(e) tan = tan : = n + ; n

RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS (f) tan = k, = n + , where n and = tan–1k

(g) sin2 = sin2 : = n ± ; n
A relation R from a set A to a set B is a subset of the cartesian
(h) cos2 = cos2 : = n ± ; n
product A × B obtained by describing a relationship between (i) tan2 = tan2 : = n ± ; n
the first element x and the second element y of the ordered sin + sin ( + ) + sin ( +2 ) +........ to n terms
pairs in A × B.
n 1 n
Function : A function f from a set A to a set B is a specific sin sin
type of relation for which every element x of set A has one 2 2
= ; 2n
and only one image y in set B. We write f : A B, where f (x) sin ( / 2)
= y. cos + cos ( + ) + cos ( +2 ) +........ to n terms
A function f : X Y is one-one (or injective) if n 1 n
cos sin
f (x1) = f (x2) x1 = x2 x1, x2 X. 2 2
A function f : X Y is onto (or surjective) if given any = ; 2n
y Y, x X such that f (x) = y. sin
2
Many-One Function :
A function f : A B is called many- one, if two or more B C b c A
tan cot
different elements of A have the same f- image in B. 2 b c 2
Into function : A (s - b)(s - c)
A function f : A B is into if there exist at least one element sin =
2 bc
in B which is not the f - image of any element in A.
Many One -Onto function : A (s - b)(s - c)
tan = s (s - a)
A function f : A R is said to be many one- onto if f is onto 2
but not one-one. a b c
Many One -Into function : R= = =
2 sin A 2 sin B 2 sin C
A function is said to be many one-into if it is neither one-one abc
nor onto. R=
4D
A function f : X Y is invertible if and only if f is one-one
and onto. æA ö æB ö æC ö
r = 4R sin ç ÷ . sin ç ÷ . sin ç ÷
è2ø è2ø è2ø
TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS AND a = c cos B + b cos C
E Q UAT I O N S Maximum value of a sin + b cos a2 b2 and minimum

General Solution of the equation sin = 0: value of a sin + b cos a2 b2

when sin = 0
= n : n I i.e. n = 0, ± 1, ±2........... INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC
General solution of the equation cos = 0 : FUNCTIONS
when cos = 0
= (2n + 1) /2, n . i.e. n = 0, ±1, +2....... Properties of inverse trigonometric function
General solution of the equation tan = 0:
General solution of tan = 0 is = n ; n x y
tan 1 , if x,y 1
General solution of the equation 1 xy
(a) sin = sin : = n + (–1)n ; n x y if x 0, y 0
(b) sin = k, where –1 < k < 1. • tan–1 x + tan–1 y = tan 1 ,
1 xy and xy 1
= n + (–1)n , where n and = sin –1k
(c) cos = cos : = 2n ± n x y if x 0, y 0
tan 1 ,
(d) cos = k, where –1 < k < 1. 1 xy and xy 1
= 2n ± , where n and = cos–1 k
 18

(ii) If D > 0 and D is not perfect square Roots are irrational

1 x y
tan , if xy 1 and unequal.
1 xy
x y
Condition for Common Root(s)
• tan–1 x – tan–1y = tan 1 , if x 0, y 0 and xy 1 Let ax2 + bx + c = 0 and dx2 + ex + f = 0 have a common root
1 xy
x y (say).
tan 1 , if x 0, y 0 and xy 1 a b c
1 xy Condition for both the roots to be common is
• sin–1 x + sin–1 y = d e f
If p + iq (p and q being real) is a root of the quadratic equation,
where i 1 , then p –iq is also a root of the quadratic
if 1 x, y 1 and x 2 y 2 1
sin 1{x 1 y2 y 1 x 2 }, equation.
or if xy 0 and x 2 y 2 1
Every equation of n th degree (n 1) has exactly n roots and
if 0 x, y 1 if the equation has more than n roots, it is an identity.
sin 1{x 1 y2 y 1 x 2 },
and x 2 y 2 1

sin 1{x 1 y 2 y 1 x 2 }, if 1 x, y 0 and x 2 y2 1

COMPLEX NUMBERS

• cos–1 x + cos–1 y = Exponential Form: If z = x + iy is a complex number then its

