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Nitrogen - Syngas - Article - Controlling - The - Stresses - of The - Primary - Reformer - May - June19
Nitrogen - Syngas - Article - Controlling - The - Stresses - of The - Primary - Reformer - May - June19
Nitrogen - Syngas - Article - Controlling - The - Stresses - of The - Primary - Reformer - May - June19
process steam
heat
recovery catalyst tubes
fuel gas flue gas
tail gas
natural
gas syngas
S
team reformers used in hydrogen, furnace (Fig. 2) that provides the large endo- as the water gas shift reaction. Both reac-
ammonia and methanol plants thermic heat of reaction. tions are reversible and approach equilib-
are complex, energy intensive and The basic reactions of the steam rium. In addition to the desired reactions (1)
expensive. By nature their design is often reforming of methane are expressed by the and (2), other side reactions (3, 4, and 5)
aggressive, due to the need for harsh oper- following chemical equations. are under certain conditions also possible.
ating conditions and specialty materials. Selection of suitable catalyst and appropri-
A failure in the primary reformer typically Desired reactions: ate operating conditions will promote reac-
has large financial implications, often run- tions (1) and (2) and suppress reactions
CH4 + H2O → CO + 3H2 (1)
ning into millions of dollars, as significant 4 to 5. Reaction (3) takes place in steam
downtime is incurred alongside the costs CO + H2O → CO2 + H2 (2) reformers where CO2, available downstream
of tubes, engineering and catalyst. of the CO2 removal section, is recycled back
CH4 + CO2 → 2CO + 2H2 (3)
to the reformer in order to increase CO for-
The basics Unwanted reactions: mation in the syngas (methanol, oxo syngas
production).
2CO → C + CO2 (4)
In a conventional steam reforming process The conversion is favoured by a high
(Fig. 1) hydrogen and mixture of CO/CO2 are CH4 → C + 2H2 (5) steam to carbon ratio (in excess of the
produced by reacting methane with steam stoichiometric quantity), high outlet tem-
CO + H2 → C + H2O (6)
over a nickel catalyst at high temperatures. perature, low pressure and high catalyst
The catalyst is contained in the reformer Reaction (1) is known as steam methane activity. There are restrictions and limita-
tubes, which are located in a box type fired reforming, while reaction (2) is referred to tions for maximum conversion:
l A steam to carbon ratio that is too high Fig. 3: Geometry of reformer furnaces
will make the process less energy effi-
cient, large quantities of excess steam
have to be condensed and high volumet-
ric steam flow will increase the equip-
ment cost. Low steam to carbon ratio
will improve the energy efficiency, but
can form carbon in the catalyst pores
and other undesirable byproducts.
l An operating temperature that is too
high poses problems of heat transfer
and lowers the mechanical strength
of the reformer tube material (metal
temperatures up to 960°C under pres-
sure of about 35 bar). Low operating
temperature reduces the conversion,
but sometimes this offers an attractive Top-fired furnace Terrace wall-fired furnace
possibility for conversion completion
under optimum conditions downstream
the primary reformer;
l An operating pressure that is too low
increases the cost of equipment and
makes the reforming process inef-
ficient, as it is always necessary to
compress the produced syngas at
higher pressures for further processing
(purification and synthesis). There are
temperature, °C
temperature, °C
0.10 1,100 0.10
heat flux 1,100
0.08 0.08
max tubeskin temp 1,000 heat flux 1,000
0.06 0.06
0.04 900 0.04 900
max tubeskin temp
0.02 800 0.02 800
0.00 process gas temp 0.00
700 700
600 1.0 600 1.0
process gas methane conversion
methane conversion 500 0.8 500 0.8
temp
27 400 0.6 400 0.6
pressure, bar
pressure, bar
17 process gas
26 process gas pressure 300 0.4 300 0.4
pressure
25 200 0.2 16 200 0.2
24 0.0 15 0.0
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 CH4 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 CH4
heated tubelength, % conv. conv.
heated tubelength, %
in out in out
latent heat of the syngas for CO2 removal ity. A modern reformer for an ammonia voids, which develop into large cracks with
and by preheating feed stock-combustion plant capacity of 1,000 t/d has less than time in service. Eventually the cracks will
air or boiler feed water in the convection 900 m2 heat exchange potential
area.production
The same propagate throughout the thickness of the
section of the reformer, where flue gas is reformer designed more than 30 years reformer tube such that process gas can
cooled from 900 to 950°C to about 125 to ago had a heat exchange area of more leak from the reformer tube into the flue
150°C. In the region of 20 to 25% of the than 1,300 m2. Together with the optimi- gas side of the reformer. This is illustrated
heat applied is lost in the stack, in cooling sation of the reformer tube pitch, i.e., the in Fig. 5, which highlights the progression
water and in heat losses. tube-to-tube distance and the tube row dis- of creep through a reformer tube with time.
tance, a very compact reformer design is Once cracks have reached the inner
Overview of reformer tubes available today. wall the reformer tube can be considered
to have failed. Although this will normally
The most critical item in a fired reformer Stress to rupture of reformer tubes take many years it can, in very specific pro-
are the reformer tubes in which the catalyst cess circumstances, happen in a matter
is placed. Reformer tubes constitute up The high operating temperature and pres- of minutes. As can be seen from Fig. 6,
to the 30% of the total reformer cost. For sure to which the primary reformer tubes stress to rupture is dependent on the tube
mechanical and process reasons, a typical are exposed mean that the reformer tubes wall temperature with modern micro-alloys
reformer tube is 10.0 to 14.0 m long, with are close to the metallurgical limits and offering significant benefits over older
ID of 75 to 140 mm and wall thickness therefore operate in what is commonly materials. As a result the tube wall thick-
between 8 and 15 mm. Reformer tubes known as the, “creep regime”. This means ness has been reduced considerably whilst
are usually centrifugally cast and machined that reformer tubes will suffer gradual keeping the same design tube life time as
in the internal borehole. The tubes are typi- plastic deformation, resulting in micro before (100,000 hour).
