Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Joints in Steel Construction - Simple Connections - Part 08 PDF
Joints in Steel Construction - Simple Connections - Part 08 PDF
COLUMN BASES
8 . 1 INTRODUCTION
Typical column bases as shown in Figure 8.1 consist of a Holding down systems are intended to meet the following
single plate fillet welded to the end of the column and requirements:
attached to the foundation with four holding down bolts.
In service they must transmit shear from the column to
The bolts are cast into the concrete base in location tubes
the foundation;
or cones and are fitted with anchor plates to prevent pull-
out. Bedding material is inserted in the space below the during erection they must be capable of stabilising the
plate (see Figure 8.2). column until other structural elements have been
erected;
Such column bases are usually assumed to be subject to during construction they must resist uplift;
axial compression and shear only. However, uplift should
in service they must resist uplift in braced bays.
be considered for column bases in braced bays.
For most columns in simple multistorey construction this
The base plate should be of sufficient size, stiffness and type of base is simple to fabricate and relatively inexpensive.
strength to transmit the axial compressive force from the Rarely will it be more economical to use thinner bases
column to the foundation through the bedding material, augmented by stiffeners, an arrangement that has been
without exceeding the local bearing capacity of the more popular in the past.
foundation.
As with column splices, column bases fall Into two main
categories:
264
Column Bases - Practical Considerations
Column bases to braced bays may be required to deal Because of the thickness of the parts to be joined,
with relatively high shear loads. An attempt[34]to establish consideration must be given to hydrogen cracking, which
a design approach for holding down systems produced can be a problem during welding thick material. Table 8.1
no general consensus, except strong statements that no gives values for the maximum combined platethicknesses
reliance should be placed on the bedding material to using a range of filletwelds and differenttypes of electrode.
transmit shear force. However, SCI-P207/95[24] gives As can be seen, as long as 8mm welds or low hydrogen
some design guidance on the topic. electrodes are used, then cracking can be avoided without
having to resort to the expense of pre-heating.
This publication does not present a design method for
transferring shear from the base plate to the foundation. It should be noted that welding guidance rules given here
It is noted however that it is common and successful refer to single pass manual metal arc welding only.
industrial practice to use the holding down bolts of portal More guidance on other welding procedures is given in
frames to resist the substantial shear forces that exist in BS EN 1011 W
that structural form.
Holding down bolts
For bearing surfaces, shear between the column end and
the base plate can be transmitted by friction or the Holding down bolts are normally manufacturerd in
nominal weld between the column and the base plate. accordance with BS 7419[351which covers:
For non-bearingsurfaces, the weld should be designed to bolts with square head and neck, and
transmit the shear.
bolts with hexagon head and round neck.
For the square head type, bolt rotation during tightening
8.2 PRACTICAL CONSIDERATIONS is prevented by placing the square neck in a square hole
Column shaft in the anchor plate. For the hexagon head type, a small
The normal preparationfor a bearing type connection is 'keep' flat is usually welded to the underside of the plate
for the column section to be sawn square to its axis. A to bear against one of the hexagonal head flats.
good quality saw in proper working order is adequate for
The embedded length of the bolt in the concrete will
this purpose. It must be emphasised that direct bearing
usually be in the region of 16 to 18 bolt diameters. The
does not necessitate the machining or end milling of the
thread length must allow for tolerances and should be
column ends. Guidance on the allowable tolerance
1OOmm plus the bolt diameter.
between bearing surfaces can be found in BS 5950-2['] or
the National Structural Steelwork Specification[8].
Holding down bolts are usually provided in grade 4.6
material. For lighter construction, M20 H.D bolts are often
Base plates used, although M24 bolts are recommended for bases up
Base plates will usually be flame cut or sawn from S275 to 50mm thick, increasing to M36 for plates over 50mm
rather than 5355 plate. thick.
The portion of base plate in contactwith the column shaft Although bolts are normally used in the non-coated
should be flat within a deviation of 0.75mm. It will be condition, they can be supplied:
found that most plates have a sufficiently flat bearing electroplatedto BS 7371-3[36];
surface without machining or cold pressing.
galvanized to BS 7371-6[37];
sherardized to BS 7371-8[38].
Welds
Dimensions of holding down bolts to BS 7419[35]are
For bearing type bases the main function of the weld is to
Included with the detailing information in the yellow
hold the column shaft securely in position on the base
pages, table H.63
plate.
This being the case, only 6mm or 8mm fillet welds are
generally required, usually run along the outside of the
flanges and for a short distance either side of the web. Full
profile welds will usually only be used for non-bearing
bases or if additional strength is needed during erection
or as an anti-corrosion measure.
