EE Lab Manuls Fast Nu

EL489 – ELECTRIC POWER
TRANSMISSION
LAB MANUAL
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING,

FAST-NU, LAHORE
Lab Manual of ‘Power Transmission’
Created by: Mr. Abdul Majid, Muhammad Khizer
Date: 30th June, 2019
Last Updated by: Muhammad Khizer
Date: 17th August, 2019
Approved by the HoD: Dr. S M Sajid
Date: 17th August, 2019
Page | 2
Table of Contents
Page
Sr. No. Description
No.
1 List of Equipments 4
2 Experiment No.1, Introduction to Lab and Equipment 5
3 Experiment No.2, No Load Operation of a Transmission Line 8

Experiment No.3, Matched Operation of a Transmission
4 Line 11
Experiment No.4, Series Connection of two Transmission Lines

5 14
Experiment No.5, Parallel Connection of two Transmission Lines
6 17
7 Experiment No.6, Transmission Ladder Circuit 20

Experiment No.7, Determination of Circuit Constants of Short Transmission
8 Line 22
Experiment No.8, Determination of Circuit Constants of Medium

9 Transmission Line 25
Experiment No.9, Determination of Zero Sequence Impedance of a

10 Transmission Line 28
Experiment No.10, Steady state study of Transmission Line in

11 30
MATLAB SIMULINK
Experiment No.11, Transmission Line Design
12 33
Experiment No.12, Design Experiment: Design a Transmission
13 Network 35
14 Experiment No.13, Study of Contingency Analysis 37
15 Experiment No.14, Study of HVDC Transmission System 39
16 Appendix A: Lab Evaluation Criteria 43
17 Appendix B: Safety around Electricity 44
18 Appendix C: Guidelines on Preparing Lab Reports 46
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List of Equipment
Sr. No. Description
1 Three Phase Power Supply
2 Variable Load
3 Transmission Line
4 Power Meters
5 Line Capacitor
6 Voltmeter
Page | 4
EXPERIMENT 1
INTRODUCTION TO LAB AND EQUIPMENT
OBJECTIVE:
 Introduction to basic Lab Equipment
EQUIPMENT:
 IT-6000 Variable Three-Phase Power Supply
 IT-6004 Resistive Load
 IT-6005 Inductive Load
 IT-6006 Capacitive Load
 IT-6003 Three-Phase Transformer
 Moving-Coil Ammeter (1000 mA)
 Moving-Coil Ammeter (2.5 A)
 Moving-Iron Voltmeter (500 V)
 Overhead Line Model
PROCEDURE:
3-PHASE POWER SUPPLY:

A 3-phase supply is shown in the Figure 1.1. Normal procedure of operation is as follows:
Figure 1.1. Three phase variable supply

1. Move the 3-phase breaker upward
2. Push the button of the motor protection circuit breaker
3. Gently push the start button of ’push-button
The precautions for using the 3-phase power supply are as follows:
1. Make sure that the live terminals are connected to the L1, L2 and L3 points of the
circuit breaker, as the N point of the breaker is always closed
2. The input L1, L2, L3 from the power supply should be connected to the circuit
breaker in the same order
3. Do not connect the neutral point to the ’PE’ point of the circuit breaker.
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OVERHEAD LINE MODEL:

Three-phase model of an overhead power transmission line is of the length 360 km.
Three-phase model of the transmission line is shown below in Figure 1.2
Figure 1.2 Transmission Line model
The Line parameters are as follow

Resistance=R=13 W
Inductance L=290 mH
Line-Line capacitance=0.5 mF
THREE PHASE LOADS:

Three phase variable load consists of Resistive, Inductive and Capacitive load modules. In
Figure 1.3 the resistive load is shown only. Inductive and Capacitive loads look like the
same. Three dial switches used to vary the value of the respective load.
Following are the precautions for using the three phase loads:
1. To make the three-phase loading balanced, all three dials of a load should be at
the same step
2. To change the value of a three-phase load disconnect the load from the power
supply.
Figure 1.3 Three phase Load
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PHASE SEQUENCE INDICATOR:

The instrument uses for determining the sequence of the three-phase system is known as the phase
sequence indicator. The change in the sequence of the power supply changes the direction of rotation
of the machine. Because of which the entire supply system will be affected. For proper connection, it
is essential to know the sequence of the phases which can be done using phase sequence indicator. The
phase indicator in the lab will show O.K when the sequence will be ABC and error in all other cases.
EXERCISE:
Connect the three-phase variable power supply to transformer through 3 phase circuit breaker. Connect
transformer primary side in delta and secondary in Y configuration. Set the turn ratio as 380:220.
Connect transformer to overhead line model configured as short line through breaker and measure the
voltage at receiving end of transmission line. Set the variable power supply such that the phase-phase
voltage at primary side is 220V.
POST LAB QUESTIONS:
1. Write a detailed report on the different equipment used in the lab.

2. Draw the connection diagram of the equipment used in lab.
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EXPERIMENT 2
NO LOAD OPERATION OF A TRAMSSION LINE
OBJECTIVE:
 Measurement of Voltages in No Load Condition
 Be able to understand the phenomena of Ferranti Effect and its compensation methods
EQUIPMENT:
 1 IT-6017 Three-Phase Supply Unit
 1 IT-6019 Power Circuit Breaker
 1 IT-6003 Three-Phase Transformer
 1 IT-6002 Overhead Line Model
 1 IT-6048 Power Meter
 2 IT-6037 Moving-Iron Voltmeter (600 V)
BACKGROUND:
A long transmission line can be considered to be composed of a considerably high amount of
capacitance and inductor distributed across the entire length of the line. Ferranti Effect occurs when
current drawn by the distributed capacitance of the line is greater than the current associated with the
load at the receiving end of the line which occur during light or no load.
This capacitor charging current leads to voltage drop across the line inductor of the transmission
system which is in phase with the sending end voltages. This voltage drop keeps on increasing
additively as we move towards the load end of the line and subsequently the receiving end voltage
tends to get larger than applied voltage leading to the phenomena called Ferranti Effect in power
system. Phasor Diagram illustrating Ferranti Effect is shown in Figure 2.1
Figure 2.1. Phasor Diagram illustrating Ferranti Effect
During no load or light load condition, the reactive power generated at a point on the Transmission
Line will be more than the reactive power absorbed and therefore the voltage at that point will rise. If
it’s a short line no control is needed as the voltage rise will not be significant during light load or no
load condition i.e. Ferranti Effect will not be dominating. For a medium length line of 250 km the rise
in voltage will be about 9.4% and it is above tolerance limit of 5% for 400 kV and above.
Shut Reactor compensation at the receiving end might help to reduce the effect of Ferranti Effect.
Shunt Reactor absorbs the excess reactive power generation during no load / light load condition and
thus helps in stabilizing the voltage of Transmission Line.
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PROCEDURE:
1. Assemble the circuit according to connection diagram shown in Figure 2.2