cally made in 3-4 sections consisting of
individual castings. Fig. 5: Progression of creep through a reformer tube
The size of the primary reformer has
increased step by step over the last dec-
ades due to increasing ammonia plant
capacities. Whilst a primary reformer for
a 400 t/d ammonia plant designed in the
1960s had less than 200 reformer tubes,
a reformer for a 3,300 t/d ammonia plant
designed nowadays is equipped with more
than 400 reformer tubes arranged in eight
rows. Although ammonia plant capacities
START GROWTH FAILURE
have increased considerably the num- cracks 30% cracks grow to cracks progress
ber of installed reformer tubes, i.e., the from inner wall break inner bore to outer wall
installed heat exchange area, has been
Source: IKR Richter
reduced continuously for a given capac-
40
30
creep strength
20
10 Low carbon
stainless Microalloy
0 wrought 25/35/1 Cr/Ni/Nb
24/24 Cr/Ni
800 850 900 950 1,000 pipes HP modified
25/35/1 Cr/Ni/Nb plus additions
IN 519
temperature, °C HK 40
25/20 Cr/Ni
Microalloy: 35Ni/25Cr/additions
HP 50 modified: 35Ni/25Cr/Nb
1960 1974 1978 1995 2005
IN 519: 24Cr/24Ni/Nb
year
HK 40: 25Cr/20Ni/Nb Source: IKR Richter
Development of reformer tube finely distributed throughout the parent from these assumed design conditions
material. They prevent the movement of will clearly affect the achievable reformer
materials dislocations through the material and tube life time.
The materials used for reformer tubes in hence reduce the extent of creep dam-
recent decades are illustrated in Fig. 7. age. In HK 40 only the chromium forms New alloy materials for reformer
The first centrifugally cast reformer tubes carbides whilst for the later alloys, niobium
were made of HK 40, a material contain- forms secondary carbides.
outlet systems
ing 25% chromium and 20% nickel. Today Titanium, zirconium, tungsten and cae- Outlet systems are an important part of
microalloyed steels are used that contains sium are all strong carbide formers and steam methane reformers. Although these
25% chromium, 35% nickel, niobium and form finer carbides that last longer, there- elements are typically located outside of
traces of other elements like zirconium and fore providing higher strengths that are the reformer firebox, they operate at severe
titanium. As alloy strengths have increased, retained for longer. These higher strengths conditions up to the metallurgical limits and
tube wall thicknesses have decreased, thus allow for a reduction in reformer tube wall while significant research efforts have been
reducing the thermal stress, and process thickness when utilising modern alloys. made over the last 30 years in improving
volumes have increased, whilst keeping the By changing to an improved reformer alloys used for steam reformer catalyst
same design tube life time as before. tube material it may permit, for example, tubes, no major efforts were devoted to
A 14 mm thick reformer tube made of a reduction of the overall reformer tube improving outlet system materials.
microalloyed steel would have a wall thick- count could be reduced or an increase to Outlet manifold materials differ depend-
ness of approximately 17 mm if made the inside reformer tube diameter. ing on reformer designer preferences. Typi-
out of HP modified and more than 30 The generally accepted methodology cally, low temperature systems with design
mm if made out of HK 40. Clearly such for designing reformer tubes is to utilise temperatures below 829°C use either 800
thick reformer tubes do not represent the Larson-Miller plot with the appropriate HT or cast equivalent 20Cr-32Ni, while
an optimal design, and therefore reform- data for the metallurgy to be used. This designs targeted for higher temperatures
ers utilising older tube metallurgies will plot can be used to determine whether use cast materials 20Cr-32Ni almost
have a larger number of narrow diameter the assumed reformer tube dimensions exclusively.
tubes. The reformer tube inlet pressure, and operating conditions will deliver the 20Cr-32Ni alloy material supplied by the
the inside diameter of the tubes and the required reformer tube life time. The Schmidt+Clemens Group is named Cen-
peak tube wall temperatures, i.e. the tube reformer tube dimensions or operating tralloy® G4859. This alloy is a low carbon
design temperature, can be increased conditions can then be varied to achieve alloy designed to maintain good ductility
without having to utilise reformer tubes the required design life time. after ageing and a good creep resistance
with an unacceptably large wall thick- Most reformer designers or reformer in the range of 800°C to 1,000°C. Niobium
ness. Reformer tube inlet pressures have tube vendors design the reformer tubes is used as carbide forming element
increased from around 20 barg up to more to provide 100,000 hours (or circa 11 (20Cr-32Ni-Nb). A substantial benefit of
than 40 barg and the inner diameter of years) of continuous operation based on the cast alloy with Nb is that the creep
the reformer tubes has increased in steps the assumed design conditions. However, strength is about 50% higher than the
from 97.2 mm to 127 mm over the last this steady state approach does not take wrought alloy (800 HT) with Al and Ti.
decades. into account start-ups and shutdowns, New Schmidt+Clemens materials
The strength improvement between HK designers tend to use 75-85% of the mean have recently become available for out-
40 and later alloys is due to the increased stress to rupture values allowing for start- let header components as alternatives
amount of secondary carbides, which are up and shutdown transients. Deviations to standard material GX10NiCrNb32-20
Table 1: Typical composition of Schmidt+Clemens low carbon alloy materials for of 700-900°C might be related to the sta-
outlet components bility of brittle intermetallic phases like
G-phase, leading to a localised embrittle-
Composition, wt-% C Si Mn Cr Ni Nb Ti/Zr Fe ment of the alloy material.
