List of Orthodontic Functional Appliances

This is a comprehensive list of functional appliances that are used in the field of
orthodontics. The functional appliances can be divided into fixed and removable.
The fixed functional appliances have to be bonded to the teeth by an Orthodontist in
their practice. A removable functional appliance does not need to be bonded on the
teeth and can be removed by the patient. A removal appliance is usually used by
patients who have high degree of compliance with their orthodontic treatment. Fixed
appliances are able to produce very accurate movement in the teeth[1]

Both fixed and removable functional appliances can be used to correct a

malocclusion in 3 planes of spaces: Anterior-Posterior, Vertical and Transverse. In
the Anterior-Posterior dimension, appliances such as Class II and Class III are used. Upper and Lower Jaw Functional
Appliances used in transverse dimension are utilized to expand either the maxillary Expanders
or the mandibular arch. Appliances used in vertical dimension are used to correct
open or deep bite.[2][3]

Contents
History
Fixed Appliances
Distalization Appliances
Class II Appliances
Class III Appliances
Intrusion Appliances
Mesialization Appliances
Vertical Dimension Appliances
Removable Appliances
Components
Class II Appliances
Class III Appliances
Transverse Appliances
Distalization Appliances
Orthodontic/Deprogramming Splints
See also
References

History
It is important to note that the dento-facial Orthopedics was mainly done in Europe initially as United States was introduced to Fixed
Orthodontics by Edward Angle. Norman William Kingsley was the first person to show "jumping the bite" by using an anterior bite
plate. Hotz then developed the Vorbissplate which was modification of Kingsley's plate. Wilhelm Roux is credited to be the first
person who studied the effects of functional forces on Orthodontics in 1883. His workings were used by other dentists in future to
study the dental orthopedics. His teachings became known as Roux Hypothesis, which Karl Haupl later expanded. Monobloc
developed by Pierre Robin (surgeon) in 1902 is considered to be one of the first functional appliances in Orthodontics. The Monobloc
was a modification of Ottolengui’s removable plate. In 1908, Viggo Andersen developed the Activator appliance. This was the first
functional appliance to be widely accepted, especially in Europe. This appliance became the "Norwegian" system of treatment in
Orthodontics in early 1900s.

In addition, in 1905 theHerbst Appliance was introduced by Emil Herbst. This appliance did not go through much evolution until the
1970s when Hans Pancherz revived interest in this appliance. In 1950s, Wilhem Balters modified Andersen's Activator appliance and
gave the new appliance the nameBionator Appliance which was designed to produce forward positioning of the mandible. Positioner
Appliance was developed by Harold Kesling in 1944 in order to aid the Orthodontic treatment during the finishing stage. The Frankel
Appliance were developed by Rolf Frankel in 1957 for treatment of Class I, II, III Malocclusions . William Clark also developed
Twin Block Appliance in 1978 which resembledArtur Martin Schwarzdouble plates that he developed in 1950s.

Fixed Appliances

Distalization Appliances
"New" Distalizer
Pasin-Pin-System
Barrel Fixed 3-Way
Beneslider
CD Distalizer Nance Appliance with Coil Springs
Carriere Distalizer
Crickett Appliance
Crozat Appliance
Distal Jet
Fast Back Appliance
First Class Appliance
Greenfield Molar Distalizer (Piston Appliance)
Intraoral Body Molar Distalizer (IBMD)
Jones Jig
Keles Slider
Korn Lip Bumper
K Loop Appliance
Lokar Appliance
Mandibular Anterior Repositioning Appliance (MARA)
Molar Distalization Bow
Multi-Distalizing Arch
Pendulum appliance
P-Rax Molar Distalizer
Simplified Molar Distalizer (FROG)
T-Rex
Veltri's Distalizer
Vertical Holding Appliance
Wilson's Bimetric Distalizing Arch

Class II Appliances
Amoric Torsion Coil
Herbst Appliance

MiniscopeTM Telescoping Herbst

Malu Herbst Appliance
MARA Appliance
Jasper Jumper
 Eureka Spring
Twin Force Bite Corrector
Churro Jumper
Klapper Super Spring
Scandee Tubular Jumper
Magnetic Telescopic Device
Bionator Appliance
Higgins Xbow
PowerScope 2
Forsus Appliance
Ventral Telescope
IST Appliance
Biopedic Appliance
LM-Activator
BioBiteCorrector

Class III Appliances

Quick Fix
Modified Tandem Appliances (MTA)
Class III Tandem Bow
Carriere® Motion™ Appliance for Class III Correction
Face Mask

