202 c = 39.28 × 6,120  
 c 

5,202 c2 + 240,393.6 c – 10,096,531.2 = 0

MATLAB:
>> roots([5202 240393.6 -10096531.2])
c = 26.6 cm
a ns =
fs = 3,543 ksc fs < f y
-72.8530
26.6412 Steel NOT Yield Over RC
 ACI 318-08: Section 10.3 – General principles and requirements

10.3.5 – For flexural members, a net tensile strain εt in extreme tension

steel shall not be less than 0.004.

ACI Code before 2002, ρmax = 0.75 ρb

For conservative design, we may use

ρ = 0.5 ρmax = 0.375 ρb

From
If we use ρmax Rn,max Mn,max
2
Mn = Rn b d
where Mn,max is the maximum moment
 ρ fy 
Rn = ρ fy  1 −  capacity of the section
 1.7 fc′ 

 ก.5


ก "
*+ 
 fy = 4,000 ก.ก./.2

f’c ρmin ρb ρmax m Rn,max

(ksc) (ksc)
180 0.0035 0.0197 0.0147 26.1 47.62
210 0.0035 0.0229 0.0172 22.4 55.55
240 0.0035 0.0262 0.0197 19.6 63.49
280 0.0035 0.0306 0.0229 16.8 74.07
320 0.0035 0.0338 0.0253 14.7 82.46
350 0.0035 0.0360 0.0270 13.4 88.36
 Strength Curve (Rn vs. ρ) for SD40 Reinforcement

Coefficient of resistance Rn (kg/cm2) 80

70
f’c = 280 ksc
60 f’c = 240 ksc
50 f’c = 210 ksc
40 f’c = 180 ksc

30

20

10
Upper limit at 0.75ρb
0
0 0.005 0.01 0.015 0.02 0.025
Reinforcement ratio ρ = As /bd


กก Required moment from load = Mu

Mu Mu
Design Moment Strength = Mn = = Rn b d2 Rn =
φ φ b d2
 1  fy
From Rn = ρ fy  1 − ρ m  where m =
 2  0.85 fc′

() m fy ρ2 − 2 fy ρ + 2Rn = 0 กกก



2 fy ± 4 fy2 − 8mRn fy 1 2mRn 

ρ = = 1 ± 1 − 
2m fy m  fy 

ก ρb  !ก"! 1/m ($ก$%) '

1 2mRn 
ρ = 1 − 1 − 
m  fy 
,-กก&& ก
ก
STEP 1 
ก

ก*(+,-!" ρ min ≤ ρ ≤ ρmax

ρ min = 14 / f y ρ max = 0.75 ρb

0.85 f c′  6,120 
ρb = β1  
fy  6,120 + f y 
0.85 ; f c′ ≤ 280 ksc

  f ′ − 280 
β1 = 0.85 − 0.05  c  ; 280 < f c′ ≤ 560 ksc
  70 
0.65 ; f c′ > 560 ksc

Conservative design select ρ = 0.5ρmax = 0.375 ρb

STEP 2 
ก. *%ก b d2
Mn Mu
ก Mn = Rn b d2 b d2 = =
Rn φ Rn

 1  fy
Rn = ρ fy  1 − ρ m   m =
 2  0.85 fc′

STEP 3 
ก d ก "
/ก h *(0
ก

12ก!%"

ก b ≈ d/2
oneway
L/20 L/24 L/28 L/10
slab

BEAM L/16 L/18.5 L/21 L/8

ก
ก.% (,-
.% . -! 30x50 .
 STEP 4

  ! ρ %.%*
ก (b, d)
Mn Mu
ก Mn = Rn b d2 Rn = =
b d2 φ b d2

1 2mRn 

fy
ρ = 1 − 1 −  m =
m  fy 
 0.85 fc′

STEP 5 %"

ก"!$!,-!" ρmin < ρ < ρmax )! ?
4 ρ < ρmin ,,- ρ = ρmin
4 ρ > ρmax ,0.% 
" ",!
STEP 6 "0'*
ก As = ρbd 
"
ก.
("
ก
 ρ fy  M
STEP 7 %"ก
% Mn = ρ fy b d2  1 −  ≥ u
 1.7 fc′  φ
A s fy  a Mu
 a = Mn = A s fy  d −  ≥
0.85 fc′ b  2 φ

 ก.4  ก (.)

 ก  
 
ก

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 
DB12 16.9 20.6 24.3 28.0 31.7 35.4 39.1 3.7
DB16 17.3 21.4 25.5 29.6 33.7 37.8 41.9 4.1
DB20 17.7 22.2 26.7 31.2 35.7 40.2 44.7 4.5
DB25 18.2 23.2 28.2 33.2 38.2 43.2 48.2 5.0
DB28 18.8 24.4 30.0 35.6 41.2 46.8 52.4 5.6

AB C D
A = 4 . ( ก9" ก%4/
ก

ก
B = 9 . 
ก

ก
C = 1.9 .
D = -!"!("!
ก = db  2.5 .
Example 2.5 Design B1 in the floor plan shown below.
8.00
Slab thickness = 12 cm
2.00 LL = 300 kg/m2
B1
f c′ = 280 kg/cm2
B2
4.00
Steel: SD40
Slab DL = 0.12(2,400) = 288 kg/m2
5.00 3.00 Ultimate load = 1.4(288) + 1.7(300) = 913.2 kg/m2

 
Load on B2 = 913.2(4) + 913.2(3)  3 − 0.75
2

 = 2,331 kg/m
3 3  2 
B2 weight (assume section 30 × 50 cm) = 1.4(0.3)(0.5)(2,400) = 504 kg/m

Reaction at B2’s ends = wL/2 = (2,331+504)(4)/2 = 5,670 kg

Load on B1: 5,670 kg

1,437 kg/m 913.2

913.2 kg/m
B1

B2:5,670 kg

5,670 kg

2,350 kg/m 1,826 kg/m

5.00 m 3.00 m

B1 weight: simply support min. depth = 800/16 = 50 cm

Try section 30 × 60 cm, wu = 1.4(0.3)(0.6)(2400) = 605 kg/m

Max. moment on B1:

1,826 + 605 = 2,431 kg/m Mmax = 2,431(8.0)2/8

8.00 = 19,448 kg-m

2,350-1,826=524 kg/m
524(5)(5 / 2)
R1 = = 819 kg
8
5.00 3.00 M max = 819(3) = 2, 456 kg-m
R1

5,670 kg 5, 670(5.0)(3.0)
M max =
8
5.00 3.00 = 10, 631 kg-m

Mu = 19,448 + 2,456 + 10,631 = 32,535 kg-m

USE DB20: d = 60 - 4 - 2.0/2 - 0.9 = 54 cm

ρmin = 14/fy = 14/4,000 = 0.0035

0.85(280)  6120 
ρb = (0.85)   = 0.0306
4, 000  6120 + 4000 

ρmax= 0.75ρb = 0.75(0.0306) = 0.0230

fy 4, 000
m= = = 16.81
0.85 f c′ 0.85(280)

Mu 32,535(100)
Rn = = = 41.32
φ bd 2 0.9(30)(54)2
 1 2 m Rn 
Required ρ = 1 − 1 − 
m  fy 


1  2 (16.81) (41.32) 
= 1 − 1 − 
16.81  (4, 000) 
= 0.0114

ρmin = 0.0035 < ρ = 0.0114 < ρmax = 0.0230 OK

As = ρbd = 0.0114(30)(54) = 18.51 cm2

USE 6DB20 (As = 18.85 cm2) 0.60

BUT 6DB20 need bmin = 35.7 cm NG 6DB20

0.30

Home work: redesign section

 Reinforced Concrete Design

Bending in Beam 4

Tension Steel Location

Analysis of RC Beam

Strength of Doubly Reinforced Beam

Compression Steel Yield Condition

Design of Double RC Beams

Investigation of Double RC Beams

Asst.Prof.Dr.Mongkol JIRAVACHARADET

SURANAREE INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING

UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY SCHOOL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

Tension Steel Position in Beam

Need reinforcement

L
Elastic curve Compression face
+ Mmax = wL2/8

Centroid of
steel area
Bending Moment Diagram
Effective depth


 

L L

wL2/14 wL2/14
d

d d

wL2/8

  กก

L << L L

d d
  !"# $

Small -M

Critical section
at face of supports

%กก$##ก
$&!ก

# ก#
:
- ก
   
- กก  
ก
!ก$&ก#
# (")*

w w w = 1 t/m

2DB20 7DB20 6DB20

3m 2m 6m

2.93 t-m
1.04 t-m

-3.48 t-m

A B C

A B C

3m 2m 6m

2DB20 7DB20 2DB20

2DB20 2DB20 6DB20

A A B B C C
Analysis of Single RC Beam (Tension steel yield)
εcu = 0.003

a C = 0.85 f’ca b c

d
d – a/2
d–c

T = As fs
εs

c ε d−c 
[C = T] 0.85 f’c a b = As fy = cu → εs =   εcu
d − c εs  c 
A s fy
a = → c = a / β1 If ε s >  ε y = fy / E s  → fs = f y
0.85 fc′ b
d−c
fs = εs Es = 6,120   ≤ fy Check by ρ < ρb
 c 
Mn = As fy (d – a/2)

Example 6.1 – Moment Strength of Single RC Beam

f’c = 240 ksc, fy = 4,000 ksc

60 cm
d = 60 – 4 – 0.9 – 2.5/2 = 52.6 cm

3DB25 ρ = 14.73/(30x52.6) = 0.00933

As = 14.73 cm2
จากตารางที่ ก.5 ρmin < ρ < ρmax
30 cm
Assuming εs > εy T = As fy = 14.73 x 4.0 = 58.9 ton
A s fy 58.9
a = = = 9.62 cm
0.85 fc′ b 0.85 × 0.24 × 30

c = a / β1 = 9.62 / 0.85 = 11.32 cm

d−c   52.6 − 11.32 

εs =  ε
 cu =   0.003 = 0.0109
 c   11.32 
fy 4,000
εy = = = 0.00196 εs > εy OK
Es 2.04 × 106
 Nominal Moment Strength

Mn = As fy (d – a/2) = 58.9 (52.6 – 9.62/2)

= 2,815 ton-cm = 28.2 ton-m Ans

εcu = 0.003
C = 58.9 ton
c = 11.32 cm a = 9.62 cm
n.a.

d = 52.6 cm

T = 58.9 ton
εy
εs = 0.0109

Tension, Compression and Balance Failures

εcu = 0.003 εcu = 0.003 εcu = 0.003

εs > εy εy = fy/Es ≈ 0.002 εs < εy

Tension Failure Balanced Failure Compression Failure

εcu = 0.003 εcu = 0.003 εcu = 0.003

εs > εy → fs = fy εs = εy → fs = fy εs < εy → fs < fy

ρ < ρb ρ = ρb ρ > ρb
Compression Failures

εcu = 0.003 0.85 f’c

c a C = 0.85 f’c b a
d

T = As fs
εy εs

εs d − c C=T
=
εcu c
0.85 f’c b β1 c = As fs
d−c 
fs =   εcu E s
 c  0.85 fc′ b β1 c = 6,120 A s (d − c) / c Solve for c
d−c   a
fs = 6,120   < fy Mn = A s fs  d − 
 c   2

Example 6.2 – Moment Strength of Single RC Beam #2

f’c = 240 ksc, fy = 4,000 ksc

x = (4x1.25+4x6.25+2x11.25)/10 = 5.25 cm
60 cm
d = 60 – 4 – 0.9 – 5.25 = 49.9 cm
10DB25
As = 49.09 cm2 ρ = 49.09/(30x49.9) = 0.0328

30 cm จากตารางที่ ก.5 ρ > [ ρb = 0.0262 ]

∴ Tension steel not yield : fs < fy

d=?

2.5 cm 0.85 fc′ b β1 c = 6,120 A s (d − c) / c

x 0.85×240×30×0.85×c = 6,120×49.09(49.9-c)/c

4 cm c2 + 57.8c – 2,882 = 0 → c = 32.1 cm

เหล็กปลอก 9 mm
 d−c  49.9 − 32.1 
fs = 6,120   = 6,120   = 3,394 ksc
 c   32.1 

a = β1 c = 0.85×32.1 = 27.3 cm

 a  27.3 
Mn = A s fs  d −  = 49.09 × 3.394  49.9 −  /100
 2   2 

= 60.4 ton-m Ans.

Strength of Doubly Reinforced Beam

b 0.85 f c′
d’ εcu = 0.003
ε s′ Cs′ = As′ f s′
x a
A’s Cc = 0.85 f c′ b a
h d

As
εs T=As fy

Moment: Force:
T = T1 + T2 = Cc + Cs′
Mn = M1 + M2
As fy = 0.85fc′ b a + As′ fs′
 a
= Cc  d −  + Cs′ (d − d ′)
 2 As = As1 + As 2

 a T1 = As1fy = Cc = 0.85fc′ b a
= 0.85fc′ b a  d −  + As′ fs′ (d − d ′)
 2
T2 = As 2fy = Cs′ = As′ fs′
ก"$#"#
!ก b d’ εcu = 0.003
x ε s′
A’s

h d
 x − d′   d′ 
ε s′ = 0.003   = 0.003 1 − 
 x   x As
εs

 fy fy 
Compression steel yield condition: ε s′ ≥ ε y = = 
 Es 2, 040, 000 

From T = Cc + Cs′ → As f y = 0.85 f c′ b β1 x + As′ f s′

( As − As′ ) f y ( ρ − ρ ′ ) f y d
x= =
0.85 f c′ b β1 0.85 f c′ β1

( As − As′ ) f y ( ρ − ρ ′) f y d
a= =
0.85 f c′ b 0.85 f c′

Compression Steel Yield  d′ 

ε s′ = 0.003  1 − ≤ εy
 x 
 0.85 fc′ β1 d ′  fy
0.003  1 −  ≥
 ( ρ − ρ′) f d  2,040,000
 y 

0.85 fc′ β1 d ′  6,120 

ρ − ρ′ ≥  
fy d  6,120 − fy 
 0.85 fc′ β1 d ′ 
fs′ = Esε s′ = 6,120  1 − ≤ fy
 ( ρ − ρ ′ ) f d 
Stress in compression steel
 y 
f s′
Double RC balance steel ratio ρb = ρb + ρ ′
fy

Single RC balance steel ratio

fs′
ρmax = 0.75 ρb + ρ ′
fy
 If comp. steel not yield: ε s′ < ε y → fs′ < fy

From T = Cc + Cs′ → As fy = 0.85fc′ b β1 x + As′ fs′

As fy − As′ fs′ As fy − As′ fs′

x= a=
0.85 fc′ b β1 0.85 fc′ b

Comp. Steel Yield: Mn = ( As − As′ ) fy ( d − a / 2 ) + As′ fy (d − d ′)

Comp. Steel NOT Yield: Mn = ( As fy − As′ fs′) ( d − a / 2 ) + As′ fs′ (d − d ′)

Example 1: Determine resisting moment of double RC beam with d = 50 cm,

b = 40 cm, d’ = 6 cm, comp. steel 2DB20 (A’s = 6.28 cm2) and ten. steel 8DB25
(As = 39.27 cm2) use f’c = 240 ksc, fy = 4,000 ksc

40 cm As − As′ = 39.27 − 6.28 = 32.99 cm2

2DB20 32.99
ρ − ρ′ = = 0.0165
40 × 50


 ก
ก
50 cm

0.85 β1fc′d ′  6,120 

ρ − ρ′ ≥  6,120 − f 
8DB25 fy d  y 

0.85 × 0.85 × 240 × 6  6,120 

4,000 × 50   = 0.0150
 6,120 − 4,000 

Since ρ − ρ ′ = 0.0165 > 0.0150, comp. steel yield fs′ = fy = 4,000 ksc
 ก
 :
0.85fc′  6,120  0.85 × 240  6,120 
ρb = β1   = 0.85   = 0.0262

fy  6,120 + fy  4,000  6,120 + 4,000 


! กก"
ก :
fs′ 4,000
ρmax = 0.75 ρb + ρ ′ = 0.75(0.0262) + 0.0074 = 0.0271 > [ ρ = 0.0196] OK
fy 4,000

a =
( As − As′ ) fy =
32.99 × 4,000
= 16.17 cm
0.85fc′ b 0.85 × 240 × 40

ก#
$%& : Mn = ( As − As′ ) fy ( d − a / 2 ) + As′ fy (d − d ′)

= 39.27 × 4,000 × (50 − 16.17 / 2) + 6.28 × 4,000 × (50 − 6)

= 6,633,030 kg-cm = 66.33 t-m Ans

Example 2: Repeat Ex.1 by changing reinforcing steel to comp. steel

2DB25 (A’s = 9.82 cm2) and ten. steel 6DB25 (As = 29.45 cm2) use
f’c = 240 ksc, fy = 4,000 ksc

40 cm
As − As′ = 29.45 − 9.82 = 19.63 cm2
2DB25
19.63
ρ − ρ′ = = 0.0098 < 0.0150 (from Ex.1)
40 × 50

∴ Comp. steel not yield fs′ < fy

50 cm

First trial: Comp. steel yield

6DB25
assumption
 0.85 β1 fc′ d ′ 
fs′ = 6,120  1 − 

 ( ρ − ρ ′) f y d 

 0.85 × 0.85 × 240 × 6 

= 6,120  1 − = 2,871 ksc
 0.0098 × 4,000 × 50 
 As fy − As′ fs′ 29.45 × 4,000 − 9.82 × 2,871
x = = = 12.92 cm
0.85 fc′ b β1 0.85 × 240 × 40 × 0.85

 x − d′   12.92 − 6  Trial loop

ε s′ = 0.003   = 0.003   = 0.0016
 x   12.92  of f’s

fs′ = Esε s′ = 2,040,000 × 0.0016 = 3,264 ksc ≠ 2,871 ksc

f’s x fs′ 3,175

ρmax = 0.75 ρ b + ρ ′ = 0.75(0.0262) + 0.0049
2,871 12.92 fy 4,000
3,264 12.37
= 0.0235 > [ ρ = 0.0196 ] OK
3,152 12.52
3,187 12.47 As fy − As′fs′ 29.45 × 4,000 − 9.82 × 3,175
a = = = 10.62 cm
3,175 OK 0.85fc′ b 0.85 × 240 × 40

 a
Mn = ( As fy − As′ fs′ )  d −  + As′ fs′ (d − d ′)
 2
= (29.45 × 4,000 − 9.82 × 3,175) × (50 − 10.62 / 2) + 9.82 × 3,175 × (50 − 6)

= 5,242,969 kg-cm = 52.43 t-m Ans

Alternative method: Comp. steel not yield Es ε s′

 d′ 
Es ε s′ = 0.003  1 − 
From T = Cc + Cs′ → As fy = 0.85fc′ b β1 x + As′ fs′  x

0.85fc′b β1 x 2 − As fy x + As′ Es ε cu ( x − d ′) = 0

6936 x 2 − 57702 x − 360588 = 0 x = 12.48 cm

a = 10.61 cm
 12.48 − 6 
fs′ = 6120   = 3,178 ksc
 12.48 

Moment strength: Mn = 0.85 fc′ a b  d − a  + As′ fs′ ( d − d ′ )

 2

 10.61 
Mn = 0.85 × 240 × 10.61× 40  50 − + 9.82 × 3178 ( 50 − 6 )
 2 

= 5,242,736 kg-cm = 52.43 t-m Ans

Design Procedure of Double RC Beam

STEP 1: Moment strength from single RC beam

Choose As1 ≤ 0.75 Asb ⇒ ρ1 = As1 / bd

 ρ1 f y 
M n1 = ρ1 f y bd 2  1 − 
 1.7 f ′
c 

STEP 2: Addition moment strength required

M n 2 = M u / φ − M n1

STEP 3: Addition tension steel As2

M n 2 = T2 ( d − d ′) = As 2 f y (d − d ′)

STEP 4: Total tension steel As = As1 + As2

STEP 5: Stress in compression steel

As1 f y
a= , x = a / β1
′
0.85 f c b

 x − d′   x − d′ 
f s′ = 0.003Es   = 6,120   ≤ fy
 x   x 

STEP 6: Compression steel

As 2 f y = As′ f s′
Example 3: Determine As and A’s required. MLL = 32 t-m, MDL = 18 t-m
f’c = 240 ksc, fy = 4,000 ksc

40 cm d’ = 6 cm 0.85 f c′
εcu = 0.003
C’s
A’s x ε ′s a
Cc

50 cm
60 cm

As
εs T

Mu = 1.4 (18) + 1.7 (32) = 80 t-m

Mn = Mu/φ = 80/0.9 = 89 t-m

 ก  !ก" #

ก  $
As1 = 0.75ρbbd = 0.75(0.0262)(40)(50) = 39.3 cm2( )

 ρ f 
M n1 = ρ1 f y bd 2  1 − 1 y 
 1.7 f c′ 
 0.0197 × 4.0 
= 0.0197 × 4.0 × 40 × 502  1 −  /100 = 63.6 t-m
 1.7 × 0.24 

 %&ก Mn #ก % 89 t-m กก' Mn1 &$#

ก   (%(
ก
  !"$ ก
Mn2 = Mn - Mn1 = 89 - 63.9 = 25.4 t-m

ก
  $#ก (
:
M n2 25.4 × 100
As 2 = = = 14.4 cm 2
f y ( d − d ′) 4.0(50 − 6)

ก  $: As = As1 + As2 = 39.3 + 14.4 = 53.7 cm2

ก+!ก$&, 7DB32(As = 56.3 cm2)

 & ' *    
As1 f y 39.3 × 4.0
a= = = 19.3 cm,
0.85 f c′ b 0.85 × 0.24 × 40

x = a / β1 = 19.3 / 0.85 = 22.7 cm

 x − d′   22.7 − 6 
f s′ = 6,120   = 6,120   = 4,500 kg/cm > f y
2

 x   22.7 
ก
   ก
f s′ = f y → As′ = As 2 = 14.4 cm 2 USE 3DB25 (As′ = 14.73 cm 2 )
 Reinforced Concrete Design

Design of T-Beam

Effective Flange Width

Strength of T-Sections

Maximum Steel in T-Beams

T-Beams Design

Asst.Prof.Dr.Mongkol JIRAVACHARADET

SURANAREE INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING

UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY SCHOOL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

Moment Strength of Concrete Sections

b Rectangular Sections :

ก
 ก
 

d

 ก
 ( )
As
b
T Beams :

- 
 ก
 d
- #
 ก

As

bw
Increase Bending Strength by Using Flange Area

bf

N.A.
As steel area can
be increased easily

T beams in a one-way beam-and-slab floor

Built-in T Section

-
 
ก  ก
-   ก !


bE bE
t

FLANGE SLAB

h
WEB
s0 = clear span
bw bw

s = span
Effective Flange Width ( bE )

0.85 f c′

b bE

0.85 f c′

Theoretical stress distribution Simplified rectangular stress distribution

Determine Effective Flange Width ( bE )

$%
 %ก%&ก'$()#
 ก

Built-in T-section Built-in L-section

t bE
 ≤ L/4 bE  ≤ b w + L /12
 
bE =  ≤ b w + 16t bE =  ≤ b w + 6t
≤ s  ≤ b + s /2
 0
bw s0  w 0

bE
Isolated T-section
t
bE ≤ 4 b w
t ≥ bw / 2
bw
Continuous T-Beam

A B C

A B C

Compression Area ?
in Sections
Section A-A Section B-B Section C-C

Bending Moment + + +
Diagram
- -

Midspan section: A-A

Case 1: Compression area in

flanges and web

Behave as a composite As
T-section

bE
Case 2: Compression area in
flanges only

Behave as a rectangular
section: width = bE

Support section: B-B As

Compression area in web
(flanges cracked)

Behave as a rectangular
section: width = bw
bw
Strength of T-section (WSD)

Case 1: Compression area in flanges and web ( kd > t )

bE εc fc
C2
A2/2 A2/2 t C1
A1 kd
d
N.A. fc(kd-t)/kd

As
T = A s fs
εs
bw
Separate compression area into A1 and A2

1
Compression on A1 C1 = f c bw kd
2

2kd − t
Compression on A2 C2 = f c ( bE − bw ) t
2kd

From ΣFx = 0, T = C1 + C2
1 2kd − t
As f s =
f c bw kd + f c ( bE − bw ) t
2 2kd
A f
Define: ρ = s , m = s
bE d fc
1 2kd − t
ρ bE d m f c = f c bw kd + f c ( bE − bw ) t
2 2kd

bw ( kd ) + 2t ( bE − bw ) kd − 2m ρ bE d kd − ( bE − bw ) t 2 = 0
2

Solve quadratic equation for kd

 t 
Concrete: M c = 1 −  f c bt jd
 2 kd 
Steel: M s = As f s jd
 Case 2: Compression area in flanges only ( kd < t )

bE εc fc
kd C
t
d

As
εs T = As fs

bw

1
Behave as a rectangular
section: width = bE
[C = T ] f c bE kd = As f s
2
2 As f s
[Check ] kd = ≤t
f c bE

Strength of T-section (SDM)

ก 1 : a≤ t ก"
# $ก
% $&&ก bE ก d

bE
εc = 0.003
t C
N.A.
d d - a/2
As
T = A s fy
εs > εy
bw

[C = T ] 0.85 fc′ bE a = As fy

0.85 fc′ bE t
  'ก" "()$ก* As ≤
fy

As fy
("%
 a +("ก a = ≤ t
0.85 fc′ bE

ก" +$$(, Mn = T (d − a / 2) = C (d − a / 2)
ก 2 : a>t  " ""( T    2 %
 
 A1 " " C1
ก
 A2 " " C2
bE bE

t A2/2 A1 A2/2 a A1 a t A2/2 A2/2

As Asw Asf

bw bw bw

C1 = 0.85 fc′ b w a C2 = 0.85 fc′ (bE − b w ) t

T = A s fy = C1 + C2

T − C2
a=
0.85 fc′ b w

Mn = C1(d − a / 2) + C2 (d − t / 2)


 4.1 
#ก" " Mn !
"( T $ก
% ! ."

$/  8 $("" " 
 4 $(" ก  "
ก"( f’c = 240 กก./2$.2
! 'ก fy = 4,000 กก./2$.2
bE

12 cm

63.5 cm
As= 40.52 cm2

30 cm


  (1) ก  
!"# $%& '($$
 )*#
L/4 = 800/4 = 200 2$., → +) →   bE = 200 %.

bw + 16t = 30 + 16(12) = 222 2$.

"" 
 = 400 2$.
 (2)  a -* )./ a ≤ t

T = fy As = 4.0(40.52) = 162 (

T 162
a= = = 3.97 2$. < 12 2$. OK
0.85 f c′ bE 0.85 × 0.24 × 200

(3) ก" $

$-'$1**

M n = T (d − a / 2) = 162(63.5 − 3.97 / 2)

= 9,965 (-2$. = 99.7 (-$(" Ans


 4.2 
#ก" "!
"( T  ก  ".
ก"(
f’c= 240 กก./2$.2 ! 'ก fy = 4,000 กก./2$.2

80 cm 0.85f’c
εcu=0.003

20 cm A2/2 A2/2 a C2
A1
C1
N.A.
91 cm

As=85cm2
T
εs > εy

40 cm


  (1) *"#
$ก"%*9*&!

bE ≤ 4bw = 4(40) = 160 2$.  ./
 bE = 80 2$.

t ≥ bw 2 = 40 / 2 = 20 2$. OK
 (2)  a -* )./ a ≤ t

T = fy As = 4.0(85) = 340 (

T 340
a= = = 20.8 2$. > 20 2$. NG
0.85 f c′ bE 0.85 × 0.24 × 80

 (ก " "!
ก"(ก%%

C1 + C2 = 0.85(0.24)(40)a + 0.85(0.24)(80-40)(20) = T = 340 (

8.16a + 163.2 = 340 a = 21.7 %.

C1 = 8.16(21.7) = 177 (, C2 = 163 (

(3) ก" $

$-'$1**
 21.7   20 
M n = 177  91 −  + 163  91 − 
 2   2 

= 27,406 (-2$. = 274 (-$(" Ans

Maximum and Minimum Steel As = ρ bE d

ก 1 : a≤ t ก"
# $ก
% $&&ก bE ก d

bW
"*$# 'ก%"*$%:%$; ρb = ρb
bE

0.85 β1 fc′  6,120 

ρb =  
fy  6,120 + fy 

ก 2 : a>t  " ""( T $ก
 A2 " " C2 = 0.85f’c(bE – bw)t *$! 
 ($"*$# 'ก%"*$ Asf *$! 