Centralloy® G4859 0.1 1 1.5 20 32 1 - balance
®
Creep tests
Centralloy G4859 Micro 0.1 1 1.5 20 32 1 additions balance
Creep resistance is one of the major require-
Centralloy® H101 Micro 0.13 0.5 0.5 25 37 0.5 additions balance ments for these type of materials. Creep
Source: Schmidt+Clemens strengthening is accomplished by the forma-
tion of carbides in the microstructure. Mate-
rial creep resistance is typically shown in
or ASTM CT 15C (20Cr-32Ni-Nb). These has been regarded as the main drawback. Larson-Miller curves (parametric stress rup-
materials named as Centralloy® G4859 Therefore, material replacement in outlet ture strength). Minimum parametric stress
Micro and Centralloy® H101 Micro can manifold components was not advisable. to rupture values for a life time of 100,000
significantly improve creep resistance and Schmidt+Clemens has designed a hr is represented in Fig. 10.
ductility after ageing over the standard micro alloyed version of this low carbon
alloy 20Cr-32Ni-Nb. material, with an optimised chemical Fig. 8: 0.2% yield strength
The main advantage for plant opera- composition, capable of enhancing creep comparison
tors are wall thickness reduction of out- resistance and ductility after ageing over
let header components, with benefits in existing 20Cr-32Ni-Nb materials. Further- 250
Fig. 11: Ductility after aging comparison Fig. 12: Pigtails overview
50 catalyst tube
30
10
P=T(K)*(4.67 + log t)/100 Centralloy G4859
0
0.0 7.5 7.8 8.3 8.6 9.0 9.4 9.4
0 500 1,000 500 1,000 500 1,000 500
RT 750 750 850 850 950 950 1,000
main transfer line
Source: Schmidt+Clemens Source: Sandvik
Both microalloyed materials have a ation behaviour information is required. Life time predictions can be applied
superior creep resistance compared with Therefore, having a good creep behaviour into the model considering the Larson-
G4859. Small additions of strongly carbide modelling is imperative in providing good Miller curves for each material. Most
forming elements lead to the formation of FEA results. stressed portions of the outlet header are
stronger and more evenly distributed sec- Analysis results indicate that new materi- determining the lifetime of the component
ondary carbides in the austenitic matrix. als are improving time to rupture compared in operation.
with standard 20Cr-32Ni-Nb materials. Nev- According to the simulation, mate-
Ductility after aging ertheless, inadequate operation or main- rial G4859 will have a time to rupture of
Ductility after aging is a major requirement tenance of outlet header components can 133,000 hours in such an area. On the
for these types of materials. Material lead to overstressed zones that can lead to other hand, more creep resistant material
samples are aged in a furnace (controlled early component ruptures in operation, even like G4859 Micro (255,000 hours) and
temperature and time of ageing), and later if the entire header is securely designed H101 Micro (220,000 hours) will have a sig-
aged samples are tensile tested at room according corresponding standards. nificantly higher time to rupture in operation.
temperature to measure elongation to rup- Lack of maintenance or inadequate
ture. Ageing conditions and test results are Simulation study results alignment of header components (like arm
shown in Fig. 11. Two simulation steps were considered for supports) might add additional stresses
Considering all three materials, supe- all three materials. The first step consid- on the part and, consequently, reduce dra-
rior ductility after ageing performance ered a static structural simulation of just matically the lifetime of the outer header.
is achieved with alloys H101 Micro and one second, to evaluate stress/strain dis- Results of these simulation efforts
G4859 Micro in comparison with alloy tribution on the outlet header. The second show that material selection is the most
G4859. Such superior behaviour might be step considered a one-year simulation of critical part in ensuring that the outlet sys-
explained by the formation of more ther- the part under creep regime. Wall thick- tem is able to achieve the required design
modynamically stable primary carbides and ness of the component was estimated time.
due to delay/suppression of intermetallic using ASME B31.3 calculations for alloy In addition, components of the entire
phase formation. material G4859 considering a design time header system like tube supports, can
of 100,000 hours. also have a significant impact in the out-
FE modelling of outlet manifolds Some surprising results were obtained let header performance/ life if they are not
Finite element analysis (FEA) provides from the static structural simulation. working adequately.
the opportunity to test real components Even considering that reformer tube
simulating the continuous operation in the counterweight system was compensat- Pigtail material selection
furnace. FEA can be carried out on outlet ing all weight stresses over the material,
header systems, but the model accuracy significant part deflection was observed Pigtails are piping systems for the connec-
strongly depends on the quality of the on header tube arms due to the thermal tion of the catalyst tubes to the manifolds
creep model, boundary conditions, geo- expansion of the transfer line. in both the inlet and outlet of the reformer
metrical models and correct meshing. All material results showed that the are prone to different mechanical and ther-
Creep modelling is clearly the most outlet header tube support location has mal stresses and possible failures (Fig. 12).