exponential form is z = rei where r is modulus and is
cos 1{xy 1 x 2 1 y2 } , if 1 x, y 1 and x y 0 amplitude of complex number.
1 2 2 (i) | z1 | | z 2 | | z1 z 2 | ; here equality holds when
2 cos {xy 1 x 1 y }, if 1 x, y 1and x y 0
arg(z1/z2) = 0 i.e. z1 and z2 are parallel.
1 1 (ii) || z1 | | z 2 || | z1 z 2 | ; here equality holds when
sin 1 (2x 1 x 2 ) , if x
2 2 arg(z1/z2) = 0 i.e. z1 and z2 are parallel.
1 (iii) | z1 + z2 |2 + | z1 – z2 |2 = 2( | z1 |2 + | z2 | 2 )
2 sin–1x = sin 1 (2x 1 x 2 ) , if x 1
2 arg(z1z 2 ) arg(z1 ) arg(z 2 )
1 1 2
sin 1 (2x 1 x 2 ) , if 1 x
2 z1
arg 1 2 arg(z1 ) arg(z 2 )
2x z2
1
tan , if 1 x 1 For any integer k, i4k = 1, i4k + 1 = i, i4k + 2 = – 1, i4k + 3 = – i
1 x2
| z z1 | | z z 2 | , represents an ellipse if
2 tan–1 x = 1 2x
tan , if x 1 | z1 – z2 | < , having the points z1 and z2 as its foci. And if
1 x2
| z1 z 2 | , then z lies on a line segment connecting z1
1 2x
tan , if x 1 and z2.
1 x2 Properties of Cube Roots of Unity
(i) 1 2 (ii) 3=1
0
QUADRATIC EQUATIONS AND (iii) 1 n 2n
3 (if n is multiple of 3)
INEQUALITIES n 2n
(iv) 1 0 (if n is not a multiple of 3).
Roots of a Quadratic Equation : The roots of the quadratic
b b2 4ac PERMUTATIONS AND
equation are given by x
2a COMBINATIONS
Nature of roots : In Quadratic equation ax2 + bx + c = 0. The The number of permutations of n different things, taken r at
term b2 – 4ac is called discriminant of the equation. It is a time, where repetition is allowed, is nr.
denoted by or D. Selection of Objects with Repetition :
(A) Suppose a, b, c R and a 0 The total number of selections of r things from n different
(i) If D > 0 Roots are Real and unequal things when each thing may be repeated any number of times
(ii) If D = 0 Roots are Real and equal and each equal to is n+r+1Cr
– b/2a Selection from distinct objects :
(iii) If D < 0 Roots are imaginary and unequal or The number of ways (or combinations) of n different things
complex conjugate. selecting at least one of them is nC1 + nC2 + nC3 + .....+ nCn
(B) Suppose a, b, c Q and a 0 = 2n – 1. This can also be stated as the total number of com-
(i) If D > 0 and D is perfect square Roots are unequal and bination of n different things.
Rational
 19

Selection from identical objects :