2. Set primary-side of three-phase transformer in delta connection 380 V and secondary side in Y
connection 220V
3. Configure the Overhead Line in Long Configuration
4. Measure the voltage at sending and receiving end of the line as well as the active and reactive
powers consumed by one of the phases and note the values in Table-I
CONNECTION DIAGRAM:
Figure 2.2. Connection Diagram
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OBSERVATIONS:
Table-I (Sending and receiving end voltages, Active and Reactive powers absorbed by one of the phases)
U1
U2
POST LAB QUESTIONS:
1. What is charging current?

2. What is the significance of operating capacitance in overhead line?
3. What is Shunt Reactor compensation and how it is used for the compensation of Ferranti
Effect?
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EXPERIMENT 3
MATCHED LOAD OPERATION OF A TRANSMISSION LINE

OBJECTIVE:
 Measurement of current and voltage relationships of an overhead line in matched-load
Operation.
 Interpretation of the terms characteristic wave impedance, lagging and leading operation,
efficiency and transmission losses.
EQUIPMENT:
 IT-6017 Three-Phase Power Supply Unit
 IT-6019 Power Circuit Breaker
 IT-6003 Three-Phase Transformer
 IT-6002 Overhead Line Model
 IT-6004 Resistive Load
 IT-6035 Moving-Coil Ammeter (2.5 A)
 IT-6037 Moving-Iron Voltmeter (600 V)
 IT-6048 Power Meter
BACKGROUND:
The transmission line terminated in an ohmic consumer resistance equivalent to the characteristic
impedance than the transmission line is said to be operated under matched load condition. The power
transmitted in this case is called natural load. The line current is just large enough for the reactive power
consumption of the line inductor and capacitance to cancel; the transmission line thus does not require any
external reactive power for operation. As, in this case, the active power losses in transmission are minimal
in real transmission lines (i.e. low-loss), this is to be viewed as the optimum case. However, the load on a
system changes constantly according to the performance of the consumers. Operation with natural load
thus seldom occurs. When the current in the transmission line changes, the reactive power balance is
disturbed. If the current is lower, the line acts capacitively. If the current increases, the line has an inductive
performance. In both cases, the active power losses increase in real transmission lines. If the voltage at the
beginning of the line is kept constant, an increase in the voltage may be noted at the line end lagging
operation (cf. no-load as limiting case). The voltage at the line end drops in leading operation (cf. short-
circuits as limiting case). In order to guarantee the consumer a constant voltage, the voltage must be
regulated at the supplying transformer in the case of changing system loads. The load capability of overhead
transmission lines (i.e. the thermal limit rating) is significantly higher than the natural load. In practical
operation, the overhead transmission lines are most often loaded in leading mode.
PROCEDURE:
1. Assemble the circuit in according to connection diagram as shown in Figure 3.1.

2. Set the primary-side of the three-phase transformer in delta connection 380 V and using
Bridging plugs set the secondary-side to star UN -5%.
3. Insert all bridging plugs connecting the capacitance to overhead line model.
4. Connect a three-phase balanced resistive load to end terminals of the line; set the load
resistance value to R1.
5. Set the supply voltage to UN = 220 V.
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6. Beginning from the R1 value change the resistive load in steps till the R8 value.
7. For each step measure the following quantities:
Voltage U1, current I1, active power P1 and reactive power Q1 at the start of the line as well as
the voltage U2 and the current between the end of the line I2 and note the values in
Table – I.
8. Determine the particular value of resistive load at which the line no longer consumes any
reactive power (i.e. at which matching is achieved) and compare this with the theoretical
value specified for the characteristic wave impedance Zw = 240 Ω. As typical result when the
resistive load is above R4, there is a capacitive behaviour: inductive behaviour results at values
below that. Between R4 and R6 load values the line consumes no detectable reactive power.
9. Leaving the resistive load unchanged to the approximate value of the characteristic wave
impedance (R5 = 255 Ω) measure voltage and current at both ends of the line for all
possible supply voltage, which can be set on the secondary side of the three-phase and note
value in Table – II.
10. In case of matched load only the active power is transmitted so, in accordance with the
equation
𝑃 = √3 U I
Calculate the total active power P1 at the start end and the total active power P2 the end of the
line. Calculate the line transmission losses
ΔP = P1 – P2
and the line transmission efficiency
𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡
ή= ∗ 100
𝑃𝑖𝑛
and note the values in the Table - II.
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CONNECTION DIAGRAM:
Figure 3.1. Connection diagram
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OBSERVATIONS:
TABLE – I (Input and Output Voltages and currents for different loads)
R U1 I1 P1 Q1 U2 I2
𝐑𝟏
𝐑𝟐
𝐑𝟑
𝐑𝟒
𝐑𝟓
𝐑𝟔
𝐑𝟕
𝐑𝟖
TABLE – II (Efficiency and Power losses at Matched Load)
Supply 𝑈1 𝐼1 𝑃1 𝑈2 𝐼2 𝑃2 ΔP Ή
Voltage (V) (V) (A) (W) (V) (A) (W) (W) (%)
𝐔𝐍 + 𝟓%
𝐔𝐍
𝐔𝐍 − 𝟓%
𝐔𝐍 + 𝟏𝟎%
𝐔𝐍 − 𝟏𝟓%
POST LAB QUESTIONS:
1. What is Characteristic Impedance?