complicated issue. Manufacturers like a strong impact on the stress distribu- Inlet pigtails are less critical as they work
Schmidt+Clemens provide stress to rup- tion in the component. Supported areas at lower temperatures (550-600°C), but
ture values parametrised in models like and T-piece/arm tube zones had the high- still require careful material selection. Out-
Larson-Miller. Such stress to rupture data est stresses in these models. Therefore, let pigtails, on the other hand, which carry
is not adequate for dynamic modelling these parts are the most susceptible to the reformed gas from the catalyst tubes
where creep elongation and stress relax- failure due to creep damage. to the collection manifold, must be able to
Fig. 14: Original arrangement of primary reformer Fig. 15: Revamped arrangement of primary reformer
convection section convection section
SSH SSH
burners burners
removed surface
process air coil feed preheating coil feed preheating coil
process air coil
A detailed assessment of the plant desired process stream outlet temperature internal plant use was decreased and
revealed many limitations in the primary despite the flue gas temperature from the optimised. In this way, it was possible
reformer convection section (Fig. 14) as it tunnel section being higher than required. to reduce the required duty of the BFW
had already been revamped many times. Based on Casale’s experience, this preheater coil, whose surface was partly
The reformer is an induced draft top fired primary reformer section is very critical replaced by a new coil, with the purpose to
type with an omega convection section con- and subject to mechanical degradation, “cold” preheat the process air so that the
figuration and an external auxiliary boiler. accelerated by operating conditions, which surface of the existing “hot” process air
In the past, the client decided to replace normally lead to minor or major underper- coil could be reduced (Fig. 15).
the mixed feed coil and process air coils formance of the coils. This phenomenon is These modifications allowed more heat
with new ones with the aim to reduce the made worse by the practice to compensate to be released in the hot leg available
fuel consumption to the reformer arch and for the temperature drop by increasing the downstream for steam, while reducing the
tunnel burners which was progressively tunnel combustion heat release. steam flow making the coil surface ade-
increasing. It was decided to proceed pro- The second point to be analysed was quate despite the plant capacity increase.
viding an increased surface on both coils related to the new geometry of the coils In the end, the original normal oper-
of about 50%. which, it turned out, affected performance ability of the steam superheating burner
Following this modification, the temper- of the cold steam super heating coil. This section was restored and the whole con-
ature of the flue gas stream coming from solution in effect moved a problem from vection section was rebalanced. As a con-
the reformer hot leg dropped so much that one section to another: the cold steam sequence of reducing the heat release
the steam superheating burners had to be super heating coil section. from the superheating burners, the oper-
operated at their maximum heat release The coil was found be operating well ating conditions of the superheater coil is
in order to reach the desired steam super- below the required performance and below milder, and stress is reduced.
heated temperature. However, this prac- the expected performance considering Since it was also found that the cold
tice can create issues with the steam operation aging. This was demonstrated steam superheating coil together with
superheater coil. by the hard firing of the steam superheat- intermediate tube sheets had lost most
ing burners. of their residual life, a new design was
Analysis provided that fitted the geometry of the
After data collection, an overall detailed Solution existing one but with upgraded materials
analysis of the primary reformer was per- The plant was revamped with the aim to pre- of construction.
formed, and the original reformer design serve the existing mixed feed and process
was verified. air coil geometries considering the project Revamp case 2
It was found that both the mixed feed targets and at the same time solving the bal- In this second case, Casale was requested
coils and the process air coil, before ance issues of the convection section. to assess the operation of a steam reformer
replacement, were significantly underper- The overall steam consumption unit for a 1,500 t/d methanol plant. The
forming and were unable to achieve the required for the reforming reaction and steam reformer had been revamped many
Fig. 16: Pressure distribution on the combustion air ducts worsened in term of dimensions, affecting
both the radiant chamber efficiency and
the catalyst tube skin temperature profile.
From the computational fluid dynam-
ics analysis, it was clear that the tunnel
extraction system was not adequate to
mitigate the poor distribution in the radiant
chamber, while the combustion air distribu-
tion was adversely affected by the ultra-low
NOx burners which require a much lower
Source: Casale pressure drop on the air side than conven-
tional low NOx burners.
Fig. 16 shows the pressure distribution
Fig. 17: Combustion system a) before modification; b) after orifice plate on the combustion air ducts.
installation; c) pressure drop before (blue) and after modification (orange). During the site survey, it was found that
Calibrated orifice plate located in position B. the entire system was balanced by regulat-
ing the firing of each burner throttling the
a) relevant combustion air damper and fuel
gas valve.
Of course, this practice relied exclu-
sively on the plant operators and is com-
monly applied to steam reformer units to
mitigate radiant chamber maldistribution
and provide a uniform catalyst tube skin
b) operating temperature. However, although
this approach is acceptable to reduce
stresses of the catalyst tubes, it can lead
to burners being operated with process
parameters far from the operability and
stability range.