0.85fc′ ( bE − bW ) t
Asf =
fy
bW
"*$# 'ก%"*$%:%$; ρb = ( ρ b + ρf )
bE
t
ρf = 0.85 fc′ ( bE − bW )
fy bW d
 As
 'ก%"*$$ก%; ρ = ≤ 0.75 ρ b
bE d

As 0.8 fc′ 14
 'ก%"*$%; ρW = ≥ ≥
bW d fy fy

% "  'ก%"*$" +$$(,  (( T ก
" "

1.6 fc′ 14
ρmin ≥ ≥
fy fy

Transverse reinforcement:
w
w

x
x Vu

Mu


 4.3 
# ",2'(, 'ก$ก%;%;$. !
 (."
ก  f’c = 240 กก./2$.2  fy = 4,000 กก./2$.2

80 cm 0.85f’c
εcu=0.003

20 cm A2/2 A2/2 xb ab C2
A1
C1
N.A.
91 cm

As
T
εs > εy

40 cm


  (1) ( ก%* xb  ab %:%$;
$
"
6,120d 6,120(91)
xb = = = 55.0 cm
6,120 + f y 6,120 + 4, 000

ab = β1 xb = 0.85 × 55.0 = 46.8 cm > [ t = 20 cm ]

 (2) *"#"*$# 'ก%"*$ Asb .%:%$;
$
"
ก ab > t ( " 2 %
C = C1 + C2 = 0.85 f’c bw ab + 0.85 f’c (bE - bw) t

= 0.85(0.24)(40)(46.8) + 0.85(0.24)(80-40)(20) = 545 (

C 545.0
"*$# 'ก%"*$%:%$; Asb = = = 136.3 2$.2
fy 4.0

(3) *"#"*$# 'ก$ก%;

max As = 0.75 Asb = 0.75(136.3) = 102.2 2$.2
(4) *"#"*$# 'ก%;
0.8 f c′bw d 0.8 240(40)(91)
= = 11.3 cm2
fy 4, 000

14 14 +)
bw d = (40)(91) = 12.7 cm2 min As
fy 4, 000

T-Beam Design Procedure

STEP 1: Compute ultimate moment Mu

STEP 2: Determine effective width bE

bE
STEP 3: Assume a = t and Compute Mn t

C = 0.85 f’c bE t and Mn = C (d - t/2)

a
If Mn ≥ Mu / f then a ≤ t OK STEP 4.1

a
If Mn < Mu / f then a > t NG STEP 4.2
 STEP 4.1: Design as section width bE or… a

Assume d – a/2 ≈ 0.9 d

Mu /φ Mu /φ bE
required As = ≈
( d − a / 2 ) f y 0.9 d f y
STEP 4.2: Separate compression to C1 and C2 a

C2 = 0.85 f c′ ( bE − bw ) t

M u / φ = C1 ( d − a / 2 ) + C2 ( d − t / 2 )

= 0.85 f c′ bw a ( d − a / 2 ) + C2 ( d − t / 2 )

- Solve quadratic equation for a

- Compute C1 = 0.85 f c′ bw a
- Required As = (C1 + C2) / fy


 4.4 ก  'ก%"*$" "!
 ( " +$$(,  ก "";ก

50 (-$(" +$$(,  ก "";ก" 100 (-$(" f’c= 240 กก./2$.2, fy = 4,000 กก./2$.2


  (1)
#ก" +$$(,(ก"
Mu = 1.4(50) + 1.7(100) = 240 (-$("

Mu 240

(ก"! Mn = = = 266.7 (-$("
φ 0.9

(2) *"#
 a $กก t ")$+%$$;(*.  a=t

C = 0.85 f c′bE t = 0.85(0.24)(80)(20) = 326.4 (

M n = C ( d − t / 2) = 326.4(91 − 20 / 2) /100 = 264.4 (-$("

กก+$$(,(ก"$กก 264.4 (-$("  
 a ($กก t

 (3)
#"*$# 'ก As +  " "%% (A1  A2)
 a
M n = 0.85 f c′A1  d −  + 0.85 f c′A2 (d − t / 2)
 2

 a 20
266.7(100) = 0.85(0.24)(40a)  91 −  + 0.85(0.24)(40)(20)(91 − )
 2 2

4.08a 2 − 742.5a + 13448 = 0 a = 20.4 2$.

C1 = 0.85(0.24)(40)(20.4) = 166.5 (

C2 = 0.85(0.24)(80-40)(20) = 163.2 (

As = (166.5+163.2)/4.0 = 82.4 2$.2

ก( 4.3 max As = 102.2 2$.2, min As = 12.7 2$.2

min As < As < max As OK

ขอสอบภย คานรูปตัวทีโดดๆ มีปก  คานกวาง = 80 ซม. หนา = 8 ซม. ตัวคาน

กวาง = 25 ซม. เสริมเหล็กรับแรงดึงอยางเดียว As = 7.0 ซม.2 ที่
ขอที่ : 50
ความลึกประสิทธิผล d = 40 ซม. ถาใช fc = 45 กก./ซม.2 และ fs
= 1200 กก./ซม.2 จะพบวาตําแหนงแนวแกนสะเทินอยูใ ตปกคาน
ดังนั้น หากสมมุติใหตําแหนงของแรงอัดที่ไดจากคอนกรีตอยูที่
กึ่งกลางความหนาของปกคาน จงประมาณคาโมเมนตตานทาน
ปลอดภัยของคานนี้
ก%*.(ก
  " ""(
8 cm 80 cm 4 cm
1 2kd − t
C1 + C2 = fc b w kd + fc (bE − bw )t
2 2kd
kd = 12 cm 1
d = 40 cm C1 = × 45 × 25 × 12 = 6,750 kg
As = 2
7.0 cm2
2 × 12 − 8
C2 = × 45 × (80 − 25) × 8 = 13,200 kg
25 cm 2 × 12

T = 7.0×1200 = 8,400 kg < C1+C2
Control

jd = 40 – 4 = 36 cm M = 8,400×36/100 = 3,024 kg-m

 ขอสอบภย คานรูปตัวทีโดดๆ มีปก
 คานกวาง = 80 ซม. หนา = 8 ซม. ตัวคาน
กวาง = 25 ซม. เสริมเหล็กรับแรงดึงอยางเดียว As ทีค
่ วามลึก
ขอที่ : 51
ประสิทธิผล d = 40 ซม. ถาใช fc = 45 กก./ซม. และ fs = 1200
2

กก./ซม.2 จงประมาณคา min As ที่ตอ  งใชตามมาตรฐานกําหนด

80 cm 8 cm
14
min A s = bW d
fy

d = 40 cm 14
= × 25 × 40
min As
2400

25 cm = 5.83 cm2

ขอสอบภย คานรูปตัวทีโดดๆ มีความกวางประสิทธิผลของปกคาน = 120 ซม.

หนา = 8 ซม. ตัวคานกวาง = 30 ซม. เสริมเหล็กรับแรงดึงอยาง
ขอที่ : 57
เดียว As = 48.24 ซม.2 ที่ความลึกประสิทธิผล d = 50 ซม. เพื่อรับ
โมเมนตประลัย (Mu) ชนิดบวก = 50 ตัน-เมตร ถาใช fc’ = 200
กก./ซม.2 และ fy = 3000 กก./ซม.2 จงใชวิธี USD ประมาณคา As
ที่ตองใช
120 cm 8 cm
C = 0.85 f’c bE t
) a = t = 8 cm

d = 50 cm = 0.85×200×120×8/1,000 = 163.2 ton

As = ? Mn = C(d-a/2) = 163.2(50-8/2)/100 = 75 t-m

30 cm Mu/φ = 50/0.9 = 55.6 t-m < Mn a< t

Mu 50 × 105

* (% $ก bE : Rn = = = 18.5 ksc
φ b d2 0.9 × 120 × 502
1 2mRn 
ρ=  1 − 1 −  = 0.0065 As = 0.0065x120x50 = 39.3 cm2
m fy 
 Reinforced Concrete Design

Shear in Beams 1

Shear Failure

Shear Strength of Concrete Section

Design for Shear (WSD)

Design for Shear (SDM)

Mongkol JIRAVACHARADET

SURANAREE INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING

UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY SCHOOL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

Shear and Diagonal Tension

A A VQ
Shear stress ν=
It
M
Mc
V Bending stress f =
A A I

f
Shear Flexure Effects
Pure shear at neutral axis:

ν f t (max) = ν ν
ν ν ν
90o ft 45o
45o
ν ν
Web-shear crack

Below neutral axis: Combination of shear stress and tensile stress

ν α max ν ( ft ,ν )
ft (max)
ν 2α max
ft ft ft f
ν ν f t (max)t

ν ν ( 0, −ν )

Principal stress:
ft (max) ft (max) > fr
2 ft (min)
f f 
ft (max) = t ±  t  +ν 2
2 2 Crack
direction

Typical cracking due to principal tension

Shear Flexure
crack

Shear crack
Flexure crack
Shear Stresses
b
shear stress
distribution
V Qmax approximate V
ν max = ν=
bI bd

Shear Capacity Mechanism

carried by
Vc compression (shear)
Vc = concrete
carried by resistance
Va friction aggregate
interlocking
Vs
carried by Vs = (shear) steel
dowel action resistance

Total resistance = Concrete + Steel resistance

Shear Strength of Concrete

Vc
Shear strength: vc =
bw d

from experiment vc = 0.50 f c′ + 176 ρ w Vu d ≤ 0.93 f c′ kg/cm 2

Mu
vc
Vu d
≤ 1.0
Mu
0.93 f c′

Vu d As
vc = 0.50 f c′ + 176 ρ w ρw =
Mu bw d

ρ wVu d / M u

Design for Shear (WSD)

Shear strength of concrete

 ρV d 
Vc =  0.265 f c′ + 91.4  b d ≤ 0.464 fc′ b d
 M 

Simple formula: Vc = 0.29 f c′ b d

Shear strength from concrete & steel: V = Vc + Vs

Required shear strength from steel: Vs = V − Vc

Shear Strength Provided by Stirrup

Av = 2As

s s s Number of stirrup n=d/s

d
Shear strength provided by stirrup

Av f s d
Vs = Av f s n =
d s

Shear Design Requirements WSD

Max. shear strength: Vmax = 1.32 f c′ b d

Max. stirrup spacing: smax ≤ d / 2 ≤ 60 cm

If V > 0.795 f c′ b d → smax ≤ d / 4 ≤ 30 cm

Minimum stirrup: min A v = 0.0015 b s

Av
or smax =
0.0015 b

ก ก
 ก  
 WSD

Step 1

  V ก d ก 
Step 2
ก
 
ก Vc = 0.29 fc′ b d

 V < Vc ! "
ก#ก

 #กก" ก
→ $%
&ก' ก !(" #ก!)
→ *
Step 3
ก
 #ก! Vmax = 1.32 fc′ b d

 V > Vmax ! "#*+#"

, , →
,#*
Step 4
ก
   กก
&ก' ก Vs = V − Vc
A v fv d
"
&ก' ก s =
Vs

Av WSD
Step 5 "
&ก' ก#ก! smax =
0.0015 b
 V ≤ 0.795 fc′ b d → smax = d/2 ≤ 60 cm

 0.795 fc′ b d < V ≤ 1.32 fc′ b d → smax = d/4 ≤ 30 cm

single closed loop stirrup has 2 legs

(' ก
#! *)
Av = 2 As : ,- 
&ก' ก$
 

fv : "  #$*

&ก' ก
SR24 : fv = 1,200 ksc
SD30 : fv = 1,500 ksc
SD40 : fv = 1,700 ksc
Example 1 : Shear design by WSD

b = 30 cm, d = 45 cm Vc = 0.29 fc′ b d

f’c = 240 ksc, fy = 4,000 ksc = 0.29 240 × 30 × 45 / 1,000

@ critical section V = 15 ton = 6.07 ton

Vmax = 1.32 fc′ b d = 27.61 ton Vs = V − Vc

0.795 fc′ b d = 16.63 ton = 15 − 6.07 = 8.93 ton

A v fv d 1.57 × 1.7 × 45
s = = = 13.45 cm
Vs 8.93

 ก V ≤ 0.795 fc′ b d → smax = 45/2 = 22.5 cm ≤ 60 cm

Av 1.57
smax = = = 34.9 cm USE Stirrup DB10 @ 13 cm
0.0015 b 0.0015 × 30

Design for Shear (SDM) SDM

กก  :
 ρV d 
Vc =  0.50 f c′ + 176 u  b d ≤ 0.93 f c′ b d
 Mu 

Simple formula: Vc = 0.53 f c′ b d

Shear strength with axial load:

 N 
Compression: Vc = 0.53 1 + 0.0071 u  f c′ bw d kg
 Ag
 

 N 
Tension: Vc = 0.53 1 + 0.0029 u  f c′ bw d kg
 Ag
 
Design for Shear (SDM) SDM

ก
 *

!#
&ก
  : Vn = Vc + Vs

ก$#ก
  : Vn ≥ Vu / φ , φ = 0.85 for shear
s s
' ก$
  : n=d/s
d
ก
 ก
&ก' ก :
A v fy d
d Vs = A v fy n =
Av = 2 As s

$ก ก ก

 
&ก' ก ก : Vs = Vu / φ - Vc
A v fy d
"
&ก' ก : s =
Vs

ACI318: 11.4.6 – Minimum Shear Reinforcement SDM

11.4.6.1 – A minimum area of shear reinforcement, Av,min, shall be provided

in all reinforced concrete flexural members where Vu ≥ 0.5 φ Vc, except in
members:

• Footings and solid slabs b

• Concrete joist construction h

• Beams with h ≤ 25 cm

• Beam integral with slabs with h ≤ 60 cm and

- h ≤ 2.5 tf
tf
- h ≤ 1/2 bw h

bw
ACI318: 11.4.6 – Minimum Shear Reinforcement SDM

11.4.6.3 – Where shear reinforcement is required, Av,min shall be computed

by
bs
A v,min = 0.2 fc′
fy

but shall not be less than 3.5bs/fy

#! fc′ < 306 ksc

A v fy A v fy
  กกก! smax = ≤
0.2 fc′ b 3 .5 b

• Vs ≤ 1.1 fc′ b d smax = d/2 ≤ 60 cm

• 1.1 fc′ b d < Vs ≤ 2.1 fc′ b d smax = d/4 ≤ 30 cm

• Vs > 2.1 fc′ b d  "!

#$"#ก ก

ACI 11.1.3.1 – For nonprestressed members, sections located less than a distance
d from face of support shall be permitted to be designed for Vu computed at a
distance d.

(ก) กกกก
 $

d d

d d

(*) /0#
 !ก ก
 "!%ก& ก
ก 
d d

ก
Vu Vu Vu

(ก) ก () -


ก
Vu
Vu
d

ก
() "#$%#กก&"
()  !
'()ก"#$

ก ก
 ก  
 SDM

Step 1

  Vu ก d ก 
ก
  ก Vn = Vu / φ

Step 2
ก
 
ก Vc = 0.53 fc′ b d

 Vn < Vc ! "
ก#ก

 #กก" ก
→ $%
&ก' ก !(" #ก!)
→ *
Step 3
ก
   กก
&ก' ก Vs = V − Vc

Step 4
ก
 #ก! Vs, max = 2.1 fc′ b d

 Vs > Vs, max ! "#*+#"

, , →
,#*
 A v fy d
Step 5 "
&ก' ก ก s =
Vs

A v fy A v fy
Step 6 "
&ก' ก#ก! smax = ≤
0.2 fc′ b 3.5 b

 Vs ≤ 1.1 fc′ b d → smax = d/2 ≤ 60 cm

 1.1 fc′ b d < Vs ≤ 2.1 fc′ b d → smax = d/4 ≤ 30 cm

single closed loop stirrup has 2 legs

(' ก
#! *)
Av = 2 As : ,- 
&ก' ก$
 

Variation of Shear Capacity

wu

d critical section
wuL/2

φ Vn

φ Vc φ Vc/2

Support Mid span

% 6.1 ก
&ก' ก
 $
%"
 กก
ก
fc′ = 280 ksc $%
&ก' ก DB10 ก
&ก
!# fy = 4,000 ksc

PL = 5 tons PL = 5 tons

d = 53 cm
PD = 2 tons PD = 2 tons
wL = 3 t/m
A wD = 2 t/m

A
40 cm
2.5 m 4.0 m 2.5 m Section A-A

1. %*
 
wu = 1.4(2) + 1.7(3) = 7.9 t/m

Pu = 1.4(2) + 1.7(5) = 11.3 ton

! /0#
  Vu :

46.85 ton Vu wu = 7.9 t/m

27.1 ton
d = 53 cm 15.8 ton
4m 2.5 m

2.5 m -15.8 ton

-27.1 ton

!##
#ก
! 30 1#. -46.85 ton

Vu/φ  d = (46.85 – 7.9(0.15+0.53))/0.85 = 48.80 ton

2. %*กก 
Vc = 0.53 fc′ b d = 0.53 280 × 40 × 53 /1,000 = 18.80 ton

3. %*ก"ก -ก กก

Vs = Vn – Vc = 48.80 – 18.80 = 30.00 ton
4. %*ก Vs ก! % "!
!// 0?
Vs,max = 2.1 fc′ b d = 2.1 280 × 40 × 53 /1,000 = 74.50 ton

[ Vs = 30.00 ton ] < Vs, max "!
!//

1.1 fc′ b d = 1.1 280 × 40 × 53 /1,000 = 39.02 ton > Vs

smax = d/2 = 53/2 = 26.5 cm < 60 cm

5. %*   กก"ก

 $%
&ก' ก DB10 ' ก'3(! *) Av = 2(0.785) = 1.57 cm2

A v fy d 1.57 × 4.0 × 53
s = = = 11 cm
Vs 30.00

!#$" DB10 @ 0.11 .   d -ก3%-!  

6. ก
 กกก$% 27.1 ton
15.8 ton
4m
Vu/φ = 15.8/0.85 = 18.6 ton

Vu/φ < [ Vc = 18.8 ton ] Use min. stirrup -15.8 ton

-27.1 ton
A v fy 1.57 × 4,000
smax = = = 45 cm
3.5b 3.5 × 40

d/2 = 53/2 = 26.5 cm < 60 cm !#$" DB10 @ 0.25 . ก$%

DB10@0.11m DB10@0.25m DB10@0.11m

2.5 m 3.7 m 2.5 m

 Reinforced Concrete Design

Shear in Beams 2

Shear design summary

More detail shear design

Shear span

Deep beam

Mongkol JIRAVACHARADET

SURANAREE INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING

UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY SCHOOL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

Shear Design Summary

WSD SDM
Shear: V = VDL + VLL Shear: Vu = 1.4 VDL + 1.7 VLL

Vn = Vu / φ

Concrete: Vc = 0.29 fc′ b d Concrete: Vc = 0.53 fc′ b d

Steel: Vs = V - Vc Steel: Vs = Vn - Vc

Spacing: s = Av fs d / Vs Spacing: s = Av fy d / Vs

Min. Stirrup: smax = Av / 0.0015 b Min. Stirrup: smax = Av fy / 3.5 b

Chk. light shear: V ≤ 0.795 fc′ b d Chk. light shear: Vs ≤ 1.1 fc′ b d

smax ≤ d/2 ≤ 60 cm smax ≤ d/2 ≤ 60 cm

Chk. heavy shear: V ≤ 1.32 fc′ b d Chk. heavy shear: Vs ≤ 2.1 fc′ b d

smax ≤ d/4 ≤ 30 cm smax ≤ d/4 ≤ 30 cm



ก ก

LL full span wu L
Vu =
DL full span 2

Max. shear @ ends

(ก)  
ก  
ก
w Lu L
LL half span Vu =
8
DL full span

Max. shear @ midspan

()  
ก  
ก
wu L
Vu = w Lu L
2 Vu =
() Shear force envelop 8

EXAMPLE 6-2 More Detailed Design of Vertical Stirrups SDM

The simple beam supports a uniformly distributed service dead load of 2 t/m, including
its own weight, and a uniformly distributed service live load of 2.5 t/m. Design vertical
stirrups for this beam. The concrete strength is 250 ksc, the yield strength of the
flexural reinforcement is 4,000 ksc.
DL = 2 t/m wu = 1.4(2) + 1.7(2.5) = 7.05 t/m
LL = 2.5 t/m
d = 64 cm wLu = 1.7(2.5) = 4.25 t/m

wuL/2 = 7.05(10)/2 = 32.25 ton

L = 10 m
30 cm wLuL/8 = 4.25(10)/8 = 5.31 ton

32.25/0.85 = 37.94 ton

Vu/φ Diagram : 5.31/0.85 = 6.25 ton

Shear2_11
 assume column width = 0.40 cm
Vu / φ at d = 37.94 – (0.84/5)(37.94 – 6.25) = 32.62 ton

Shear strength of concrete Vc = 0.53 fc′ b d = 0.53 250 (30)(64) /1,000 = 16.09 ton

Critical section
37.94 t 32.62 t
Required Vs
84 cm

Vu/φ 16.09 t

Vc 8.05 t
0.5Vc 6.25 t

Support Midspan
Is the cross section large enough?

Vn,max = Vc + 2.1 fc′ b d = 16.09 + 2.1 250 (30)(64) /1,000 = 79.84 > 32.62 ton OK

Vc + 1.1 fc′ b d = 16.09 + 1.1 250 (30)(64) /1,000 = 55.6 > 32.62 ton

⇒ smax ≤ d / 2 ≤ 60 cm
Shear2_12

Minimum stirrup : (ACI 11.5.6.3) USE RB9 : Av = 2(0.636) = 1.27 cm2, fy = 2400 ksc
bs
A v,min = 0.2 fc′ (ACI Eq. 11-13)
fy
A v fy 1.27(2,400)
Rearranging gives smax = = = 32 cm
0.2 fc′ b 0.2 250 (30)

A v fy 1.27(2,400)
but not less than smax = = = 29 cm
3.5b 3.5(30)

Use smax = 29 cm < [d/2 = 64/2 = 32 cm] < 60 cm

Compute stirrup resuired at d from support

A v fy d 1.27(2.4)(64)
s= = = 11.8 cm
Vu / φ − Vc 32.62 − 16.09

Use RB9@0.11m. Change spacing to s = 15 cm where this is acceptable, and then

to the maximum spacing of 29 cm.
φ where s can be increased to 15 cm.
Compute Vu/φ
Vu A v fy d 1.27(2.4)(64)
= + Vc = + 16.09 = 29.1 ton
φ s 15 Shear2_13
 Critical section
37.94 t 32.62 t
29.1 t
84 cm

Vu/φ Vc = 16.09 t

8.05 t
0.5Vc 6.25 t

500 cm
Support Midspan

x
37.94 − 29.1
x= × 500 = 140 cm from support
37.94 − 6.25
Change s to 29 cm, compute Vu/φ

Vu A v fy d 1.27(2.4)(64)
= + Vc = + 16.09 = 22.82 ton
φ s 29
37.94 − 22.82
x= × 500 = 239 cm from support
37.94 − 6.25 Shear2_14

s=15 cm @ s=29 cm @
x = 140 cm x = 239 cm
RB9@0.11 RB9@0.15 RB9@0.29

20 cm 11@11 cm 7@15 cm 8@29 cm

1 cm
500 cm
Support Midspan

RB9 @ 0.11 m : 20+1+11@11 = 142 cm > 140 cm OK

RB9 @ 0.15 m : 142+7@15 = 247 cm > 239 cm OK

RB9 @ 0.29 m : 247 + 8@29 = 479 cm

Shear2_15
 Shear Span (a = M /V )
Distance a over which the shear is constant

a P P a

V = +P
Shear
Diagram +
-
V = -P

M = Va
Moment
Diagram +

Shear2_16

Crack Pattern in Several Lengths of Beam

Span
Mark (m) a/d
1 0.90 1.0
2 1.15 1.5
3 1.45 2.0
4 1.70 2.5
5 1.95 3.0
6 2.35 4.0
7/1 3.10 5.0
8/1 3.60 6.0
10/1 4.70 8.0
9/1 5.80 7.0

Shear2_17
 Variation in Shear Strength with a/d for rectangular beams

Flexural moment
Shear-compression strength
strength

Inclined cracking
Failure moment = Va

strength, Vc

Shear-tension and
Deep shear-compression Flexural
beams failures failures

Diagonal tension
failures

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
a/d

Shear2_18

DEEP BEAM

Brunswick Building. Note the deep concrete beams at the top of the ground columns.
These 168-ft beams, supported on four columns and loaded by closely spaced fascia
columns above, are 2 floors deep. Shear stresses and failure mechanisms were
studied on a small concrete model. (Chicago, Illinois)
Shear2_19
 Shear2_20

Deep beams are structural elements loaded as beams in

Deep Beams which a significant amount of the load is transferred to the
supports by a compression thrust joining the load and the
reaction.
When shear span a = M /V to depth ratio < 2

Mechanism:

Use both horizontal

and vertical may Compressive
prevent cracks struts

If unreinforced,
large cracks may open
at lower midspan.
Shear2_21
Definition of Deep Beam
ACI 10.7.1 – Deep beams are members loaded on one face and supported on the
opposite face so that compression struts can develop between the loads and the
supports, and have either:

(a) clear spans, Ln, equal to or less than four times the overall member depth; or

h Ln / h ≤ 4

Ln
(b) regions with concentrated loads within twice the member depth from the face
of the support.
P

x < 2h
x h

Shear2_22

Design Criteria for Shear in Deep Beams

Basic Shear Strength: φVn ≥ Vu

where Vn = Vc + Vs

Location for Computing Factored Shear:

(a) Simply Supported Beams

(Critical section located at distance z from face of support)
- z = 0.15Ln ≥ d for uniform loading
- z = 0.50a ≥ d for concentrated loading

(b) Continuous Beams

Critical section located at face of support

Limitation on Nominal Shear Strength

Vn,max = 2.7 fc′ b d

Shear2_23
Shear Strength of Concrete, Vc

 M  V d
Vc =  3.5 − 2.5 u   0.50 fc′ + 176 ρ u  b d ≤ 1.6 fc′ b d
 Vu d   Mu 

Mu
where 1.0 ≤ 3.5 − 2.5 ≤ 2.5
Vud

If some minor unsightly cracking is not tolerated, the designer can use

Simplified method: Vc = 0.53 fc′ b d

Shear Reinforcement, Vs

 A  1 + Ln / d  A vh  11 − Ln / d  
Vs =  v   +    fy d
s
 v  12  sh  12 

 Av = 

 ก
 (.2), Avh = 

 ก
 (.2)
sv =  
 ก!ก (.), sh =  "
 ก (.)
Shear2_24

Minimum Shear Reinforcement

d
maximum sv ≤ ≤ 30 cm
5
d
maximum sh ≤ ≤ 30 cm
5
and

minimum A vh = 0.0015 b sh

minimum A v = 0.0025 b sv

Shear2_25

 5.6 ก
 ก
#$ % &'
(
'$ กก $ #)*("$ ก
+&, ) 60 +)*(+&'ก', %  3.6
 % ก',  35 . %' 1ก!#2 324
d = 90 . +&, fc= 280 กก./.2  fy = 4,000 กก./.2
60 t 60 t
1.20 m 1.20 m

h = 100 cm

d = 90 cm
4DB36

5 cm 5 cm
35@10 = 3.5 m 35 cm
40 cm 3.6 m 40 cm


 (a) 2) ; '
!<% 1ก=#$ % 

Ln/h = 360/100 = 3.6 < 4.0 !" #ก

Shear2_26

(b) , ('2ก>#$ $ กก $
!<)*( ?(+&,&'% 
 a = 1.20 .

0.50a = 0.5(1.20) = 0.60
 < [d = 0.90
]

, ('2ก>@
 0.60 . ) ก42'")*(

(c) ก$ 
"% ?(=

 ก

, ก'2ก> $ กก $
!<)*(!%
1.7 LL = 1.7(60) = 102 


$ ก%
1,


ก$ กก $
!<)*( ?(+&,'23


(
, ('2ก>
Mu 102(60)
= = 0.67
Vu d 102(90)

Mu
'%@;#$ % 1ก% 3.5 − 2.5 = 3.5 − 2.5(0.67) = 1.83 < 2.5 OK
Vud

 V d
v c = 1.83 0.50 fc′ + 176 ρω u 
 Mu 

4(10.18)
ρw = = 0.0129
35(90)
Shear2_27
  176 ( 0.0129 ) 
v c = 1.83 0.50 280 + 
 0.67 

= 1.83[8.37 + 3.39] = 21.5 กก./.2 )*

Upper limit: v c = 1.6 fc′ = 1.6 280 = 26.77 kg/cm2

ก$ 
"%ก
 Vc = vc bw d = 21.5(35)(90)/1,000 = 67.8 

(d) ก 

' ก(
Vu 102
Required Vn = = = 120 ton
φ 0.85

Vn,max = 2.7 fc′ b d = 2.7 280(35)(90) /1,000

= 142  > 120  OK

) ก Vn
,ก  > Vc (120 > 67.8) (,ก 
 ก
#2


Shear2_28

(e) ก+* ,ก


Av  1 + Ln / d  Avh  11 − Ln / d  V
  +   = s
s  12  s2  12  fy d

#$  Ln/d = 4 : Vs = 120 – 67.8 = 52.2 

b = 35 .  fy = 4,000 กก./.2

A v  5  A vh  7  52.2
  +   = = 0.145
sv  12  sh  12  4.0(90)

min Av = 0.0025 b sv max sv = d/5 =18 .

min Avh = 0.0015 b sh max sh = d/5 = 18 .