265
Column Bases - Practical Considerations
rable 8.1 Maximum combined thicknesses for manual metal arc welding to avoid preheating
a
tv T
Max combined thickness (mm)
Steel Max to avoid preheat relative
weld
grade* E " size hydrogen scale (see BS EN 101l)[l3]
tPE \r-LtP
A B C D
5275 0.40 6 70 00 00 00
t,, = Base plate thickness
8 00 00 00 00 t + = c olumn web thickness
T = Column flange thickness
5355 0.45 6 50 60 70 00
8 70 00 00 00
Combined thickness = 2tp + tw or
* the higher grade of the base plate and the column = 2tp+T
Votes: 1 The table covers fillet welds made using single run welds.
2 Electrodes are to BS EN 499: 1 995[391coating types R and B only.
3 For other Carbon Equivalent Values (CEV) and other processes refer to BS EN 7 01 7['31.
4 If combined thickness is greater than given in the table, preheat will be required in accordancewith BS EN 10 1 7.
5 00 Signifies that there is no limit on the combined thickness.
I il:
Base plate
7 I 111
111
Optional
grout hole
266
Column Bases - Recommended Geometry
Bedding
Material
Mortar
Fine Concrete
Characteristic
cube strength a t
28 days fc,,(N/mm2)
20.0 - 25.0
30.0 - 50.0
By using hammered or dry packed fine concrete, cube
strengths up to 50N/mm2 can be achieved.
267
1
I ' I I
O
-apv
ter
LD-2T I
T = Flange thickness
t =Web thickness D = depth of column B =width of column
(i) Effective area (ii) Effective area with overlap (iii) Revised effective area
Figure 8.3 Calculated effective area for a rolled section
8.4 DESIGN
Two design procedures are given for slab column bases: The projectionwidth c, shown in (i)is the minimum that
the effective area method. (BS5950-1:2000) is needed to keep the base pressure below the limiting
bearing strength which in this case is taken as 0.6 fCU,
the BS 5950: Part 1:1990 method
where ,,f is the characteristic cube strength of the
The effective area method is marginally more efficient concrete base or the bedding material, whichever is less
over the full range of rolled sections used as columns and (See Tables 8.2 and 8.3).
the design procedure is fully described in Section 8.5.
Although not in the current standards, the BS 5950: Part In some circumstances, it can be found that the projection,
1:1990 method is dealt with in Appendix E. This method c becomes so large that the strips overlap between the
should only be used to obtain the initial plate dimensions. column flanges as shown in (ii).
Column bases subject to both axial load and an overturning i.e. c > (D-2T)/2
moment have to take into account the effect of tension on
one side of the base. This treatment can be found in This clearly can not be allowed to happen and c must be
Moment Connections[24]which is another design guide in therefore recalculated on the basis of the effective area
this series. shown in (iii).
2c + t
k r Square
:ulr
. .
Outstand, c
2c + t
t =Wall thickness
G.
base plate
t =Wall thickness
t =Wall thickness
Figure 8.4 Calculated effective area for RHS & CHS sections
268
Column Bases - Design Procedures
Worked examples
Four design examples are provided in section 8.6 to
illustrate the design checks for the effective area method.
269
Column Bases - Design Procedures
t
i
\
Aeff
Projection, c
T = Flange thickness
D..P
DP t = Web thickness '4 b
4
A A
2c+t
I I Ai 2c+t 1
'
1 BP
1
b' 4 4 b'
\ AeH
AeH
Projection, c 2c+t circular plate t =Wall thickness
t =Wall thickness
lasic requirement:
AP 2 Areq
= area of base plate = BpDp for rectangular plate
AP
x Dp2
= - for circular plate
4
Where
FC = compressive force due to factored loads
0.6 fc, = bearing strength
fcu
= the smaller of the characteristic cube strength a t 28 days of the
bedding material or the concrete base
270
Column Bases- Design Procedures
h
1 i
4 *I
2c+t
5asic requirement:
Where:
p
,, = design strength of base plate
,,f = the smaller of the characteristic cube strength at 28 days of the bedding
material or the concrete base
Where:
Areq = required area of base plate (from Check 1)
A,, = cross sectional area of the column
Per, = column perimeter
FC = compressive force due to factored loads
0.6 fc, = bearing strength
fcu
= the smaller of the characteristic cube strength a t 28 days of the
bedding material or the concrete base
D = outside diameter of CHS
Note: The effective area must be checked for overlap and any necessary adjustment made.
277
Column Bases - Design Procedures
-?--
Basic requirement:
For shear
F" I 'weld
Cew
= total effective length of the welds in direction of shear
FC I 'weld
lwef
= total effective length of the welds to the column flange for rolled sections
= total effective length of the weld for RHS and CHS sections
272
Column Bases - Worked Examples
The four worked examples for column bases illustrate the design checks required for the most commonly used details:
Example 1: The design of a UC column base, using the Example 3: The design of a RHS column base, using
effective area method, where the column the effective area method, where the
is in direct bearing butwelds must develop column is in direct bearing but welds must
the shear force a t the base. In this design develop the shear force a t the base.
the effective area does not cause overlap.