From a mechanical point of view, the
c) 88.7 86.0 outlet pigtails proved to be the most criti-
86.5 80.1 cal components of the system. Despite
(A1 – A2):
combustion air sub-header the catalyst tubes operating at very high
A1 A2 temperatures, the new micro-alloy mate-
balancing damper
B rial together with the low design pressure
80.5 49.0
(B – outlet): of the tubes, provided sufficient safety
-5 mm H2O outlet burner damper to radiant margin on the tube thickness which can
chamber inlet
be converted to an extended tube life. The
Source: Casale outlet pigtails, on the other hand, were
manufactured of Alloy 800 HT and were
operating very close to the material design
times in the past, mainly in the convec- The plant process scheme is based on limit. In this case, the reformer outlet tem-
tion section, without any modifications to pure steam reforming technology, which perature variation had to be strictly con-
the radiant chamber. Some years later the makes the furnace operating conditions tained within a reasonable range.
catalyst tubes at the end of their life were very critical since it is requires a reforming
replaced by new ones manufactured with process outlet temperature of about 900°C. Solution
the latest generation microalloy material. From a preliminary analysis of the Some rectifications were proposed in order
During the same turnaround, it was decided recorded tube skin temperatures, a tem- to solve the issues on the combustion sys-
to change all primary reformer original low- perature deviation was found ranging from tem with the aim to preserve and extend
NOx burners with the new generation ultra- 30°C for the inner tube rows to 50 °C for the life of critical items.
low NOx burners. the outer tube rows. On the air side, a dedicated calibrated
The reformer is a very big (16 tube Due to the use of ultra-low NOx burn- orifice plate was designed and provided
rows) balanced draft top-fired type with a ers it was necessary to analyse the flue just before the burner damper to ensure
horizontal convection section. gas distribution inside the radiant cham- the required pressure drop for distribution
ber in greater detail, since this technology and the necessary air split ratio between
Analysis limits pollutant emissions by forcing the the inner and outer burners.
After data collection, an overall detailed analy burner to operate with inefficient combus- It should be noted that the modification
sis of the primary reformer was performed tion, staging the fuel into many zones (two itself does not have an impact on the overall
and the original reformer design verified. or more). As a result, the flame shape is duct pressure drop since the local damper
head loss is moved to the calibrated orifice Fig. 18: Crack in reformer tube l Fouling of foreign material at the outer
plate without affecting the combustion air and inner surface of the reformer tubes
fan operation (Fig. 17).
On the flue gas side, it was clear that, Localised overheating is defined as a
the uneven distribution was attributable small area (typically 1-2 m in length and
to the geometry transitioning from the can be isolated to 5-10 reformer tubes) of
huge radiant chamber to the small cross- the reformer tube being overheated. Again,
sectional area of the convection section, there are a number of different ways that
which led to some preferential pathways this can occur due to:
in the middle of the reformer. A new hole l Flame impingement due to poor align-
distribution pattern was provided for the ment of the burners or where the burn-
tunnel walls to balance the flue gas extrac- ers ports are blocked;
tion system and tighten the flow deviation. l Catalyst bridging which leads to void
formation and hence a reduction in the
can be compared to a previous inspection. Monitoring tube wall temperature also very important to tube efficiency, as
Any damage that occurred during the excur- the flames must not impinge on the tubes
sion should be evaluated carefully, due Reformer tubes are highly valuable or wall. Proper alignment of the burner
to the rapid damage all indications are assets. A large reformer contains hun- is very important to avoid flame impinge-
of importance. After a thermal shock it is dreds of tubes, at an average tube cost ment, gas flow restriction, burner issues,
much more difficult to predict how the dam- of approximately $15k to $30k each, and external tube scaling and afterburning
aged areas will react when they are brought unplanned outages can result in signifi- (tube leaks).
back online. cant costs of $350k to $1m a day, so Significant operator experience is nec-
increasing tube life and reducing tube essary to fully understand basic reformer
Overfiring protection case study failures is essential asset management. construction, process flow, heat transfer
In early 2015, when Profertil was per- That means having an effective method principles, background radiation, and emis-
forming a hot restart of their ammonia of temperature measurement. sivity along with the cooling effects that
plant, an uncontrolled and rapid increase The monitoring of tube wall tempera- occur when the peep door is opened. Reg-
in flue gas temperature was noticed tures (TWT) can help optimise catalyst tube ularly opening a peep door can increase
in the primary reformer. After natural life and ensure longevity, energy efficiency stress on the tubes and potentially cool
gas feed was introduced to the primary and productivity. With better temperature those directly in front of the door by a vari-
reformer, it was observed that a rupture control, operators can increase profit by ance of 30°C. With that in mind, operators
of several catalyst tubes had occurred increasing output and lowering operating need data on the TWT that is accurate,
and the plant was tripped immediately. cost, resulting in better utilised feedstock, repeatable and reliable.
Profertil requested Haldor Topsoe A/S to catalyst and fuel. A 2% improvement in By continually monitoring readings,
take the lead technical advisor role in a output has the potential to save approxi- the operator will get an early warning of
thorough root cause analysis, performed mately $1 million a year. increasing tube wall temperatures, which
to identify the reason(s) for the tube rup- Issues with the burner, flue gas dis- can then be used to counteract potential
ture incident. tribution and the catalyst can all directly catastrophic failure. Continuous monitor-
The results of this thorough root cause affect TWT and lead to premature tube ing, likewise, will allow the operator to
investigation led to a solution that assures failure. To prevent this, most operators safely and confidently increase tempera-
such incidents will not happen again. tend to be overly cautious with TWTs. tures, with a view to increasing production.