+&, DB12 ' +'+(, 
 ก sh = 18 .

min Avh = 0.0015(35)(18) = 0.945 2

%


+, Avh = 2(1.13) = 2.26 2 > 0.945 2 OK

Shear2_29
  % Avh +#ก  Av  5  2.26  7 
 +   = 0.145
s  12  18  12 
Av 12
= [0.145 − 0.0732] = 0.172
s 5
#$ 
 ก@ก DB12: Av = 2(1.13) = 2.26 2

,ก  s = 2.26/0.172 = 13.1 . < [d/5 = 18 .] OK

min Av = 0.0025(35)(18) = 1.58 2 < [Av = 2.26 .2] OK

(+&, DB12
!<
 ก@ก *ก 12 . ( &'% 

DB12@0.18

90 cm
DB12@0.12

4DB36

30@12 = 3.6 m 35 cm
40 cm 3.6 m 40 cm
Shear2_30


 6.1 #$ % (#(+@! 2) ; $ ก *ก%
$ ก *ก) ก#*(
) กก
 ก
?(+&,
 ก!ก+'(2 #*2+, #'' $ ก)
$ ก%
+&, 
 ก 1.5 f’c = 240 กก./.2  fy = 4,000 กก./.2
6 cm
4DB20
4DB20
8DB20
65 cm 57 cm
8DB20
7.7 m clear

8.0 m c/c
35 cm

a) ')#'
 ก(1
 กก'
+,=
6,120d 6,120 (57)
xb = = = 34.5 cm
6,120 + fy 6,120 + 4,000

max x = 0.75 xb = 0.75(34.5) = 25.9 cm

#$  x = 25.9 .
A’s=12.56 cm2 εcu=0.003
25.9 − 6
ε s′ = (0.003) = 0.0023 > ε y = 0.0020  → f 's = fy
25.9
max Cc = 0.85bβ1(max x)
= 0.85(0.24)(35)(0.85)(25.9)
εs = 157.2 
max As=51.9 cm2

Real As = 49.28 cm2 Cs = A’sfy = 12.56(4.0) = 50.2 

max T = max C = 157.2 + 50.2 = 207.4 

max T 207.4
max As = = = 51.9 cm2 > 49.28 cm2 OK
fy 4.0

(b)  ก$ (( Mn $ ก *ก+&,  ?(#*2+,
 ก(% ก

0.85 fc′ b β1x + As′ fy = As fy

0.85(0.24)(35)(0.85x) + 12.56(4.0) = 49.28 (4.0)

x = 24.2 ..

24.2 − 6.0
ε s′ = 0.003 = 0.0023 > ε y +**). ,ก ก
24.2
Cc = 0.85f ‘cbβ1x = 0.85(0.24)(35)(0.85)(24.2) = 146.9 

Cs = A’s fy = 12.56 (4.0) = 50.2 

T = As fy = 49.28(4.0) = 197.1 

a 1
d− = 57 − (0.85) (24.2) = 46.7 cm
2 2

Mn = 146.9(46.7)/100 + 50.2(57-6)/100 = 94.2 -


 1 wu = 10.6 /

Mu = w u (8)2 = φ Mn = 0.90(94.2) = 84.8  -

8
) ก?) Bก$ ( wL = 1.5wD ( wu = 1.4wD + 1.7(1.5wD)

$ ก *ก%

+&,  wD = 10.6/(1.4+2.55) = 2.7 /


$ ก)+&,  wL = 1.5(2.7) = 4.0 /


(c) ก
 ,ก+*


CL of support
max. shear envelope Max. shear at support:
42.4 t
SHD with DL+LL w L 10.6(8)
Vu = u = = 42.4 ton
+ 6.8 t on entire span 2 2

- Max. shear at midspan when

6.8 t
half LL on span:
Midspan
42.4 t w u L 10.6(8)
Vu = = = 6.8 ton
8.0 m 8 8

Critical section from face of support d = 57 cm, support width = 30 cm

Therefore compute Vu at 57+30/2 = 72 cm

(42.4 − 6.8)
Vu = 42.4 − × 72 = 36.0 ton
4(100)

(
Shear strength of concrete φVc = φ 0.53 fc′ bw d )
= 0.85 × 0.53 × 240 × 35 × 57 / 1,000 = 13.9 ton
Face of support
Critical section
42.4 t
36.0 t
Required φVs
d
72 cm
13.9 t

φVc 6.8 t
0.5φVc

CL of support Midspan
 Required φVs = Vu - φVc = 36.0 - 13.9 = 22.1 ton

Min φVs = 0.85(3.5)(35)(57)/1,000 = 5.9 ton

Max φVs (for s = d / 2) = 0.85 × 1.1 240 × 35 × 57 / 1,000 = 28.9 ton

Since 5.9 ton < Required φVs < 28.9 ton, max s = d/2

φ Av fy d 0.85 × 2 × 0.78 × 4.0 × 57

USE DB10 stirrup: s = = = 13.7 cm
φVs 22.1
@ Critical section
USE s = 13 cm from z = 0 to 57 cm from face of support

φ Av fy d 0.85 × 2 × 0.78 × 4.0 × 57

φVs = = = 23.2 ton
s 13
From z = 57 cm, set φVn = Vu

22.1 − φVs
z = 57 + (400 − 72)
36.0 − 6.8


 5.1 %' #3B'  ก$ #$ 
 ก!ก+'(2
s (cm) φVs (ton) z (cm)

13.7 22.1 (Max) 0 to 57

15 20.1 79
20 15.1 135
25 12.1 169
28.5 (d/2) 10.6 186
51.2 (NG) 5.9 (Min) 238

6@13cm 4@15cm 2@20cm 8@25cm

30 cm 1 cm
Shear Strength of Members under Combined Bending and Axial Load

Axial Compression
Nu
Simplified method: Vc = 0.53 (1 + ) fc′ bw d
140 Ag
where Nu = Factored axial compressive load
Ag = Gross area of the concrete section
Vu d
More detailed equation: Vc = (0.5 fc′ + 176 ρw ) bw d ≤ 0.93 f 'c bw d
Mu

4h − d 
Replace Mu with Mm , where Mm = Mu − Nu  
7d/8 d/8
 8 
a/2  a h a
[ΣMA=0] T  d −  = Mu − Nu  − 
A C  2 2 2
h/2 Mu
h Nu
d - a/2
Nu Vc (upper limit) = 0.93 fc′ 1 + bw d
35 Ag
T

Nu
Axial Tension Vc = 0.53(1 + ) fc′ bw d
35 Ag

ρwVu d
v c = 0.50 fc′ + 176
Mm
 4h − d 
M m = Mu − Nu  
 8  v/ f c′

vc = 0.93 f c′ 1 + N u (35 Ag )

0.53
vc = 0.53(1 + N u 35 Ag ) f c′
vc = 0.53(1 + N u 140 Ag ) f c′

35.2
56.3 ( ( Nu = + ), กก./.2 (1 ( Nu = - ), กก./.2
Strength Vc - Continuous Beams

Simplified method: Vc = 0.53 fc′ bw d

 Vd
More detailed procedure: Vc =  0.50 fc′ + 176 ρw u  bw d ≤ 0.93 fc′ bw d
 Mu 

Strength Vs - Continuous Beams

Av fy d
Vs =
s

Minimum Shear Reinforcement:

min Av = 0.0015 bws where s ≤ d / 5 ≤ 45 cm

min Avh = 0.0025 bws2 where s2 ≤ d / 3 ≤ 45 cm

Limitation on Nominal Shear Strength

Nominal stress vn = Vn / (φ bwd)

Ln
max v n ≤ 2.1 fc′ for < 2
d
 L  L
max v n = 0.18  10 + n  fc′ for n ≥ 2
 d  d

2.1 fc′ ≤ max v n ≤ 2.7 fc′

 Reinforced Concrete Design

Design of Slabs 1






 กก


ก


กก


Mongkol JIRAVACHARADET

SURANAREE INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING

UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY SCHOOL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING




One-way slab One-way slab Two-way slab

Flat plate slab Flat slab Grid slab


 กก
 
 ก
1m


ก

  (DL) = 2,400 × t 1m t



ก (LL)  ก




ก  (SDL) : 
, 
ก
, 



ก
!ก " #
$ 

!"", %&,

', ()*


 ก!

 
 ก (ก.ก./.2)

+,"!" 1,658 t


-.
/

 2.5 -. 55




 2.5 -. 80




 
)
.( 2,645 t) 55



ก
 ( 2,800 t) 60



+, 2,400 t




2,550 t


ก
 1/2” 15
ก



 :  (L) >   (S)
S S
S
L

t
L

Simple supports
on two long
edges only

S S การแอนตัวเกิดขึ้นบนดานสั้น


 = ก( 1 *

 
+
 4 ,
S
L ≥ 2S
L

 
+ 2 ,ก

S
S
กก

กก : 


ก

S
L 1m

!"#
m
1.0

ก ก : 

ก ก : 

Sn
!" 

+ 



 10-15 !. #
ก$ 2-3 !.

   

   ก !

L / 20 
'($
Ln

L / 24 )
*($
Ln

L / 28 )
 +*
Ln

L / 10 


Ln
$#"ก#+  

"ก#$%ก ก&

 ก$ $'(# ("ก#ก 
)
,+
)-ก+ As 
.$
ก$., ( Ag : As/Ag 1m

RB24 (fy = 2,400 ksc) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.0025

t
DB30 (fy = 3,000 ksc) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.0020
Ag = b × t = 100 t
DB40 (fy = 4,000 ksc) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.0018

DB (fy > 4,000 ksc) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.0018 × 4,000 ≥ 0.0014

fy
Spacing ≤ 3 t ≤ 45 cm

Main Steel (short direction):

As ≥ ∅ 6 mm

Max. Spacing ≤ 3 t ≤ 45 cm

Min. Spacing ≥ f main steel ≥ 4/3 max agg. ≥ 2.5 cm

&
, 9.1 ก/00
.($ S1 ,0
1
,ก0.#ก2'
300 ก.ก./.2 WSD

1
,ก*,+(#
.ก,0 50 ก.ก./.2 ก1
(
/.$2 f5c = 210 ก.ก./!.2
/) fy = 2,400 ก.ก./!.2

#12 1)
  
+1,0

*($ tmin = L/24

S1 S2 ,)( fy = 2,400 ksc 

2,400
0.4 + = 0.74
7,000
270
tmin = 0.74 × = 8.3 cm
24

S1 ก
  t = 10 cm

1
,ก
= 0.1 x 2,400 = 240 kg/m2

1
,ก,+(#; = 50 kg/m2
2.7 m

1
,ก = 300 kg/m2
 WSD

1
,ก = 240 + 50 + 300 = 590 kg/m2

<
=.$
,(ก>1
<(2'+,+.?@2
 ก.10 (,
$
. #(,0A2
: −M = 590 × 2.72 / 9 = 477.9 kg-m

. ก)'
: +M = 590 × 2.72 /14 = 307.2 kg-m

. #(,0A
ก: −M = 590 × 2.72 / 24 = 179.2 kg-m

1
=.$2'2
กก/00 :
fs = 0.5x2,400 = 1,200 ksc fc = 0.45x210 = 94.5 ksc

134 1 1
n= ≈9 k= = = 0.293 j = 1 – 0.293/3 = 0.902
210 fs 1,200
1+ 1+
n fc 9 × 94.5

1 1
R= fc k j = × 94.5 × 0.293 × 0.902 = 12.49 ksc
2 2

)ก*
,(<(+#2')-ก RB9 .. # 2 !. WSD

d = 10 - 0.45 - 2 = 7.55 cm

<
=
.
<(
ก$ :
Mc = R b d2 = 12.49 × 100 × 7.5522 = 71,196 kg-cm

= 712.0 kg-m > M .$ก.1 OK

1
)-ก+.$ก : As =
M
fs jd
RB9 : As = 0.636 cm2

Spacing = 0.636×100/As

)-ก+ก,
 : As,min = 0.0025 × 100 × 10 = 2.5 cm2 USE RB9 @ 0.25 m

&2 , M As "ก#
#(,0A2
-477.9 5.85 RB9 @ 0.10

ก)'
307.2 3.76 RB9 @ 0.16

#(,0A
ก -179.2 2.19 RB9 @ 0.29
0.25
 WSD

"ก#
: 2')-ก+ก,
 USE RB9 @ 0.25 m

RB9 @ 0.25 . RB9 @ 0.25 .

0.7 . 0.9 . RB9 @ 0.10 .

10 !.

RB9 @ 0.16 .

2.7 .

&
, 9.1 ก/00
.($ S1 ,0
1
,ก0.#ก2'
300 ก.ก./.2 SDM

1
,ก*,+(#
.ก,0 50 ก.ก./.2 ก1
(
/.$2 f5c = 210 ก.ก./!.2
/) fy = 2,400 ก.ก./!.2

#12 1)
  
+1,0

*($ tmin = L/24

S1 S2 ,)( fy = 2,400 ksc 

2,400
0.4 + = 0.74
7,000
270
tmin = 0.74 × = 8.3 cm
24

S1 ก
  t = 10 cm

1
,ก
= 0.1 x 2,400 = 240 kg/m2

1
,ก,+(#; = 50 kg/m2
2.7 m

1
,ก = 300 kg/m2
 SDM

1
,ก), wu = 1.4×(240+50) + 1.7×300 = 916 kg/m2

<
=.$
,(ก>1
<(2'+,+.?@2
 ก.10 (,
$
. #(,0A2
: −Mu = 916 × 2.72 / 9 = 742.0 kg-m

. ก)'
: +Mu = 916 × 2.72 /14 = 477.0 kg-m

. #(,0A
ก: −Mu = 916 × 2.72 / 24 = 278.2 kg-m

)-ก+ก.$+#( ( ก.5): ρmax = 0.0341

)ก*
,(<(+#2')-ก RB9 .. # 2 !.
d = 10 - 0.45 - 2 = 7.55 cm

1
)-ก+.$ก : Rn =
Mu RB9 : As = 0.636 cm2
φ b d2
Spacing = 0.636×100/As
As 0.85 fc′  2Rn 
ρ = =  1 − 1 − 
bd fy  0.85 fc′ 

)-ก+ก,
 : As,min = 0.0025 × 100 × 10 = 2.5 cm2 USE RB9 @ 0.25 m SDM

&2 , Mu As "ก#
#(,0A2
-742.0 4.75 RB9 @ 0.13

ก)'
477.0 3.01 RB9 @ 0.21

#(,0A
ก -278.2 1.73 RB9 @ 0.25
0.36

"ก#
: 2')-ก+ก,
 USE RB9 @ 0.25 m

RB9 @ 0.25 . RB9 @ 0.25 .

0.7 . 0.9 . RB9 @ 0.10 .

10 !.

RB9 @ 0.16 .

2.7 .
ก#"ก+  

Top bars at Top bars at

exterior beams exterior beams

Bottom bars Temperature bars

Exterior span Interior span

(a) Straight top and bottom bars

Bent bar Bent bars

Bottom bars Temperature bars

Exterior span Interior span

(b) Alternate straight and bent bars

 
 

RB9 @ 0.20 +KL

RB9 @ 0.10 .. +


+

$#"ก#,ก (ก3,

, $3,
)
RB9 @ 0.10 m As = 6.36 cm 2
  -.ก L1
4
L1
3

Temp. steel
L1
8

L1

RB9@0.18 RB9@0.07
.13 .
RB9@0.10
1.0 . 1.3 .
4.0 .

RB9@0.18 RB9@0.14 

AB
.13 .
RB9@0.07
1.0 . ) 
 

1.3 .
4.0 .




Floor Plan

1/14 1/16 1/16

1/24
1/12 1/12 1/12
&
, 9.2 ก/00
.($+1,0
1
,ก 500 ก.ก./2 ก1
( SDM


/.$2 f’c = 210 ksc /) fy = 2,400 ksc
3 @ 12 m = 36 m
1) Minimum depth :

A A 0.4 + 2,400/7,000 = 0.74

Min. h = 0.74×370/24 = 11.4 cm

USE h = 12 cm

Slab weight = 0.12×2,400 = 288 kg/m2

Assume beam + super DL :

Ln = 3.7 m Ln = 3.7 m Ln = 3.7 m Service DL = 350 kg/m2

Service LL = 500 kg/m2

2) Factored Load :
Section A-A
wu = 1.4×350 + 1.7×500 = 1,340 kg/m2

3) Max. Moment :

Mu = 1,340 × 3.72 / 12 = 1,529 kg-m (Interior negative moment)

Max. reinforcement ratio (from Table ก.5) : ρmax = 0.0341

USE RB9 with 2 cm covering: d = 12-2-0.45 = 9.55 cm

Mu 1,529 × 100
Rn = = = 18.63 kg/cm2
φb d2
0.9 × 100 × 9.55 2

0.85 fc'  2Rn 

ρ =  1 − 1 −  = 0.0082 < ρmax = 0.0341 OK
fy  0.85 fc' 

Required As = ρbd = 0.0082 × 100 × 9.55 = 7.83 cm2/m

RB9 : As = 0.636 cm2 → s = 0.636×100/7.83 = 8.12 cm

Select RB9@0.08 : As = 0.636×100/8 = 7.95 cm2/m > Required As OK

 Temp. steel = 0.0025 × 100 × 12 = 3.00 < 7.95 cm2/m OK

Select RB9@0.20 : As = 0.636×100/20 = 3.18 cm2/m

RB9 @ 0.20 .
 ก
 ก
RB9 @ 0.16 . RB9 @ 0.08 .
0.95 .
 
 1.25 .  


 +
 


12 .

0.55 . RB9 @ 0.08 . 0.95 .

 



3.7 .
 ก#"ก+  

 
 

1m
1m S

/0+ w S2
M =
ก, 1  2

t
t ≥ S / 10

for deflection control

 ก""

,#
+.,  ก

 +
1.5 m 4.0 m
Min. h = 150/10 = 15 cm

USE h = 15 cm

DL = 0.15×2,400 = 360 kg/m2

5m S2 S1 LL = 200 kg/m2

wu = 1.4×360 + 1.7×200

= 844 kg/m2

DB10@0.40 
AB
DB10@0.20 ) 
 


1.5 m DB10@0.40 
AB

t 0.10
0.50
0.55 0.95
0.95 1.30

0.20 3.80 0.20

Mu = 844 × 1.52 / 2 = 949.5 kg-m (per 1 m width)

USE DB10 with 2 cm covering: d = 15-2-0.5 = 12.5 cm

Mu 949.5 × 100
Rn = = = 6.75 ksc
φ b d2 0.9 × 100 × 12.52

0.85 fc′  2Rn 

ρ = 1 − 1 −  = 0.0017 < ρmin = 0.0035 Use ρmin
fy  0.85 f ′ 

Required As = ρbd = 0.0035 × 100 × 12.5 = 4.38 cm2/m

DB10 : As = 0.785 cm2 → s = 0.785×100/4.38 = 17.9 cm

Use DB10@0.17 : As = 0.785×100/17 = 4.62 cm2/m > Required As OK

Temp. steel = 0.0018×100×15 = 2.70 cm2/m

Use DB10@0.20 : As = 0.785×100/29 = 2.71 cm2/m

 DB10@0.40 
AB
DB10@0.20 ) 
 


1.5 m DB10@0.40 
AB

t 0.10
0.50
0.55 0.95
1.30
0.95
0.20 3.80 0.20

DB10@0.20 DB10@0.34 

AB
DB10@0.17 DB10@0.17 ) 
 


0.15 0.10

DB10@0.20#

4.0 m
1.5 m

ขอสอบภย แผนพื้นทางเดียว รับโมเมนตดัดประลัย 1500 กก.-ม. กําหนด fc’ =

280 ksc; fy = 2400 ksc และถาใชปริมาณเหล็กเสริมเหล็กเสริมที่มี
ขอที่ : 122 อัตราสวนเหล็กเสริมรับแรงดึงตอหนาตัดประสิทธิผลสูงสุดตาม
มาตรฐาน ว.ส.ท. จงตรวจสอบหาคา d ที่ตํา่ ที่สุดที่สามารถออกแบบ
ได (วิธี SDM)

0.85 × 280  6120 

ρb = × 0.85 ×   = 0.05097
2400  6120 + 4000 

ρmax = 0.75 × 0.05097 = 0.0382

 ρ fy 
R n, max = ρ f y 1 − 
 1 . 7 f ′
c

 0.0382 × 2400 
= 0.0382 × 24001 −  = 74.08 ksc
 1.7 × 280 

Mu 1500 × 100
Mu = φ Rn b d2 d= = = 4.74 cm
φ Rn b 0.9 × 74.08 × 100
ขอสอบภย แผนพื้นตอเนื่องมีระยะศูนยถึงศูนยของที่รองรับ = 4.00 เมตร ตองรับ
น้ําหนักบรรทุกจรแบบแผสม่ําเสมอใชงานเทากับ 500 กก./ม.2 ถาที่
ขอที่ : 182 รองรับสามารถรับโมเมนตดัดไดเทากับ wL2/24 จงใชวิธี WSD หา
ขนาดและระยะเรียงของเหล็กเสริมที่ “ประหยัด” ตรงกลางชวงพื้น
สมมุติพื้นหนา 20 ซม. เสริมเหล็กรับแรงดึงอยางเดียวที่ระยะ d = 15
ซม. fc’ = 150 กก./ซม.2 และ fy = 3000 กก./ซม.2 ตําแหนงแกน
สะเทิน kd = 5 ซม.


ก

+

ก = 0.2×2400 + 500 = 980 กก./.2

(
/ก'  M+ ×42/14 = 1120 กก.-.

= 980×

ก kd = 5 -. jd = 15 – 5/3 = 13.33 -.

M 1120 × 100
As = = = 5.60 1.2
fs jd 1500 × 13.33

'Eก 12 . (As = 1.13 -.2) s = 100×1.13/5.60 = 20.18 -.

เสริมเหล็ก 12 มม. @ 20 ซม.

 Reinforced Concrete Design

Design of Slabs 2

Design of Two-Way Slab

Moment Coefficient Method

Load Transfer from Two-Way Slab

Bar Detailing

Design Example

Slab on Ground
Mongkol JIRAVACHARADET

SURANAREE INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING

UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY SCHOOL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING


 






   L  
ก   S
L

G B

B B B B S

G B

(ก) 
  () 
 
ก




ก ก 
ก   !ก 

  S "#   L
S
L

Simple supports
on all four edges

ก




$#$ % &'(ก  b = 1 
  
  S "#
   L ก
ก

L
ก
ก

( L < 2S )

  tmin :

S S Perimeter 2 (L + S)
= ≤ 10 cm
180 180

d   d 

L

1∅ ก
ก

As ≥ RB 9 ≥ Temp. steel

Min. Spacing ≥ ∅ main steel ≥ 4/3 max agg. ≥ 2.5 cm

Max. Spacing ≤ 3 t ≤ 45 cm

 !"
 #
$!!
 ก"  

 -Ms
S/4

+Ms
ก"  -ML -ML S/2
+ML

 -Ms S/4

L/4 L/2 L/4

Middle strip moment: MM = CwS2

Column strip moment: MC = 2MM/3


ก !"

#  ( ! ) 
&! !  


&! !  
&! !  
&! ! 



!"
 #
$!! ( C )
*

*
 
ก()
  ) m
1.0 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5
3 
+

,"-   0.033 0.040 0.048 0.055 0.063 0.083 0.033
- 
   - - - - - - -
+

,ก ก" . 0.025 0.030 0.036 0.041 0.047 0.062 0.025
8!9
  
+

,"-   0.041 0.048 0.055 0.062 0.069 0.085 0.041
- 
   0.021 0.024 0.027 0.031 0.035 0.042 0.021
+

,ก ก" . 0.031 0.036 0.041 0.047 0.052 0.064 0.031
8!9

 
+

,"-   0.049 0.057 0.064 0.071 0.078 0.090 0.049
- 
   0.025 0.028 0.032 0.036 0.039 0.045 0.025
+

,ก ก" . 0.037 0.043 0.048 0.054 0.059 0.068 0.037
 

!"
 #
$!! ( C )
*

*
 
ก()
  ) m
1.0 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5
8!9
 ! 
+

,"-   0.058 0.066 0.074 0.082 0.090 0.098 0.058
- 
   0.029 0.033 0.037 0.041 0.045 0.049 0.029
+

,ก ก" . 0.044 0.050 0.056 0.062 0.068 0.074 0.044
8!9
 9 
+

,"-   - - - - - - -
- 
   0.033 0.038 0.043 0.047 0.053 0.055 0.033
+

,ก ก" . 0.050 0.057 0.064 0.072 0.080 0.083 0.050

ก'! 
(ก)ก


w
wS/3

wS

 ก  
 =
3
45o

w S  3 − m2 
L 
 ก    = 
3  2 


w
wS/3(3-m2)/2
กก

Sn / 4 Sn / 3

Sn / 7 Sn / 4
*+ 

Sn

Ln / 4 Ln / 3

Ln / 7 Ln / 4
Ln
*+  

กก,

ก
L/5

L/5 L =   

ก

 Example: Design two-way slab as shown below to carry the live load 300-kg/m2
fc’ = 240 kg/cm2, fy = 2,400 kg/cm2

4.00 0.10

3.80 0.50
0.20 0.20
Cross section

Min h = 2(400+500)/180 = 10 cm
5.00 4.80
DL = 0.10(2,400) = 240 kg/m2

wu = 1.4(240)+1.7(300) = 846 kg/m2

m = 4.00/5.00 = 0.8

0.85(240)(0.85)  6,120 
ρmax = 0.75  
Floor plan 4,000  6,120 + 4,000 
= 0.0197


&! !  (m = 0.8)
Short span -M(

) +M -M(

)

Moment coeff. C 0.032 0.048 0.064

Max. M = C w S 2 = 0.064 × 846 × 4.02 = 866 kg-m/1 m width

d = 10 - 2(covering) - 0.5(half of DB10) = 7.5 cm

Mu 86,600
Rn = = = 17.11 kg/cm2
φb d2
0.9 × 100 × 7.5 2

0.85fc′  2Rn 
ρ=  1 − 1 −  = 0.0045 ≤ ρmax = 0.0197 OK
fy  0.85fc′ 

As = 0.0045(100)(7.5) = 3.36 cm2

Select short span reinforcement DB10 @ 0.20 m (As = 3.90 cm2)

As,min = 0.0018(100)(10) = 1.8 cm2 > As OK


&! !  (m = 0.8)
Long span -M(

) +M -M(

)

Moment coeff. C 0.025 0.037 0.049

Max. M = C w S 2 = 0.049 × 846 × 4.02 = 663 kg-m/1 m width

d = 10 - 2(covering) - 1.5(half of DB10) = 6.5 cm

Mu 66,300
Rn = 2 = = 17.44 ksc
φb d 0.9 × 100 × 6.5 2

0.85 fc′  2Rn 

≤ ρmax = 0.0197
ρ=  1 − 1 −  = 0.0046 OK
fy  0.85 fc′ 

As = 0.0045(100)(6.5) = 2.97 cm2

Select short span reinforcement DB10 @ 0.20 m (As = 3.90 cm2)

As,min = 0.0018(100)(10) = 1.8 cm2 > As OK


:ก; 



<
ก

//"  Vu = wuS/4 = (846)(4.0)/4

= 846 ก.ก./
.

