Please read the following: *TYPES of SPEECH* - The Story of Keesh Purpose of delivering a speech: - Song of Autumn - To inform - To Build a Fire - To instruct - The Last Leaf - To entertain - To persuade *USE OF SENSORY IMAGES* 1. INFOMATIVE SPEECH – serves to provide interesting IMAGERY – consists of descriptive language that helps and useful information to your audience the readers to better imagine the world of the piece of Examples: literature and also add symbolism to the work. - A teacher telling students about earthquake - draws on the five senses, namely the details of - A student talking about research taste, touch, sight, smell and sound. 2. DEMONSTRATIVE SPEECH – is almost similar to Examples of Using Sensory Images to convey meaning informative speech. The main difference lies in including TASTE a demonstration of how to do the thing you are teaching. - The familiar tongue of his grandmother’s Examples: cranberry sauce reminded him of his youth. - How to start your own blog SOUND - How to bake a cake - The concert was loud that her ears rang for days - How to write a speech afterward. 3. PERSUASIVE SPEECH – works to convince people to SIGHT change in some way. - The sunset was the most gorgeous they’d ever Examples: seen; the clouds were edge with pink and gold. - Become a blood donor SMELL - Improve your health through healthy diet - After eating the curry, his breath reeked of garlic. 4. ENTERTAINING SPEECH – the speaker provides TOUCH pleasure and enjoyment that make the audience laugh or - The three bark was rough against her skin. identify with anecdotal information. Example: after-dinner speech *ELEMENTS OF A SHORT STORY* CHARACTER – is a person, sometimes even an *PRONOUNS* animal, who takes part in the action on the short - words used in place of a noun or another pronoun story or other literary work. ANTECEDENT- a word for which a pronoun stands SETTING – is the time and place in which it Example: happens. Authors often use description of Doña Ana was so touched by Jaime’s words that she landscape, scenery, buildings, seasons, or felt obligated to give him her blessing. weather to provide a strong sense of setting. ANTECEDENT PRONOUN/S PLOT – is a series of related event and character Doña Ana she, her actions that connects to the central conflict. Jaime him CONFLICT – is a struggle between two people or things in a short story. - Is the turning point or the point of the highest tension in a narrative THEME – is the central idea or belief in a short story. *KINDS OF PRONOUNS* DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS 1. PERSONAL PRONOUNS – used in place of the SINGULAR PLURAL names of the person speaking, spoken to or a person, This These place, or things spoken about. That Those PERSONAL PRONOUNS PERSON SINGULAR PLURAL 6. RELATIVE PRONOUNS – begin a subordinate clause 1 st I, me, my, mine We, us, our, and connect it to another idea in the sentence or to the person ours independent clause. 2nd You, your, yours You, your, RELATIVE PRONOUNS person yours That who whom which whose 3rd He, she, it, him, her, They, them, person his, her, hers, its their, theirs Independent Clause Subordinate Clause He cooked the fish that he had caught in 2. POSESSIVE PRONOUNS – used to show ownership and the river. possession. This may also refer to one of the cases of The man wearing a smart who lives in the big pronouns. suit is the man house. POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS PERSON SINGULAR PLURAL 7. Interrogative Pronouns – are used to begin a question. st 1 person my, mine our, ours They do not always have specific antecedents. 2nd your, yours your, INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS person yours what who whom which whose how 3rd him, her, his, her, hers, their, Examples: person its theirs - What did you hear? - Which house is yours? 3. REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS – end in –self or –selves and - Whose book is this? add information to a sentence by pointing back to a 8. Indefinite Pronouns – refer to people, places, or nouns or pronoun earlier in the sentence. It cannot be things, often without specifying which ones. This may or left out without changing the meaning of the sentence. may not have antecedents. Examples: INDEFINITE PRONOUNS - Maya cooked herself some breakfast. SINGULAR PLURAL SINGULAR or PLURAL - Manuel picked himself up when he fell. Another Both All 4. INTENSIVE PRONOUNS – also end in –self or –selves Anybody Few Any but simply add emphasis to a noun or pronoun in the Anyone Many More same sentence. It emphasizes its antecedent but does Anything Others Most not add information to a sentence. If it is removed, the Each Several None meaning of the sentence will not change. Either Some Examples: Everybody - Father himself knocked on the rich man’s gate. Everyone - We fixed the broken fence ourselves. Everything Little REFLEXIVE and INTENSIVE PRONOUNS Much PERSON SINGULAR PLURAL Neither 1st person Myself Ourselves Nobody 2nd person yourself Yourselves No one rd 3 person Himself, herself, itself Themselves Nothing One 5. DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS – point out and direct Other attention to specific people, places, or things. Somebody Example: That is the house of the judge. Someone