The incident with ruptured tubes not only However, excessively cautious firing
impaired plant capacity utilisation until the reduces the reaction rate and thus leads TWT measurement methods
re-tubing of the furnace, but more impor- to lower production and/or higher energy
tantly, the leaked gas from the ruptured consumption – a 10 °C drop in tempera- In order to meet the demands for greater
tube could have resulted in unsafe condi- ture can result in 1% decrease in produc- production, efficiency and safety, continu-
tions. Therefore, the possibility of avoiding tivity. Even taking a cautious approach, ous 24/7 monitoring is required. Several
this type of incident is of paramount sig- tube failures can still occur due to hot different temperature measurement meth-
nificance to all plants operating with any spots on tubes and hot areas within the ods are available, two examples are given
type of tubular reformers. Following this convection box. Mechanical stress on below:
incident, an automated overfiring protec- the hot tubes increases exponentially, in l Handheld spot pyrometers enable
tion (OFP) management system that pro- worst cases causing tube ruptures. users to take routine spot measure-
vides four elements of protection against Even though producers may be run- ments to optimise steam reformers by
overfiring of primary reformer tubes was ning at a reduced rate, they are still not maintaining operation closer to design
developed. guaranteed to have a balanced, reliable temperatures and, in many situations,
The OFP management system addresses reformer. Reformer tube failure and pro- the pyrometers can provide adequate
both ‘local’ and ‘global’ causes of primary cess flow problems come about when tem- accuracy. However, with pyrometers,
reformer catalyst tube overheating. peratures are too high. Even operating at the operators are only able to view a
OFP does not allow fuel header press temperatures only 20°C above the design local spot on the tubes and may miss
ure increase during start-up and enforces temperature can cut a tube’s lifetime in hot spots in other locations.
a symmetric burner ignition pattern. Dur- half. Maintaining optimum temperatures is l Fixed thermal imaging provides more
ing start-up, these two protection elements therefore critical. accurate and repeatable results than
not only help to avoid catalyst tube over- A thermal gradient through the tube wall handheld pyrometers as they are less
heating but also ensures better heat distri- is more significant at the bottom or close liable to human error and enable opti-
bution inside the furnace. to the bottom of the tube, causing differen- misation of the TWT to ensure a long
Moreover, double protection elements tial creep strain, which is a primary cause tube life. Thermal imaging cameras
of duty and bridge wall temperature limi- of damage. A fifth of all incidents involve are inserted into the reformer, with
tation ensure parity in duty input and duty tube cracking. Operators are required to the end of the imager ¼" from the
uptake by adjusting fuel flow to the burn- have an in-depth understanding of reformer inside reformer wall refractory. Imag-
ers based on maximum estimated duty behavior and must also be able to analyse ers are water- and air-cooled to ensure
for the primary reformer at a particular data and make rapid decisions when faced accuracy in the hot atmosphere of the
capacity. with catastrophic failure. reformer. This method improves effi-
OFP is suitable and highly relevant for The burners, which fire directly inside ciency and minimises the risk of cata-
all types of tubular reformer designs. the fire box from the top, sides or both, are strophic failure.
Fig. 19: Thermal view inside and reformer tube furnace with data points AMETEK Land Image Processing Software
(LIPS) provided with NIR-B 3XR, for exam-
ple, the software will sound an alarm the
moment the tube wall reaches the maxi-
mum temperature in any region, identify-
ing the problem region and allowing the
operator to take corrective measures to
fix the issue.
Case study
Air Liquide, the world leader in gases,
technologies and services for industry and
health, understands the critical importance
of managing TWT and required a solution
to deliver highly accurate and more com-
plete measurement of the equipment and
process, compared to spot temperature
measurements, whilst operating in a haz-
ardous environment.
AMETEK Land recommended its Near
Source: Ametek Land Infrared Borescope (NIR-B) 3XR, which pro-
vides a high-resolution thermal image with
real-time high accuracy temperature mea-
Fig. 20: Thermal view inside and reformer tube furnace with data points surements of both the tube wall and refrac-
tory wall surface, allowing for background
compensation.
With the AMETEK Land solution in
place, Air Liquide is now continuously
measuring the temperature of reformer
tube walls.
Gonzalo Navarro, Production Manager
at Air Liquide Ibérica de Gases, explains:
“Our main drivers in investing in AMETEK
Land’s NIR-B 3XR were to extend tube and
catalyst life, which we are achieving as a
result. We are continuously learning about
our reformer, which enables us to balance
it correctly and follow online our main and
critical asset.”
He adds: “Now, our teams can monitor
the temperature of the tubes continuously,
they are able to make more informed and
confident decisions implying greater plant
Source: Ametek Land reliability”.
Air Liquide’s Research and Development
team has since approved the NIR-B 3XR
AMETEK Land’s Near Infrared Borescope is certified for hazardous areas. The fixed thermal imager for potential installation in
(NIR-B) 3XR thermal imager delivers a high-resolution additional steam methane reformers.
image, with accurate real-time measure-
Accurate temperature measurement must ments of both the tube skin and refractory Clariant TWT monitoring
take emissivity into account. Within the surface (Figs 19 and 20). Clariant offers various technologies for
reformer environment, several objects can The image, combined with the 90° monitoring the tube wall temperature. The
reflect off the surface. Handheld pyrometers angle field of view, allows for multiple par- simplest of these, the pyrometer, allows
and visual inspection can wrongly interpret allel tubes to be measured simultaneously. reliable single-point readings of the tube
the reflections as real data, causing errors This can dramatically enhance efficiency wall temperature by measuring through
in temperature measurement. Thermal and safety, as well as provide better asset peepholes. As it is designed for ease of
imaging cameras that are mounted strategi- management and furnace optimisation. use, pyrometer measurements are limited
cally within the reformer do not allow this One of the major benefits of using to tubes which can be accessed through
to happen, such as AMETEK Land’s Near fixed thermal imagers like the NIR-B 3XR the peepholes. In addition, readings should
Infrared Borescope (NIR-B) 3XR – which is their rapid response time. Using the be corrected for background radiation.