ก "/
ก φVc = 0.85(0.53) 240 (100)(7.5)

= 5,234 ก.ก./
. OK

=ก
!ก
 
As,min = 0.0018(100)(10) = 1.8 cm2

Select temp. steel reinforcement DB10 @ 0.30 m (As = 2.60 cm2)

 DB10@0.40 
2
DB10@0.20

 
DB10@0.40 
2

0.10
0.50
0.55 0.95
0.95 1.30

0.20 3.80 0.20

 

DB10@0.40 
2
DB10@0.20

 
DB10@0.40 
2

0.10
0.50
0.70 1.20
1.20 1.60

0.20 4.80 0.20

  

*
">?
$# 3!ก "&"" "#ก $#

ACI ! ... ก !3! .'4+


&"ก "&
  :
(1) .'463 
ก"  
.'4
BXB
ก +3.!"7ก
 ก3

.'4
(2) 3 
ก"  ก '4
.ก 
ก 1/8 

ก 
 )
(3) 3 
 ก$ ก ! "#ก" !  
'4.
 +!"7ก
  ! '3"# 
ก 1/4 !"7ก
3
) "
! )=ก
! 9 8"
!9!8 9 

*
">


ขอสอบภย พื้น S1 ขนาด 5x5 เมตร หนา 12 ซม. เหล็กเสริมโมเมนตบวก(เหล็ก

ลาง)กลางแผนพืน้ กําหนดใหเทากับ RB12@0.15# ถาตองการเปด
ขอที่ : 131
ชองโลงกลางแผนพื้น ขนาด 0.80x0.80 เมตร ตองเสริมเหล็กทดแทน
อยางนอยเทาไร?

RB12
As = 1.13 cm2

$  ! ' = 80/15 = 5.33 

 !"7ก ! ' = 1.13×5.33 = 6.02 8
.2

!"7ก  = 6.02/2 = 3.01 8
.2

! 2 DB16 (As = 4.02 @!.2) 




-.
 กก/00
-.
-  10 + 2 5.
- 7ก 8
( ก59
- 8ก &!'*ก//


 Epoxy ก59-.

 (Slab-On-Ground)
2-2.5 8
.
3-5 8
. ≤ t/2

3  GB GB
 . 5-10 8
. 5-10 8
.

3 ก  . 5-10 8

. 45o

5 8
.

 . 5-10 8

. GB

 (Slab-On-Ground)
Soil modeled as springs in the solution of beam on elastic foundation

P P
M M

Soil

P P
M M



 (Joint Spacing)

spacing

9
Max. joint spacing, m

6
Range of
max. spacing
3

0
0 5 10 15 20 30
Slab thickness, cm
 /กก()*+ (Wire mesh)
ก ก
  ก   ก  ก  ก. 737-2531 " fy = 5,000 ก.ก./'.2


  
(ก
∅ :, : /ก ( .5. / .) (กก./ ..)
:   :+ 
∅ 4 .× 4 ., 15 '.× 15 '. 0.838 0.838 1.317
∅ 4 .× 4 ., 20 '.× 20 '. 0.629 0.629 0.988
∅ 4 .× 4 ., 25 '.× 25 '. 0.503 0.503 0.790
∅ 4 .× 4 ., 30 '.× 30 '. 0.419 0.419 0.658
∅ 6 .× 6 ., 20 '.× 20 '. 1.414 1.414 2.220
∅ 6 .× 6 ., 25 '.× 25 '. 1.131 1.131 1.776
∅ 6 .× 6 ., 30 '.× 30 '. 0.943 0.943 1.481

ก/00กD E Subgrade Drag

W

, - T "ก./01ก23ก . As = 456"ก .

ก 1  ('.2)
W = 6ก456
456" (ก.ก./ .)
/=
, - T 
ก 1  L = 3456ก  ( )
FL W F = 9 .:.;3 (1.5 ก <=
>1)
T = A s fs =
2 fs = 
3, "3> ก . (ก.ก./ .'.)
9 .<ก
ก 1 
FL W Eก( : As =
FL (1.4 W ) FL W
=
As = 2 fy 1.43 fy
2 fs

ก <? Wire mesh fy = 5,000 กก./ .'. ,

fs "343 1,700 ก.ก./ .'. 
6
  ! 9.7 / ก,@@456ก  @.23ก 3 3

ก@ 6.0  23?
Wire mesh ก  ก fy = 5,000 ก.ก./'.2

E( 5ก23?ก A = 12 '. 9

Max. joint spacing, m

6ก456 W = 0.12(2,400)
6
= 288 ก.ก./ . Range of
max. spacing
9 .<ก"? 3

FL W 1.5 × 6.0 × 288

As = = 0
1.43 fy 1.43 × 5,000 0 5 10 15 20 30
Slab thickness, cm
= 0.363  .'./

5ก? WWR ∅ 4 ..× 4 .., 30 '.× 30 '. (As = 0.419  .'./ ) 
 Reinforced Concrete Design

Design of Stairs



 
 

 
ก 

 


  ก
ก

Mongkol JIRAVACHARADET

SURANAREE INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING

UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY SCHOOL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING





 ก

 
 


ก
ก
 
กก
 


 
ก   (DL) = 
  + 
 

 
ก (LL) "
ก

 
ก#$%&' (SDL) : , ก, 

 
ก#%ก )
  , ', 

 
ก

  
ก (ก.ก./ .2)
%&% 1,658 t

*+ , 2.5 *. 55

 2.5 *. 80

%& +(  2,645 t) 55

%&ก (  2,800 t) 60

%& 2,400 t

%&%& 2,550 t

%&% ก 1/2” 15

#

 ก$

%
&



ก 
 1 

L = '
%
&


#

 ก$

%
&

'
 1 ก ก 2.0 . 
 ก 25 *.
#ก 15 *.  
ก 300 กก./.2 ก f’c = 240 ksc
 fy = 2,400 ksc
*
กกก+ ;ก # ρmax = 0.0389
"

  200/20 = 10 *. <ก d = 10 – 2 – 0.45 = 7.55 *.
152 + 252

ก
  0.10(2400) = 280 กก./.2
25

ก
  0.5(0.15)(2400) = 180 กก./.2

ก$ก LL = 300 กก./.2

ก$ก' wu = 1.4(280+180)+1.7(300) = 1154 กก./.2
 = ,ก
 + Mu = 1154(2.0)2/8 = 577 กก.-.
Mu 577 × 100
Rn = = = 11.25 kg/cm2
φb d2
0.90 × 100 × 7.55 2

0.85 fc′  2Rn 

ρ =  1 − 1 −  = 0.0048 ρmin < ρ < ρmax OK
fy  0.85 fc′ 

%? ;ก # As = 0.0048(100)(7.55) = 3.62 *.2/ก 1 

-0/ก1$-02ก- RB9 @ 0.15 m (As = 4.24 cm2 / m)

#+
,
&-./
 @ %ก 1  Vu = wL/2 = 1154(2.0)/2 = 1154 กก.
ก @ ก+:
No need for
φ Vc = 0.85 × 0.53 240 × 100 × 7.55 = 5269 กก. > 2 Vu shear reinf.

&


'0-'ก
- -02ก
#
 ก$

φ9 . @ 0.20( ;ก<
 )
1 φ 9 . $ก$( ;ก<
 )
0.25

0.15
φ9 . @ 0.15 0.1
0
( ;ก # ก)
φ 9 . @ 0.20
( ;ก
<)
φ9 . @ 0.15
φ 9 . @ 0.20

0.10

 

2.00

#

 '





ก

w



w

L L
w w

3

3
#

 '

 %B ##+

%
#ก 
%


4' 
*
,
&ก
 (*.) ≤ 20 ≤ 19
H &ก (*.) ≥ 22 ≥ 24
#& H (.) ≤ 3.0 ≤ 4.0

w
 L (.) ≤ 4.0 ≤ 4.0
ก (.) ≥ 0.9 ≥ 1.5
&ก  (*.) 2 – 2.5 2 – 2.5
h
ted lengt
rojec
L=P
ก
5 -0
-6%

 %C
 +    <
กกD?=#

3#/ 
&03
3 


&ก
0.025
&ก 25-30 *. &ก  t
0.025
&ก  &ก

t
t
&ก

15-18 *.



 


'
 8.4 ก 
 2.50  


ก  
ก 300 กก./..
กก 1.0  
 ก 25 *.
#ก
 15 *. f’c= 240 กก./.*. fy = 4,000 กก./.*.

*

  250/20 = 12.5 *. -0/ก1$%

12 9 .
<ก d = 12 – 2 – 1.2/2 = 9.4 *.
152 + 252

ก
  = 0.12(2400) = 336 กก./.2
25

ก
  = 0.5(0.15)(2400) = 180 กก./.2

ก$ก = 300 กก./.2

ก$ก wu = 1.4(336+180)+1.7(300) = 1,232 กก./.2
= , Mu = 1,232 × 2.52 / 8 = 962.5 กก.-.

Mu 962.5 × 100 2
2 = 12.10 ก.ก./*.
Rn = 2 =
φb d 0.90 × 100 × 9.4

0.85fc′  2Rn 
ρ=  1 − 1 −  = 0.0031 < [ ρmin = 0.0035 ] Use ρmin
fy  0.85 fc′ 

%? ;ก # As = 0.0035(100)(9.4) = 3.29 *.2/ก 1 

 ก"
 ;ก # DB12 . . @ 0.20 . (As = 5.65 *.2/.)
#+
,
&-./
 @ %ก 1  Vu = wL/2 = 1,232(2.5)/2 = 1,540 กก.
ก @ ก+: φVc = 0.85 × 0.53 240 × 100 × 9.4 = 6,560 กก.

 ก φVc > 2Vu  # ;ก @ 

 &


'0-'ก
- -02ก
#

'


φ9 .. $ก$
0.15
;ก<
 0.25
1.05 φ9 .. @ 0.20 .
φ9 .. @ 0.20 .
;ก<

;ก
<
DB12 .. @ 0.20 .

0.1
2 ;ก # ก

2.50

%
&
3
#

 '


UP

2nd Floor
  #
+ก#&



ก
 

1st Floor

&

'/+
ก%
ก
&#

area
Lo ad
b eam
le ver
ti
Can Main steel
Load

Deflected shape

'
 8.5 ก  ก
กก 1.50  
ก 300 กก./..
+" 2.5  
 ก 25 *. #ก
 15 *. f’c= 240 กก./.*.
fy = 4,000 กก./.*.

0.25 *
 ก
 10 *. ?

 %C
0.10  10x25 *. "&%
0.15 <ก d = 25-2-1.2/2 = 22.4 *.
0.25
0.10


ก
 <
 = (0.15 + 0.25)(0.10)(2,400) = 96 ก.ก./ .

ก
 <
 = 0.25(300) = 75 ก.ก./ .

ก'% wu = 1.4(96)+1.7(75) = 262 ก.ก./ .
= ,ก+# $" : 262 kg/m

1 0.25 m
Mu = (262)(1.5) 2 = 295 kg-m
2
Mu 295(100)
Rn = = = 6.53 kg/cm 2
φ bd 2
0.90(10)(22.4) 2 1.50 m

#+
,
-02ก- :
ρmin = 14/fy = 14/4000 = 0.0035

f c′  6120 
ρb = 0.85 β1   = 0.0262
f y  6120 + f y 

ρmax = 0.75ρb = 0.75(0.0262) = 0.0197

0.85 f c′  2 Rn 
ρ= 1 − 1 −  = 0.0017 < ρ min USE ρmin
fy  0.85 f c′ 

%? ;ก # As = 0.0035(10)(22.4) = 0.784 *.2/

  1 


 ก"
 ;ก # 1 DB12 .. (As = 1.13 *.2)

#+
,
&-./:
 @ % Vu = wL = 262(1.5) = 393 กก.
ก @ ก+:

φVc = 0.85(0.53)(√ 240)(10)(22.4) = 1563 กก. > 2Vu OK

 &


'0-'ก
- -02ก
'/+
ก%
ก
&#
0.25

;ก #ก 1DB12

0.15
;ก<
  0.25
RB9 @ 0.20 0.10

;ก<
 0.10
1RB9 $ก$
;ก #ก 1DB12
;ก
< RB9@0.20
0.10
0.150.80

1.50 0.40

Assignment: +ก&


13$
0

 Reinforced Concrete Design
Bond, Anchorage, and
Development Length




 ก
ก

ก

 



ก


ก!


(Development Lengths)



ก
  ..#. $ ACI
Mongkol JIRAVACHARADET

SURANAREE INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING

UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY SCHOOL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

Bond Stresses in Beam

Concrete

Reinforcing bar

End slip
P

Greased or lubricated
Free slip εs ≠ εc
Bond Stresses in Beam

Bond forces acting on concrete

Bond forces acting on steel

Tied-arch action in a beam with little or no bond

Round bar reinforcing

Mmax

jd

Little or no bond

( %กก

 !
กก*) ก#!%$
& ก
+# , #
ก
ก-%ก
ก.,ก
%$&'ก
( Tied arch 
!ก)

$
ก)

Anchorage Bond WSD

π d2


ก = As f s = fs
4 T = As fs
L


  = π d Lu

π d2


  = 

ก π d Lu = fs
4

d fs




 ก
 L =
4u

u =


 # *!
ก (กก./2.2)

Flexural Bond WSD

Bond Stress Based on Simple Cracked Analysis

C C + dC
[ Σ MO = 0 ] jd(dT) = V (dx)

dT V
= 1
jd dx jd
V V
[ Σ Fx = 0 ]

u Σo dx = dT 2
T T + dT
O
dx 1 2

u V Elastic Cracked
u =
T T + dT Σo j d Section Equation

Σo = *!)
ก (2.)

ขอสอบภย เหล็กเสริม DB12 SD30 ฝงในเนื้อคอนกรีตลึก 50 cm กําหนดให
หนวยแรงยึดเหนี่ยวที่ยอมให 11 ksc เมื่อออกแบบการรับแรงดึงโดย
ขอที่ : 129
วิธีหนวยแรงใชงาน เหล็กเสริมจะรับแรงดึงสูงสุดทีย
่ อมใหไดเทาไหร
π d2
T= f T = π dL u
4 s
π × 1.22
= × 1,500 = π × 1.2 × 50 × 11
4

= 1,696 kg Control = 2,073 kg

ขอสอบภย จงหาหนวยแรงยึดเหนี่ยวที่เกิดของจุดตอระหวางคานกับเสา เมื่อคาน

รับแรงเฉือนที่จุดตอ V=6555 kg มีคา jd=39.735 cm มีเหล็กเสริมที่
ขอที่ : 130
พิจารณาในการคํานวณแรงยึดเหนี่ยวคือ 4 เสน ขนาด RB15

V 6555
u= =
Σo jd 4 × π × 1.5 × 39.735

= 8.75 ksc

 
  ... 1007-34 WSD

5)

2 
ก)
!ก)*)



ก
%ก

#


6

%ก

V
u =
Σo j d

&( ,7กก8
!
ก
(ก,ก( %ก



ก)
#


6 %$$$ L # &&

T
T u =
Σo L
L
 
  ... 1007-34 WSD



# :.
 .ก# ก

. .,+


ก   

:
2.29 fc′

ก)
(.ก 25 กก./2.2
D
3.23 fc′

ก( ก%ก
ก)
(.ก 35 กก./2.2
D


ก   

  1.72 fc′
(.ก 28 กก./2.2


)
ก!ก*)
ก 
 .ก 11 กก./2.2


ก)
- 
ก# ก8
ก+ก 30 2.

ขอสอบภย ถาไมทํา “ของอมาตรฐาน” ระยะที่ตองฝงเหล็กกลมผิวเรียบ (RB 15

มม.) จากหนาตัดวิกฤต (critical section) มีคาประมาณเทาใด
ขอที่ : 27
กําหนดให หนวยแรงยึดเหนี่ยวที่ยอมให u = 11 กก./ตร.ซม. (สูตร
คํานวณ L = dbfs/4u
db fs 1.5 × 1200
RB15
db = 1.5 cm L =
4u
=
4 × 11
= 40.9 2.
ขอสอบภย ถาระยะฝงยึดของเหล็กเสริมรับแรงดึง(ที่ไมใชเหล็กบน) ถูกจํากัดให
ไมเกินกวา 80 ซม. จงใชวิธี WSD หาขนาดโตสุดของเหล็กขอออย
ขอที่ : 72
(SD30) ที่สามารถนํามาใชได กําหนด fc’ = 150 กก./ซม.2
3.23 fc′ 3.23 150 39.6
u = = =
db db db
db fs 4 uL 4 × 39.6 / db × 80
L = db = = = 2.91 cm
4u fs 1500
3.23 150
(ก
ก DB28 : u = = 14.13 ksc < 35 ksc OK
2.8
2.8 × 1500
L = = 74.3 2. < 80 2. OK
4 × 14.13
ขอสอบภย จงประมาณระยะฝงยึดจากหนาตัดวิกฤตถึงตําแหนงที่ตองเริ่มงอเหล็ก
เสริมเพือ ่ ทําเปน สําหรับเหล็ก DB25 (As = 4.91 ซม.2) ที่รับแรงดึง
ขอที่ : 73
ซึ่งวิธี WSD กําหนดวา “ของอมาตรฐาน” มีกําลังรับแรงดึงไดเทากับ
700 กก./ซม.2 กําหนดให fc’ = 200 กก./ซม.2, fy = 3000 กก./ซม.2
และหนวยแรงยึดเหนี่ยวที่ยอมใหของ DB25 = 13 กก./ตร.ซม.


#+

Asfs = 4.91x1500 = 7365 kg


 # ก = 7365 – 700x4.91 = 3928 kg
$$
: πx2.5x13xL = 3928 L = 38.5 cm

Steel Force and Bond Stress

Cracked concrete segment

ก<ก

%$
M M ก
! +2 
ก%$.

T T ก)ก

u stresses on bar % .



 #
 u = 0

T=
M 
 T 
ก
jd steel tension T
ก# =
# 
bond stress u


!"
1 dT
#  
$


u=
Σ o dx
Actual Distribution of Flexural Bond Stress

CL

M
T=
jd
Actual T

V
%&'()!

u=
Σo jd 
'"
  !ก


#*''
Actual u

Bond Stress in a Pull-out Test

ก#
)ก

 $

ก$ก &
ก
,> 1950
%ก+%$ก#
)#

fs = T/A

Bar stress = fs Bond stress = u

T
%กก#
)%$&)


 .# 

ก
ก   !ก"###
กก+


 ก)ก
ก
ก$#$
#
2 %$

( 
ก-8ก

(

ก%$!


u
T

ก:!ก    ก%กก

ก$#$
#
!%$#
ก
ก
ก
,?กก$#ก
u R
T T


ก$#$

#$

ก$ก ก

ก# !

$กก  %#ก&

R R
R R

*!ก
#
ก
,?ก ก
R R

Side-split failure

V-notch failure Vertical cracking

of bottom cover
กก'$ 
$กก  %#ก&
5,$ก)!#@@%ก
ก#
ก


ก$%ก.,
ก
)

Circumferential
tensile stresses
Radial component
of bearing pressure

%$
$$# Cylindrical zones of
circumferential tension

+% $$
$



ก$$$!)# &&

Minimum Bar Covering and Spacing

Minimum bar covering ( cb )

cb

2cs cs
Minimum bar spacing ( 2cs )
Splitting of concrete along reinforcement

(!!
+# ก
#ก
 splitting
$$
$

ก
($$
=ก -.&&%ก

กก
ก)
!ก
%กก
-ก%#
ก
กก

%(   (Development Length)

( %ก


 .
ก A ACI
$ ..#. ,%%=)% , 
!'#
' ld (+# =
#

ก& ! +%ก@85- 
กก fy

ld
T=0
T = Ab fy

(!!
+# ' ld ก)
!ก
$$
=$$$

ก

ก,ก
ก) * ... 1008-38 SDM

' ก   




ld = 
&(+ A ldb × 8:,)
0.06 A b fy

&(+ A ℓ db = 
)
ก!
.ก 36 ..
fc′

8:,)%$! +ก)$$
= $$

ก $
ก#!

' ก   

 

0.075 db fy

&(+ A ℓ db = .ก 0.0043 db fy
fc′

..
. 1008-38 = ACI 1989 =ก
++ ACI 1995 % ก
, ,


ก) * ACI318-08 SDM

' ก   



0.28 fy ψ t ψ e ψs

ℓd = db .ก 30 2.
fc′  c b + K tr 
 d 
 b 

40 A tr

# #ก ก)ก)
(cb + Ktr)/db %$.
.ก 2.5 $ K tr =
sn

(  n (%!
กก

$)กก
% Ktr = 0 
)กก))%$
ก#!
Atr = &(+# 
ก#!#+

<$$ s
s = $$

ก#!ก# =
< ld
 SDM

Atr
Definition of Atr
Potential plane
of splitting

cb (# ก$

(ก ) $$%ก@85ก
ก- *ก# ก# =

( )  
 !$$
$

ก

2 cb cb

cb

8:,)
)
!
ก!)
 : SDM

ψt #ก


ก) ,B
ก ψ t = 1.3
ก8)(+กก 30 2.

ก
(  ψ t = 1.0

ψe ก
'  -
 ก.


ก$$
=ก 3 db
( ψ e = 1.5
$$
$

กก 6 db

ก()&ก2 ก:( #+

ψ e = 1.2


ก.()&ก2 ψ e = 1.0

.ก*8:! ψt ψe %$.ก 1.7

 SDM
ψs ก



ก!
20 .. $กก ψ s = 0.8


ก!
25 .. $
Dก ψ s = 1.0

8:,)
)
กก : (As required) / (As provided)

%

.
( 
ก5)

กก#
ก%กก$
5 กก:# ก 
,
(ก

)
fy # ก
C&$
(
ก# -8กก))<!ก


!( *
.


,&%)-%(  #  SDM

#ก8$
#,?)%8ก:


ก


 (cb + Ktr) / db = 1.5
DB20 and smaller DB25 and larger

Case A:
(1) covering = db  0.15 f y ψ t ψ e   0.19 f y ψ t ψ e 
  db   db
clear c-c = db  f ′   f ′ 
 c   c 
min. stirrup
(2) covering = db
(A - 1) (A - 2)
clear c-c = 2db

 0.23 f y ψ t ψ e   0.28 f y ψ t ψ e 
Case B: others   db   db
 f ′   f ′ 
 c   c 

(B - 1) (B - 2)
&%(   SDM


) f’c = 240 กก./2.2 $ fy = 4,000 กก./2.2

' (..)

ก
Case A Case B

DB10 38.7 49.1

DB12 46.5 58.9
DB16 62.0 78.5
DB20 77.5 98.1
DB25 123 181
DB28 137 202
DB32 157 231
DB36 177 260
DB40 196 289

#  ก
'$' ก
#




( ก%ก*ก
ก) 3DB25 :$$
# =

!
ก* ก


f’c = 240 กก./2.2 $ fy=4,000 กก./2.2

DB16 at 30 cm O.C.

Construction joint A 3DB25

45 cm
39 cm

B
Ld

Construction joint 40 cm

Wall
1.5 m
1
 ##+( 8 $8$
A ACI
1. '$
ก
3 
3ก( ก
ก:+.
ก,ก 
ก DB16 
 <*#+!
$$
=
! = 4 + 1.6 = 5.6 2. (2.24db)
$$

ก = (40 – 2(4+1.6) – 3×2.5) / 2 = 10.65 2. (4.26db)
( %ก$$
=กก db $$$

กกก 2db $
ก
DB25
+,Bก: (A-2)

2. '$'


ก)
0.19 fy ψ t ψ e 0.19 × 4,000 × 1.3 × 1.0
ℓd = db = × 2.5 = 159.4 cm
fc′ 240

(%ก = 123 x 1.3

+
!.,* 1.60  = 159.9 cm

0.28 fy ψ t ψ e ψ s
3. '$'3&*6#
  ℓd = db
fc′  c b + K tr 
 d 
cb (# ก$
  b 

(ก) $$%ก@85ก
ก- *ก# ก# =

$$
=
! = 4 + 1.6 + 2.5/2 = 6.85 2.
( )  
 !$$
$

ก
 40 − 2 × 6.85 
= 0.5   = 6.58 2. cb = 6.58 ..
 2 

40 A tr
K tr = (  s ($$

ก#!$$
= 30 2.
sn

40 × 4.02
Atr (&(+# 
ก,ก$)ก
=
30 × 3 = DB16 #+! = 2 × 2.01 = 4.02 2.2
= 1.79 2. n = %
ก# 
= 3
c b + K tr 6.58 + 1.79
= = 3.35 > 2.5 USE 2.5
db 2.5

0.28 fy ψ t ψ e ψs 0.28 × 4,000 × 1.3

ℓd = db = × 2.5 = 94.0 2.
fc′  c b + K tr  240 × 2.5
 d 
 b 
USE 95 cm

Construction joint A 3DB25

45 cm
39 cm
B
Ld = 95 cm

Construction joint

Wall
1.5 m
 Reinforced Concrete Design
Bond, Anchorage, and Part 2
Development Length



 ก


 ก
ก ก




Bar Cutoff and Bend Points in Beams

Mongkol JIRAVACHARADET

SURANAREE INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING

UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY SCHOOL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING


 ก

... SDM


" ก
#$%$ก



&%ก
&%
 !ก 20 '.

0.075 db fy


 ℓ dc = !ก 0.0043 db fy
fc′


&%


" ก
:

ก
ก ก*+,ก$กก#
-. (As *+,ก)/(As *+, "#$#)

กกก

≥ 6 . - -- ก+ ≤ 10 '. 0.75

กก

≥ 12 . - -- ≤ 10 '. 0.75


ก

ก  ก SDM

...


 ก- "*+,
ก ก ,


 #,+ก- 20 " ก 3 "

ก ก

 #,+ก- 33 " ก 4 "
ก ก
/ก#$%0/1 ก*+,
ก ก  " ก "

+*+,+
"23&.ก*+,$ก*+,
*+ *' ,+$4
3&.ก
ก

ก
ก

!
"#

Ldh Ld ก

 ก "# , #,ก
,

 ก*+,ก--
+! +
ก*$-+ 90o - 180o
db D
T
 ก$
ก
 (D)

180o Hook
... 6 . 1  25 . 6 db

4 db ≥ 6 cm 28 . 1  36 . 8 db
44 . 1  57 . 10 db
db D
T
ACI DB10 – DB25 8 db
90o Hook DB28 – DB36 10 db
12 db
DB40 – DB60 12 db
ก

! 
"กก
...
db D
T
" กก

6 . 1  16 . 6db

db D
T

" กก

20 . 1  25 . 12db

db
T 135o
" กก

6 . 1  25 .
6db


 ก
... SDM


" ก
' ,4
5
ก#$%
$ก

&%ก
&%
 !ก
*+,กก 8 db
- 20 '. Combined actions: - Bond along straight length
- Anchorage provided by hook
Ldh Ld
db
T

Critical section 12db

full bar tension
db
T

4db ≥ 6 cm
4db
Ldh


 ก
... SDM


" ก' , fy = 4,000 กก./'.2

... ℓ hb =
320 db
fc′

0.075 ψ e fy
ACI 318-08 ℓ hb = db
fc′


&%
"8ก/9+
+

ก
กก *+, fy +
$ก 4,000 กก./'.2 fy / 4,000

ก ≤ DB36
ก+4

 ≥ 6 '. -
0.7
":ก*+,+--4  ≥ 5 '.


 ก
... SDM

ก+4
:ก ≥ 5 '.

ก+4

 ≥ 6 '.

ก ≤ DB36 8/ก+--

0.8


≤ 3 db

ก
ก ก*+,ก$กก#
-. (As *+,ก)/(As *+, "#$#)
ขอสอบภย จงประมาณระยะฝงยึดจากหนาตัดวิกฤตถึงตําแหนงที่ตองเริ่มงอเหล็ก
เสริมเพือ ่ ทําเปน สําหรับเหล็ก DB25 (As = 4.91 ซม.2) ที่รับแรงดึง
ขอที่ : 73
ซึ่งวิธี WSD กําหนดวา “ของอมาตรฐาน” มีกําลังรับแรงดึงไดเทากับ
700 กก./ซม.2 กําหนดให fc’ = 200 กก./ซม.2, fy = 3000 กก./ซม.2
และหนวยแรงยึดเหนี่ยวที่ยอมใหของ DB25 = 13 กก./ตร.ซม.


*
Asfs = 4.91x1500 = 7365 kg

+,*+,ก = 7365 – 700x4.91 = 3928 kg
--
: πx2.5x13xL = 3928 L = 38.5 cm

ขอสอบภย จงใชวิธี USD ประมาณระยะฝงยึดจากหนาตัดวิกฤตถึงตําแหนงโคงงอ

เหล็กเสริมเมื่อทําเปน “ของอมาตรฐาน” สําหรับเหล็ก RB25 (As =
ขอที่ : 74
4.91 ซม.2) ที่รับแรงดึง กําหนดให fc’ = 150 กก./ซม.2, fy = 2400
กก./ซม.2 และให modification factor = 1.0

320 db 320 × 2.5

Lhb = = = 65.3 cm
fc′ 150
2400
L dh = 65.3 × = 39.2 cm
4000

ก ก  (Splicing)

ก ก "#/
- "ก ก#
 0/ก" ' ,$*!
#<+
!
ก ก* ก 9#ก ก 9, -กก*
ก
%" (lap splicing) $-/9ก1 *- ก "8/--
* /9ก ก
! ก# 36 .