2. What is Flat Line?
3. What is Surge Impedance Loading and describe the operation of line under SIL?
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EXPERIMENT 4
SERIES CONNECTION OF TWO TRANSMISSION LINES

OBJECTIVE:
 Measurement of the voltage distribution in the series connection of two lines
EQUIPMENT:
 Variable Three-Phase Power Supply
 Resistive Load
 Three-Phase Transformer
 Power Circuit Breaker
BACKGROUND:
Series arrangement of two lines is the basis of the radial network. A characteristic feature of a
series circuit is that approximately the same current flows through all branches. Thus, the
cross-section of the weakest line is decisive in determining the extent to which a series circuit
can be loaded. The simplified equivalent circuit diagram of two lines in series is given in the
Figure 4.1
Figure 4.1. Simplified equivalent diagram of two lines in series
PROCEDURE:
1. Assemble the circuit in accordance with the diagram show in Figure 4.2.
2. Set primary-side of the three-phase transformer in delta connection 380V and using bridging
plugs set the secondary-side to star UN + 5%
3. Remove all bridging plugs connecting the capacitances to both line models.
4. Connect a three-phase balanced resistive load to end terminals of the line 2; set the load resistance
value to R1.
5. Adjust the supply voltage in order to obtain the nominal voltage ULL = 380V (phase-to-neutral
voltage 220V) at the beginning of line 1: this value must keep constant for all the measurements
6. Beginning from the R1 value change the resistive load in steps till the R6 value.
7. For each step measure the following quantities and note them in Table – I. Voltage UB at the
beginning of line 2 and voltage UE at load and the load current IE, also current through the two
lines.
8. Plot the voltage curves as a function of the load current.
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CONNECTION DIAGRAM:
Page | 16
OBSERVATIONS:
Table – I (Voltage at beginning and end of line 2 and load current)
UA (V) R UB (V) UE (E) IE (A)

220 R1
220 R2
220 R3
220 R4
220 R5
220 R6
Voltages vs Load Current Curves:
POST LAB QUESTIONS:
1. Prepare a detailed report on the observations of this experiment.

2. What happens to the impedance of the total line of two lines are connected in series. Justify
theoretically.
3. Justify the above question on the basis of your observations of experiment.
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EXPERIMENT 5
PARALLEL CONNECTION OF TWO TRANSMISSION LINES

OBJECTIVE:
 Measurement of the current distribution in the parallel connection of two lines.
EQUIPMENT:
 Variable Three-Phase Power Supply
 Resistive Load
 Inductive Load
 Three-Phase Transformer
 Power Circuit Breaker
BACKGROUND:
Parallel connection of two transmission lines forms the basis of meshed networks. A
characteristic property of a parallel circuit is the fact that the same voltage drop occurs across
all branches. Thus, the total current in a parallel circuit is always splits so that the ratio of the
currents in the branches is inversely proportional to the ratio of the impedances in the branches.
The simplified equivalent circuit diagram of two lines in parallel is given in Figure 5.1
Figure 5.1. Simplified equivalent diagram of two lines in parallel
PROCEDURE:
1. Make connections according to connection diagram shown in Figure 5.2

2. Set primary-side of the three-phase transformer in delta connection 380V and using bridging
plugs set the secondary-side to star UN + 5%.
3. Remove all bridging plugs connecting the capacitances to both line models.
4. Connect a three-phase balanced ohmic-inductive load to end terminals of the parallel
connected lines: set the load value to R1 – L1.
Page | 18
5. Adjust the supply voltage in order to obtain the nominal voltage ULL = 380V (phase-to-neutral
voltage 220V) at the beginning of the parallel-connected lines: this value must be kept constant
for all the measurements.
6. Beginning from R1 – L1 value change the load in steps for the indicated values. For each step,
measure the following quantities: current I1 at the beginning of line 1, current I2 at the
beginning of line 2, voltage UB, current IE and voltage UE at the load and note down in Table
– I.
7. Temporarily disconnect one of the lines and repeat the above measurements. Note down the
values in Table – II.
8. Plot the current flowing through the two lines, voltage at start of line 1 and line 2 and Load
Voltage and as a function of the load current in a combined diagram for the two working
conditions.
CONNECTION DIAGRAM:
Page | 19
OBSERVATIONS:
TABLE – I (Voltage profile of parallel connection of transmission lines)
UA (V) R-L I1 (A) I2 (A) IE (A) UE (A)

220 R1- L1
220 R2 – L2
220 R3 – L3
220 R4 – L4
220 R6 – L5
TABLE – II (Voltage profile by disconnecting one transmission line)
UA (V) R-L I1 (A) UB (V) I2 (A) IE (A) UE (A)

220 R1- L1 0
220 R2 – L2 0
220 R3 – L3 0
220 R4 – L4 0
220 R6 – L5 0
Graph between current flowing through two lines, load voltage and voltage at start of line 1and
2 vs Load Current:
POST LAB QUESTIONS:
1. Prepare a detailed report on the observations of this experiment.

2. What happens to the impedance of the total line of two lines are connected in parallel. Justify
theoretically
3. Justify the above question on the basis of your observations of experiment
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EXPERIMENT 6
TRANSMISSION LADDER CIRCUIT
OBJECTIVE:
 To study the distributed behaviour of Medium Transmission Line
EQUIPMENT:
 Three phase power supply
 Power circuit breaker
 Power meter
 Breadboard
 Resistances
 Power factor meter
 Variable Load
BCKGROUND:
We know that in a transmission line resistance, inductances and capacitance are uniformly distributed.
In a short transmission line capacitance is neglected. While in Medium and Long Transmission Lines
capacitance is included. The distributed model of a Medium Transmission Line using a Ladder circuit
is shown in Figure 6.1
Figure 6.1 Distributed Model of Medium Transmission Line (Ladder Circuit)
PROCEDURE:
1. Connect 3 lines in series to form a one single line.