The number of ways to select some or all out SEQUENCE AND SERIES
of (p + q + r) things where p are alike of first kind, q are alike
of second kind and r are alike of third kind is Properties related to A.P. :
(p + 1) (q + 1) (r + 1) – 1 (i) Common difference of AP is given by d = S2 – 2S1
Selection when both identical and distinct objects are where S2 is sum of first two terms and S1 is sum of first
present: term.
If out of (p + q + r + t) things, p are alike one kind, q are alike (ii) If for an AP sum of p terms is q, sum of q terms is p, then
of second kind, r are alike of third kind and t are different, sum of (p + q) term is (p + q).
then the total number of combinations is (iii) In an A.P. the sum of terms equidistant from the beginning
(p + 1)(q + 1)(r + 1) 2t – 1 and end is constant and equal to sum of first and last terms.
Circular permutations: (iv) If terms a1, a2, ..., an, an+1, ..., a2n+1 are in A.P., then sum
(a) Arrangements round a circular table : of these terms will be equal to (2n + 1)an+1.
The number of circular permutations of n different things (v) If for an A.P. sum of p terms is equal to sum of q terms
then sum of (p + q) terms is zero
n
Pn (vi) Sum of n AM's inserted between a and b is equal to n
taken all at a time is (n – 1) !, if clockwise and
n n
anticlockwise orders are taken as different. times the single AM between a and b i.e. A r = nA
r 1
(b) Arrangements of beads or flowers (all different) around a b
a circular necklace or garland: where A =
2
The number of circular permutations of ‘n’ different The geometric mean (G.M.) of any two positive numbers a
1 and b is given by ab i.e., the sequence a, G, b is G.P..
things taken all at a time is (n – 1)!, if clockwise and
2 n GM's between two given numbers: If in between two
anticlockwise orders are taken to be some. numbers 'a' and 'b', we have to insert n GM G1,G2,.......... Gn
Sum of numbers : then a1, G1,G2,........Gn , b will be in G.P.
(a) For given n different digits a1, a2, a3 ......an the sum of the The series consist of (n +2) terms and the last term is b and
digits in the unit place of all numbers formed (if numbers are first term is a.
not repeated) is (a1 + a2 + a3 + .....+ an) (n – 1) ! 1
(b) Sum of the total numbers which can be formed with given b n 1
arn + 2 –1
=b r=
n different digits a1, a2, .........an is a
(a1 + a2 + a3 + .........+ an) (n – 1)! . (111 ........n times) G1 = ar, G2 = ar2 ........Gn = arn or Gn = b/r
Use of inequalities in progression :
BINOMIAL THEOREM (a) Arithmetic Mean Geometric Mean
(b) Geometric Mean Harmonic Mean :
Greatest binomial coefficients : In a binomial expansion A G H
binomial coefficients of the middle terms are called as greatest
binomial coefficients. STRAIGHT LINES
n
(a) If n is even : When r = i.e. nCn/2 takes maximum value. An acute angle (say ) between lines L1 and L2 with slopes
2
n 1 n 1 m2 m2
(b) If n is odd : r = or m1 and m2 is given by tan , 1 m1m 2 0
2 2 1 m1m 2
n n
Cn 1 Cn 1 Three points A, B and C are collinear, if and only if slope of
i.e. and take maximum value.
2 2 AB = slope of BC.
Important Expansions : The equation of the line having normal distance from origin
If | x | < 1 and n Q but n N, then
is p and angle between normal and the positive x-axis is , is
n(n 1) 2 given by x cos + y sin = p.
(a) (1+ x)n = 1 + nx + x
2! Co-ordinate of some particular points :
n(n 1).....(n r 1) r Let A(x1,y1), B(x2,y2) and C(x3,y3) are vertices of any
+ ......+ x + .......
r! triangle ABC, then
n(n 1) 2 n(n 1)(n 2) 3 Incentre : Co-ordinates of incentre
(b) (1 – x)n = 1 – nx + x– x
2! 3! ax1 bx 2 cx 3 ay1 by 2 cy3
n(n 1).....(n r 1) ,
+ ......+ (–x)r + ....... a b c a b c
r!
where a, b, c are the sides of triangle ABC
 20

Area of a triangle : Let (x1, y1), (x2, y2) and (x3, y3) Chord of contact :
respectively be the coordinates of the vertices A, B, C of a The equation of chord of contact of tangent drawn from a
triangle ABC. Then the area of triangle ABC, is
x2 y2
1 point P (x1, y1) to the hyperbola = 1 is T = 0
[x (y – y )+ x2 (y3 – y1) + x3 (y1 – y2)] a2 b2
2 1 2 3
Or xx1 yy1
x1 y1 1 where T –1
2
a b2
1 x
= 2 y2 1 Equation of normal in different forms :
2 x
3 y3 1 Point Form : The equation of the normal to the hyperbola