Something 9. RECIPROCAL PRONOUNS – used for one of the 3. Possessive Case – when a pronoun is used to show participants of a reciprocal construction, i.e a clause in ownership. which two participants are in mutual relationship. Examples: POSSESSIVE CASE - 2 people: USE Examples Tom and Sara work with each other. Show ownership before a Her painting was - 3 or more people: noun magnificent. When my family had dinner, we told one Used before a gerund Her cooking is making us another about our jobs. all gain weight. Used by themselves to This trash is theirs, not *CASES OF PRONOUNS* indicate possession ours. Case – a term used to describe different forms of nouns and pronouns. This indicates its use in a sentence. *PRONOUN-ANTECEDENT AGREEMENT RULES* General Rule: Nominative Case Objective Case Possessive Case I Me My, mine A pronoun must agree with its antecedent in gender You You Your, yours and number. He, she, it Him, her, it His, hers, its A singular pronoun must replace a singular We Us Our, ours noun; a plural pronoun must replace a plural They Them Their, theirs noun. SINGULAR: The president had his meeting today. 1. Nominative Case – when a pronoun is used as a PLURAL: The presidents had their meeting today. subject or a predicate nominative in a sentence. 1. A phrase or a clause between the subject and the Nominative Pronoun verb does not change the number of the antecedent. USE Examples Example: Subject She caught a bullfrog. The can of lima beans sits on its shelf. He dropped the oil lamp. The girl, who helped the other little girls, opened her Predicate Nominative Our saviour is He. locker. It has always been you. 2. Indefinite Pronouns as Antecedents It is I. - Singular indefinite pronoun antecedents take singular pronoun referents. 2. Objective Case – when a pronoun is used as object of Singular: each, either, neither, one, no one, nobody, verb, preposition, and verbal. anybody, anything, someone, somebody, something, Objective Case everyone, everybody, everything USE Examples Example: Direct Object The old man gave them to us. Each of the clerks does a good deal of work around his Indirect Object My brother gave her the or her office. bundle. - Plural indefinite pronoun antecedents require plural Object of the Jose ate with us. pronoun referents. Preposition Plural: several, few, both, many Object of the The man coaching him is his Example: Participle father. Both do a good job in their office. Object of Gerund Guarding her was not an easy task. - Some indefinite pronouns that are modified by a Object of Infinitive My father likes to tease me prepositional phrase may either be singular or plural. about my pigtail. Either Singular or Plural: some, any, none, most When the object of the preposition is uncountable, use a singular referent pronoun Singular: Some of the sugar fell out of its bag. All of the jewelry has lost its glow. 3. Compound Subjects - Compound subjects joined by ‘and’ always take a *COHESIVE DEVICES* plural referent. - sometimes called as linking words, linkers, connectors, discourse markers, or transitional words Plural: Jones and Smith made their presentation. - words or phrases that show the relationship between - With compound subjects joined by ‘or’/ ’nor’, the paragraphs or sections of text or speech. referent agrees with the antecedent closer to the (ADDING) (SEQUENCING) pronoun. And First, firstly, first of all (Plural antecedent closer to pronoun) As well as Second, secondly Neither the director nor the actors did their jobs. Moreover Third (Singular antecedent closer to pronoun) Furthermore Next Neither the actors nor the director did his or her job. In addition Meanwhile Too Now 4. Collective Nouns On top of that Subsequently - Collective nouns may be singular or plural Another point is depending on the meaning. (ILLUSTRATING) (COMPARING) Example: For example Similarly The jury read its verdict. Such as Likewise (in this example, the jury is acting as one unit) For instance As with The jury members gave their individual In the case of Like opinions. As shown by Equally (in this example, the jury members are acting as twelve Illustrated by In the same way individuals, therefore the pronoun is plural) Take … 5. Titles of Single Entities One example is… (books, organizations, countries, etc.) (QUALIFYING) (CONTRASTING) - Titles of single entities take a singular referent But Whereas Example: However Alternatively Enough Unlike The Grapes of Wrath made its characters seem Unless On the other hand real. Except Conversely The United States cherishes its democracy. Apart from Having said that 6. Plural form subjects w/ singular meaning As long as Nevertheless (news, measles, mumps, physics,etc.) if However - Plural form subjects with singular meaning take a singular referent. Example: The news has lost much of its sting two days later. 7. Use of ‘every’ or ‘many a’ - EVERY or MANY A before a noun or a series of nouns requires as singular referent. Example: Every cow, pig and horse had lost its life in the fire. Many a girl wishes she could sing like Tina Turner. 8. ‘the number of’ VS ‘a number of’ - ‘the number of’ is SINGULAR Example:The number of volunteers increases its ranks daily. - ‘a number of’ is PLURAL Example: A number of volunteers are offering their help.