UHS TOPIC 5-A

Thermochemistry
UHS TOPIC 5-A
KIPS
Thermochemistry
KIPS

Note
1) AHn=-57.4 KJ/mole (maximum for strong acids and bases) ii) AH, > -57.4 (not
possible) iii) AH, <-57.4 ( when one of the acid or base is stronger)
Enthalpy (energy) changes A(delta means difference)
H(means enthalpy) AH= Ein- Eour (joules)

• Theoretical methods for calculation of enthalpy of reaction indirectly

(i) Hess's Law for constant heat summation
(ii) Born Haber's cycle BY GLASS CALORIMETER (at constant pressure)
• Glass calorimeter is used to measure the enthalpy. . By using following relationship, heat of
reaction is calculated.

mxs x AT Where, m
mass of reactant S
= specific heat of reacting mixture AT
change in temperature. HESS'S LAW OF CONSTANT HEAT SUMMATION Energy contents of
a reaction remain constant whether
ΔΗ

A – reaction takes place in single step or many steps.

AH
AH3
B
AH,
AH = AH,+AH2 + AH; The sum of enthalpy changes in a cyclic process is zero.
(AH)cycle=0 Example
(i) If the enthalpy of combustion for graphite to form CO2 and enthalpy of combustion of
CO to form CO2 are known, then by using Hess's law we can determine the enthalpy of
formation of CO. Consider the following cycle.

(+0,AILCO
BOND ENERGY
The average amount of energy required to break all bonds of a particular type in
one mole of the substance is called bond energy.
. Unit of bond energy is kJ/mole. Factors Effecting Bond Energy

The bond energy is the measure of the strength of bond. The strength of a bond
depends upon the following factors. (i) Electronegativity difference of bonded
atoms (ii) Sizes of the atoms
(iii) Bond length Applications of bond energy
. Relative strength of bonds . % of ionic character in bond

. Estimation of AH Lattice Energy Definition:

The amount of energy released when one mole of crystalline solid is formed from
the
gaseous ions is called lattice energy. Example:
Na (g) + Cle) - NaCl(s) AH = -787 kJmoll Lattice energy depends upon charge to size ratio of
ions. For ions of same group, lattice energy depends upon size of ion. 1. Greater the size of
cation (from same group) by keeping the anion same, lesser will
be the charge to size ratio and lesser will be the lattice energy and vice versa. Examples:
(i) Lattice energy of LiCl is - 833 kJ/mole. (ii) Lattice energy of NaCl is - 787kJ/mole. 2. Greater
the size of anion (from same group) by keeping cation same, lesser the
charge to size ratio, lesser will be the lattice energy and vice versa. Examples
(i) Lattice energy of Naf is - 895 kJ/mole
(ii) Lattice energy of NaCl is - 787 kJ/mole. Note: With the increasing size of
either cation or anion, the packing of oppositely charged ions
becomes less tight. As a result, electrostatic attraction is weak and Lattice energy is
less. MEASUREMENT OF ENTHALPY OF A REACTION
There are two basic methods to measure the enthalpy of reactions • Experimental
methods
Heat of single step reaction can be (i) Glass Calorimeter (AH, and AH)
measured by calorimeter. (ii) Bomb Calorimeter (AHc of food and fuel) U

KIPS Entry Test Series 48

CO
*CO2(8)
→ CO2(g)
C+028)
AH(for Co, from graphite) =-393.7 kJmol' COB) +50MB

AH2 (for CO2 from CO) = -283 kJ moll C (graphite) +

CO2
COQ)
AH,(CO)=? From cycle, it is clear that
AH = AH, + AH2 AH = AH - AH,
= -393.7 - (-283)
AH, = . 110.7 kJ mol So, the enthalpy change for the formation of CO(g) is
-110 kJmol. AVERAGE BOND ENERGIES
. During a chemical reaction, the bonds in the reactants are broken. This is an
endothermic process; energy is required to do this. After the bonds have been
broken, however, the bonds in the products are formed. This is an exothermic
process; energy is released when this happens.
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Entry Test Series
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