x2 y2 a2x b2 y
CONIC SECTIONS = 1 at the point (x1, y1) is = a2 + b2
a2 b2 x1 y1
Condition of Tangency : Circle
x2 + y2 =a2 will touch the line. THREE DIMENSIONAL GEOMETRY
y = mx + c if c = ± a 1 m 2
Slope Form : The equation of normal to the hyperbola
Pair of Tangents : From a given point P( x1,y1) two tangents
PQ and PR can be drawn to the circle x2 y2 m(a 2 b2 )
S = x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0. = 1 in terms of slope 'm' is y = mx ±
a2 b2 a 2 b2 m 2
Their combined equation is SS1 = T2.
Condition of Orthogonality : If the angle of intersection of Conditions of Parallelism and Perpendicularity of Two
the two circle is a right angle ( = 90°) then such circle are Lines:
called Orthogonal circle and conditions for their orthogonality Case-I : When dc's of two lines AB and CD, say 1 , m1, n1
is 2g1g2 + 2f1f2 =c1 +c2 and 2 , m2, n2 are known.
Tangent to the parabola : AB | | CD 1 = 2 , m1 = m2, n 1 = n 2
Condition of Tangency : If the line y = mx + c touches a AB CD 1 2 + m1m2 + n 1n 2 = 0
parabola y2 = 4ax then c = a/m Case-II : When dr's of two lines AB and CD, say a1, b1 c1 and
Tangent to the Ellipse: a2, b2, c2 are known
Condition of tangency and point of contact :
The condition for the line y = mx + c to be a tangent to the a1 b1 c1
AB | | CD a2 b2 c2
x2 y2
ellipse = 1 is that c2 = a2m2 + b2 and the coordinates AB CD a1a2 + b1b2 + c1c2 = 0
a2 b2
If 1, m1, n1 and 2, m2, n2 are the direction cosines of two
a 2m b2 lines; and is the acute angle between the two lines; then
of the points of contact are ,
a 2m2 b2 a2m2 b2 cos = | 1 2 + m1m2 + n1n2 |.
Normal to the ellipse Equation of a line through a point (x1, y1, z1) and having
(i) Point Form : The equation of the normal to the ellipse
x x1 y y1 z z1
x2 y2 a2x b2 y direction cosines , m, n is
= 1 at the point (x1, y1) is m n
a 2 b2 x1 y1
= a2 – b2 Shortest distance between r a1 b1 and r a2 b2
(ii) Parametric Form : The equation of the normal to the
(b1 b 2 ).(a 2 a1 )
x2 y2 is
ellipse = 1 at the point (a cos , b sin ) is | b1 b 2 |
a 2 b2
ax sec – by cosec = a2 – b2 Let the two lines be
Tangent to the hyperbola :
x 1 y 1 z 1
Condition for tangency and points of contact : The condition ..........(1)
for the line y = mx + c to be a tangent to the hyperbola 1 m1 n1
x2 y2
= 1 is that c2 = a2m2 – b2 and the coordinates of the x 2 y 2 z 2
a2 b2 and ..........(2)
2 m2 n2
a2m b2 These lines will coplanar if
points of contact are ,
a 2 m2 b2 a 2 m2 b2
 21

2 1 2 1 2 1
For a function f :
m1 n1 Differentiability Continuity;
1 =0 Continuity derivability
2 m2 n2
Not derivibaility discontinuous ;
The plane containing the two lines is
But discontinuity Non derivability
x 1 y 1 z 1 Differentiation of infinite series:
1 m1 n1
=0
2 m2 n2 (i) If y f (x) f (x) f (x) ........
The equation of a plane through a point whose position
y = f (x) y y2 = f (x) + y
vector is a and perpendicular to the vector N is
(r a).N 0 dy dy dy f '(x)
2y = f ' (x) + =
Vector equation of a plane that passes through the dx dx dx 2y 1
intersection of planes r.n1 d1 and r.n 2 d 2 is
f (x)....
r.(n1 n2 ) d1 d 2 , where is any nonzero constant. (ii) If y = f (x)f (x) then y = f (x)y.
Two planes r log y = y log [f(x)]
a1 b1 and r a2 b2 are coplanar if
1 dy y '.f '(x) dy
(a 2 a1 ) (b1 b2 ) 0 log f (x).
y dx f (x) dx
DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS dy y 2 f '(x)
dx f (x)[1 y log f (x)]
Existence of Limit :
lim f (x) exists lim f (x) = lim f (x) = 1 dy y f '(x)
x® a x® a- x® a+ (iii) If y = f (x) .... then
Where is called the limit of the function f (x) 1 1 dx 2y f (x)
(i) If f(x) g(x) for every x in the deleted nbd of a, then f (x) f (x)

lim f(x) lim g(x)

x a x a DIFFERENTIATION AND
(ii) If f(x) g(x) h (x) for every x in the deleted nbd of a
APPLICATION
and lim f(x) = = lim h (x) then lim g(x) =
x a x a x a