A more advanced solution is Clariant’s Fig. 21: Tube scan 360-OD strain and crack detection are carried out
Thermal Scan, a high-resolution ther- simultaneously. Cracks can be detected in
mal imaging borescope which measures both the longitudinal and circumferential
temperatures from 600 to 1,100°C at a direction. Both scanner types offer repeat-
short, accuracy-enhancing wavelength. able accurate and fast inspection results,
The instrument presents a real-time, three- based on the collection of millions of data
dimensional heat profile of all tube rows points during each tube inspection. All
in the furnace, allowing easy detection recorded data is used for remaining life
of uneven heat distribution or hot spots. assessment.
Plant operators benefit from a comprehen-
sive temperature survey, which includes Fouling of reformer tubes
thermal images as well as recommenda-
reformer’s role as the single largest con- to prevent creep damage and in the same ture-based, and therefore it is not subject
sumer of energy. time reduce the energy consumption which to errors in temperature measurement.
As a result of this lower thermal con- will have direct impact to financial savings. Within the program, the operating
ductivity, the overall thermal resistance to temperature is back-calculated from the
heat transfer is increased and the effective- Reformer tube cleaning strain. This allows the effects of changes
ness and thermal efficiency of the reformer in operating conditions to be analysed.
tubes are reduced. The total thermal resis- Poor design or operation of reformer tubes In effect, the program can be used to
tance to heat transfer is decreased dur- can lead to premature tube failure. This develop integrity operating windows (IOWs)
ing the first stages of fouling due to the is very costly in terms of reformer tube depending on requirements in the future.
surface roughness resulting from initial replacement and lost production due to These IOWs may be based on corrected
deposition. After that and with deposits the downtime to replace failed reformer IR temperatures in conjunction with a tem-
building up, the thermal resistance returns tubes. In the worst case, a complete perature correction program such as Cor-
to increase again. Fouling affects approxi- reformer burn down, the cost can be as rectIR™, or based on relative changes in
mately 50 to 90% of reformer tubes, but high as $18 million based on the lost pro- uncorrected measurements provided the
multiple complex variables make it diffi- duction plus the cost of the catalyst and same tools and measurement techniques
cult to foresee. Scaling or corrosion from reformer tube replacement. If a failed tube are used.
particulates can limit the performance of is nipped (isolated on line), the production Historically the program has been pri-
primary reformer tubes, as can unfavour- rate may need to be reduced if the front marily used in order to determine remain-
able process conditions or malfunctioning end of the plant is pressure drop limited; ing life and fitness for service of reformer
upstream equipment. for example if 5% of the reformer tubes tubes. Recently however, the program has
Due to all mentioned and taking into are out of service the plant rate will be been utilised more and more in engineer-
consideration complexity of steam reform- reduced by approximately 2% decreasing ing decisions regarding the operation of
ing operation it is therefore extremely the plant profitability by $650,000 per the reformer. These decisions fall into
valuable to conduct regular primary year for a 2,000 t/d (420 reformer tubes) two categories: (1) intended changes in
reformer assessments that result in solu- ammonia plant. the operation to influence production, or
tions aimed at optimising parameters To prevent this, a very simple cleaning (2) non intended changes in operation,
for peak primary reformer performance. procedure of the reformer tubes can be for example analysing the effect of tube
Whether the catalyst is replaced or not, conducted by applying proprietary clean- hotspots caused by flame impingement or
the reformer tubes should be physically ing technology which will not only prolong local catalyst deactivation.
measured for creep growth during the last the lifetime of the reformer tubes, but also A case study from category (1) is
production run to back up the results of result in financial savings due to the direct described in the following section.
the temperature monitoring in terms of impact it will have on subsequent energy
whether any reformer tubes need replace- consumption. Case study – intended changes in
ment or a cleaning procedure. If the cata- To illustrate the benefits of the reformer operation
lyst is being changed out, it is always tube cleaning technology IKR Richter Group This case study relates to a steam
recommended to conduct an internal provides two examples showing the impact reformer operating in South East Asia, with
inspection of the reformer tubes using of IKR reformer tube cleaning technology in 156 tubes in two rows of 78. The plant
a different technique to determine the an ammonia plant and a methanol plant. In is currently hydrogen-constrained, and so
diametrical growth of the reformer tubes both cases the financial impact of clean- there is significant advantage to be gained
with subsequent reformer tube cleaning ing reformer tubes with different degrees in increasing its hydrogen output. The
technology of the outer or inner surface. of fouling, namely a fouling thickness layer reformer was commissioned in 2009 and
If the catalyst is not being removed, again of 1.0 mm, 1.75 mm and 2.0 mm, are first inspected internally using the Quest
reformer tube cleaning technology can be shown. Integrity LOTIS™ tool in 2016. At that time,
utilised to improve the condition of the significant diametric expansion was found,
reformer tubes and enhance energy con- An engineering methodology for however the damage was seen to be very
sumption with insuring higher reliability of localised. In particular, the damage was
the same. The cleaning technology can
understanding risk restricted to only a few tubes at either
reduce stress which is even more pro- Quest Integrity has a widely-used method end of each row. The majority of the tubes
nounced in case of fouled reformer tubes for determination of remaining life in showed very little damage. The strain dis-
with improvement of the process condi- reformer tubes based on inspection data, tribution from 2016 is shown in Fig. 23.