2. Connect a load at receiving end.
3. Measure V, I, and P at sending end.
4. Take out the taps from different points.
5. Measure the current, voltage, power at points A, B and C
6. Calculate the efficiency and voltage regulation at different points along the line and note down
in Table – I.
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OBSERVATIONS:
TABLE – I (Voltage Regulation and Efficiency at points A, B and C)
Sr No. Load Points V I P Efficiency V.R
S.E
1 L=5
A
R=2
S.E
2 L=4
3
S.E
C=3
B
R=2
4 L=6
S.E
C=5
B
5
S.E
R=2
C
L=5
6
S.E
R=5
C
POST LAB QUESTIONS:
1. Write a detailed report on the performed experiment.

2. Comment on the efficiency and voltage regulation at different points.
Page | 22
EXPERIMENT 7
DETERMINATION OF CIRCUIT CONSTANTS OF SHORT
TRANSMISSION LINE
OBJECTIVE:
 To become familiar with equivalent two port network of short transmission line
EQUIPMENT:
 Power meter
 Line Model
BACKGROUND:
There are four constants A, B, C and D associated with every transmission line which are known as
generalized circuit constants. In general, these are complex numbers. A and D are dimensionless and
are equal to each other. The dimensions of B and C are ohms and mhos Siemens respectively. These
constants apply to any non-linear, passive and bilateral four terminal network having two pairs of
terminals. Such a network is called a two-port network.
The sending end current and voltage equations for short transmission line are
VS = VR + IRZ
IS = IR
From these equations we can say that A=D=1, B=Z and C=0.
PROCEDURE:
1. Make connection as shown in Figure 7.1

connection 220V
3. Connect transformer to sending end of transformer through a breaker and a power meter
4. Configure the overhead line model to be in short configuration based on your knowledge
5. Perform the open circuit test on transmission line by applying voltage not greater than the
rating of overhead line model.
6. Connect the voltmeter at the receiving end of the line to measure VR.
7. Record the sending end voltage VS. E, sending end current IS. E and sending end power factor
cos (ΦS. E) in Table – I.
8. Reduce the applied voltage to zero by varying the knob of supply once open circuit test has
been performed.
9. Now perform the short circuit test on transmission line by having an ammeter in series.
10. Gradually increase the applied voltage until rated current flows through the line. You should
be mindful that rated current never needs rated voltage to be applied.
11. Calculate the values of A, B, C and D and note them in Table – II.
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CONNECTION DIAGRAM:
Page | 24
OBSERVATIONS:
𝑽𝐫𝐚𝐭𝐞𝐝 of overhead line = 380

𝐈𝐫𝐚𝐭𝐞𝐝 of overhead line = 1A
TABLE – I (Open and Short Circuit parameters of Short Transmission Line)
Type of Test VS. E IS. E Cos (ΦS. E) VR. E IR. E

Open
Short
TABLE – II (Circuit Constants of Short Transmission Line)
Series Shunt A B C D
Impedance Admittance
POST LAB QUESTIONS:
1. How can we practically determine the value and angle of current passing through shunt
capacitors for medium and long transmission lines?
2. Can we determine the complex values of line constants A, B, C and D? Justify your answer
with proper explanation.
.
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EXPERIMENT 8
DETERMINATION OF CIRCUIT CONSTANTS OF MEDIUM
TRANSMISSION LINE
OBJECTIVE:
 To become familiar with equivalent two port network of medium transmission line
EQUIPMENT:
 Power meter
 Line Model
BACKGROUND:
There are four constants A, B, C and D associated with every transmission line which are known as
generalized circuit constants. In general, these are complex numbers. A and D are dimensionless and
are equal to each other. The dimensions of B and C are ohms and mhos Siemens respectively. These
constants apply to any non-linear, passive and bilateral four terminal network having two pairs of
terminals. Such a network is called a two-port network.
The sending end voltage and current equations for a medium transmission line are given by:
ZY
VS = ( + 1) VR + ZIR
2
1 + ZY ZY
IS = VR Y ( ) + ( + 1) IR
4 2
From the above equations we have:
ZY
A = D = ( + 1)
2
1 + ZY
B=Z , C=( )
4
PROCEDURE:
1. Make connections as shown in Figure 8.1

connection 220V
3. Connect transformer to sending end of transformer through a breaker and a power meter
4. Configure the overhead line model to be in medium configuration based on your knowledge
5. Perform the open circuit test on transmission line by applying voltage not greater than the rating
of overhead line model.
6. Connect the voltmeter at the receiving end of the line to measure VR.
7. Record the sending end voltage VS. E, sending end current IS. E and sending end power factor
cos (ΦS. E) and record them in Table – I.
8. Reduce the applied voltage to zero by varying the knob of supply once open circuit test has
been performed.
Page | 26
9. Now perform the short circuit test on transmission line by having an ammeter in series.
10. Gradually increase the applied voltage until rated current flows through the line. You should
be mindful that rated current never needs rated voltage to be applied.
11. Calculate the values of A, B, C and D and note them in Table – II.
CONNECTION DIAGRAM:
Page | 27
OBSERVATIONS:
𝑽𝐫𝐚𝐭𝐞𝐝 of overhead line = 380

𝐈𝐫𝐚𝐭𝐞𝐝 of overhead line = 1A
TABLE – I (Open and Short Circuit parameters of Medium Transmission Line)
Type of Test VS. E IS. E Cos (ΦS. E) VR. E IR. E

Open
Short
TABLE – II (Circuit Constants of Medium Transmission Line)
Series Shunt A B C D
Impedance Admittance
POST LAB QUESTIONS:
1. Write a detailed report on performed experiment.