Intrusion Appliances
Rapid Molar Intruder

Mesialization Appliances
Mesial Jet
T Bar Appliance

Vertical Dimension Appliances

Thurow Appliance

Modified Thurow Appliance

Removable Appliances

Components
Some of the components of removal appliances are retentive in nature. They are usually connecting by an acrylic component known
as baseplate. The majority of the appliances include components such as Labial Bow and Adams Clasp, both of these components are
passive in nature. Labial bow is a wire attached to the baseplate which goes around the incisor teeth to provide retention of those
teeth. Labial bow usually have U-Loops at the end to allow it to activate more. Adams clasps are used for retention of these
removable appliances and are usually fabricated in the molar areas. They are usually manufactured from 0.7mm hard stainless steel
wire (HSSW), or 0.6mm HSSW when planned for deciduous teeth.[4] Removal of the appliance is usually performed by holding the
bridge of this clasp. Other clasps that are usually used are C clasps on canines, Southend Clasp (on anteriors),[5] Ball-ended clasp
(primarily for use with the Twin Block system in the lower anteriors)[6] and Plint clasp.
Active components of removable appliances include springs which provides light forces on a tooth to move it orthodontically.
Components such as Palatal Finger Springs, Buccal Canine Retractor, Z-Spring, T-Spring, Coffin Spring, Active Labial Bows (Mill's
Bow or Roberts retractor), Screws and Elastics are all considered to be active components of the removable functional appliances. If
a spring is moving one tooth it is made of 0.5mm thick stainless steel wire. The thickness increases to 0.6 or 0.7mm wire if it is to
move more teeth or a larger/multi rooted tooth.[7]

Palatal Finger Spring - These springs are used to move teeth buccally or lingually
.
Buccal Canine Retractor - These springs are used to bring a buccaly placed canine more lingual.
Z-Spring - This spring is used to move one or two teeth labially
T-Spring - This spring is used to move teethabially.
l
Coffin Spring - This spring is used for expansion and can be substituted instead of a screw in an expansion device.
They apply heavy forces and is activated by flattening the spring.

Class II Appliances
Twin-Block Appliance
Frankel II
Mono-Bloc Appliance
Rickonator
Dynamax Appliance
R-Appliance
Anterior Inclined Bite Plate (AIBP)
Schwarz Double Plate
Activator appliance

Split Activator (Bow activator)

Eschler's Modification
Harvold - Woodside Activator
Herren's Activator (1953)
Occlus-o-Guide
H-Activator
Klammt Activator
LM-Activator
LSU Activator
V-Activator
Schwarz Activator
Medium Opening Activator
Expansion and labial segment alignment appliance (ELSAA)

Class III Appliances

Eganhouse Class III Appliance
Frankel III

Transverse Appliances
Frankel I, II, IV

Distalization Appliances
Acrylic Cervical Occipital Anchorage Appliance(ACCO)
Removable Molar distalization splint
Orthodontic/Deprogramming Splints
Dorsal Splint
Superior Repositioning Splint
Farrar Splint
Maxillary Anterior Deprogrammer
Maxillary Flat Plane
Stack Bionator
Luco Splint
Gelb Splint/MORA
Modified Gelb Splint
Tanner Repositioning Splint
Pull Forward Splint
Flat Occlusal Plane Splint
Mini Deprogrammer
"B" Splint (Wilkerson Style)
Cranham Deprogrammer
Kois Deprogrammer
Full Contact Splint with Anterior Guidance

Pankey Style
Brucia/FACE Style
Dawson Style
Spear Style

See also
List of palatal expanders
List of orthodontic companies
Molar distalization
Palatal expansion
Mandibular expansion or lower jaw expansion
DNA Appliance® System
bioblock appliance
crozat appliance
Advanced Lightwire Functional (ALF)
Functional_appliances

References
1. "https://www.bos.org.uk/Public-Patients/Orthodontics-for-Children-Teens/Treatment-brace-types/Fixed-
appliances/Conventional"
2. Graber, T. M.; Swain, B. F., eds. (1984-12-01). Orthodontics: Current Principles and T
echniques (2nd ed.). Mosby.
ISBN 9780801619663.
3. Contemporary Orthodontics, 5e(5 ed.). Mosby. 2012-04-16. ISBN 9780323083171.
4. "Luther, F. A. & Nelson-Moon, Z. A. Removable orthodontic appliances and retainers : prin
ciples of design and use"
5. "Luther, F. A. & Nelson-Moon, Z. A. Removable orthodontic appliances and retainers : prin
ciples of design and use"
6. " Fleming, P. S. E. & Lee, R. C. T. E. Orthodontic Functional Appliances: Theory and Practice."
7. "Luther, F. A. & Nelson-Moon, Z. A. Removable orthodontic appliances and retainers : prin
ciples of design and use"

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