tions in the terms of better throughput. entitled LifeQuest™ Reformer. This program With reference to the balance described
Cleaned reformer tubes will not suffer due is based on over 20 years of research and in the introduction, this is obviously not an
to higher temperature regime to reach the creep testing of common reformer tube ideal scenario. The reliability in this case is
needed heat flux which is necessary for alloys. In particular it is designed to cap- controlled by the end tubes, which showed
achieving proper level of steam reforming ture the effect of material aging, which high damage, whereas the majority of the
reaction, while the energy consumption causes significant reduction in creep tubes were working beneath within their
will stay at the same level as is predicted strength during service independently from limits, thereby limiting production.
in design case. the accumulation of creep damage. The The first decision which was made
Simple regular cleaning procedure of major advantage of this approach is that related to the end tubes. Remaining life
reformer tubes will have beneficiary effect it is strain-based, as opposed to tempera- assessment performed at the time of
Fig. 23: Distribution of creep strain within furnace Fig. 24: Incremental creep strain distribution 2016-2018
5.0 0.9
row 1 row 2 row 1 row 2
4.5 0.8
4.0
incremental strain, %
0.7
3.5
0.6
creep strain, %
3.0
0.5
2.5
2.0 0.4
1.5 0.3
1.0 0.2
0.5 0.1
0.0 0
0 20 40 60 80 0 20 40 60 80
tube number tube number
inspection showed that there were a few time the incremental strain (i.e. strain Following the inspection, another engineer-
tubes which were not fit for service through between 2016 and 2018) was calcu- ing decision had to be made concerning
the next operating period. These tubes lated. This is shown in Fig. 24. Note the the next operating period (2018-2020):
were predicted to exceed 80% calculated end tubes had been replaced prior to the l continue operation as per the 2016-
life during that time. It was therefore rec- inspection. 2018 period, or
ommended that some tube replacements l increase the allowable TMT by 18°C.
were made. However, due to turnaround Three findings are important here:
time constraints, this was not possible. It l No tubes showed significant damage, It was found that continued operation
was decided instead to continue to oper- indicating that the risk of online failure at the 2016-2018 limits resulted in four
ate these tubes but with reduced operat- was very low. All tubes subsequently replacements being required in 2020.
ing conditions for the next period, i.e. it passed a fitness-for-service remaining Increasing the allowable TMT was permis-
was necessary to calculate IOWs. As the life assessment for the next two year sible in terms of fitness-for-service until
critical tubes were grouped together at the period. 2020, however the result was that over
ends of the tube rows, it was decided that l The damage profile has been essen- 60 tube replacements would be required
this could be achieved through local adjust- tially inverted compared to the previ- in 2020. This allowed the plant manage-
ment of burners (in fact, just the burners ous profile. This has ensured that the ment to consider the economic impact of
at each end). tubes with lower damage as of 2016 each scenario and tailor the operation of
In order to calculate the allowable have been asked to work slightly the furnace with good information. n
operating conditions for these tubes, Life- harder in the following period (and vice
Quest™ Reformer, was utilised. The simu- versa). This was seen to be an effective
lated operating temperature for the next method for maximising production with
References
1. Richter P. and Zecevic N. (IKR Rich-
operating period was varied until it was negligible added risk.
ter Technology): “Reduce stress and
deemed that no tubes would exceed 80% l All tubes showed some damage. This
increase throughput of reformer tubes”,
life before the next major turnaround. The may seem a counter-intuitive statement. Nitrogen+Syngas 2019 Conference, Berlin
allowable limit corresponded to a reduc- However, when it is considered that both (Mar 2019).
tion of 30°C compared to the previous life consumption and production are tied 2. Cardin P., Imizcoz P., Mutilva I. and Jakobi D.
period. As a consequence, the reformer to temperature, it in fact is an excellent (Schmidt+Clemens Group): “New alloy mate-
was returned to service with a reduction of finding. The vast majority of reformer rials for reformer outlet systems”.
30°C in the allowable tube metal tempera- tubes inspected in furnaces globally 3. Vassiliadis G. and Spaghetti A. (Sandvik):
ture (TMT) limit on the end tubes only. The show zero damage, indicating that they “The importance of material selection in
allowable TMT for the remainder of the fur- are fully capable of higher production steam reforming”, Nitrogen+Syngas 2019
Conference, Berlin (Mar 2019).
nace was very slightly increased to main- (of course this is not always needed).
tain production. Note that these changes The fact that in this case the entire fur- 4. Fortinberry T. and Adams J. (Reformer Ser-
vices): “An innovative and external 360°
were reviewed as part of a Management of nace showed low, but not zero damage,
reformer tube inspection technology”,
Change (MOC) program. indicated that the operating conditions
Nitrogen+Syngas 2019 Conference, Berlin
Despite the significant damage in between the last two inspections were (Mar 2019).
2016, the unit ran without failure for two optimised for production at no significant 5. Drabble D.J.F. and Thomas C.W. (Quest
years until 2018, when it was shut down cost to reliability. In effect the furnace Integrity): “Balancing production and reliabil-
again for its scheduled turnaround. The was well balanced and all tubes had con- ity in a steam reformer”, Nitrogen+Syngas
LOTIS inspection was repeated and this tributed equally to hydrogen production. 2019 Conference, Berlin (Mar 2019).