2. Can we determine the complex values of line constants A, B, C and D? Justify your answer
Page | 28
EXPERIMENT 9
DETERMINATION OF ZERO SEQUENCE IMPEDANCE OF A
TRANSMISSION LINE
OBJECTIVE:
 Using measurement techniques to determine the zero-phase sequence impedance of the overhead
line model and comparing this value to that provided in the theoretical section.
EQUIPMENT:
 1 IT-6017 Three-Phase Power Supply Unit
 1 IT-6019 Power Circuit Breaker
 1 IT-6003 Three-Phase Transformer
 1 IT-6002 Overhead Line Model
 1 IT-6035 Moving-Coil Ammeter (2.5 A)
 1 IT-6037 Moving-Iron Voltmeter (600 V)
BACKGROUND:
Zero Sequence Impedance is the impedance offered by the system to the flow of zero sequence
current. The zero sequence currents are in phase and flow through the conductors a, b and c and
return through the ground neutral. The ground or any shielding wire are effectively in the path of
zero sequence. Thus, zero sequence impedance which includes the effect of the return path to the
ground are different from positive and negative sequence impedances.
PROCEDURE:
1. Assemble the circuit in accordance with the diagram shown in Figure 9.1.
2. Insert all bridging plugs connecting the capacitances to the overhead line model.
3. Set primary-side of three-phase transformer in star connection 380 V and using bridging plugs
set the secondary-side to star UN - 15%.
4. Set the supply voltage to UN = 380 V.
5. Measure the voltage and the current at the beginning end of the line and note them in Table – I
and determine the zero-phase sequence impedance of the line.
Page | 29
CONNECTION DIAGRAM:
OBSERVATIONS:
Table – I (Voltage and Current at sending end of line)
Voltage
Current
Z0 = -------------------------------------------------------
Page | 30
EXPERIMENT 10
STEADY STATE STUDY OF TRANSMISSION LINE IN MATLAB
SIMULINK
OBJECTIVE:
 To observe the steady state behavior of Transmission Line in MATLAB SIMULINK
 To become familiar with Simpower Systems Library in MATLAB SIMULINK
BACKGROUND:
There are three types of transmission lines: Short transmission line, Medium transmission line and
Long transmission line. Three major elements resistance, inductance and capacitance form the basic
model of the different types of transmission lines. In case of Short line only the series combination of
resistance and inductance makes the circuit. In case of medium and long transmission line two models
are used, t-model and pi-model. The transmission line’s performance is affected by the type of load.
.
PROCEDURE:
Open MATLAB and enter the command “powerlib” at the command window, this will open the
library of the “Simpower Systems” blockset like shown in Figure 10.1
Figure 10.1
In the figure various sub-libraries are shown, examine every sub-library by double clicking on its icon.
Now to start the modeling of the circuit create a new model file from the file menu. Open the Electrical
Sources Sub- Library and drag the Programmable Voltage Source on the model file. Double click the
source in order to open the block parameters dialog box. Similarly, double click on the ‘Elements’ sub-
library and drop three phase RLC branch, three phase RLC load and Three phase pi transmission line.
In the same way drop three phase V-I measurement block by double clicking the Measurements sub-
library.
For visualizing the voltage and current graphs search Scope in the search bar of Simulink Library
Browser as shown in Figure 10.2
Page | 31
Figure 10.2
Similarly search the ground in search bar. After dropping all the required components connect them.
After connecting your Simulink diagram should look like the one shown in Figure 10.3. Also search
powergui block in search bar and place it in model.
Figure 10.3. SIMULINK Diagram
Configure the parameters of source by double clicking it and configure the parameters with the
following values:
Three Phase Programmable Source
[Amplitude (Vrms ph-ph) Phase Frequency] = [10000 0 50]
Three Phase RLC Load
Nominal Phase to Phase Voltage = 10000

Frequency = 50
Run the simulation for first observing the effect of resistive load on Transmission Line performance
by first putting following values in Load boxes.
Active Power = 10e3;

Inductive Power = 0;
Capacitive Power = 0;
Then observe the response for inductive and reactive loads. Add following values for inductive and
capacitive loads.
Active Power = 0;
Active Power = 0;
Page | 32
Observe the waveforms of voltage and current for both sending and receiving ends.
To precisely see the values read the values from powergui by following steps:
Double click on the powergui block and click on the Tools option. A dialog box like the one shown
in Figure 10.4 will appear. Click on the steady state values option and note the values.
Figure 10.4
POST LAB QUESTIONS:
1. Implement the above steps for single phase transmission line system in SIMULINK
2. Attach the screen shot of implemented SIMULINK Diagrams and scope waveforms for both
single phase and three phase transmission systems.
Page | 33
EXPERIMENT 11
TRANSMISSION LINE DESIGN
OBJECTIVE:
 To design a transmission line with the given specifications
 Calculate the thermal capability of transmission lines
 To observe the thermal capability on Power World Simulator
BACKGROUND:
There are three types of transmission lines: Short transmission line, Medium transmission line and
Long transmission line. Three major elements resistance, inductance and capacitance form the basic
model of the different types of transmission lines. In case of Short line only the series combination of
resistance and inductance makes the circuit. In case of medium and long transmission line two models
are used, t-model and pi-model. The resistance, inductance and capacitance of a transmission line is
greatly affected by conductor type, spacing of conductors and no of conductors. Thermal Capability
of a transmission line depends on ambient temperature as well as no of conductors and load current
PROCEDURE:
1. For Short Transmission Line:
Consider a three-phase short transmission line having operating voltage of 120kV and length
50km. The conductor type is Finch having diameter 1.293 inch. The no of conductors per phase
is 2. The GMR is 0.045ft. The resistance of conductor is 0.0975 Ω/mil. The spacing between
two conductors in a phase is 45cm. The clearance between the conductors is 3cm.
 Calculate the total line resistance and inductance in per unit on 100MVA base.
 Calculate the thermal capability of transmission line
 After calculating the line resistance and inductance and thermal capability make a
following single line diagram given in Figure 11.1 on PWS and observe the thermal
capability.
Figure 11.1. Short Transmission Line
Page | 34
2. For Medium Transmission Line:
Consider a three-phase medium transmission line having operating voltage of 230kV and
length 220km. The conductor type is Finch having diameter 1.293 inch. The no of conductors
per phase is 3. The GMR is 0.045ft. The resistance of conductor is 0.0975 Ω/mil. The spacing
between two conductors in a phase is 45cm. The clearance between the conductors is 3cm.
 Calculate the total line resistance, inductance and susceptance in per unit on 100MVA
base.
capability.
Figure 11.2. Medium Transmission Line
3. For Long Transmission Line:
Consider a three-phase Long transmission line having operating voltage of 765kV and length
400km. The conductor type is Finch having diameter 1.293 inch. The no of conductors per
phase is 4. The GMR is 0.045ft. The resistance of conductor is 0.0975 Ω/mil. The spacing
between two conductors in a phase is 45cm. The clearance between the conductors is 3cm.
 Calculate the total line resistance, inductance and susceptance in per unit on 100MVA
base.
capability.
Figure 11.3. Long Transmission Line
Page | 35
POST LAB QUESTIONS:
1. What is the effect of clearance of conductors on inductance and capacitance of transmission