 ก 

ก* ก2#!"2"/
 ก "&ก ≤ 1/5 --*

-! ก# 15 '.
 ก* ก "*+,
 ก //9
*+,ก- "
- #,--$ "/

 "
- 2-3 " #,--*
20% "
- 4 " #,--* 33%  ก*
# %
+ก

ก
%&ก *ก

!
*+,"4
1.25 fy
 ก "
ก
%&'  9,9+ก*+,"4
1.25 fy 
ก "
ก
%ก

"#
 ก
9
4%8 A - B *+
--*!ก 30 '.
ก9
4%8 A 1.0 ℓ d

ก9
4%8 B 1.3 ℓ d

ก
ก 
 (Bar Cutoff)
ก$-1&ก "# !/
ก+# %*+,
 /
 ,$- "# ก
*+,ก9 ,5 .ก - "# ก*+,$4
 ,5 .
ก

ก ก "#

ก "# ก/
 ,

28&#5 .


('

)ก
" *)+,ก$- "

./% ก


ก ! "




 a
Moment capacity of beam: M = As f y  d − 
 2 C
L

2 bars 4 bars 5 bars

Ld
Ld

Ld
Required moment Mu / φ 5M
Moment capacity Mn

#
ก 
$
%&
/ก ก "#

, ก $4
*+,!! -- d
 12 db 5
/9
*+,กก ก *+,$4

9
+,-#"-

,
Mmax 3M

4
ก 2M
**=>?+
M

d  12db d  12db

ก "# 1 "

0 ก "# 2 "
ก
ก  %&'

$
%&

9
+,ก*4ก2", "
+28&#5 .


/&
ℓa L
ก5 .$- #,  "$ก3&.*+,

$+ก *+,8/-- ℓ d Required
moment Mu

$$-+9*+,
ก5 .ก ก# Moment

capacity φMn
ก5 . $*/ ก#
ก## :-*+,
$ก
+, (local bond failure)
ℓd

ก
ก  %&'

$
%&

*/
9ก5 . A

B M
!ก ""2" O-A
/& u

φMn

9ก5 . = φ Mn / ℓ d

dMu

9
ก5 . = Vu
dx


9ก5 .*+,"4

 O

φ Mn
= Vu
ℓd

$-!


ก*+,"4
*+,/

φ Mn
ℓd =
Vu
ก
 ก ! "ก
... SDM

, ก "# 1 / 3  ก5 .ก/
9

+,
 !/!ก 15 '.

As/3 + As As/4 + As

15 cm 15 cm

, ก "# 1 / 4  ก5 .ก/
 ,

 !/!ก 15 '.

ก
 ก ! "ก
... SDM

*+,$4

9
+,-*+,$4


ก ก "#5 .ก+
*+,
$ก
,/

+
! ก#
$4

9
+, $4


ก
 ,
Mn Mn
ℓ d ≤ 1.3 + ℓa ℓd ≤ + ℓa
Vu Vu

5
*+, Mn = ก5 .


%5
"4#/ ก "#*
*+,

+1  fy
Vu =  :-*+,

ℓa *+,$4

9
+,
--*+, $4
3&.ก*+,
ℓa *+,$4


ก
 ,
--*+, $4


ก d 
12db 5
/9
*+,กก
ก
ก ! "ก
... SDM

*$

" &%


C
L

1.3 Mn / Vu
ℓa
ก " a ก " b


#ก=" ก " a
C
L *+,4
ก**=>?+
Max. ℓ d
" ก " b
--
*

ก
ก ! "ก
... SDM

*$ก" % '

$4


ก

ℓa = d  12db Mn / Vu

ก " a
Max. ℓ d 
#ก=
" ก " a
 ก'ก
 ก! "ก
wu = 12 t/m

d = 54 cm
2DB40

ℓa L=5m 40 cm
= 15 cm

1. 
.

 DB40

0.19 fy ψ t ψ e
ก%+ (A - 2) ℓd = db
fc′

0.19 × 4,000 × 1.0 × 1.0

= × 4.0 = 196 '.
240

2.

*"

 DB40 $4

9
+,
Mn
ℓ d ≤ 1.3 + ℓa
A s fy Vu
[C=T] a =
0.85 fc′ b

2 × 12.57 × 4,000
=
0.85 × 240 × 40
= 12.3 '.

 a  12.3 
Mn = A s fy  d −  = 2 × 12.57 × 4.0 ×  54 −  /100
 2  2 

= 48.1 - 

wu L 12 × 5
*+,$4
 Vu = = = 30 
2 2

Mn 1.3 × 48.1× 100

1.3 + ℓa = + 15 = 223 '.
Vu 30


ℓ d = 196 '. ก 223 '.
 DB40 "1/9!

ก
ก ! "
... SDM

, ก "# 1 / 3  ก5 . $4


ก
!ก d  12db  1/16 --9
 5
/9
*+,กก
, ก As/3 --!ก
d  12db  Ln/16

As
ℓd

$4


ก

Bar Cutoff requirements of the ACI Code

Face of support

Moment capacity
of bars O
Inflection point
for +As
+M

Inflection point for -As

-M
Moment capacity
Greatest of d , 12db or Ln/16
of bars M for at least 1/3 of -As CL of span
Ld
d or 12db
Ld
Bars M
Bars L
Bars N
Bars O
15 cm for at least d or 12db
1/4 of +As
Ld
Ld
 Standard Cutoff and Bend Points for Bars
For approximately equal spans with uniformly distributed loads

L1/4 L1/3 L2/3 L2/3

0 cm
15 cm 15 cm L2/8
L1/8
L1 L2
L1/3 L2/3

L1/7 L1/4 L2/4 L2/4

 % 6.3 $#$%
 ก- ก
 ,9ก"4

"

ก2-*

 wu = 8.0  ก
f’c = 280 กก./'.2, fy = 4,000 กก./'.2,
b = 40 '., h = 60 '. -
ก+4 4 '.

Exterior column Interior column

wu

Ln = 7.6 m

1. ก#""ก

" 4#)#
5' "'6 
a. -&ก


)4#""
).% 4#)#
5'

Interior face of
-Mu = wuLn2/16 = 8(7.6)2/16 = -28.88 t-m
exterior support
 Mid span positive +Mu = wuLn2/14 = 8(7.6)2/14 = 33.01 t-m

Exterior face of first

-Mu = wuLn2/10 = 8(7.6)2/10 = -46.21 t-m
interior support

Exterior face of first

Vu = 1.15wuLn/2 = 1.15(8)(7.6)/2 = 34.96 t-m
interior support

b. (*
.ก

" 4 5
/9
ก+4 4 '. กก DB10 - ก
"#5 .

DB25  DB28
 d ≈ 60-4-1.0-1.4 ≈ 53.6 '.

Mu As required Bars As provided

- 28.88 t-m 15.97 cm2 4DB25 19.63 cm2

+ 33.01 t-m 18.44 cm2 4DB25 19.63 cm2
- 46.21 t-m 26.76 cm2 2DB25+3DB28 28.29 cm2

A B
4DB25 2DB25+3DB28

4DB25
A B

40 cm 40 cm

4DB25 2DB25
3DB28
60 cm DB10@0.20m 60 cm
DB10@0.20m

4DB25 4DB25

Section A-A Section B-B

 Reinforced Concrete Design

Torsion 1

Torsional effects

Torsion in plain concrete

Torsion Design by WSD

T
Cracking Torque Tcr

Torsion Design by USD

Mongkol JIRAVACHARADET

SURANAREE INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING

UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY SCHOOL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

Torsional effects in reinforced concrete

mt

Torsion at a cantilever slab

T
 T

mt

T A B

Torsion at an edge beam

A B A B

Stiff edge beam Flexible edge beam

WSD
Torsion in plain concrete members
T

T
τmax
y
T
Rectangular section: τ max =
α x2y

y/x 1.0 1.5 2.0 3.0 5.0 ∞

α 0.208 0.219 0.246 0.267 0.290 1/3


ก ก
ก 
 ... 1007-34 WSD

6402 ก
   
(ก)


  L  T 

ก !"
ก
 #
"

3.5 T $ x
$ "  % y  $



τt =
Σx 2 y &!%ก$ !"'"

(

 L $ T '

$) x
$ "
 % y
$

ก $*ก

+ก
 t
  $ Σx2y ,%$-ก 3 

*ก $-ก 1/12 $+
 ) ≤ 3 t or
1/12 L
+

$ก

() 

ก 
$- 
 t $
-$ก x/4 ($ x/4 -$ก x/10 
  Σx2y
 4t/x
(
) 

ก 


$ก x/10
t

)+234
&!'
$ 
ก
$$ก ($  #ก !"

%% d ,ก $ $
$ x

6403 ก   

(ก) ก

/$,กก.
$
ก
ก τmax = 1.32 fc′

$.  ,ก%/$-กก01ก

"
() ก

/$ %ก " $ ก
3.5 T V ก
τt + τv = +
Σx 2 y bd τmax = 1.65 fc′

(/$
ก !" τt $ τt + τv > 0.29 fc′ ! "!#ก  
6404 ก ! "!#ก  
At T
  5ก $ก ก"!  =
s 2 A c fv Ac y0 h
Tz
  5ก  %# A l =
2 A c fs
$ Ac
$"$
ก
$ก
6 5ก $ก x0
z
$%%% 5ก )/
 b
fv
$!
$ $ 5ก $ก 2 x o + 2 yo
z=
4
fs
$!
$ $ 5ก 

ขอสอบภย คานกลวงขนาด 30x40 ซม. ผนังดานขางหนา 10 ซม. ผนังดานบน

และลางหนา 12.5 ซม. ถาคานนี้รับโมเมนตบิดเพียงอยางเดียว จงใช
ขอที่ : 79
วิธี WSD ประมาณคาโมเมนตบิดใชงานสูงสุดที่ไดจากคอนกรีตเพียง
อยางเดียว กําหนดให fc’ = 150 กก./ซม.2

3.5T
τt = ≤ 0.29 fc′ Tc = 0.29 fc′ Σx2 y / 3.5
Σx 2 y

Tc = 0.29 150 × 302 × 40 / 3.5 /100 = 365 kg-m

ขอสอบภย คานกลวงขนาด 30x40 ซม. ผนังดานขางหนา 10 ซม. ผนังดานบน

และลางหนา 12.5 ซม. ถาคานนี้รับโมเมนตบิดเพียงอยางเดียว ตาม
ขอที่ : 80
วิธี WSD เมื่อเสริมเหล็กรับแรงบิดแลว คาโมเมนตบิดใชงานสูงสุดที่
หนาตัดนี้จะรับได=? กําหนดให fc’ = 150 กก./ซม.2

3.5T
τt = ≤ 1.32 fc′ Tmax = 1.32 fc′ Σx 2 y / 3.5
Σx 2 y

Tmax = 1.32 150 × 302 × 40 / 3.5 /100 = 1663 kg-m

  $$ก
+
 4.0 .$$."ก + 1.0 
 10 &. "ก#ก, 100 กก./.2 ก f’c = 150 กก./.&. fy =
3000 กก./.&. ( 5ก) fy = 2400 กก./.&. ( 5ก $ก)

T
 $ก 20x40 cm
d = 35 cm
mt
"ก, + "ก." :
T w = 100 + 0.1x2400 = 340 kg/m

mt = (1/2)(340)(1.0)2 = 170 kg-m

w kg/m per 1 m width

T = 170(4.0/2 – 0.35) = 281 kg-m

10 cm
40 cm
d

20 cm 1.0 m
4.0 m

10 cm
3.5 T

ก !" τt =
Σx 2 y
40 cm 30 cm 3.5 × 281× 100
τt =
202 × 40 + 102 × 30

20 cm 1.0 m = 5.18 kg/cm2

"ก
 = 0.2x0.4x2400 = 192 kg/m /$

$
"ก = 340 + 192 = 532 kg/m 1.65 150 = 20.2 > 6.43 ksc OK

/$
%% d = 35 cm ,ก,#$ /$
$ก

V = 532(4.0/2 – 0.35) = 878 kg 0.29 150 = 3.55 < 6.43 ksc NG

/$ ! "!#ก$ก  !%&

τv = 878/(20x35) = 1.25 kg/cm2 At T 281× 100
= =
/$ s 2 A c fv 2 × 15 × 35 × 1200

τt + τv = 5.18 + 1.25 = 6.43 kg/cm2 = 0.0223 cm2/cm

 5ก $ก$
 # : )1 :
Av 1
min = 0.0015b = 0.0015 × 20 M= × 532 × 4.02 = 1064 kg-m
s 8

= 0.030 < 2(0.0223) OK  5ก   :

1064 × 100
 $ก 5ก $ก RB9 (As = 0.636 cm2) As = = 2.24 cm2
1500 × 0.904 × 35
s = 0.636/0.0223 = 28.5 cm
 5ก  " : 3 DB12
d/2 = 35/2 = 17.5 cm < 60 cm = 2.24 + 2×0.446 = 3.13 cm2
! "!#ก$ก RB9 @ 0.17 m  5ก "  : 2 DB12
!#ก! "" : = 2×0.446 = 0.89 cm2

z = (15 + 35) / 2 = 25 cm 2DB12

Tz 281× 100 × 25 0.40 RB9 @ 0.17 m
Al = =
2 A c fs 2 × 15 × 35 × 1500 3DB12

= 0.446 cm2
0.20

Cracking Torque
Plain concrete rectangular section in torsion
T

Torsion cracks

45o τ ft max at 45o

T τ τ
τ
Tt
T Bending: Tb = T cos45o
T
Tb Torsion: Tt = T cos45o
45o
 a ft max at 45o
Concrete crack occurs when τ
τ
T
Tb ft ,max = 0.80fr = 0.80 × 2.0 fc′ = 1.6 fc′
Tt

45o fr = Modulus of rupture

a
1 y  32 x 2y
Sectional Modulus: Sa −a = Ia −a /( x / 2) = x   =
12  cos 45o   x  6cos 45
o

o
Tb,cr o 6 cos 45 3Tcr
ft ,max = = Tcr cos 45 = = 1.6 fc′
Sa −a x 2y x 2y

x2y
Cracking Torque: Tcr =
3
(
1.6 fc′ )

ก ก
ก 
 ... 1008-38 USD

4406 ก!%&(ก  "ก

-$
 $ก$ Tu ≤ φ Tcr / 4 ≤ φ (0.13 fc′ Σx 2 y )


 ก  ก φ = 0.85

y1 y
$$ก
ก  : Tn ≥ Tu / φ
x1
x
ก  $
  5ก : Tn = Tc + T s

0.21 fc′ Σx 2 y bd
ก 
)
$ก
 : Tc = , Ct =
 0.4 Vu 
2
Σx 2 y
1 +  
C T
 t u 

ก ก
ก 
 ... 1008-38 USD

α t x1 y1 A t f y
ก 
) 5ก  : Ts = Ts )"!ก 4Tc
s

At Ts
=
s α t x1 y1 f y

y1
α t = 0.66 + 0.33 ≤ 1.50
x1

 5ก ก"( 5ก $ก)$

 #
Av : 2 legs
A v+t A A  b At : 1 leg
= v + 2  t  ≥ 3 .5
s s  s  fy

ก ก
ก 
 ... 1008-38 USD

 5ก  Al &!ก%,$)$ 5ก $ก

 x + y1 
Aℓ = 2 At  1  ....(44-19)
 s 
$,ก
 28 x s  Tu    x1 + y1  ....(44-20)
Aℓ =  − 2 A   s 
fy  Vu  t
  Tu +  
  3 C t  

)+

กก
 Al 

,ก ก (44-20) -,'$ก


-,กก 2 At  3.5b w d
fy
ขอสอบภย คานกลวงขนาด 30x40 ซม. ผนังดานขางหนา 10 ซม. ผนังดานบน
และลางหนา 12.5 ซม. ถาคานนี้รับโมเมนตบิดเพียงอยางเดียว จงใช
ขอที่ : 79
วิธี WSD ประมาณคาโมเมนตบิดใชงานสูงสุดที่ไดจากคอนกรีตเพียง
อยางเดียว กําหนดให fc’ = 150 กก./ซม.2

3.5T
τt = ≤ 0.29 fc′ Tc = 0.29 fc′ Σx2 y / 3.5
Σx 2 y

Tc = 0.29 150 × 302 × 40 / 3.5 /100 = 365 kg-m

ขอสอบภย คานกลวงกวาง 30 ซม. ลึก 40 ซม. ผนังดานขางหนา 10 ซม. ผนัง

ดานบนและลางหนา 12.5 ซม. ถาคานรับโมเมนตบิดอยางเดียว จงใช
ขอที่ : 81
วิธี USD ประมาณคาโมเมนตบิดจากคอนกรีต กําหนด fc’ = 150 กก./
ตร.ซม.

φTc = φ ( 0.21 fc′ Σx 2 y )

= 0.85 × 0.21 150 × 302 × 40 /100

= 787 kg-m

ขอสอบภย คานกลวงกวาง 30 ซม. ลึก 40 ซม. ผนังดานขางหนา 10 ซม. ผนัง

ดานบนและลางหนา 12.5 ซม. เสริมเหล็กปลอกแบบวงปดขนาด 9
ขอที่ : 82
มม. ทุกระยะ 15 ซม. สมมุติให x1 = 24 ซม. y1 = 30 ซม.กําลังคราก
เหล็กปลอก 2400 กก./ตร.ซม. fc’ = 150 กก./ตร.ซม. ถาคานรับ
โมเมนตบิดอยางเดียว จงใชวิธี WSD ประมาณคาโมเมนตบิดที่ไดจาก
เหล็กปลอก
2 A t fs x1 y1 2 × 0.636 × 1200 × 24 × 30
T= =
s 15
= 73267 kg-cm = 733 kg-m

ขอสอบภย คานกลวงกวาง 30 ซม. ลึก 40 ซม. ผนังดานขางหนา 10 ซม. ผนัง

ดานบนและลางหนา 12.5 ซม. เสริมเหล็กปลอกแบบวงปดขนาด 9
ขอที่ : 83
มม. ทุกระยะ 15 ซม. สมมุติให x1 = 24 ซม. y1 = 30 ซม.กําลังคราก
เหล็กปลอก 2400 กก./ตร.ซม. fc’ = 150 กก./ตร.ซม. ถาคานรับ
โมเมนตบิดอยางเดียว จงใชวิธี USD ประมาณขนาดเหล็กเสริมทาง
ยาว ที่แตละมุม สําหรับโมเมนตบิดประลัยเพียงอยางเดียว

A l = 2 A t (x1 + y1 ) / s = 2×0.636×(24+30)/15 = 4.58 cm2

 5ก
 %# = 4.58/4 = 1.15 cm2 Use DB16 (As=2.01 cm2)
ขอสอบภย คานหนาตัดสี่เหลี่ยมผืนผาตัน ขนาด 0.25 x 0.60 เมตร ระยะ d = 50
ซม. รับ Mu = 5000 กก.-เมตร ที่กลางชวงคาน และ Vu = 3750 กก.
ขอที่ : 84
กับ Tu = 2250 กก.-เมตร ที่หนาตัดวิกฤต สมมุติใช fc’ = 200 กก./
ตร.ซม. fy = 3000 กก./ตร.ซม. (สําหรับเหล็กตามยาว) fy = 2400
กก./ตร.ซม. (สําหรับเหล็กปลอกทางขวาง) ถา φTc = 900 กก.-เมตร
αt = 1.32 และให x1 = 20 ซม. y1 = 40 ซม. ดังนั้นตองการปริมาณ
เหล็กปลอก (ขาเดียว) สําหรับโมเมนตบิด At/s เทากับ (สูตร Ts =
αtx1y1Atfy/s กก.-ซม.)

Ts = (Tu − φTc ) / φ = (2250 – 900)/0.85 = 1558 kg-m

At Ts 1588 × 100
= = = 0.0627 cm2/cm
s α t x1 y1 fy 1.32 × 20 × 40 × 2400

ขอที่ : 85 ถา φVc = 1550 กก. ตองการเหล็กปลอก (สองขา) สําหรับแรงเฉือน

Av/s = ?

Vs = (Vu − φVc ) / φ = (3750 – 1550)/0.85 = 2588 kg

A v Vs 2588
= = = 0.0216 cm2/cm
s fy d 2400 × 50

ขอสอบภย คานสี่เหลี่ยมตันขนาด 0.30 x 0.50 เมตร fy = 2400 กก./ซม.2

สําหรับเหล็กปลอกทางขวาง T = 1450 กก.-เมตร ถา x1 = 24 ซม.
ขอที่ : 88
y1 = 42 ซม. ปริมาณเหล็กปลอกขาเดียวสําหรับโมเมนตบิด At/s=?

2 A t fs x1 y1 At T
T= =
s s 2 fs x1 y1
1450 × 100
= = 0.060 cm2/cm
2 × 1200 × 24 × 42

ขอสอบภย คานสี่เหลี่ยมตันขนาด 0.25 x 0.60 เมตร d = 50 ซม. fc’ = 200

กก./ตร.ซม. เพื่อตานทาน V = 1875 กก. และ T = 1125 กก.-เมตร
ขอที่ : 89
จะพบวาหนวยแรงเฉือนรวมมีคา <=> หนวยแรงที่ยอมใหของ
คอนกรีต?
V 1875
τv = = = 1.5 ksc 0.29 200 = 4.1 ksc
b d 25 × 50
3.5T 3.5 × 1125 × 100
τt = = = 10.5 ksc
Σx 2 y 25 2 × 60

τt + τv = 1.5 + 10.5 = 12.0 ksc > 0.29 fc′ ! "!#ก  
 Reinforced Concrete Design

Torsion 2

Thin-walled Tube

Combined Shear & Torsion

Space Truss Analogy
T
Torsion Design by ACI318

Compatibility Torsion

Mongkol JIRAVACHARADET

SURANAREE INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING

UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY SCHOOL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

Torsional Strength of Reinforced Concrete SDM


ก
  

ก 


ก



ก



กก
 
Tn
Solid Hollow



!ก
 
ก
"
ก
ก
  

ก #


ก


Tcr solid section

ก


ก
Tcr hollow section  $ก
 

ก
"% 
"
ก
0 ก 

ก

0 1 2 3
Percent of torsional reinforcement
Shear Stress in Thin-walled Tube SDM

#
 "&'ก#

() 

กก
#ก
Shear flow (q) T
Shear flow: q = kg/cm
2 A0
t #
# 
'ก
#

) 
A0 
*+"
กก
 τt = q / t :

T
τt =
2 A0 t
Cracking Torque (Tcr)

Tcr
ก
ก

ก%$
+ τ #
&% 1.06 fc′ τcr = = 1.06 fc′
2 A0 t

 $ 
!ก
 Tcr = 1.06 fc′ ( 2 A 0 t )

ACI ก
,#
#

) 
t = 0.75Acp/pcp  SDM
-+$ A0 = 2Acp/3
+
pcp #+
'.
ก 
#ก

Acp #+-+$/%   pcp

 2A cp 0.75A cp 
 $ 
!ก
 Tcr = 1.06 fc′  2 × ×
 3 pcp 

 A cp
2

= 1.06 fc′ 
 p 
Tcr
 cp 

 A cp
2

 #) ก

+ ≤ φ Tcr / 4 ≤ φ ( 0.265 fc′ ) 
 p 
Tu
 cp 
#'ก
 
ก
 φ = 0.85
ตัวอยางที่ 7.1 คานยื่นรับน้ําหนักบรรทุกประลัย 3 ตันที่มุมหนาตัดหางจาก SDM
ศูนยกลางหนาตัด 15 ซม. ตรวจสอบดูวาจําเปนตองคิดผลของการบิดในการออกแบบ
หรือไม กําหนด f’c = 240 กก./ซม.2

3 ton
'
 pcp = 2(60+30) = 180 /.
15 cm
-+$
 Acp = (60)(30) = 1,800 /.2
 A cp
2

"
ก 
! φTcr/4 = φ ( 0.265 fc′ )  
60 cm  pcp 
 18002 
= 0.85 × 0.265 240 ×  
 180 

30 cm = 62,812 กก.-/. = 0.63 -



!
ก
Tu = (3)(0.15) = 0.45 -
 < 0.63 -
 OK






Combined Shear and Torsion SDM

V

*+"
กก

*+: τv =
bw d
T
+ t = 0.75Acp/pcp

*+"
กก
: τt =
2 A0 t  A0 = 2Acp/3
ก:
Hollow section Solid section

Torsional Shear Torsional Shear

stresses stresses stresses stresses
2 2
Vu Tu p h  Vu   T p 
+   +  u h2 
bw d 1.7 A 02h b d
 w   1 . 7 A 0h 
Torsional Geometric Parameters SDM

Gross area A0h = x0 y0

Shear perimeter ph = 2(x0 + y0)

y0 h x0 , y0 = Distance from center to

center of stirrup

x0
b


ก &
) 


ก,,5#

, 
ก6
&
) #

t < A0h/ph ,
*+"
กก

(
Tu ph Tu
1.7 A 02h 1.7 A 0h t

Maximum Shear + Torsion Stress SDM


 

- -"
,
*+ก
#

ก"
ก
(a) For solid sections

2 2
 Vu   T p   V 
  +  u h2  ≤ φ  c + 2.12 fc′ 
 bw d   1.7 A 0h   bw d 

(b) For hollow sections

Vu Tu p h  Vc 
+ ≤ φ 
 + 2 .12 f ′
c 
bw d 1.7 A 02h  bw d 

For reinforced concrete Vc = 0.53 fc′

Torsional Crack
k
l c rac
na
ก
ก
"
กก
ก7
()
 To rsio

6
#ก % 
ก
#
ก 45o

ก
 

ก
,8
"
ก
กก9 T

ก


 )#ก
  
#กก
กก#)ก
  $ ก
ก
",5-+$
A0h /% &'ก 
กก

กก9

A0h = -+$

Space Truss Analogy

ก

*+ q ,) "&'ก ก
(
*+ V1 V2 V3  V4 

 # &ก
 ,'
xo

กก T
ก

yo

V1
V2
θ
ก



V4
)#ก
  
V3
! "#

$%: V4
x0
s

y0 V V4
4 At fyv
At fyv
At fyv

!"
ก
*+ V4 :
y0 cot θ
V4 x 0
T4 =

*+ V4 = n At fyv 2

A t fyv x0 y0
"
ก,

*+: T4 = = T1 = T2 = T3
2s
y 0 cot 45o y 
!$  : Tn = T1 + T2 + T3 + T4
n = = 0
s s
A t fyv y0 2 A t fyv x0 y0 2 A t fyv A 0h
V4 = Tn = =
s s s

! "#
&

∆N4/2
D4
V4
y0 V4
θ

θ N4
∆N4/2

 % ,
ก


: ∆N4 = V4 cot θ
A t fyv y0
∆N4 = = ∆N2 y0
s
A t fyv x0
∆N1 = ∆N3 =
s
 % $ : ∆N = ∆N1 + ∆N2 + ∆N3 + ∆N4 x0
A t fyv A t fvy ph perimeter of stirrup
A ℓ fyℓ = 2(x0 + y 0 ) = 2(xo+yo)
s s
Torsion Design by ACI318-08 SDM

+ 
! Tu #

ก φTcr/4 ,ก 
!
-+,
,ก
#
 Tn 
!$ "&'ก 
φTn ≥ Tu

กก
ก


 , Tc = 0
2 A 0 A t fyv


กก#
  Tn =
s

+ A0 = 0.85A0h
At Tn Tu
= =
s 2 A 0 fyv 2 φ A 0 fyv
A t  fyv 
-+$
ก


 ,
-%$
-+

ก
 Aℓ = p
s h  fyℓ 



กก ก


*+ 
!
2 legs Av
A  A A
Total  v + t  = v + 2 t 1 leg At
 s  s s

Minimum Torsion Reinforcement SDM

bw s b s


กก6 ( A v + 2 A t ) = 0.199 fc′ ≥ 3.5 w
fyv fyv



กก#

ก#
ก
 ph/8 + 30 /.

1.33 fc′ A f
-+$
ก


6 A ℓ,min = A cp − t ph yv
fyℓ s fyℓ
 At/s " ก
1.8 bw/fyv



ก

ก
ก"
 .
,
กก


ก6 30 /.