Example 4 The design of a CHS column base, using
Example2 A connection similar to Example 1 but the effective area method, where the
with a higher axial load where the effective column is in direct bearing but welds must
area calculation produces overlap and a develop the shear force a t the base.
recalculation of outstand 'c' has to be
made.
273
Column Bases - Worked Example 7
Job No
loints in Steel Construction - Simple Connections I 7 of 4
ritle
Example 7 - Column Base - UC, no overlap
CALCULATION Client
SHEET SCI/BCSA Connections Croup
IBCSAI Calcs by
RS
Checked by
AM
I May 2002
Date
DESIGN EXAMPLE 1
Check the column base for the design forces shown.
I
F, = 4300kN
600 x 600 x 50 Base plate
A-
Grade 5275
\
F, = 100kN
\ I A
I +
M24 grade 4.6
holding down bolts 600
fCu = 30N/mm 2
274
Column Bases - Worked Example 7
Basic requirement: A, 2
- FC
Area required, A, - 0.6 fCu
4300 x 1 O3
0.6 x 30
- 238900mm2
275
Column Bases - Worked Example 7
U
h( P
+ m
m
Calculation of c 1-
276
Column Bases - Worked Example 7
= 2(100-(2x8))
= 168mm
a = 0.7s
= 0.7~8
= 5.6mm
277
~
JobNo
joints in Steel Construction - Simple Connections
1 Sheet
7 of 4
~ ~~ ~
Title
Example 2 - Base Plates - UC, overlap
~ ~~
CALCULATION Client
SHEET SCI/BCSA Connections Croup
I Checked by
AM
I Date
May 2002
DESIGN EXAMPLE 2
Check the column base for the design forces shown.
I
I
F, = 9000kN
800 x 800 x 90 Baseplate
\\i\,
8mm fillet welds
2
f& = 30N/mm
t
Contact faces of the column
and the base plate are in
direct bearing 800
278
Column Bases - Worked Example 2
Title
Example 2 - Base Plates - UC, overlap
9000 x 1 O3
0.6 x 3 0
279
Column Bases - Worked Example 2
= 46 + 2(D + B)c + DB
Equating the effective area, A,, to the required area, A, (from Check I ) gives
.: c = 182mm
280
Column Bases - Worked Example 2
-
- 2(150-(2~8))
-
- 268mm
a - 0.7s
- 0 . 7 ~8
5.6mm
Job No
joints in Steel Construction - Simple Connections I Sheet 7 of 4
Title
Example 3 - Column Base - RHS
CALCULATION Client
SHEET SCI/BCSA Connections Group
Calcs by
RS
Checked by
AM
I Date
May 2002
DESIGN EXAMPLE 3
Check the RHS column base for the design forces shown.
\ -
400 300 x 20 Base plate
(Grade 5275) I-T
\ 1
1
\\\ \\ i
I I
t
+ I +
M20 grade 4.6 300
+
holding down bolts
f =30N/mm
2 l!l\+
cu
-6mm fillet welds
Contact faces of the column
and the base plate are in +I
direct bearing
400
282
Column Bases - Worked Example 3
Area of baseplate Ap = 6
P
DP = 300x400 = 120000mm2
Area required, -
Areq - Fc
0.6fCu
900 103
0.6x 30
-
- 50000mm2
A, = .*.O.K.
Column Bases - Worked Example 3
B -300
P
-+ It-
Outstand, c
\ k' 'A,
t =10
Calculation of c
284
Column Bases - Worked Example 3
- 2 (7 00 - (2 x 6))
- 7 76mm
a - 0.7s
- 0.7~
6
- 4.2mm
F"
- 7 OOkN < 163kN .*. O.K.
285
Column Bases - Worked Example 4
i Job No
loints in Steel Construction - Simple Connections I
I
Sheet 7 of 4
ritle
Example 4 - Column Base - CHS
CALCULATION
SHEET
Calcs by Checked by Date
RS AM May 2002
DESIGN EXAMPLE 4
Check the CHS column base for the design forces shown.
yn
F = 1400kN
273 x lOmm CHS C I
400 ~ (Grade
F, = 700kN
-
4 0 0 x 5275) \
2 0Baseplate
'- I I I
1 20
fCu = 3ON/mm 2 7 4 0 0
Contact faces of the column
and the base plate are in
direct bearing
286
Column Bases - Worked Example 4
~~
Basic requirement: Ap 2
Area required, A, - FC
0.6fCu
1400x 703
0.6 x 30
77778mm2
287
Column Bases - Worked Example 4
PYP
D =400
P
Bp= 400
t =lO
I
Calculation of c
BS 5950-7
Design strength of the 20mm plate, pyp = 265N/mmz Table 9
1
3 0.6 30 '12
c ( 3 x o'6fc") = 42.7 ( 265 ) = 19.Omm
PYP
tP
= ZOmm > 19.0mm ... O.K.
288
-
= pw 'we, 0
Throat size, a
= 0.7s
= 0.7~6 4.2mm
289