(iii) lim fog (x) = f lim g (x) = f (m) where lim g (x) = m Interpretation of the Derivative : If y = f (x) then, m= f (a) is
x a x a x a the slope of the tangent line to y = f (x) at x = a
1 Increasing/Decreasing :
(iv) If lim f(x) = + =0 or – , then lim (i) If f (x) > 0 for all x in an interval I then f (x) is increasing
x a f (x) x a
CONTINUITYAND DIFFERENTIABILITY OFFUNCTIONS on the interval I.
A function f(x) is said to be continuous at a point x = a if (ii) If f (x) < 0 for all x in an interval I then f (x) is decreasing
on the interval I.
lim f (x) = lim f (x) = f(a)
x® a+ x® a- (iii) If f (x) = 0 for all x in an interval I then f (x) is constant
Discontinuous Functions : on the interval I.
(a) Removable Discontinuity: A function f is said to have Test of Local Maxima and Minima –
removable discontinuity at x = a if lim f (x) = lim f (x) First Derivative Test – Let f be a differentiable function defined
x® a- x® a+ on an open interval I and c I be any point. f has a local maxima
but their common value is not equal to f (a). or a local minima at x = c, f (c) = 0.
(b) Discontinuity of the first kind: A function f is said to
have a discontinuity of the first kind at x = a if dy
Put 0 and solve this equation for x. Let c1, c2........cn be
dx
lim f(x) and lim f (x) both exist but are not equal. the roots of this.
x® a- x a
(c) Discontinuity of second kind: A function f is said to If dy changes sign from +ve to –ve as x increases through
have a discontinuity of the second kind at x = a if neither dx
lim f (x) nor lim f (x) exists. c1 then the function attains a local max at x = c1
x® a- x® a+
dy
Similarly, if lim f (x) does not exist, then f is said to have If changes its sign from –ve to +ve as x increases through
x a dx
discontinuity of the second kind from the right at x = a. c1 then the function attains a local minimum at x = c1
 22

dy g(x)
If does not changes sign as increases through c1 then d
dx Leibnitz rule : F(t) dt g (x)F(g(x)) f (x)F(f (x))
x = c1 is neither a point of local maxm nor a point of local dx f (x)
minm. In this case x is a point of inflexion. If a series can be put in the form
Rate of change of variable :
1r n 1 r 1r n r
dy dy f or f , then its limit as n
The value of at x = x0 i.e. represents the rate n r 0 n nr 1 n
dx dx x x0
of change of y with respect to x at x = x0 1
dy dy / dt dx is f (x) dx
If x = (t) and y = (t), then , provided that 0 0
dx dx / dt dt
Thus, the rate of change of y with respect to x can be Area between curves :
calculated by using the rate of change of y and that of x b
each with respect to t. y f (x) A [upper function] [lower function] dx
dx dy a
Length of Sub–tangent = y ; Sub–normal = y ;
dy dx d

2 and x f (y) A [right function] [left function] dy

dx c
Length of tangent = y 1
dy If the curves intersect then the area of each portion must be
found individually.
2 Symmetrical area : If the curve is symmetrical about a
dy
Length of normal = y 1 coordinate axis (or a line or origin), then we find the area of
dx one symmetrical portion and multiply it by the number of
Equations of tangent and normal : The equation of the symmetrical portion to get the required area.
tangent at P (x1, y1) to the curve y = f(x) is y – y1