ก


%
6
กก

,5
ก


 ∅ ≥ 1/24



กก ≥ 10 ..
Example 14-1: The 8-m span beam carries a cantilever slab 1.5 m. The beam
supports a live load of 1.2 t/m along the beam centerline plus 200 kg/m2 over the
slab surface. The effective depth of beam is 54 cm, and the distance from the
surface to the stirrup is 4 cm. f’c= 280 kg/cm2, fy = 4,000 kg/cm2

8m 1.5 m

60 cm
15 cm
30 cm

Load from slab:

wu = 1.4(0.15)(2,400)(1.5)+1.7(200)(1.5) = 1,266 kg/m

Eccentricity = 1.5/2 = 0.75 m

Load from beam:

wu = 1.4(0.6)(0.3)(2,400)+1.7(1,200) = 2,645 kg/m

wu L (1,266 + 2,645)(8.0)

*+: Vu = = /1,000 = 15.6 ton
2 2
w tu L 1,266 × 0.75 × 8.0

!: Tu = = /1,000 = 3.80 t-m
2 2
w 2L (1,266 + 2,645)(8.0)2

!: Mu = = = 25.0 t-m
10 10 × 1,000

Flexural Design

Mu 25(1,000)(100)
Rn = = = 31.8 kg/cm2
φ bd 2
0.9(30)(54) 2

ρmin = 0.0035, ρmax = 0.0229

0.85fc′  2Rn 
ρ= 1− 1−  = 0.0086 OK
fy  0.85fc′ 

Al,flexure = ρ b d = 0.0086(30)(54) = 13.9 cm2

Shear Design Vc = 0.53 280 × 30 × 54 /1,000 = 14.37 ton

Vu / φ = 15.6 / 0.85 = 18.35 ton

Vs = Vu / φ – Vc = 18.35 – 14.37 = 3.98 ton

Av V 3.98
= s = = 0.0184 cm2 / cm / two legs
s fy d 4.0 × 54

Cracking Torque Acp = 30 × 60 = 1,800 cm2 pcp = 2(30 + 60) = 180 cm

 A 2cp 
15 cm φ Tcr / 4 = φ ( 0.265 fc′ ) 
 p 
 cp 
60 cm

1,8002
= 0.85 × 0.265 280 ×
180
= 67,845 kg-cm = 0.68 t-m < Tu = 3.80 t-m
30 cm
∴
ก'ก( ) *

Torsional Geometric Parameters

bwd = (30)(54) = 1,620 cm2 Aoh = xoyo = (22)(52) = 1,144 cm2

60 cm

xo = 30 - 2(4) = 22 cm Ao = 0.85(1,144) = 972.4 cm2

yo = 60 - 2(4) = 52 cm ph = 2(22+52) = 148 cm
30 cm

Check adequacy of section

"'


,8
- -+?
2 2
 Vu   T p   V 
  +  u h2  ≤ φ  c + 2.12 fc′ 
b d
 w   1.7 A 0 h   bw d 

2 2
 15.6   3.80 × 100 × 148  0.85 ( 0.53 + 2.12 ) 280 /1,000
  +
 30 × 54   1.7 × 1,1442 

0.0271 t/cm2 < 0.0377 t/cm2 

 
&
!&!
Torsional reinforcement

At Tu 3.80 × 100
= = = 0.0575 cm2 / cm / one leg
s 2 φ A 0 fyv 2 × 0.85 × 972.4 × 4.0

Combined shear & torsion stirrup

A  A A
Total  v + t  = v + 2 t = 0.0184 + 2 × 0.0575 = 0.1334 cm2 / cm
 s  s s
two legs

+ก
กก9 DB12 (-+$ 
2(1.13) = 2.26 /.2)


กก ก
 s = 2.26 / 0.1334 = 16.9 cm



กก
ก6 smax = ph / 8 = 148 / 8 = 18.5 cm < 30 cm

Use closed stirrup DB12 @ 0.16 m (Av+t/s = 2.26/16 = 0.141 cm2 / cm)

Minimum torsion reinforcement

A v +t b b f’c > 309 ksc
min = 0.199 fc′ w ≥ 3.5 w
s fy fy control

30
= 3.5 × = 0.0263 cm2 / cm < (Av+t/s = 0.141 cm2 / cm) OK
4,000

Torsion longitudinal steel

A t  fyv 
Aℓ = p = 0.0575 × 148 = 8.51 cm2
s h  fyℓ 

1.33 fc′ A f 1.33 280

A ℓ,min = A cp − t ph yv = × 1,800 − 8.51 = 1.51 cm2
fyℓ s fyℓ 4,000

At   bw 30 
 s = 0.0575  > 1.8 = 1.8 = 0.0135  OK
 fyv 4,000 
 Total Longitudinal Steel

Bending: Al = 13.9 cm2 (Top reinforcement)

Torsion: Al = 8.51 cm2 (Distributed along perimeter)

To satisfy 30 cm max. spacing of Al

Provide 4DB16 in the bottom half of beam

and add 8.51 – 4(2.01) = 0.47 cm2 to flexural steel

Steel area required at top = 13.9 + 0.47 = 14.37 cm2

60 cm
USE TOP 3DB25 (As = 14.73 cm2)

30 cm

w 2L (1,266 + 2,645)(8.0)2
At midspan: Mu = = = 17.87 t-m
14 14 × 1,000

Required As = 9.68 cm2 (2DB25)

Section @ Supports

3DB25

2DB16
60 cm DB12 @ 0.16 m
2DB25

30 cm
 Reinforced Concrete Design

Design of Column 1

ก 
ก ก



ก

กก


กกก 
Mongkol JIRAVACHARADET

SURANAREE INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING

UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY SCHOOL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

What is COLUMN ?
- vertical member ?
- axial compression ?
- carrying floor load ?
Pont-du-Gard. Roman aqueduct built in 19 B.C. to carry water
across the Gardon Valley to Nimes. Spans of the first and second
level arches are 53-80 feet. (Near Remoulins, France)

ก 
ก ก
 
ก ก!"#ก !ก! 
ก
$%&'(! 
#)*
กกก 
"(!"&+
ก 
ก,-"ก  
ก ก
 ก 
ก . .!" 
%
( .&" /) .
Tributary Area
When loads are evenly distributed over a surface, it is often possible to assign
portions of the load to the various structural elements supporting that surface
by subdividing the total area into tributary areas corresponding to each member.

Half the load of the table

goes to each lifter.

6m

3m
Half the 100 kg/m2 snow load on the cantilevered 100 kg/m2
roof goes to each column.

The tributary area for each column is 3 m x 3 m.

So the load on each column is

100 (3 x 3) = 900 kg

Column load transfer from beams and slabs

1) Tributary area method: Half distance to adjacent columns

Load on column = area × floor load

y
y

x x
 6m

6m

4.5 m

9m 12 m 9m

All area must be tributed to columns

C1 C3 C3 C1
6m

C2 C4 C4 C2

6m

C2 C4 C4 C2

4.5 m
C1 C3 C3 C1

9m 12 m 9m

C1 : Corner column C3 : Exterior column

C2 : Exterior column C4 : Interior column

 2) Beams reaction method:

Collect loads from adjacent beam ends

B1 B2

B4
RB1 RB2
B1 C1 B2
RB1 RB2

B3

Load summation on column section for design

ROOF

Load on 2nd floor column

Design section
2nd FLOOR = Roof floor + Column wt.

Load on 1st floor column

Design section = load on 2nd floor column
+ 2nd floor + Column wt.
1st FLOOR Ground level

Load on pier column

Design section = load on 1st floor column
+ 1st floor + Column wt.
Footing
 
ก ก
C1 (A-6)

RB2   RB2 = 5280 kg

RB4 = 4800 kg
3.50 m RB19 = 4416 kg
T1 RB4

 T1
Col.Wt.
=
=
960 kg
756 kg
RB19 0.3 x 0.3 m Floor load = 16212 kg

B5 
 2B5 = 10764 kg
2B4 = 14736 kg
3.50 m Col.Wt. = 756 kg
B4 B4
  Floor load = 26256 kg
Cum. load = 42468 kg
B5 0.3 x 0.3 m

B5   2B5 = 10764 kg

2B4 = 14736 kg
1.50 m Col.Wt. = 576 kg
B4 B4
ก Floor load = 26076 kg
Cum. load = 68544 kg
B5 0.4 x 0.4 m

Type of Columns

Tie Spiral

Longitudinal
steel
s = pitch

Tied column Spirally reinforced column

Strength of Short Axially Loaded Columns
Short columns are typical in most building columns.

P0

Steel
fy
∆

Stress
f c′
Section A-A A A Concrete

.001 .002 .003

Strain

P0

[ ΣFy = 0 ]

P0 = Ast fy + fc′( Ag − Ast )

From experiment:
f c′
P0 = Ast fy + 0.85fc′( Ag − Ast )
fy fy
where
Fs = Ast fy
Ag = Gross area of column section
Fc = (Ag - Ast) f c′
Ast = Longitudinal steel area
Failures of RC Columns
Buckling
Crushing

Column Failure by Axial Load

Heavy spiral Pu
Initial failure
Pu ACI spiral
∆
Light
Axial load

Tied column spiral

0
Axial deformation ∆
ก .. . WSD SDM

(
*$0#1ก%. ก 20 2. ก .#"

ก

*%*. 24.!"( .%. ก 15 2.
bmin = 20 cm

)* .

5ก* %ก 0.01 "%ก 0.08 
)* .
 Ag ρg = Ast / Ag 0.01 ≤ ρg ≤ 0.08


5ก .%5กก 12 . &กก%ก 6  &ก
.%ก 4 

4DB12 6DB12

ก

ก WSD SDM

""!ก$(ก4$ก
5ก&ก. 
5ก&กก
*
5ก
#ก ก- .%
5กก 
4$ก
5ก .#ก



(ก
24.$(ก$ 7.5 2.
(ก .$
*#ก7
-  

5ก
8ก 16 . 5.0 2.
-  

5ก 16 . "5กก 4.0 2.
(ก .%$
*%#ก7
-  

5ก
8ก 44 . 4.0 2.
-  

5ก 35 . "5กก 2.0 2.
- (: 
5ก
ก 
5ก#ก 3.0 2.
- : 
5ก&กก 
5ก&ก. 3.5 2.

ก!ก" WSD SDM

กก  




  ก
 !

5ก* ก!"#ก

&ก.
– 
5ก&ก 6 .  

5ก* 20 .
*5กก
– 
5ก&ก 9 .  

5ก* 25 - 32 .
– 
5ก&ก 12 .  

5ก*
8ก 32 . 4%&
""

5ก&ก%กก(%&
– 16  
5ก*
– 48  
5ก&ก
– (ก
 .5ก .


ก!ก" WSD SDM

!

5ก* ก"ก 

5ก&ก 
5ก&ก%ก 135o
135o max
 

5ก* .%
5ก&ก4 ""

5กก .
5ก&ก4%ก 15 2.
x x x x

x ≤ 15 cm x > 15 cm
x x x x

x x
x x
ก#
ก!ก" WSD SDM

6 BARS 8 BARS 10 BARS

12 BARS 14 BARS 16 BARS


"#กกก$ ก

*.&กก(ก
 
ก (ก).4
ก&ก!"ก" "ก (spalled off) ff = fc′ + 4.1f2

Ag Acore
&-
5ก&ก)) .!" 

ก    . # 8   %&!กกก" "# ก
ก   .#8%&(* ก  .).4!กก
0.85 fc′ (A g − A core )
0.85 fc′ (A g − A core ) = 4.1f2 A core 1
$!กก&กก  )!-
(4.

ก(ก &+ hcore
Pu
f2 Core s
s
f2 Ab f y
Spiral Ab f y
 hcore 
%กกก
A b π hcore 4 Ab
s ρs = =
π 2 hcore s
h core s
4
Ab f y

A b fy
ρs 3
0.42 fc′  Ag 
[ ΣFx = 0 ] hcore s f2 = 2 Ab fy ρs =  − 1
fy  A core 
2 A b fy
f2 =
hcore s
2 : ACI " .. . &( 0.42
&+ 0.45
2 1
0.45 fc′  Ag 
 A  4.1(2A b fy ) ρs =  − 1
0.85 fc′  g − 1 = 3 fy  A core 
 A core  hcore s

'ก 
(ก()
ก!กก WSD SDM

กกก




  ก
 !
 
กก
 . 
5ก
&กก%ก 9 .
"""
&กก%ก
7.5 2. "%ก 2.5 2.


5ก&กก ρs %ก
 A  f′
ρs = 0.45  g − 1 c
 A core  fyt

 . fyt (* ก (ก

5ก&กก %ก
4,000 กก./2.2
*
+() .. . 1007-34 WSD

 
ก .( -/(%=)"*.%กก *.!ก("#

กก P = A g (0.25 fc′ + fs ρ g )

 . fs =
 .

5ก. 
 ก
0.40 fy %ก 2,100 กก./2.2

ρg = * .
5ก.* . 
 = Ast / Ag

ก   P = 0.85 A g (0.25 fc′ + fs ρ g )

 ... กก P = 0.225 A g fc′ + fs A st + fr A r

 . fr =
 .
ก
5ก %ก 1,200 กก./2.2
 

5ก ก.116-2529 (-/) Fe24

ก  
ก'ก " WSD

 
 f’c = 240 กก./2.2 " fy = 4,000 กก./2.2
กก P = A g (0.25 fc′ + fs ρ g ) 0.2 m

A st 6 × 1.13 6 DB12
ρg = = = 0.022
Ag ( π / 4) × 202
P = 0.25 × 0.24 × ( π / 4) × 202 + 0.4 × 4.0 × 6 × 1.13

= 29.7 ton
0.2 m × 0.2 m
ก   P = 0.85 A g (0.25 fc′ + fs ρ g )
4 DB12
A st 4 × 1.13
ρg = = = 0.0113
Ag 20 × 20

P = 0.85(0.25 × 0.24 × 202 + 0.4 × 4.0 × 4 × 1.13)

= 26.5 ton
กก+ WSD

!ก &ก.)*. 

ก ก 80  ก 
 f’c = 240
กก./2.2 " fy = 4,000 กก./2.2
ก   P = 0.85 A g (0.25 fc′ + fs ρ g )

 80 = 0.85 × 40 2 (0.25 × 0.24 + 0.4 × 4.0 × ρg )

×40 '.
40×
ρg = "   % ()%( 

*(+ก$ 
 80 = 0.85 × 302 (0.25 × 0.24 + 0.4 × 4.0 × ρg )
×30 '.
30×
ρg = 0.028 0.01 ≤ ρg ≤ 0.08 OK

Ast = 0.028 × 302 = 25.2 2.2

Use 6DB25 (29.45 '.2)

WSD

5ก* DB25-DB32 
5ก&ก RB9

""

5ก&ก : ( . = 30 2. Use RB9 @ 0.30 m

16  
5ก* = 16 × 2.5 = 40 2.
48  
5ก&ก = 48 × 0.9 = 43 2.

6 DB25

RB9 @ 0.30 m

0.3 m × 0.3 m
กก+ WSD

!ก&กก)*. 

ก ก 80  ก 
 f’c = 240
กก./2.2 " fy = 4,000 กก./2.2
กก P = A g (0.25 fc′ + fs ρ g )

 π
80 = × 30 2 (0.25 × 0.24 + 0.4 × 4.0 × ρ g )
4
∅ 30 '.
ρg = 0.033 0.01 ≤ ρg ≤ 0.08 OK

Ast = 0.033 × (π / 4) × 302 = 23.5 2.2

Use 6DB25 (29.45 '.2)

 Ag  fc′  30 2  240

5ก&กก ρs = 0.45  − 1 = 0.45  2 − 1
 A core  fyt  24  2,400

= 0.0253

 
กก
 . 
5ก WSD
RB9 : Ab = 0.636 cm2
&กก%ก 9 .
4 Ab 4 × 0.636
ρs = 0.0253 = s = 4.19 cm
hcore s 24 s

"""
&กก%ก 7.5 2. "%ก 2.5 2.
USE RB9 @ 0.04 m

6 DB25

RB9 @ 0.04 m

Diameter = 0.3 m
ขอสอบภย เสากลมขนาดเสนผาศูนยกลาง 0.30 ม. เสริมเหล็กตามยาว 6-DB12
เหล็กปลอก RB9 @ 0.05 ม. จะรับน้ําหนักไดเทาไร ถา fc’ = 240
ขอที่ : 115
กก./ซม.2, fy = 3000 กก./ซม.2 (วิธี WSD)
P = A g (0.25 fc′ + fs ρ g )

0.25 fc′ A g = 0.25 × 240 × 0.25 π × 30 2 = 42,412 kg

A s fs = 6 × 1.13 × 0.4 × 3,000 = 8,136 kg

P = 42,412 + 8,136 = 50,548 kg

ขอสอบภย เสากลมขนาดเสนผาศูนยกลาง 0.30 ม. เสริมเหล็กตามยาว 6-DB12

เหล็กปลอก RB9 @ 0.05 ม. จะรับน้ําหนักไดเทาไร ถา fc’ = 240
ขอที่ : 138
กก./ซม.2, fy = 3000 กก./ซม.2 (วิธี WSD)

P = 0.85 A g (0.25 fc′ + fs ρ g )

0.25 fc′ A g = 0.25 × 250 × 30 × 30 = 56,250 kg

A s fs = 4 × 3.14 × 0.4 × 3,000 = 15,072 kg

P = 0.85(56,250 + 15,072) = 60,624 kg

*ก  .. . 1008-38 SDM

 
ก ก&" .ก"  : Pu = 1.4 DL + 1.7 LL

φ = 0.75  
&กก
ก

ก  : Pn ≥ Pu / φ
φ = 0.70  
&ก.

ก ก&กก :

φ Pn,max = 0.85 φ [0.85 fc′ (A g − A st ) + fy A st ]

ก ก&ก. :

φ Pn,max = 0.80 φ [0.85 fc′ (A g − A st ) + fy A st ]

ก  
ก'ก " SDM

 
 f’c = 240 กก./2.2 " fy = 4,000 กก./2.2
กก φ Pn,max = 0.85 φ [0.85 fc′ (A g − A st ) + fy A st ] 0.2 m

A st 6 × 1.13 6 DB12
ρg = = = 0.022
Ag ( π / 4) × 202
π
Pu = 0.85 × 0.75 × [0.85 × 0.24 × ( × 202 − 6 × 1.13) + 4.0 × 6 × 1.13]
4
= 57.3 ton

ก   φ Pn,max = 0.80 φ [0.85 fc′ (A g − A st ) + fy A st ]

4 DB12
A st 4 × 1.13 0.2 m × 0.2 m
ρg = = = 0.0113
Ag 20 × 20
Pu = 0.8 × 0.7 × [0.85 × 0.24 × (202 − 4 × 1.13) + 4.0 × 4 × 1.13]

= 55.3 ton

กก+ SDM

!ก&ก.)*. 

ก ก&" 120  ก 
 f’c = 240
กก./2.2 " fy = 4,000 กก./2.2
ก   Pu = 0.80 φ A g [0.85 fc′ (1 − ρg ) + fy ρg ]

 120 = 0.8 × 0.7 × 402 [0.85 × 0.24(1 − ρg ) + 4.0 × ρg ]

×40 '.
40×
ρg = "   % ()%( 

*(+ก$ 
 120 = 0.8 × 0.7 × 302 [0.85 × 0.24(1 − ρg ) + 4.0 × ρg ]
×30 '.
30×
ρg = 0.009 < 0.01 Use ρg = 0.01

Ast = 0.01 × 302 = 9.00 2.2

Use 4DB20 (12.56 '.2)
 SDM

5ก* DB20
*5กก
5ก&ก RB6

""

5ก&ก : ( . = 30 2. Use RB9 @ 0.25 m

16  
5ก* = 16 × 2.0 = 32 2.
48  
5ก&ก = 48 × 0.6 = 28.8 2.

4 DB20

RB6 @ 0.25 m

0.3 m × 0.3 m

กก+ SDM

!ก&กก)*. 

ก ก&" 120 
ก 
 f’c = 240 กก./2.2 " fy = 4,000 กก./2.2
กก Pu = 0.85 φ A g [0.85 fc′ (1 − ρg ) + fy ρg ]

 π
120 = 0.85 × 0.75 × × 30 2 [0.85 × 0.24(1 − ρg ) + 4.0 × ρg ]
4
∅ 30 '.
ρg = 0.016 0.01 ≤ ρg ≤ 0.08 OK

Ast = 0.016 × (π / 4) × 302 = 11.3 2.2

Use 6DB16 (12.06 '.2)

 A  f′  30 2  240

5ก&กก ρs = 0.45  g − 1 c = 0.45  2 − 1
 A core  fyt  24  2,400

= 0.0253
  
กก
 . 
5ก SDM
RB9 : Ab = 0.636 cm2
&กก%ก 9 .
4 Ab 4 × 0.636
ρs = 0.0253 = s = 4.19 cm
hcore s 24 s

"""
&กก%ก 7.5 2. "%ก 2.5 2.
USE RB9 @ 0.04 m

6 DB16

RB9 @ 0.04 m

Diameter = 0.3 m

ขอสอบภย จงหาวาเสาสั้นปลอกเกลียวขนาดเสนผาศูนยกลาง 30 ซม. มีเหล็ก

เสริมยืน 6-DB20 มม. fc’ = 210 ksc, fy = 3000 ksc รับน้ําหนัก
ขอที่ : 119
ประลัยตามแนวแกนไดเทาไร
π
Ag = × 302 = 707 cm2, A st = 6 × 3.14 = 18.84 cm2
4

Pu = φPn = 0.85 × 0.75 [0.85 × 0.21(707 − 18.84) + 3.0 × 18.84]

= 114 ton

ขอสอบภย จงคํานวณกําลังรับน้ําหนักที่สภาวะประลัยของเสาสั้นปลอกเดี่ยวขนาด
40x40 ซม. มีเหล็กเสริมยืน 6-DB20 กําหนด fc’ = 210 กก./ซม.2, fy
ขอที่ : 120
= 3000 กก./ซม.2

Pu = 0.80 × 0.70[0.85 × 0.21(40 2 − 18.84) + 3.0 × 18.84]

= 190 ton
ขอสอบภย เสาสั้นปลอกเดี่ยว เสริมเหล็กยืน As = As’ รับน้ําหนักบรรทุกคงที่ PD
= 130 ตัน และน้ําหนักบรรทุกจร PL = 98.5 ตัน กําหนด fc’ = 280
ขอที่ : 198
ksc, fy = 4000 ksc จงหาเนื้อที่ของหนาตัดเสาที่เล็กที่สุด วิธี WSD

5ก . 
5กก . ρg = 0.08

P = 0.85 A g (0.25 fc′ + fs ρg ), fs = 0.4 fy

228.5 = 0.85 A g (0.25 × 0.28 + 0.4 × 4.0 × 0.08)

Ag = 1,358 cm2

ขอสอบภย เสาสั้นปลอกเดี่ยว เสริมเหล็กยืน As = As’ รับน้ําหนักบรรทุกคงที่ PD

= 130 ตัน และน้ําหนักบรรทุกจร PL = 98.5 ตัน กําหนด fc’ = 280
ขอที่ : 199
ksc, fy = 4000 ksc จงหาเนื้อที่ของหนาตัดเสาที่เล็กที่สุด วิธี USD

ρg = 0.08 Pu = 1.4×130 + 1.7×98.5 = 349.5 ton

Pu = 0.8 φ A g [0.85 fc′ (1 − ρg ) + fy ρg ] , φ = 0.7

349.5 = 0.8 × 0.7 A g [0.85 × 0.28(1 − 0.08) + 4.0 × 0.08]

Ag = 1,158 cm2
 Reinforced Concrete Design

Design of Column 2


ก
 
 (WSD)


ก
 
 (SDM)

กก
 ก   (WSD)

  (SDM)
Mongkol JIRAVACHARADET

SURANAREE INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING

UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY SCHOOL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

Combined Axial Load and Bending Moments

Bending moments can occur in columns because:

- Unbalance gravity loads

- Lateral loads: wind, earthquake

wind

earthquake

 
ก


  WSD

 
ก
P  
 M  !" #
ก P
ก$ % &
 ' % &
 e = M / P
P  (
 #
($' ก)%
ก
ก

M
 
( #
($' *#" " !( ก
1.0

fa f f
+ bx + by ≤ 1.0
Fa Fbx Fby
P P
e  fa = #
( $' ก)%
=
Ag
Mx c x
fbx = #
($' ก)%
 ก
x =
Ix
My c y
fby = #
($' ก)%
 ก
y =
Iy

 
ก


  WSD

P
Fa = #
( $' *#" = 0.34 (1 + ρg m) fc′
cx cy
x
Fb = #
($' *#" = 0.45 fc′

A fy ey
ρg = st  m =
Ag 0.85 fg′ ex
y
( 


 ' Ix, Iy  #
" 

 ก%
$'#
"+  #,ก 

A t = (2 n − 1) A st

(2 n – 1) Ast

   WSD

Circular section:

π Ds2
D Ds = g D Ix = Iy = D + Ast ( 2n − 1)
4

64 8

Square section with circular steel:

1 4 Ds2
t Ds = g D Ix = Iy = t + Ast ( 2n − 1)
12 8


   WSD

t Rectangular section:
y 1 3 (gb )2
Ix = b t + A st (2n − 1)
b x x gb 12 4
y 1 3 (gt )2
Iy = bt + A st (2n − 1)
12 4
gt

t Rectangular section:
( gb )
2
1 3
y Ix = b t + Ast ( 2n − 1)
b x x gb 12 6
y
( gt )
2
1 3
Iy = bt + Ast ( 2n − 1)
12 6
gt


 ( eb ) WSD

P . /0 #
(*
#,ก 
Compression control 
ก''( $(ก#
($' *#"
eb
e < eb

ก
ก
:
eb = 0.43 ρ g m Ds + 0.14 t
Tension control
e > eb

ก

:
M=Pe eb = ( 0.67 ρ g m + 0.17 ) d

 Ds = "
(&
ก+ ก ก'
t = )ก$%# #
" d t
d = )ก+$- #
"

ก !ก
 WSD

 
ก
P  
 M = P e (ก 
ก +1
3 ( % &
 e
P Zone 1 : e < ea ก +1

ก
"

Po  1 1
ea = Ms  − 
ea  Pa Po 
Zone 1
Pa  Ag (0.25fc′ + fs ρ g ) for spiral column
Zone 2 
Pa = 
eb 0.85 Ag (0.25fc′ + fs ρ g ) for tied column
Pb
Po = Fa Ag , M s = Fb I / c
Zone 3

Ma Mo Mb Ms M = Pe
 WSD

P
Zone 2 : ea < e < eb Compression control
Po
P M fa f
+ ≤ 1 or + b ≤1
ea Po Ms Fa Fb
Zone 1
Pa
Zone 2
eb Zone 3 : e > eb Tension control
Pb
M and P are proportioned between
(Mb , Pb) and (Mo , 0)
Zone 3

Ma M o Mb Ms M = Pe

WSD

Mo =

  




Spirally reinforced column: Mo = 0.12 Ast fy Ds

Symmetric Tied column: Mo = 0.40 As fy ( d − d ′ )

Unsymmetric Tied column: Mo = 0.40 As fy jd

Mx My
Biaxial Bending: + ≤ 1.0
Mox Moy
ขอสอบภย เสาปลอกเดี่ยวขนาด 50 x 50 ซม. เสริมเหล็กยืน 6DB25 (Ast =
29.45 ซม.2) โดยที่ As = As’ ระยะหุมคอนกรีต 5 ซม. ใหใชวิธี WSD
ขอที่ : 220
ประมาณคาโมเมนตอินเนอรเชียของหนาตัดเสา กําหนด n = 9
1 3 ( gb )2
Ix = b t + A st (2n − 1)
12 4
1 4 40 2
= × 50 + 29.45( 2 × 9 − 1) = 721,093 cm2
12 4
ขอสอบภย เสาสั้นปลอกสั้นปลอกเดี่ยวขนาด 25 x 25 ซม. เสริมเหล็กยืน 6DB20
(Ast = 18.84 ซม.2) โดยที่ As = As’ ระยะหุมคอนกรีต 4 ซม. ใหใช
ขอที่ : 247
วิธี WSD ประมาณคากําลังตานแรงอัดใชงาน Pb ที่สภาวะสมดุล สมมุติ
คาหนวยแรงอัดที่ยอมให = 120 ksc หนวยแรงดัดที่ยอมให = 112.5
ksc ระยะเยื้องศูนยสมดุล = 8.5 ซม. และโมเมนตอินเนอรเชียของ
หนาตัด = 55700 ซม.4
P fa fb
P
fa = b =
Pb
= 0.0016Pb + =1
A g 25 × 25 Fa Fb
eb 0.0016Pb 0.0019Pb
Pb ebc Pb × 8.5 × 12.5 + =1
fb = = = 0.0019Pb 120 112.5
M I 55700
Pb = 33,015 kg = 33 ton

