Chem 40 PS7 (Carbohydrate metabolism)

Please answer the following in a brief and concise manner. Use 4-5 lines of the yellow paper.

1. Why are there bypass pathways in gluconeogenesis and it’s not done by just reversing all
steps in glycolysis?
2. Identify the following:
a) High-energy substrate/s in glycolysis
b) The enzyme/s catalysing the reduction of NAD+ in glycolysis
c) The enzyme/s that are control points in glycolysis
d) The cofactor usually involved in decarboxylation reactions
e) Pyruvate can be converted to_____ in anaerobic organisms after a two-step
method involving decarboxylation and redox.
f) The cofactor usually involved in carboxylation.
3. Why is the TCA cycle considered as amphibolic?
4. Give two roles of the pentose phosphate pathway.
5. What are the coupled reactions in oxidative phosphorylation?
6. What is the explanation why electrons from mitochondrial NADH give around 3 ATPs
while electrons from FADH2 give only around 2 ATPs?
7. How can the cell ensure that glycogen synthase and glycogen phosphorylase will not be
active at the same time?
8. What is the action of Fructose-2,6-bisphosphate (F-2,6-BP) on:
a) Phosphofructokinase
b) Fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase
9. How many reduced cofactors and net phosphoanhydride bonds are formed if 3 glucose
units enter glycolysis and assuming that all pyruvate enters pyruvate oxidation and all
acetyl-CoAs enter the Kreb’s cycle?
10. Give three cofactors needed in pyruvate oxidation.
11. Give the reaction in the Kreb’s cycle (substrate, enzyme, product, cofactor, or coupled
reaction) referred to in the following:
a) The first step that produces NADH
b) The reaction that produce FADH2
c) A hydration reaction
d) The reaction that produce GTP
e) The control point that produce a symmetrical molecule
12. Explain why ATP usually acts as negative effector of several enzymes in the Kreb’s
cycle.