lines?
2. What are the advantages of bundled conductors over stranded conductors?
Page | 36
EXPERIMENT 12
DESIGN EXPERIMENT: DESIGN A TRANSMISSION NETWORK
OBJECTIVE:
 Design a power system and its transmission line network
STATEMENT:
Design a power system and its transmission network that should connect 4 locations L1, L2, L3 and
L4. Out of these 2 are generating centers and two are load centers. The topology of transmission
network is:
The total generation in system should be 25% more than the total demand of system. Out of two
generation stations capacity of one should be 40%. Rated power factor of generators is 0.85 p.u and
Qmin should be 15% of real power of generators. The voltage levels of the generators should be
different and should be from among the following:
10kV, 11kV, 13.2kV, 13.8kV, 15kV, 18kV, 20kV, 22kV
Design a transmission line network. Select the size of conductor, no of conductors per phase,
conductors spacing in a bundle, and phase-to-phase clearance between conductors in such a way that
per-unit line impedance must not be greater than 0.15 (15%) on 100 MVA base. Calculate the SIL
and thermal loading capability of the transmission lines as well. Give a detail of transmission line
design. You can select voltage levels from following nominal voltage for transmission and sub-
transmission system.
200kV, 210kV, 220kV, 230kV, 240kV, 250kV, 300kV, 320kV, 330kV, 345kV, 375kV, 400kV,
416kV, 460kV, 480kV, 500kV, 765kV, 800kV.
110kV, 115kV, 120kV, 130kV, 132kV, 138kV, 150kV
Use power transformers at appropriate locations in the power system. MVA rating of transformers
should be properly selected. The leakage reactance of transformer should be 0.08 p.u to 0.15 p.u based
upon the rating of the transformers. (Ignore the winding resistance and excitation branch of the
transformers).
The total load lies between 300 MW to 600 MW. The power factor of load is 0.85. All four locations
in the power system must be assigned some load in such a way that 70% to 80% of the total load
must be divided between two load center and rest of the load should be divided among the power
generation locations.
Develop per unit impedance diagram of your network and model it on PWS and perform load flow
analysis on PWS. On running load flow none of the transmission line should be loaded more than
Page | 37
40% of its thermal capability limit. Line losses must not be more than 15% of the total line flow.
None of the transformers is loaded above 90% of its rating in any possible operating
Condition and None of the node voltages are outside the (0.95 p.u – 1.05 p.u) voltage range.
Note: Plagiarism (if found) will result in zero marks for students involved. Deadline is one week for
respective labs.
Page | 38
EXPERIMENT 13
STUDY OF CONTINGENCY ANALYSIS
OBJECTIVE:
 Observe the effect of Transmission Line outage on the power system
 Observe the process of overloading in a line
BACKGROUND:
Contingency Analysis (CA) is one of the "security analysis" applications in a power utility control
center that differentiates an Energy Management System (EMS) from a less complex SCADA system.
Its purpose is to analyze the power system in order to identify the overloads and problems that can
occur due to a "contingency". Contingency analysis is abnormal condition in electrical network. It put
whole system or a part of the system under stress. It occurs due to sudden opening of a transmission
line, Generator tripping, sudden change in generation, sudden change in load value. Contingency
analysis provides tools for managing, creating, analyzing, and reporting lists of contingencies and
associated violations. CA is used as a study tool for the off-line analysis of contingency events, and as
an on-line tool to show operators what would be the effects of future outages.
PROCEDURE:
1. Implement the following one-line diagram in PWS as shown in Figure 13.1
Figure 13.1. Single Line Diagram
2. Run Load Flow analysis and observe the loading of lines

3. Now reset to flat start and open the line between bus 2 and bus 3 by opening the breaker
4. Run Load Flow Analysis again. You will observe now the line between bus 1 and bus 2 will
be overloaded due to line outage
Page | 39
5. Now also open the line between bus 1 and bus 2. You will now observe that the line between
bus 1 and bus 3 will be overloaded as now only generator 1 is supplying load.
POST LAB QUESTIONS:
1. Write a detailed report on the performed experiment