 
ก


  SDM

 *

 Pn ก$$' % &
 e
Pn As fs As′ fs′
e
εs 0.85 fc′
ε s′ ε cu

d′
c
h a
d
width = b

As A ′s ก0 *


#
"  [ Σ Fy = 0 ]

Pn = Cc + Cs − T
b
Pn = 0.85 fc′ a b + A ′s fs′ − A s fs
h

 
ก


  SDM

Pn ก"
$
 
 Mn = Pn e #ก
T CL Cc Cs 0 
 ก
&
2(ก #
"
e  [ Σ MCL = 0 ]
h a h   h
Mn = Cc  −  + Cs  − d′  + T  d − 
 2 2 2   2

d’
# #ก0 
  #,ก)
 a
a/2 Mn2 = Cc  d −  + Cs (d − d′)
 2
d - h/2 h/2
 h
d = Pn  e + d − 
 2
h

"ก#
"ก  ก$ SDM

As fs As′ fs′
ก: T = A s fs

0.85 fc′ d−c

ε s = ε cu ε cu = 0.003
c
Es = 2.04 × 10 6 kg/cm 2
fs = ε s E s
d−c d−c
= ε cu Es = 6,120 ≤ fy
a c c

ก: Cs = A ′s fs′
εs
ε s′ ε cu c − d′
ε′s = εcu
c
d′ c − d′
c fs′ = ε′s Es = 6,120 ≤ fy
c
d
ก: Cc = 0.85 fc′ ab
ก% 
ก ก%


  SDM

 กก
 c
εs
ε s′ ε cu d−c
fs = 6,120 ≤ fy T = A s fs
c
d′ c − d′
fs′ = 6,120 ≤ fy Cs = A ′s fs′
c c
d
a = β1 c Cc = 0.85 fc′ ab

As fs As′ fs′ ก

ก: Pn = Cc + Cs − T

0.85 fc′ ก!
":

h a h   h
Mn = Cc  −  + Cs  − d′  + T  d − 
2 2 2   2

a
 
#$%& ": e = Mn / Pn

Tension & Compression Failure

Pn Pn Pn Pn
e e e e

Small Eccentricity Large Eccentricity

Large e → fs = fy when εc = εcu = 0.003 (tension failure)

Small e → fs < fy when εc = εcu = 0.003 (compression failure)

&'
()
* (Interaction diagram) SDM

Pn #( e *3' '#

)(  Pn  Mn

P0

((,  'ก
( e (3
Co
m ก,!" ก +1
'(&)*+"
fail pres
ure si
ran on
ge
ll
e sma

(Mn, Pn)
$'
'
& /P n
e=0

"
=
Mn
e
eb : Balance failure

e large Tension failure range

Mn
e=∞

ก 

 (Balanced failure) SDM

εy  /ก4) #,ก )2)0ก

ε′s ε εy " ก
ก'2ก ก$'#
(ก#
cu

0 εcu = 0.003

d′ εcu 6,120
cb = d = d
cb εcu + ε y 6,120 + fy
d ab = β1 c b

c b − d′
fs′ = 6,120 ≤ fy
cb
Pb = 0.85 fc′ ab b + A ′s fs′ − A s fy

h a  h   h
Mb = 0.85 fc′ ab b  − b  + A′s fs′  − d′  + A s fy  d − 
2 2  2   2
eb = Mb / Pb
ก+
ก ,- eb SDM

Case 1: e < eb Case 2: e > eb

M > Mb
Mb cb cb
εy εy

εcu Mb εcu
M < Mb

c > cb εs < εy fs < fy c < cb εs > εy fs > fy

Compression Failure Tension Failure

+ก%ก%
 SDM

 25 x 40 4.  #,ก

4DB28 $' As = As’ 
ก'#0" 5 4.
ก#
 f’c = 280 กก./4.2  fy = 4,000 กก./4.2

20 cm 20 cm
(
, :
5 cm 5 cm
6,120 6,120
cb = d = × 35
12.5 cm 6,120 + fy 6,120 + 4,000

12.5 cm = 21.2 4.

ab = β1c b = 0.85 × 21.2 = 18.0 4.

c b − d′ 21.2 − 5
fs′ = 6,120 = 6,120 = 4,677 > fy fs′ = 4,000 กก./4.2
cb 21.2
A ′s = A s
Pb = 0.85fc′abb + A ′s fy − A s fy = 0.85 × 0.28 × 18.0 × 25 = 107 

 SDM h = 40 cm
h a  h   h
Mb = 0.85fc′abb  − b  + A′s fy  − d′  + A s fy  d −  d ′ = 5 cm
2 2  2   2
d = 35 cm
 40 18   40   40  a = 18 cm
= 107  −  + 12.32 × 4.0  − 5  + 12.32 × 4.0  35 − 
 2 2  2   2 
Pn
= 2,656 
-4. = 26.6 
-.

Mb 2,656
eb = = = 24.8 4.
Pb 107 Mb, Pb
eb
c < cb = 21.2 4. e > eb : tension failure Mn

   ก c = 10 4.
  ก +1
ก ) 
%
fs = fy

a = 0.85 × 10 = 8.5 4. Cc = 0.85 × 0.28 × 8.5 × 25 = 50.6 

10 − 5
fs′ = 6,120 = 3,060 กก./4.2 < fy OK
10
Pn = 50.6 + 12.32 × 3.06 − 12.32 × 4.0 = 39 

Mn = 50.6(20 − 8.5 / 2) + 12.32 × 3.06(20 − 5) + 12.32 × 4.0(35 − 20) SDM

Pn
= 2,102 
-4. = 21.0 
-.

Mn 2,102
e= = = 53.9 4.
Pn 39
eb
c > cb = 21.2 4. e < eb : compression failure Mn, Pn
Mn
   ก c = 30 4.
  ก +1
ก   
%
fs < fy

a = 0.85 × 30 = 25.5 4. Cc = 0.85 × 0.28 × 25.5 × 25 = 152 

d−c 35 − 30
fs = 6,120 = 6,120 = 1,020 กก./4.2 < fy OK
c 30
c − d′ 30 − 5
fs′ = 6,120 b = 6,120 = 5,100 > fy fs′ = 4,000 กก./4.2
cb 30
Pn = 152 + 12.32 × 4.0 − 12.32 × 1.02 = 189 

Mn = 152(20 − 25.5 / 2) + 12.32 × 4.0(20 − 5) + 12.32 × 1.02(35 − 20)

= 2,030 
-4. = 20.3 
-. e = 2,030/189 = 10.7 4.
&'
()
* (Interaction diagram) SDM

P0 = Nominal axial strength = 0.85 fc′ (A g − A st ) + fy A st

Pn
P0 Mn
e=
Pn
εs < ε y 0.003
  
e=0
  0

/0 0.003
Pb
εs = ε y
e = eb
0) 0.003
e=∞
εs > ε y
M0 Mb Mn

M0 = Nominal moment strength

&'
()
*%กก SDM

ก
ก
: φPn(max) = 0.85 φ [0.85 fc′ (A g − A st ) + fy A st ]
Pn
ก

: φPn(max) = 0.80 φ [0.85 fc′ (A g − A st ) + fy A st ]

No
m in
al s
tre
ng φ = 0.75 : + ก ก'
th
φPn(max)
De
sig φ = 0.70 : + ก '
nc
urv
e

0.70 ≤ φ ≤ 0.90
0.1fc′ A g
Mn

φ = 0.90 : ก*


 Normalized Interaction Diagram

2.00
h
3.0
1.80 γh
2.5
1.60
2.0 b
1.40

1.5
φ Pn 1.20
γ = 0.80
' 1.00 1.0
Afg c
0.80 0.5

0.60
ρgm=0
0.40

0.20

0.00
0.00 0.10 0.20 0.30 0.40 0.50 0.60 0.70 0.80 0.90 1.00 1.10

φ Mn
Ag hfc'

+กก
 SDM

 ก     
ก
Pu = 200 
 
 Mu = 30

-  ก#
 f’c = 240 กก./4.2  fy = 4,000 กก./4.2

+   #
" 30 x 50 4.
Pu 200
= = 0.56
A g fc′ 30 × 50 × 0.24

Mu 30 × 100
= = 0.17
A g h fc′ 30 × 50 × 50 × 0.24

ก
/ (
( ρg m = 0.65

ρg = 0.65 × 0.85 × 0.24 / 4.0 = 0.033

Ast = 0.033 × 30 × 50 = 49.5 4.2

USE 8-DB28 (Ast = 49.28 4.2)


#ก
กก DB10 :
#( #,ก+ ก" !(
" ก( : 16 × 2.8 = 44.8 4.

48 × 1.0 = 48 4.

USE DB10 @ 0.30 . 30 4. 

,

#,ก
8-DB28
30 4.
#,ก+ ก DB10 @ 0.30 .

50 4.

Column strength interaction diagram. A 25 x 40 cm column is reinforced with 4DB28.

Concrete strength f’c = 280 ksc and the steel yield strength fy = 4,000 ksc
20 cm 20 cm
h = 40 cm
5 cm 5 cm
d ′ = 5 cm
12.5 cm d = 35 cm

12.5 cm
กก%
.!ก

 WSD

#  " #(  

4)!"กก #"9ก  
R #กก(
")
 ก

P
 
M
 

P
$ = M
$ =
R R

&'! 
r  #
"  : b r = 0.30 b

D r = 0.25 D

 กก (

   h/r 
'%
h / r < 60 .ก
60 < h / r ≤ 100 ก! /01ก
" R
h / r > 100

"! 2'3 !ก 
* 3$

/ก
ก%%
 ( R ) WSD

(1) # $'! ('ก 4$"

" +$% )
(

'#
)0ก#(+$% 

R = 1.32 – 0.006 h / r ≤ 1.0

(2) # $'! ('ก 4$"

" +$% )
(

 ก(" '

(1) (2)
R = 1.07 – 0.008 h / r ≤ 1.0


 ( h ) WSD

*#"2 (( (#(%

(%
+1
   
กกก '
( !+
'%
%
!"
%
!"
%
'
 

h h h

ก
% 2)%
ก%
2)+:
#  ก%
2)$" 

ขอสอบภย เสาปลอกเดี่ยวขนาด 30 x 30 ซม. อยูในเฟรมที่เซไมได เสานี้จะโกง

สองทาง ความยาวปราศจากการค้ํายันของเสาคือ 6.0 ม. ใหใชวิธี
ขอที่ : 233
WSD ประมาณคาตัวคูณลดคา R
h 600
= = 66.7 60 < h / r ≤ 100 ก! /0
r 0.3 × 30
1ก
" R
R = 1.32 – 0.006 h / r ≤ 1.0
= 1.32 – 0 .006 × 66.7 = 0.92

ขอสอบภย เสาปลอกเดี่ยวขนาด 40 x 40 ซม. อยูในเฟรมที่เซไมได เสานี้จะโกง

สองทาง ความยาวปราศจากการค้ํายันของเสาคือ 6.0 ม. ใหใชวิธี
ขอที่ : 234
WSD ประมาณคาตัวคูณลดคา R
h
=
600
= 50 h / r < 60 R = 1.00 .ก
r 0.3 × 40

ขอสอบภย เสาปลอกเดี่ยวสี่เหลี่ยมจตุรัส อยูในเฟรมที่เซไมได เสานี้จะโกงสอง

ทาง ความยาวปราศจากการค้ํายันของเสาคือ 8.0 ม. ใหใชวิธี WSD
ขอที่ : 235
ประมาณขนาดอยางนอยของเสาตนนี้ที่จะถือวาเปนเสาสั้น
h 800
h / r = 60 = = 60 b = 44.4 cm Use 50 x 50 4.
r 0.3 × b
/ก
ก%%
 ( R ) WSD

(3) # $''ก 4$"

" +$% )
(

R = 1.07 – 0.008 h’ / r ≤ 1.0

2"ก
 2ก0*

 (

(

!#  9ก   R 'ก"  10
4)'( 
'%
(3)

R = 1.18 – 0.009 h’ / r ≤ 1.0

 h’ = +$-  


(0*& ( h’ ) WSD

*
"$'!('ก 4 *#"*"+$- h’ $(ก  h
*
"$''ก 4 *#"*" h’ 4)
 กก '( !+
'%
+"#
) 2ก)%  'ก+2ก)#0
:
h’ = 2 h (0.78 + 0.22 r’) ≥ 2 h

+$% "2ก)% : h’ = h (0.78 + 0.22 r’) ≥ h

+ 
2ก) : h’ = 2 h

r’  (
9
  ( 9
 
$'+  
r’ > 25 2 (+ '/)#0

Σ (EI/h)

r’ = r’ = 0 # 1 2 (+ '/)
(

Σ (EI/L)
+ก*"( ;' +
( r’ = (r’T + r’B) / 2
ขอสอบภย เสาปลอกเดี่ยวขนาด 40 x 40 ซม. อยูในเฟรมแบบ Portal ชวงเดี่ยว
และชั้นเดียวซึ่งเซได โดยที่ปลายเสาเปนแบบยึดแนน และที่หวั เสายึด
ขอที่ : 236
กับคานมีคา I/L = 200 ซม.3 ความยาวเสาปราศจากการค้ํายันคือ 8.0
ม. ใหใชวิธี WSD ประมาณความยาวประสิทธิผลของเสาตนนี้
40 4 /12
( I / L )
 =
800
= 267 4.3
r’ = (1 + 1.335)/2 = 1.17
+()
(
r’B = 1

+
)ก
r’T = 267 / 200 = 1.335

h’ = h (0.78 + 0.22 r’) = 8.0 (0.78 + 0.22×1.17) = 8.30 m

ขอสอบภย เสาปลอกเดี่ยวขนาด 40 x 40 ซม. อยูในเฟรมแบบ Portal ชวงเดี่ยว

และชั้นเดียวซึ่งเซได โดยที่ปลายเสาเปนแบบยึดแนน และที่หวั เสายึด
ขอที่ : 238
กับคานมีคา I/L = 200 ซม.3 เสาตนนี้จะโกงสองทาง ความยาวเสา
ปราศจากการค้ํายันคือ 8.0 ม. ใหใชวิธี WSD ประมาณคาตัวคูณลด
กําลัง R ของเสาตนนี้
r = 0.3 x 40 = 12 4.

R = 1.07 – 0.008(h’/r) = 1.07 – 0.008×830/12 = 0.52

&
- SDM

(
$'!('ก)% lu    $(ก( (#(%

*
"$'!('ก 4  +$- k ≤ 1.0 #$''
ก 4 k > 1.0
&'! 
r = 0.30b # ' #'  r = 0.25D # ก
#$'!(ก'  4 !("    M1b M1b
k ℓu M
< 34 − 12 1b
r M2b
+ -
#$''ก 4 !("   
k ℓu
< 22 M2b
r M2b
ขอสอบภย เสาปลอกเดี่ยวขนาด 50 x 50 ซม. อยูในโครงเฟรมทีเ่ ซได ถาพบวา
คา effective length factor เทากับ 1.5 ดังนั้น ชวงความยาวเสา
ขอที่ : 239
ปราศจากการค้ํายันควรเปนเทาใดตามวิธี USD จึงจะเปนเสาสั้น

r = 0.3 x 50 = 15 4.
k ℓu 1.5 × ℓ u
%
: < 22 = 22
r 15
ℓ u = 220 cm = 2.20 m

ขอสอบภย เสาปลอกเกลียวขนาดเสนผาศูนยกลาง 50 ซม. อยูในโครงเฟรมที่เซ

ได ถาพบวาคา effective length factor เทากับ 1.5 ดังนั้น ชวงความ
ขอที่ : 240
ยาวเสาปราศจากการค้ํายันควรเปนเทาใดตามวิธี USD จึงจะเปนเสา
สั้น

r = 0.25 x 50 = 12.5 4.

k ℓu 1.5 × ℓ u
%
: < 22 = 22
r 12.5
ℓ u = 183 cm = 1.83 m
 Reinforced Concrete Design

Design of Footing 1


 
ก


 ก  
ก

 
ก
  ก

ก

 
ก
 

 
ก
 !
" .
.$%& '
!



SURANAREE INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING
UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY SCHOOL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

ก


ก
 ก
  
!" # $กก%ก&% ก$กก
ก

ก'ก%ก(
ก 

ก&%$)ก$# ($กก&
%%ก%ก (differential settlement)
*+',(
$ก
 $
 
ก
-
ก',+ กก./, ,$
ก

Wall

Property line

ก (wall footing)

กก$
ก#!'ก0

w
ก0 $ 

0

% 

ก
ก

ก (spread footing)
กก
ก#!1'ก$+%

ก (combined footing)

(- ก'ก$% กก *+(ก$
ก

P

ก
Property line

A B A B

Rectangular, PA = PB Rectangular, PA < PB

Property line
Property line

A B A B

Rectangular, PA < PB Strap or Cantilever

ก

Pile cap

Piles
Weak soil

ก! 
0 Bearing stratum

(mat footing)
ก$$2

(pile cap)
ก กก
ก !...

ก
ก%$ $2ก*+0
ก% 0%$ (-,,&

ก%%& 7.5 * .

 +ก
ก$$2ก$ : 15 * .
%# ก 15 * . 
ก ,
7.5 * .
%# ก 30 * . 
ก$$2

$% !ก !$ '

$ $%!$ '%&
*+ $ก $(-(กก%ก5% $ %6 $7 ,
ก89+$2ก$
A A A

ก!" 
ก
ก&ก0
ก-',$กก P

ก%16ก
ก', &%( ก

0ก,' $ $ก 
q= ก
P
(
 $!:'#  $ $'ก :

$
 & 
ก

 +ก
ก(%0
P
-: $  
Heave Heave


#$%!&

ก 
 ก B
  L ก&ก
P
B P ก,ก

+(%
ก q = (P + W) / BL

L ',%# $ก ( q ≤ qa

P %(ก
/ $ %6 ,$7(
ก',
(-+&; (net soil pressure : qn)

qn = P / BL
W
qn $ 'ก+ก%  ก
$
ก

 :
ก$ก()*
$% ก&ก(-% ก  50 %  
ก
$ '%& ''/
ก,$ก+ ก
ก ( qa = 8.0 %/%. .
P = 50 ton !(  &%ก
ก 10%

ก%ก:
1.1 m 30x30 cm
50 × 1.10
column A req'd = = 6.88 %. .
8 .0
0.4 m
(-
ก 2.7 × 2.7 . (A = 7.29 %. .)
(-
ก 0.4 . ก
ก: W = 0.4×2.72×2.4 = 7.0 %

+ : q = (50 + 7) / 2.72 = 7.8 %/%. . < qa OK

+&;: qn = 50 / 2.72 = 6.9 %/%. .


 12.1 กก 
 
 ...  .. 2522
ก & ก 
)
*+
( /.
.$.)

 $%2  2

!ก 5
 10

ก 20

 25

! 30


# !" 100

*ก
 ก  
กก!

ก$ก!%ก$()*
(ก/ก&ก P ก,$16 
กก&ก ก
$ %6 P
e
e

P B

qmin
qmax
L

+(%
ก q ',ก,'%$-$ 

 ก& ,
&
ก
P Mc P 6M c = L/2
qmin = − = −
A I BL B L2 I = B L3 / 12

P Mc P 6M
qmax = + = + 2
≤ qa
A I BL BL
#$! ++$()*
P P P
e1 e2 /!
  e3
)0&
0
qmin
qmax qmax qmax
 ก$+$!:ก$!:+ *+(

$!:'#  0#!
ก# '(
กก
 #
c = L/2
$ ((%
$!:  ก( qmin = 0
A = BL
P Mc P Pec I
qmin = − = 0 = e = I = B L3 / 12
A I A I Ac
P
3
B L / 12 emax = L / 6 Middle Third
emax = = L/6
B L (L / 2)

L/3 L/3 L/3

++$()* e > L / 6
+(%
',ก,'$!:! $ ;6+ R
',%กก&ก P

e
P
a + ก&#'ก
1
P = R = × 3a × b × qmax
2

2P
R qmax qmax = $  a = L/2–e
3ab
3a
 !/  13.1
ก 1.8 x1.2 . ก&ก 80 %ก,,,
$16( 0.15 . ''/(%
ก 
/*ก

,,$16 0.40 .
!( e = 0.15 . < [1.8 / 6 = 0.30 .]
P 6M
e qmin = −
0.60 m BL BL2
80 6 × 80 × 0.15
Load = −
0.60 m 1.2 × 1.8 1.2 × 1.82

= 37.0 – 18.5 = 18.5 %/%. .

0.90 m 0.90 m
qmax = 37.0 + 18.5 = 55.5 %/%. .

$'ก e = 0.40 . > [1.8/6 = 0.30 .] (- ก $

2P 2 × 80
a = 0.90 – 0.40 = 0.50 . qmax = = = 88.9 %/%. .
3ab 3 × 0.5 × 1.2

ก (Wall footing)

w
Uniformly loaded wall
w

Wall

Bending deformation
Footing
1-m slice on which
design is based
ก, *
b/2 b/2

Critical section Critical section s

b/4 s/2

Concrete column, Column with steel

Masonry wall
pedestal or wall base plate

%ก5%% ก
%ก5%ก+ก,,16กกก

%ก5%ก+ ก,% ,0$2ก(%$

*-+. 
ก
Required L = (wDL+wLL)/qa
wu = 1.4wDL+1.7wLL
qa = Allowable soil pressure, t/m2

Factored wall load = wu t/m

b
Factored soil pressure, qu = (wu )/L
d
2
d 1 L−b 1
Mu = qu   = qu (L − b )2
2  2  8
qu
L−b 
L Vu = qu  −d
 2 

Min t = 15 cm for footing on soil, 30 cm for footing on piles

Min As = (14 / fy ) (100 cm) d

 !/  13.3 ก
ก0$ก&ก
 wD = 12 %/ .
,ก&ก' wL = 8 %/ . ก
 10 %/%. .
ก fKc = 240 กก./* .2 , fy = 4,000 กก./* .2
D = 12 t/m !( '/ก 1 $ %
L = 8 t/m

%! $ ! 
กก
:
25 cm
(D + L) + W (12 + 8) × 1.1
1.50 m L= =
qa 10
5 cm
typical = 2.2 $ % USE 2.2 m
8 cm
clear
L
 &%
ก t = 30 * .

ก
ก W = 0.3 × 2.2 × 2.4 = 1.58 %/ .

+ q = (12 + 8 + 1.58) / 2.2 = 9.81 < [qa = 10 %/%. .] OK

ก"!(/!

  WSD

+&; qn = (12 + 8) / 2.2 = 9.1 %/%. .


!'ก
5  !ก6
** d ' ก$/
d = 22 cm L −b 
V = q − d
25 cm 75.5 cm  2 

 2.2 − 0.25 
30 cm = 9.1 − 0.22 
 2 

9.1 t/m2 = 9.1 × 0.755 = 6.87 %

ก$7%
ก%: Vc = 0.29 fc′ b d

= 0.29 240 × 100 × 22 /103

= 9.88 % > V OK

ก&7ก
$
"$$  WSD
2
1 L − b 
25 cm 97.5 cm M = q 
2  2 
2
1  2.2 − 0.25 
= × 9.1×  
2  2 

9.1 t/m2 = 9.1 × 0.9752 / 2 = 4.33 %- .

1
ก%
ก%: Mc = fc k j b d2
2
1
= × 108 × 0.351× 0.883 × 100 × 222 / 105
2

= 8.10 %- . > M OK

M 4.33 × 10 5
! /$2ก$ %ก: As = = = 13.1 * .2
fs jd 1,700 × 0.883 × 22

! /$2ก$ &: Min As = 0.0018×100×30 = 5.4 * .2 < As OK

WSD
$ก(-$2ก DB16 @ 0.15 (As = 13.40 * .2/$ %)
ก&7ก $ ! (-$%ก%ก
As = 0.0018×100×30 = 5.4 * .2/$ %
$ก(-$2ก DB12 @ 0.20 (As = 5.65 * .2/$ %)
0.25 m

DB12 @ 0.20 m

DB16 @ 0.15 m

0.30 m
0.05 m
ก%
0.05 m 
2.20 m
ก"!( /!ก &  SDM

+&;!, qnu = (1.4 × 12 + 1.7 × 8) / 2.2 = 13.8 %/%. .


!'ก
5  !ก6
** d ' ก$/
d = 22 cm
L − b 
Vu = qu  − d
25 cm 75.5 cm  2 

 2.2 − 0.25 
30 cm = 13.8  − 0.22 
 2 

13.8 t/m2 = 13.8 × 0.755 = 10.42 %

ก$7%
ก%: φ Vc = φ 0.53 fc′ b d

= 0.85 × 0.53 240 × 100 × 22 / 103

= 15.35 % > V OK

ก&7ก
$
"$$  SDM
2
1 L − b 
25 cm 97.5 cm Mu = qu  
2  2 
2
1  2.2 − 0.25 
= × 13.8 ×  
2  2 

13.8 t/m2 = 13.8 × 0.9752 / 2 = 6.56 %- .

Mu 6.56 × 10 5
Rn = 2
= 2
= 15.06 กก./* .2
φb d 0.9 × 100 × 22

0.85 fc′  2 Rn 
ρ = 1 − 1 −  = 0.0039
fy  0.85 fc′ 

! /$2ก$ %ก: A s = ρ b d = 0.0039 × 100 × 22 = 8.58 * .2

! /$2ก$ &: Min As = 0.0018×100×30 = 5.4 * .2 < As OK

 SDM
$ก(-$2ก DB16 @ 0.20 (As = 10.05 * .2/$ %)
ก&7ก $ ! (-$%ก%ก
As = 0.0018×100×30 = 5.4 * .2/$ %
$ก(-$2ก DB12 @ 0.20 (As = 5.65 * .2/$ %)
0.25 m

DB12 @ 0.20 m

DB16 @ 0.20 m

0.30 m
0.05 m
ก%
0.05 m 
2.20 m

ก

กก&ก'ก$%$ (กก%'/ $ %6
ก$7
 (beam shear) ,ก$7,& (punching shear)
  !ก6 
"$$ 
2

1 $ %6(1
1 2 $ %6(1

  !ก6 
ก
5
2
d 1 ก$7,&
d/2
1
2 ก$7
(1
d
3 3 ก$7
(1
กก+/-0กก
Footing Type Square Footing Rectangular Footing

s (typ.)

One-way B

s (typ.) AsL
 2 
As2 As1 As2 A =  AsL
 β + 1
s1

L B As 2 = AsL − As1
s (typ.)

Two-way
AsB 2
L
β=
B
L B/2 B/2
L

.! (.!+-%)

% $',,&
ก$$!:!!P  %ก5%(-$!
'ก% ก $!:,, d / 2
c1 + d
P

d/2

c2 + d c2

b0

c1
ก & 5*&: WSD Vc = 0.53 fc′ b0 d

SDM Vc = 1.06 fc′ b0 d

 !/ ก
ก 
ก!&$' 

'ก
ก$$ '%&$$ '%& 40 * . $
ก&ก
 40 % ,ก&ก' 30 % ก

10 %/%. . ก fKc = 240 กก./* .2 , fy = 4,000 กก./* .2
D = 40 t !(   
กก
:
L = 30 t
D+L + W
A =
40 cm qa
( 40 + 30 ) × 1.1
= = 7.7 %. .
10
h
&ก 
ก  2.8 x 2.8 $. (A = 7.84 
.$.)
b  &%
ก h = 40 * .
d = 32 8$.
ก
ก W = 0.4 × 2.82 × 2.4 = 7.53 %
+ q = (40 + 30 + 7.53) / 2.82 = 9.89 < [qa = 10 %/%. .] OK

ก"!(/!

  WSD

+&; qn = (40 + 30) / 2.82 = 8.93 %/%. .

ก
5*&  !ก6
** d/2 = 16 8$. ' ก$/
40 cm
d / 2 = 16 cm

72 cm 40 cm
72 cm
2.8 m

$7%ก5%:
V = 8.93(2.82 – 0.722) = 65.4 %
2.8 m
$! b0 = 4 × 72 = 288 * .