=
dy
(x – x1). The equation of the normal at P (x1, y1) PROBABILITY
dx P
Probability of an event: For a finite sample space with equally
1
to the curve y = f (x) is y – y1 = (x – x1) likely outcomes Probability of an event is
dy
dx n(A)
P P(A) , where n (A) = number of elements in the set
n(S)
INTEGRAL CALCULUS A, n (S) = number of elements in the set S.
Theorem of total probability : Let {E1, E2, ...,En} be a partition
of a sample space and suppose that each of E1, E2, ..., En has
Two standard forms of integral : nonzero probability. Let A be any event associated with S,
e x [f (x) + f ' (x) dx = ex f (x) + c then
P(A) = P(E1) P (A | E1) + P (E2) P (A | E2) + ...
e x [f (x) + f '(x)] dx = e x f (x)dx + e x f ' (x) dx + P (En) P(A | En)
Bayes' theorem: If E1, E2, ..., En are events which constitute
= ex f (x) – e x f '(x) dx + e x f' (x) a partition of sample space S, i.e. E1, E2, ..., En are pairwise
(on integrating by parts) = ex f (x) + c disjoint and E1 E2 ... En = S and A be any event with
Table shows the partial fractions corresponding to different nonzero probability, then
type of rational functions :
S. Form of rational Form of partial P(E i ) P (A | E i )
P (E i | A) n
No. function fraction
P(E j ) P(A | E j )
px q A B j 1
1. (x a) (x b) (x a) (x b) Let X be a random variable whose possible values x 1, x2, x3,
..., xn occur with probabilities p1, p2, p3, ... pn respectively.
px 2 qx r A B C n
2. 2 (x a) 2 (x b)
(x a) (x b) (x a) The mean of X, denoted by µ, is the number x i pi
i 1
px 2 qx r A Bx C The mean of a random variable X is also called the
3. 2 2 expectation of X, denoted by E (X).
(x a) (x bx c) (x a) x bx C
 23

Trials of a random experiment are called Bernoulli trials, if 1

(vi) | A–1 | = = | A |–1
they satisfy the following conditions : |A|
(a) There should be a finite number of trials. (b) The trials (vii) If A = diag (a1,a2.....,an), then
should be independent. (c) Each trial has exactly two A–1 = diag (a1–1, a2–1, .........an–1)
outcomes : success or failure. (d) The probability of success (viii) A is symmetric matrix A–1 is symmetric matrix.
remains the same in each trial. Rank of a Matrix : A number r is said to be the rank of a
m × n matrix A if
For Binomial distribution B (n, p),
(a) Every square sub matrix of order (r + 1) or more is singular
P (X = x) = nCx qn–x px, x = 0, 1,..., n (q = 1 – p) and (b) There exists at least one square submatrix of order r
which is non-singular.
MATRICES Thus, the rank of matrix is the order of the highest order
non-singular sub matrix.
Properties of Transpose Using Crammer's rule of determinant we get
(i) (AT)T = A
x y z 1 D
(ii) (A ± B)T = AT ± BT = = = i. e. x = D1 , y = D2 , z = 3
(iii) (AB)T = BT AT (iv) (kA)T = k(A)T D1 D2 D3 D D D D
(v) I = I (vi) tr (A) = tr (A)T
T Case-I : If 0
(vii) (A1A2A3.....An–1 An)T = AnTAn–1T.....A3TA2TA1T D1 D2 D3
Then x = , y= ,z=
Symmetric Matrix : A square matrix A = [aij] is called D D D
symmetric matrix if The system is consistent and has unique solutions.
aij = aji for all i, j or AT = A Case-II if = 0 and
Skew-Symmetric Matrix : A square matrix A = [aij] is called (i) If at least one of 1, 2, 3 is not zero then the system
skew-symmetric matrix if of equations a inconsistent i.e. has no solution.
aij = – aji for all i, j or AT = –A (ii) If d1 = d2 = d3 = 0 or 1, 2, 3 are all zero then the
Also every square matrix A can be uniquely expressed as a system of equations has infinitely many solutions.
sum of a symmetric and skew-symmetric matrix.
éf (x) g(x)ù VECTOR ALGEBRA
Differentiation of a matrix : If A = ê ú then
ëh(x) (x) û Given vectors x1 a y1 b z1 c , x 2 a y2 b z 2 c ,
dA éf '(x) g '(x)ù
=ê is a differentiation of Matrix A x 3 a y3 b z3 c , where a, b, c are non-coplanar vectors,
dx ëh '(x) '(x) ú
û
. x1 y1 z1
DETERMINANTS will be coplanar if and only if x 2 y2 z2 = 0
x3 y3 z3
Scalar triple product :
Properties of adjoint matrix : If A, B are square matrices of
order n and In is corresponding unit matrix, then (a) If a a1ˆi a 2 ˆj a 3kˆ , b b1ˆi b 2 ˆj b3 kˆ and
(i) A (adj. A) = | A | In = (adj A) A c c1ˆi c 2 ˆj c3 kˆ then
(ii) | adj A | = | A |n–1 a1 a 2 a3
(Thus A (adj A) is always a scalar matrix) (a b).c [a b c] b1 b 2 b3
(iii) adj (adj A) = | A |n–2 A c1 c2 c3
(n - 1)2 (b) [a b c] = volume of the parallelopiped whose
(iv) | adj (adj A) | = | A |
coterminous edges are formed by a, b, c
(v) adj (AT) = (adj A)T
(vi) adj (AB) = (adj B) (adj A) (c) a, b, c are coplanar if and only if [a b c] = 0
(vii) adj (Am) = (adj A)m, m N (d) Four points A, B, C, D with position vectors a, b, c, d
(viii) adj (kA) = kn–1 (adj. A), k R respectively are coplanar if and only if
(ix) adj (In) = In [AB AC AD] = 0 i.e. if and only if
Properties of Inverse Matrix : Let A and B are two invertible
[b a c a d a] = 0
matrices of the same order, then
(e) Volume of a tetrahedron with three coterminous edges
(i) (AT)–1 = (A–1)T
1
(ii) (AB)–1 = B–1A–1 a , b, c [ a b c]
6
(iii) (Ak)–1 = (A–1)k, k N (f) Volume of prism on a triangular base with three
(iv) adj (A–1) = (adj A)–1 1
(v) (A–1)–1 = A coterminous edges a , b, c [ a b c]
2
 24