2. Attach screen shots of the load flow analysis for each step.
3. What is the significance of contingency analysis?
Page | 40
EXPERIMENT 14
STUDY OF HVDC TRANSMISSION SYSTEM
OBJECTIVE:
 Demonstrate the basic structure and functionality of HVDC Transmission System
 To implement simple HVDC system in MATLAB SIMULINK
BACKGROUND:
A High Voltage Direct Current Electric Power Transmission system uses direct current for the bulk
transmission of electrical power in contrast with commonly used AC system. This type of transmission
is preferred over HVAC transmission for very long distance when considering the cost, losses and
many other factors. We know that AC power is generated in the generating station. This should first
be converted into DC. The conversion is done with the help of rectifier. The DC power will flow
through the overhead lines. At the user end, this DC has to be converted into AC. For that purpose, an
inverter is placed at the receiving end. Thus, there will be a rectifier terminal in one end of HVDC
substation and an inverter terminal in the other end. The power of the sending end and user end will
be always equal. The layout of HVDC system is shown in Figure 14.1
Figure 14.1. HVDC System Layout

PROCEDURE:
1. Open MATLAB and open new project in SIMULINK.
2. Open Simpower Systems Library by the same method as done in previous lab.
3. Step by Step implement the following circuit in MATLAB
Page | 41
Figure 14.2 Simple HVDC System Implementation in MATLAB
Step – I:
Drop a single-phase AC source in your model. The parameters of AC source are:
Peak Amplitude = 110V
Frequency = 50
Phase = 0
Sample Time = 0
Step – II:
Drop a Multi-winding Transformer. Change the windings settings by double clicking on model.
No of windings on Left side = 1
No of windings on Right side = 1
Nominal Power and Frequency = [75e3 50]
Winding Nominal Voltages = [110 660e3 0 0]
Winding Resistances = [0.005 0.005 0 0]
Winding Inductances = [0.02 0.02 0 0]
Magnetization resistance = 50
Magnetization inductance = 50
Step – III:
Implement a Full Bridge Rectifier
Step – IV:
Drop a Distributed Parameters Line model. The parameters for DC Line are:
No of phases = 1
Frequency used for RLC specification = 50
Resistance per unit length = 0.015
Inductance per unit length = 0.792e-3
Capacitance per unit length = 14.4e-9
Line Length = 300km
Page | 42
Step – V:
Implement a single phase SPWM inverter as shown
Provide pulses to the switches through a pulse generator block. The parameters for a pulse generator
are:
Pulse Generator:
Amplitude = 1
Period = 20e-3
Pulse Width = 90
Phase Delay = 0
Pulse Generator 1:
Amplitude = 1
Period = 20e-3
Pulse Width = 90
Phase Delay = 10
Step – VI:
Drop the multi-winding transformer again. All other parameters will be same except the voltages of
windings will be:
Winding Nominal Voltages = [9000 110 0 0]
Step – VII:
Observe the waveforms of rectifier, inverter and transformer.
Page | 43
POST LAB QUESTIONS:
1. What are the advantages and disadvantages of HVDC over HVAC?

2. Research about the latest developments in HVDC.
Page | 44
Appendix A: Lab Evaluation Criteria
Labs with projects

1. Experiments and their report 50%
a. Experiment 60%
b. Lab report 40%
2. Quizzes (3-4) 15%
3. Final evaluation 35%
a. Project Implementation 60%
b. Project report and quiz 40%
Labs without projects

1. Experiments and their report 50%
a. Experiment 60%
b. Lab report 40%
2. Quizzes (3-4) 20%
3. Final Evaluation 30%
i. Experiment 60%
ii. Lab report, pre and post
experiment quiz 40%
Notice:
Copying and plagiarism of lab reports is a serious academic misconduct. First instance of copying
may entail ZERO in that experiment. Second instance of copying may be reported to DC. This may
result in awarding FAIL in the lab course.
Page | 45
Appendix B: Safety around Electricity

In all the Electrical Engineering (EE) labs, with an aim to prevent any unforeseen accidents during
conduct of lab experiments, following preventive measures and safe practices shall be adopted:
 Remember that the voltage of the electricity and the available electrical current in EE labs has
enough power to cause death/injury by electrocution. It is around 50V/10 mA that the “cannot
let go” level is reached. “The key to survival is to decrease our exposure to energized circuits.”
 If a person touches an energized bare wire or faulty equipment while grounded, electricity will
instantly pass through the body to the ground, causing a harmful, potentially fatal, shock.
 Each circuit must be protected by a fuse or circuit breaker that will blow or “trip” when its safe
carrying capacity is surpassed. If a fuse blows or circuit breaker trips repeatedly while in normal
use (not overloaded), check for shorts and other faults in the line or devices. Do not resume use
until the trouble is fixed.
 It is hazardous to overload electrical circuits by using extension cords and multi-plug outlets.
Use extension cords only when necessary and make sure they are heavy enough for the job.
Avoid creating an “octopus” by inserting several plugs into a multi-plug outlet connected to a
single wall outlet. Extension cords should ONLY be used on a temporary basis in situations
where fixed wiring is not feasible.
 Dimmed lights, reduced output from heaters and poor monitor pictures are all symptoms of an
overloaded circuit. Keep the total load at any one time safely below maximum capacity.
 If wires are exposed, they may cause a shock to a person who comes into contact with them.
Cords should not be hung on nails, run over or wrapped around objects, knotted or twisted.
This may break the wire or insulation. Short circuits are usually caused by bare wires touching
due to breakdown of insulation. Electrical tape or any other kind of tape is not adequate for
insulation!
 Electrical cords should be examined visually before use for external defects such as: Fraying
(worn out) and exposed wiring, loose parts, deformed or missing parts, damage to outer jacket
or insulation, evidence of internal damage such as pinched or crushed outer jacket. If any
defects are found the electric cords should be removed from service immediately.
 Pull the plug not the cord. Pulling the cord could break a wire, causing a short circuit.
 Plug your heavy current consuming or any other large appliances into an outlet that is not
shared with other appliances. Do not tamper with fuses as this is a potential fire hazard. Do not
overload circuits as this may cause the wires to heat and ignite insulation or other combustibles.
 Keep lab equipment properly cleaned and maintained.
 Ensure lamps are free from contact with flammable material. Always use lights bulbs with the
recommended wattage for your lamp and equipment.
 Be aware of the odor of burning plastic or wire.
 ALWAYS follow the manufacturer recommendations when using or installing new lab
equipment. Wiring installations should always be made by a licensed electrician or other
qualified person. All electrical lab equipment should have the label of a testing laboratory.
 Be aware of missing ground prong and outlet cover, pinched wires, damaged casings on
electrical outlets.
 Inform Lab engineer / Lab assistant of any failure of safety preventive measures and safe
practices as soon you notice it. Be alert and proceed with caution at all times in the laboratory.
 Conduct yourself in a responsible manner at all times in the EE Labs.
Page | 46
 Follow all written and verbal instructions carefully. If you do not understand a direction or
part of a procedure, ASK YOUR LAB ENGINEER / LAB ASSISTANT BEFORE
PROCEEDING WITH THE ACTIVITY.
 Never work alone in the laboratory. No student may work in EE Labs without the presence of
the Lab engineer / Lab assistant.
 Perform only those experiments authorized by your teacher. Carefully follow all instructions,
both written and oral. Unauthorized experiments are not allowed.
 Be prepared for your work in the EE Labs. Read all procedures thoroughly before entering the
laboratory. Never fool around in the laboratory. Horseplay, practical jokes, and pranks are
dangerous and prohibited.
 Always work in a well-ventilated area.
 Observe good housekeeping practices. Work areas should be kept clean and tidy at all times.
 Experiments must be personally monitored at all times. Do not wander around the room,
distract other students, startle other students or interfere with the laboratory experiments of
others.
 Dress properly during a laboratory activity. Long hair, dangling jewelry, and loose or baggy
clothing are a hazard in the laboratory. Long hair must be tied back, and dangling jewelry and
baggy clothing must be secured. Shoes must completely cover the foot.
 Know the locations and operating procedures of all safety equipment including fire
extinguisher. Know what to do if there is a fire during a lab period; “Turn off equipment, if
possible and exit EE lab immediately.”
Page | 47
Appendix C: Guidelines on Preparing Lab Reports

