-:CONTENTS:-

1. Introduction

2.History

3.Methodology

4.Piezoelectric Material

5.Component required

(a) Piezoelectric material assembly

(b) Battery
(c) Inverter (static converter)

6. Principle

7. Working

8. Calculation

9. Advantages

10. Disadvantages

11. Applications

12. Conclusion

13. Future scope

14.Our goals
 INTRODUCTION

The piezoelectric phenomenon was first

described by the Curie brothers, who observed that certain
materials generate electric current when they are deformed.
Innowattech has developed a new breed of piezoelectric
generators with a mechanical/electrical association ideally
suited to harvest the mechanical energy imparted to roadways
from passing vehicles, trains and pedestrians. The system does
not harm the efficiency of the vehicles, trains or human
movement.

It maximizes retrieval of wasted mechanical

energy converting it into electrical energy. It then stores the
energy with minimal energy waste. The energy is also
produced in close proximity to its end users. It does not
require the use and development of vast new areas as do solar
and wind farms. This solution for the roads, railroads and
runways is capable of producing significant amounts of
electricity and has an economical and commercial advantage
over other green alternatives.
History:-

The direct piezoelectric effect was first seen in 1880,

and was initiated by the brothers Pierre and Jacques Curie.
The curie brothers demonstrated the first piezoelectric effect
by using crystal of Tourmaline, quartz, topaz, cane sugar and
rochelle salt.

The world war first marked the introduction of the

first practical application for piezoelectric devices, which was
the Sonar device. During second world war, research groups
in the USA,Russia and japan discovered a new class of man-
made materials.
Methodology:-
Piezoelectric Materials:-

A piezoelectric material is one in which an

electric potential appears across certain surfaces of a crystal, if
the dimensions of a crystal are changed by the application of a
mechanical force. The elements exhibiting piezoelectric
qualities are called as “Electro-resistive” elements.

The common piezoelectric materials includes

Rochelle salt, ammonium di-hydrogen phosphate, lithium
sulphate, dipotassium tartarate, potassium di-hydrogen
phosphate, quartz and ceramic-A, ceramic-B.

The materials that exhibits a significant and useful

piezoelectric effect are divided into two categories.
A) Natural Group
B) Synthetic Group (Artificial Group)

A) Natural Group:

Rochelle salt and quartz belongs to natural group.

B) Synthetic Group:
 The materials ammonium di-hydrogen phosphate,
lithium sulphate, dipotassium tartarate, potassium di-hydrogen
phosphate etc. belongs to synthetic group.
Component required:-
There are different components used in this
arrangement for the generation, storage and distribution of
electrical energy are given bellow.

A) Piezoelectric material assembly:-

The Piezoelectric material is placed in flexible cubic

structure and two electrodes are drawn from two side end
of cube.

B) Battery:-

The output voltage produced from this arrangement

is D.C in nature, to store this voltage battery is used.

C) Inverter (static converter):-

An inverter is used to convert D.C power into A.C

power. Here we required A.C power for our equipment
for this region we used an inverter.
Principle:-
The principle is based on piezoelectric effect, which
states that whenever a mechanical force applied across
certain surfaces of crystal then electric potential appear
across the electrodes and converse action also possible.

OR

A piezoelectric material is one in which an

electric potential appears across certain surfaces of a crystal, if
the dimensions of a crystal are changed by the application of a
mechanical force. The elements exhibiting piezoelectric
qualities are called as “Electro-resistive” element.

The following fig. shows the principle given above, arrow

shows the mechanical force applied, cylinder resemble to
piezo material, two conducting wire and voltmeter.
WORKING:-
The working of this arrangement is based on the
principle of piezoelectric effect. This effect can be made to
respond mechanical deformation in many different modes, the
modes can be thickness expansion, transverse expansion,
thickness shear and face shear. The mode of motion effected
depends on the shape of the body relative to the crystal axis
and location of electrode.

The above block diagram shows the general working of arrangement.

 1. Piezoelectricity refers to the ability of a material to produce a charge
separation along its surface upon application of mechanical strain.
2. A type of dipole is created in the material and these results in a potential
difference across its ends.
3. The piezoelectric effect is the linear electromechanical interaction
between the mechanical and the electrical state in crystalline materials
with no inversion symmetry.
4. The process of piezoelectric effect takes place in piezoelectric materials
when they are compressed along certain axes producing a measurable
voltage on the surface of the material.
5. A charge arises when the materials, which have no axis of symmetry, are
strained: the center of the positive charge in the lattice is slightly
separated from the center of negative charge, and that creates an electric
field, which can be measured on opposite faces of the material.
6. Pressure is produce due to moving vehicle.
7. Piezoelectric generator working:-
 Atoms are not symmetrically arranged, but charges are perfectly
balanced.
 A positive charge in one place cancels out negative charge. Hence,
piezoelectric crystal is electrically neutral.
 When piezoelectric is deformed, atoms move close together or
further apart, upsetting the balance of charges and net electric
charge is appear.
 This effect carries though whole structure so net positive and
negative charges appear on opposite, outer surface.
8. Produce electricity is storage in battery.
9. Now with the help of inverter DC is converted into AC to supply the
load.

Process of deformation:-

- Pressure is produced due to moving vehicle.

- Piezoelectric generator working.
 1) Atom are symmetrically arranged, but charges are perfectly
balanced.
2) The positive charge of one place canceled out the negative charge
hence the piezoelectric crystal is electrically neutral.

3. When piezoelectric is deformed, atoms move

close together or further apart , upsetting the balance of
charges and net electric charge is appear.
 4. This effect carries though whole structure so net
positive and negative charges appear on opposite, outer
surface.

 Produce electricity is storage in battery.

 Now with the help of inverter DC is converted
into AC to supply the load.
Calculations:-

ADVANTAGES:-

1. Economically competitive.
2. lower maintenance.
3. This leads to “Smart Roads” , “smart rail track” & “Smart air port”.
4. The movement energy can be converted into electrical energy.
5. Does not take up any public space and functions in all weather
conditions.
6. The arrangement is simple.
7. It is free from pollution.

DISADVANTAGES:-

1. It can not generate continuously.

2. The piezoelectric material is expensive.

3. It can not produce energy in bulk amount.

 APPLICATION:-

1. It can be used in roadways & highways, rail tracks, airport

runway.

2. It can be used in footpath.

3. Used in railway station and household pedestrian walks.

4. Useful in dance floor.

5. Also it can be installed under conveyor belt in industries.

6. Lighting street lights, traffic lights and warning signs.

7. Powering road side electric devices, e.g. billboards,with no

existing power line infrastructure.

8. Deliver real-time data on the weight, frequency and speed of

passing vehicles as well as the spacing between vehicles.
Conclusion:-

1. Eco-friendly sources of energy.

2. It offers a viable alternative to conventional fossil fuel.

3. It is a reliable dynamic model.

4. The efficiency is in the range of twenty to thirty percent.

5. Further work in this field is required to find out more efficient

methods of utilization.

6. This information in these paper will encourage more research to

use this device, which is more independent of oil and coal.
Future scope:-
Our Goal:-
 REFERENCE:-

Website- www.innowattech.com
www.isoceramic.co.in
www.steminc.com

BOOK - Electrical and electronic measurement and measuring

Instrumentation

Author- A. K. Sawhney