ก$7
ก%: Vc = 0.53 fc′ b0 d = 0.53 240 × 288 × 32 /103

= 75.7 % > V OK


!'ก
5%   !ก6
** d = 32 8$. ' ก$/ WSD

d = 32 cm
40 cm 88 cm
40 32 88

2.8 m 40 cm

8.93 t/m2

$7%ก5%:
2.8 m
V = 8.93 × 0.88 × 2.8 = 22.0 %

ก$7
ก%: Vc = 0.29 fc′ b d = 0.29 240 × 280 × 32 /10
3

= 40.3 % > V OK

ก&7ก
$
"$$  WSD
40 cm 120 cm
M = 8.93 × 2.8 × 1.22 / 2 = 18.0 %- .
1
Mc = × 108 × 0.351× 0.883 × 280 × 322 /105
2
= 48.0 %- . > M OK
8.93 t/m2
M 18.0 × 105
! /$2ก$ %ก: As = = = 37.5 * .2
fs jd 1,700 × 0.883 × 32

! /$2ก$ &: Min As = 0.0018×280×40 = 20.2 * .2 < As OK

40 cm $ก(-$2ก 19 DB16 #

(As = 38.19 * .2)
19 DB16 #

0.40 m
0.05 m
ก

0.05 m 
  
2.80 m
ก"!( /!ก &  SDM

+&;!, qnu = (1.4×40 + 1.7×30) / 2.82 = 13.65 %/%. .

ก
5*&  !ก6
** d/2 = 16 8$. ' ก$/
40 cm
d / 2 = 16 cm $7!,%ก5%:

Vu = 13.65(2.82 – 0.722) = 99.9 %

72 cm
2.8 m $! b0 = 4 × 72 = 288 * .

ก$7
ก%: φ Vc = 0.85 × 1.06 240 × 288 × 32 /103

= 128.6 % > Vu OK


!'ก
5%   !ก6
** d = 32 8$. ' ก$/ SDM

d = 32 cm $7!,%ก5%:
40 cm 88 cm
Vu = 13.65 × 0.88 × 2.8 = 33.6 %
40 cm ก$7
ก%:
φ Vc = 0.85 × 0.53 240 × 280 × 32 /103
13.65 t/m2
= 62.5 % > Vu OK
ก&7ก
$
"$$ 
40 cm 120 cm
$ %6!,%ก5%:
Mu = 13.65×2.8×1.22/2 = 27.5 %- .
27.5 × 105
Rn = = 10.66 กก./* .2
0.9 × 280 × 322

13.65 t/m2 0.85 fc′  2 Rn 

ρ = 1 − 1 −  = 0.0027
fy  0.85 fc′ 
 SDM

! /$2ก$ %ก: A s = ρ b d = 0.0027 × 280 × 32 = 24.2 * .2

! /$2ก$ &: Min As = 0.0018×280×40 = 20.2 * .2 < As OK

$ก(-$2ก 13 DB16 #

40 cm
(As = 26.13 * .2)
13 DB16 #

0.40 m
0.05 m
ก

0.05 m 
  
2.80 m
 Reinforced Concrete Design

Design of Footing 2


ก
 


ก 

 ..   

SURANAREE INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING
UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY SCHOOL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

ก
 

ก
 
กก ก 
 
ก !"

#ก
$กก!ก%&' ก
 

 


P P P1 P2 P1 P2

! 2  !

 ' 1/2 < P2/P1 < 1

กก )
 P1 < P2
ก  !(!
 


' P2/P1 < 1/2 กก

ก !*! (!
กก
ก
P1 R P2
n m * c *"+& R 
#ก P1 * P2 :
P1 s Ps
n = = 1
P1 + P2 R
q

ก$ c ก( ! ก,-

#
s

ก L/2 :
C L = 2 (m + n)
B
( !ก ก :
m P1 + P2 + W
n B =
qL
L/2 L/2

c1 c2 b2 3(n + m ) − L
=
b1 2L − 3(n + m )
C
b1 2R
b2 ( b1 + b2 ) =
qeL

L( b1 + 2b2 )
n c1 =
m 3(b1 + b2 )

L L(2b1 + b2 )
c2 =
3( b1 + b2 )

2( n + m ) − L2
b1 =
L1(L1 + L2 )
C
b1 b2
R Lb
b2 = − 1 1
qeL2 L2

m R
n L1 b1 + L2 b2 =
qe
L1 L2
กก
ก
!กก,%&ก*"+&#ก
$ก  *

ก**/ ! ! ก! ก)ก*
-

Side view

กก
ก

ก !0ก!
#
 * # !
#* 1#ก*/2!
)!!&
P1 P2 P2

h
q q

กก กก 

V

M
 

%
 # #ก
'!ก!ก
"#
ก
ก
( !ก  ! ก d/2
*

d/2 d/2

Side view
c+d

Punching shear
perimeter

  ก ก!

ก " ! ก 5 ! )!

 
ก ก 40 7!. # **ก
( 10
/.!. ก f<c = 240 กก./7!.2 * fy = 4,000 กก./7!.2
A B
#$%
40 x 40 cm 1. %!! '#( R :
(75 + 120) x = 120(5)
45 x 45 cm
x = 3.1 m

D = 50 ton D = 80 ton 2. 
ก L :

L = 25 ton L = 40 ton
ก C.G. ก R
x R ก C.G. '1ก7
= 3.1 + 0.4 = 3.5 m
40 cm C.G.
( ! ก L = 2 x 3.5 = 7.0 m
5.0 m
3. ก+
ก B : *
!
 qa = 10 /.!.
P1 + P2 + W (50 + 25 + 80 + 40) × 1.15
B = = = 3.21 m USE 3.3 m
qa L 10 × 7.0


( !ก 60 7!. ( !1ก d = 52 7!.

#กก W = 0.6 × 3.3 × 7.0 × 2.4 = 33.26 
50 + 25 + 80 + 40 + 33.26
*
ก q =
3 . 3 × 7 .0
= 9.88 /.!.
< qa OK
4. !-!./ !0(1
  A : Pu = 1.4×50 + 1.7×25 = 112.5 
  B : Pu = 1.4×80 + 1.7×40 = 180 
112.5 + 180
*- : qnu = = 12.66 /.!.
7.0 × 3.3
112.5 + 180
#ก*/- : wu = = 41.79 /!.
7. 0

Column A : Column B :
Pu = 112.5 ton Pu = 180 ton

41.79 t/m2
0.4 m 5.0 m
1.6 m
7.0 m
113.2 t

16.7 t
Vu (ton)

-95.8 t 2.29 m -66.8 t

47.0 t-m
3.34 t-m
Mu (t-m)
error = 6.4 t-m

Mu,max = -106.4 t-m

5. ก
( 
)!!&!ก
 $ก  –Mu = 106.4 -!
Mu 106.4 × 105
Rn = = = 13.6 กก./7!.2
φ b d2 0.9 × 330 × 522

0.85 fc′  2 Rn 
ρ = 1 − 1 −  = 0.0035
fy  0.85 fc′ 

-!0ก !

ก: A s = ρ b d = 0.0035×330×52 = 60.1 7!.2

-!0ก !

 $: As,min = 0.0018×330×60 = 35.6 7!.2< As OK

ก
0ก 10 DB28 (As = 61.58 7!.2)

)!!& ก 47 * 3.3 -!.
0ก
 $ As,min
ก
0ก 12 DB20 (As = 37.68 7!.2)

6. 
ก./ 04 " *
* qnu = 12.66 /.!.

 A : b0 = 4(40+52) = 368 7!.

40+52 7!.
Vu = 112.5 – 12.66×0.922 = 101.8 
Pu
φ Vc = 0.85 × 1.06 240 × 368 × 52 /10 3

= 267  > Vu OK

 B : b0 = 4(45+52) = 388 7!. qnu

Vu = 180 – 12.66×0.972 = 168.1 

φ Vc = 0.85 × 1.06 240 × 388 × 52 /103

= 282  > Vu OK

7. 
ก./   ก*/2!*E Vu,max = 113.2 
กE(ก : φ Vc = 0.85 × 0.53 240 × 330 × 52 /103

= 119.8  > Vu OK

8. ก!

ก  "ก/  *ก! d/2

PA = 112.5 ton
d/2 = 52/2 = 26 cm
0.40 m 1.45 m
40x40cm
0.60 m
A B 3.3 m
45x45cm 3.30 m
20+40+26
= 86 cm 26+45+26 PB = 180 ton
= 97 cm
7.0 m 0.45 m 1.425 m

0.60 m

3.30 m

 A : be = 20+40+26 = 86 7!., wu = 112.5 / 3.3 = 34.1 /!.

Mu = 34.1×1.452/2 = 35.9 -!.
Mu 35.9 × 105
Rn = = = 17.2 กก./7!.2
φb d 2
0.9 × 86 × 52 2

0.85 fc′  2 Rn 
ρ = 1 − 1 −  = 0.0045
fy  0.85 fc′  ก
0ก 7DB20
A s = ρ b d = 0.0045×86×52 = 20.1 7!.2 (As = 21.98 7!.2)

 B : be = 26+45+26 = 97 7!., wu = 180 / 3.3 = 54.5 /!.

Mu = 54.5×1.4252/2 = 55.3 -!.
Mu 55.3 × 105
Rn = 2 =
= 23.4 กก./7!.2
φb d 0.9 × 97 × 52 2

0.85 fc′  2 Rn 
ρ = 1 − 1 −  = 0.0062
fy  0.85 fc′  ก
0ก 10DB20
A s = ρ b d = 0.0062×97×52 = 31.3 7!.2 (As = 31.4 7!.2)
9. ก+ก!ก+
USE DB20 @ 0.15
As = 0.0018(100)(60) = 10.8 cm2 (As = 12.56 cm2/m)

A B
0.40 m 0.45 m
0.40 m 5.0 m
DB20 @ 0.15 m 10DB28

0.60 m

7DB20 DB20 @ 0.15 m 12DB20 10DB20

0.86 m 0.97 m
7.0 m

ก  (pile cap)

!ก*ก
! ,!" " ก

ก**/ 
 0!
ก '#ก
$ก
Pile cap
#711ก,-

Weak soil
Piles (0ก #ก
$ก,!!ก 
0!
#71-F0!ก ก'#ก%( !GH
 /  0!ก#)
(
I #ก
$ก!ก 
0!
Bearing stratum
 71-F0!ก0! ก'#ก%
( !GH /  0!ก#) *ก
**ก

- 0!
#*0
ก (driven pile)
 0!ก-F  0!,!  0!0ก
*)  
I
 0!(ก 
+ $ ('ก ( ($!($2" 0!, *กก


 0!GJ*ก#

'#ก,
+ $
-JK
กกก *ก  

 ก 0!  * /ก

(( 
*GH/ 0!


 ก  

ก
,!! ก * /ก
 ($ !
#ก
$ก
!
#! ,!ก 2 /.!.
 *GH
!
 :

( !1ก,!ก 7 !
 *GH
!
 600 กก./.!.

( !1กก 7 !
 *GH
!
 800 + 200L กก./.!.
)
 L (( !  
ก 7 !
!" (bored pile)
Pile cap  0! !' '# ก #
1ก
,-71 0!ก,-,!'1
ก
 0!ก !ก

กก*


-!!ก /(( 

BED ROCK

ก
# ก$%&
P !!$
 0!
$ก#ก
$ก
ก

P
R = ≤ Ra
n

)
 R = #ก
$ก
 *
R R R
P = #ก
$ก

#! = D+L+W

D = #ก
$ก(

L = #ก
$ก
W = #กก*'!ก
n =   0!
Ra = #ก
$ก
!
 0!*

ก
# ก%'#$%&
P  0!
$ก#ก
$ก,!
ก  0!

M

)!!&

ก*#ก!ก1#
P M dn
R = ± 2
≤ Ra
n Σdn

R1 R2 R3 )
 R = #ก
$ก
 *
P = #ก
$ก

#! = D+L+W

M = )!!&

ก
ก!
dn =  0!*ก*ก%&' 
ก$! 0!
n =   0!
Ra = #ก
$ก
!
 0!*

กก

ก
!1%
ก!

ก:
D+L
WSD R =
15 cm n

1.4D + 1.7L
SDM Ru =
n
1.5D

3D
ก%
ก:

3D
  0! 3D
1.5D
D
  0!'1ก 1.5D
1.5D
3D 3D
1.5D )
 D ( 0!
ก! 
ก
1.5D
1.5D
1.5D 1.5D
3D 3D
3D 3D
3 2D

1.5D 1.5D 1.5D 1.5D

1.5D
1.5D 1.5D 3D 1.5D 3D 1.5D 1.5D 3 2D 1.5D

2 PILES 3 PILES 4 PILES 5 PILES

1.5D
1.5D
1.5D
3D
3D
3D
3D
1.5D
1.5D 3D
1.5D 3D 3D 3D 1.5D
1.5D 3D 3D 1.5D
1.5D
6 PILES 3 2D 1.5D
3 2D
7 PILES
1.5D

1.5D 3 2D 3 2D 1.5D

8 PILES

ก! 
ก

1.5D 3D 3D 3D 1.5D

1.5D
1.5D
3D

3 3D
3D

1.5D 1.5D

1.5D 3D 3D 1.5D 3D 3D

9 PILES 10 PILES

1.5D 3D 3D 3D 1.5D

1.5D
1.5D
3D

3 3D
3D

1.5D 1.5D

3D 3D 1.5D 3D 3D 3D 1.5D

11 PILES 12 PILES
  ก$ !( ก) 0
Pa = 0.25(0.85 f c′Ag )
Section Size(m) Load capacity
(ton)

0.18 x 0.18 15
0.22 x 0.22 22
0.26 x 0.26 30
0.30 x 0.30 43
0.35 x 0.35 57
0.40 x 0.40 80

0.16 x 0.16 15
0.18 x 0.18 21
0.22 x 0.22 30
0.26 x 0.26 43
0.30 x 0.30 50
0.35 x 0.35 80
0.40 x 0.40 100

('
ก

+ 
ก;  0!ก กL ≥ dp/2
-x +x
(*-Mก
#!

 0!
 กL ≥ dp/2

<  !
(*-Mก-F%&
dp dp
R=0 R
2 2

 0!
  -dp/2 ≤ x ≤ dp/2
(*-Mก-F   ):

)
 x (  กL*
1 x 
R′ =  +  R %&ก 0! -F! 0!2

 2 dp 
 กL *-F ก! 0!ก
Example 12.7 ก*ก 0!"#ก(
 100 * #ก
 50     !$  40×40 7!. f’c= 240 กก./7!.2 fy = 4,000 กก./7!.2
* #ก γs = 2.0 /.!. ก1ก 1.50 !. ก/ 
#$%

0! 40 7!. "#
 A = (π/4)×402 = 1,256 7!.2
Pa = 0.25(0.85 fc′ A g ) = 0.25×0.85×240×1,256/103 = 64 

USE ∅ 40 cm bored pile with safe load 50 ton

!!$#กก*'! 15% 0.60

  0! n = 1.15(100+50)/50 = 3.45 1.20 2.40

USE 4 piles 0.60

0.60 1.20 0.60

2.40


ก 40 7!. ( !1ก- 

+/ d = 32 7!.
1.10
#กก*'! W = (0.4×2.4 + 1.1×2.0)(2.4)2
0.40

= 18.2
 OK
0.60 1.20 0.60
<
-!,  22.5  2.40

% ก
4ก>0 !0+:
1.4D + 1.7L 1.4 × 100 + 1.7 × 50
SDM Ru = = = 56.3 /
n 4


ก./ 04
Vu = Pu = 1.4×100 + 1.7×50 = 225 
40 cm
d/2 = 16 cm
b0 = 4×72 = 288 7!.

φVc = 0.85 × 1.06 240 × 288 × 82 /103

72 cm
= 330  > Vu OK

ก./   0.68

0.60
40 cm
d = 32 cm

1.20 2.40
x = 8 ?.
80 cm 0.60
120 cm
2Ru
0.60 1.20 0.60
2.40
+ ก; 1ก+ :
1 x  1 8 
R′ =  +  R =  +  × 56.3 = 39.4

 2 dp   2 40 

Vu = 2×39.4 = 78.8  Vs = (78.8 – 53.6)/0.85

= 29.7 
φVc = 0.85 × 0.53 240 × 240 × 32 /103

= 53.6  < Vu NG 1+กก 

!./ 

ก!

ก
( 

40 cm 40 cm Mu = 2×56.3×0.4 = 45.0 -!

Mu 45.0 × 105
Rn = = = 20.4 กก./7!.2
φb d 2
0.9 × 240 × 322

80 cm 0.85 fc′  2 Rn 
ρ = 1 − 1 −  = 0.0054
120 cm fy  0.85 fc′ 
2Ru
A s = ρ b d = 0.0054×240×32 = 41.5 7!.2

ก
0ก 14DB20# (As = 43.96 7!.2)
-F0กก#*E 
s = 240/14 = 17.14 7!.

A v fy d 2 × 3.14 × 4.0 × 32
Vs = =
s 17.14

= 46.9  > Vs

ก OK
!

0 $
ก0

DB20 

14DB20#
0.40

0.05 (ก 

0.10
*
0! ∅ 0.40 !.  ..
-2 50 
  4 
 Reinforced Concrete Design

Serviceability


ก
 

∆
กก


ก 

w
 


ก!ก"#$ก%&ก

 ..
  
SURANAREE INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING
UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY SCHOOL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

ก

กก%%" ก!ก!

'(  


#)
(!
(ก%"#$ก%&ก

กก

 

% ก!
ก"
" 
)ก*ก#$
ก
*
+


Strength Design Method
- more accurate assessment of capacity
- higher strength materials

More slender
members

Crackings
More service load
problems
Deflections

ก ก
ก

,  n = Es / Ec ≈ 8-10

, 
ก$ก ก fr = 2 fc′ ≈ 30 กก.//.2

$$ 1ก
 2*ก*กกก
:
fs ≈ 8×30 = 240 กก.//.2 << fy

 
ก กก !"#ก!$ก%ก
กก!!
 !($
ก

 1ก% ก!
(+*
%! ,

 

4กกกก $ 1ก

ก

 ...
#2

ก  Gerely   Lutz (+*2ก
ก*
& 

*
%5 

ก &  w = 0.011 β fs 3 dc A × 10−3 ..

* w = ก
ก*
& 
, .. ก

 w

fs = $5$ 1ก
 2%"#$ก%&ก

 = M / (As jd)

= 0.6 fy ก2*)ก#2*

!

dc = ก$&
!ก%5'57,ก $ 1ก
' 
&

...
ก

(+"*%5

 h1 h2
7,'
2y
y dc $ 1ก

bw

β = 
$!ก%5'5ก
!ก

7,'$ 1ก
'5ก
 = h2 / h1

β = 1.20
#$%, 1.35
#$%(+" 

A = (+"*ก$$&
$ 1ก
$5*



=
(+"*
 =
2 y bw
!#$ 1ก n
ก



ก (#
'
" ..

ก7$
$+ก$&
 0.016 0.41

ก7 +"$+

 0.012 0.30



  "# 1 0.007 0.18


"# $+ก8ก$


%ก 0.006 0.15



ก""# 0.004 0.10

ก
 ...
กก%%ก# 
$ 1ก
 fy = 3,000 - 5,600 ksc (%
$ 1ก
*
ก

,ก #$

ก
ก 5"
9 ACI $+ .
.. !5ก#$$
#2 ก

 z
#$%
  β = 1.20 :
w w
w = 0.011 β fs 3 dc A × 10 −3 z = fs 3 dc A = =
0.011× 1.20 0.013

(: z ≤ 31,000 กก.//. (w ≤ 0.41 ..)

ก: z ≤ 26,000 กก.//. (w ≤ 0.34 ..)

'* (: z ≤ 31,000(1.2/1.35) = 28,000 กก.//. (w ≤ 0.41 ..)

'* ก: z ≤ 26,000(1.2/1.35) = 23,000 กก.//. (w ≤ 0.34 ..)

 ACI Provision for Crack Control SDM

Gergely-Lutz euqation was replaced in the 1999 ACI Code.

New ACI provisions on crack control through reinforcement distribution limits
the spacing in RC beam and slab to :

 2,800 
s = 38   − 2.5cc (ACI Eq.10.4)
f
 s 

but not greater than 30(2,800/fs), where

fs = calculated stress (ksc) in reinforcement at service load = unfactored moment

devided by the steel area and the internal arm moment, fs = M/(As jd).
Alternatively, fs = (2/3) fy may by used; an approximate jd = 0.87d may by used.

cc = clear cover from the nearest surface in tension to the flexural tension
reinforcement (cm)

s = center-to-center spacing of flexural tension reinforcement nearest to the extreme

concrete tension face (cm)

+ กก & #,ก '*

!
$กก
5 cm fs = 0.6 fy = 0.6×4,000

= 2,400 กก.//.2
4 cm dc = 5 + 1.4 = 6.4 /.
2DB25

3DB28 3 × 6.16 × 6.4 + 2 × 4.91× 13.05

y =
5 cm 3 × 6.16 + 2 × 4.91

30 cm
= 8.71 /.

2 y bw 2 × 8.71× 30
A = = = 104.5 /.2
n 5

z = fs 3 dc A = 2,400 3 6.4 × 104.5

= 20,988 กก.//. < 26,000 กก.//.
#$% OK

 ก #,ก!  (%-ก
.%'*
!
$
%2*% %+* $
ก!$ 1ก
$
*

$+$5*
%  
*
ก b ≤ b ≤ L / 10 E
As

As

ก #,ก & &

ก'*
!
$

#$%* 5กก 90 /. 

$ 1ก*

 Ask
ก!
*#
 d/2 !ก#$$ 1ก
%5
≥ 90 /.

d
Ask s Ask ≥ 0.10 ( d − 75) cm 2 / m
d/2
smax ≤ d / 6 ≤ 30 cm

Minimum number of bar in one layer

Total tensile area = 2 dc bw

2 d c bw
Tensile area per bar: A=
m
m = number of bars in one layer
2dc
dc

4 cm bw 3
z 2 d c2 bw 2 dc2 bw
cover From z = fs dc A →   =
3 → m=
( z / fs )
3
 fs  m

Example: SD40: fy = 4,000 kg/cm2, fs = 0.6(4,000) = 2,400 kg/cm2

covering = 4 cm
dc = 5 + 0.5 db
stirrup ∅ ≈ 9-10 mm

2 ( 5 + 0.5d b ) bw
2

m= ⇒ max m = 2
( z / 2,400 )
3
Box Beam
Flexure Testing

Failed Beam
Failure of Beam
 Deflection of Elastic Sections

1) Excessive deflection cracking of partitions Wall

rain
2) Ponding effect of roof

3) Misalignment of machine

4) Visually offensive sag

Working Stress Design (WSD) Deflection is controlled indirectly by

limiting service load stress result in large member.

Ultimate Stress Design (USD) Members become more slender and/or

smaller sections may result in deflection problems.

ก

 !"#
'

 5ก*#" )
#2

+*
+*

/

+ 
*
%  %

(+" L / 20 L / 24 L / 28 L / 10

 L / 16 L / 18.5 L / 21 L/8

#$% fy *)ก% 4,000 กก.//.2 $

,2
 0.4 + fy / 7,000
$
%

 $&'(

 & 
/
   + ' 0 ' ก  +
$ *)%$+ก%
*  !ก"#


*!ก
$!ก $ก%&ก! L / 180
กกก
(+"*)%$+ก%
*  !ก"#


*!ก
$!กก $ก%&ก! L / 360
กก
$ $+(+"*%$+ก%
* "$*ก 5"
 

*!ก
$ $ !กก5ก%
* L / 480
!กกกก  

  
ก  +*
$ $+(+"*%$+ก%
* !ก"#$ก%&ก
"
 

*!)ก
$ $   L / 240
!กกกก +*!ก"#$ก!*(* 5"

ก&' $

 * L %"#$ก%&ก%%
*#
 w !)

5 w L4
∆ = ∆
384 EI
L

:!* ก!+*!ก!&:+"ก

w
Ma Mb

L2 w L2
∆ = 5M − 3 ( Ma + Mb ) M0 =
48 EI  0 8

Ma Mb

.*#$+ (Modulus of Elasticity)
, 
+$& ก #2)
!ก
,: Ec = 4,270 w1.5
c fc′

#$%ก"#$กก: Ec = 15,100 fc′

/ก (Cracking Moment)

+*#$
$5กก fr = 2 fc′

h
fr Ig
yt = !กก
'5%5
yt Mcr =
yt
Ig =   $
"$
b
h 1

#$%$

*$ *+
ก
 b  5ก h: yt = , Ig = b h3
2 12

)#
กก$ ก ก


M M

M
Icr
Ig = gross moment
of inertia Mcr
Ig Ie

ก
ก

∆cr ∆e
Icr = cracked moment
of inertia Deflection ∆

Ie = effective moment


ก
of inertia
*### 
 ก
, Icr
$
ก
ก%
ก%$+ก
 (+"* $ 1ก%
5/5*!',ก 

, 
b $
 
x
N.A.
d
h
n = Es/Ec
As nAs

x b 2
#$ก
 : bx = n A s (d − x) x + n A s x − n A sd = 0
2 2

b x3
Icr = + n A s (d − x)2
3

*### ,
-., Icr ≤ Ie ≤ Ig

+*กก
   $
!  !ก
Ig '5 Icr 5"ก%*ก#
Ig

 Mcr 
3
  Mcr 3  Ie
Ie =   Ig + 1 −  M   Icr ≤ Ig
 Ma    a 
Icr
1 2 3 Ma/Mcr
fr Ig
* Mcr = ก
 =
yt

fr = , 
ก$ก = 2.0 fc′
#$%ก"#$กก

Ig =   $
"$ h
yt
Ma = ก*
&*

 b
ก $/ก"&ก "&ก/
MD+L
MD ก+ก"#ก
 :
Mcr (Ie)D+L
(Ie)D
MD L2
Ig ∆D = βa
Ec ( Ie )D

∆cr ก 5"  #$

$
ก
)
∆D ∆L %
 (Ie)D
∆D+L

MD +L L2
ก+ก"#ก
 "#ก : ∆ D +L = βa
Ec ( Ie )D +L

ก+ก"#ก : ∆ L = ∆ D +L − ∆ D

+  10.3 !!
%ก  * 10  ก#$

f’c = 280 กก.//.2   fy = 4,000 กก.//.2

40 cm
8 ton (LL)
Beam weight
5m
700 kg/m(DL)
52 cm
60 cm

8DB25,
10 m As = 39.27 cm2

 4"  5ก
*
& L/16 = 1,000/16 = 62.5 /. > 60 /. Ckeck ∆

1. ก+ก"#ก!$ก

1
 "$ Ig = × 40 × 603 = 720,000 /.4
12
1
ก*
& Ma = × 0.7 × 102 = 8.75 -
8
 40 cm
#% :
x f’c = 280 กก.//.2
N.A.
Ec = 15,100 280 = 254,512 กก.//.2
nAs
Es 2.04 × 106
n = = = 8
Ec 254,512

x2

"0"#+ ก  : 40 = 8(39.27)(52 − x) x = 21.8 /.

2

/ /#ก: Icr = Iconcrete + Isteel

1
Icr = × 40 × 21.83 + 8(39.27)(52 − 21.8)2 = 424,663 /.4
3

fr = 2.0 280 = 33.5 กก.//.2

fr Ig 33.5 × 720,000
Mcr = = = 8,040 กก.-
yt 30 × 100

3
Mcr 8,040  Mcr 
= = 0.92    M  = 0.78
Ma 8,750  a

/ /%  4 :
 Mcr 
3
  Mcr 3 
Ie =   Ig + 1 −  M   Icr ≤ Ig
M
 a   a 

Ie = 0.78×720,000 + 0.22×424,663 = 655,026 /.4

Beam weight
700 kg/m(DL)

  +ก" #ก!$ก

:
10 m

5 w L4 5 × 700 /100 × 1,0004

∆D = =
384Ec Ie 384 × 252,671× 655,026

= 0.55 /.
 8 ton (LL)
2. ก+ก"#ก
+ก!"#ก Beam weight
5m
700 kg/m(DL)
Ma = 8.75 + 8×10/4

= 28.75 - 10 m
3
Mcr 8,040  Mcr 
= = 0.28,     = 0.022
Ma 28,750  Ma 

Ie = 0.022×720,000 + 0.978×424,663 = 431,160 /.4

5 w L4 PL3 5 × 7 × 1,0004 8,000 × 1,0003

∆D+L = + = +
384Ec Ie 48Ec Ie 384 × 252671× 431160 48 × 252671× 431160

= 0.84 + 1.53 = 2.37 /.

3. ก+ก"#ก!$ก ∆L = ∆L+L – ∆D = 2.37 – 0.55 = 1.82 /.

L 1,000
 ∆L *$
= = = 2.78 /. > 1.82 /. OK
360 360