Each student will maintain a lab notebook for each lab course. He will write a report for each
experiment he performs in his notebook. A format has been developed for writing these lab reports.
Lab Report Format
For hardware based labs, the format of the report will include:
1. Introduction: Introduce area explored in the experiment.

2. Objective: What are the learning goals of the experiment?
3. Measurements: In your own words write how the experiment is performed (Do not copy/paste
the procedure).
a. Issues: Which technical issues were faced during the performance of the experiment
and how they were resolved?
b. Graphs, if any
4. Conclusions: What conclusions can be drawn from the measurements?
5. Applications: Suggest a real world application where this experiment may apply.
6. Answers to post lab questions (if any).
Page | 48

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EL489 – ELECTRIC POWER

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING,

Created by: Mr. Abdul Majid, Muhammad Khizer

Date: 30th June, 2019

Last Updated by: Muhammad Khizer

Date: 17th August, 2019

Approved by the HoD: Dr. S M Sajid

Date: 17th August, 2019

2 Experiment No.1, Introduction to Lab and Equipment 5

3 Experiment No.2, No Load Operation of a Transmission Line 8

Experiment No.4, Series Connection of two Transmission Lines

7 Experiment No.6, Transmission Ladder Circuit 20

Experiment No.8, Determination of Circuit Constants of Medium

Experiment No.9, Determination of Zero Sequence Impedance of a

Experiment No.10, Steady state study of Transmission Line in

14 Experiment No.13, Study of Contingency Analysis 37

15 Experiment No.14, Study of HVDC Transmission System 39

16 Appendix A: Lab Evaluation Criteria 43

17 Appendix B: Safety around Electricity 44

18 Appendix C: Guidelines on Preparing Lab Reports 46

1 Three Phase Power Supply

3-PHASE POWER SUPPLY:

Figure 1.1. Three phase variable supply

OVERHEAD LINE MODEL:

Figure 1.2 Transmission Line model

The Line parameters are as follow

THREE PHASE LOADS:

Figure 1.3 Three phase Load

PHASE SEQUENCE INDICATOR:

POST LAB QUESTIONS:

1. Write a detailed report on the different equipment used in the lab.

Figure 2.1. Phasor Diagram illustrating Ferranti Effect

1. Assemble the circuit according to connection diagram shown in Figure 2.2

Figure 2.2. Connection Diagram

POST LAB QUESTIONS:

1. What is charging current?

MATCHED LOAD OPERATION OF A TRANSMISSION LINE

1. Assemble the circuit in according to connection diagram as shown in Figure 3.1.

Figure 3.1. Connection diagram

TABLE – II (Efficiency and Power losses at Matched Load)

POST LAB QUESTIONS:

1. What is Characteristic Impedance?

SERIES CONNECTION OF TWO TRANSMISSION LINES

Figure 4.1. Simplified equivalent diagram of two lines in series

Figure 4.2. Connection Diagram

Table – I (Voltage at beginning and end of line 2 and load current)

UA (V) R UB (V) UE (E) IE (A)

Voltages vs Load Current Curves:

POST LAB QUESTIONS:

1. Prepare a detailed report on the observations of this experiment.

PARALLEL CONNECTION OF TWO TRANSMISSION LINES

Figure 5.1. Simplified equivalent diagram of two lines in parallel

1. Make connections according to connection diagram shown in Figure 5.2

Figure 5.2. Connection Diagram

TABLE – I (Voltage profile of parallel connection of transmission lines)

UA (V) R-L I1 (A) I2 (A) IE (A) UE (A)

TABLE – II (Voltage profile by disconnecting one transmission line)

UA (V) R-L I1 (A) UB (V) I2 (A) IE (A) UE (A)

POST LAB QUESTIONS:

1. Prepare a detailed report on the observations of this experiment.

Figure 6.1 Distributed Model of Medium Transmission Line (Ladder Circuit)

1. Connect 3 lines in series to form a one single line.