Lagrange's identity :
a.c a.d DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
(a b).( c d) (a.c)(b.d) (a.d)(b.c)
b.c b.d Methods of solving a first order first degree differential
equation :
Reciprocal system of vectors : If a, b, c be any three non dy
coplanar vectors so that (a) Differential equation of the form f (x)
dx
[a b c] 0 then the three vectors a ' b 'c ' defined by the dy
f (x) dy = f (x) dx
dx
b c c a a b Integrating both sides we obtain
equations a ' , b' , c'
are called
[a b c] [a b c]
[a b c] dy f (x) dx c or y = f (x) dx c
the reciprocal system of vectors to the given vectors a, b, c dy
(b) Differential equation of the form f (x) g(y)
dx
STATISTICS dy dy
f (x) g(y) f (x) dx c
Relation between A.M., G.M. and H.M. dx g (y)
A.M. G.M. H.M. dy
(c) Differential equation of the form of f (ax by c) :
Equality sign holds only when all the observations in the dx
series are same. To solve this type of differential equations, we put
Relationship between mean, mode and median : dy 1 dv
ax + by + c = v and dx a
(i) In symmetrical distribution b dx
Mean = Mode = Median dv
dx
(ii) In skew (moderately symmetrical) distribution a b f (v)

Mode = 3 median – 2 mean dv

So solution is by integrating dx
Mean deviation for ungrouped data a b f (v)
(d) Differential Equation of homogeneous type :
| xi x| | xi M| An equation in x and y is said to be homogeneous if it
M.D.(x) , M.D.(M)
n n dy f (x, y)
Mean deviation for grouped data can be put in the form dx g (x, y) where f (x ,y) and g
fi | x i x| fi | xi M| (x ,y) are both homogeneous functions of the same
M.D.(x) , M.D.(M) , degree in x & y .
N N
So to solve the homogeneous differential equation
where N fi dy f (x, y) dy dV
v x
dx g (x, y) , substitute y = vx and so dx dx
Variance and standard deviation for ungrouped data
dv dx dv
Thus v x f (v)
2 1 2 1 2 dx x f (v) v
(xi x) , (x i x)
n n dx dv
Therefore solution is c
x f (v) v
Variance and standard deviation of a discrete frequency
distribution Linear differential equations :
dy
1 1
Py Q ....... (1)
2 2 2 dx
fi (x i x) , fi (xi x)
n N Where P and Q are either constants or functions of x.
Multiplying both sides of (1) by e P dx , we get
Variance and standard deviation of a continuous frequency
distribution dy
P dx P dx
e Py Q e
2 1 1 dx
fi (xi x)2 , fi x i2 ( fi x i ) 2
n N On integrating both sides with respect to x we get
P dx P dx
ye Q e c
Coefficient of variation (C.V.) = 100, x 0
x which is the required solution, where c is the constant and
For series with equal means, the series with lesser standard P dx
e is called the integration factor..
deviation is more consistent or less scattered.