The Fundamental Counting Principle (also called the counting rule) is a way to figure out the number of outcomes

in a probability problem.
Basically, you multiply the events together to get the total number of outcomes.

A permutation is an arrangement of all or part of a set of objects, with regard to the order of the arrangement. For example, suppose we have
a set of three letters: A, B, and C. ... They describe permutations as n distinct objects taken r at a time.

Permutations are the different ways in which a collection of items can be arranged. For example: The different ways in which the alphabets A,
B and C can be grouped together, taken all at a time, are ABC, ACB, BCA, CBA, CAB, BAC.

Circular Permutation
The number of ways to arrange distinct objects along a fixed (i.e., cannot be picked up out of the plane and turned over) circle is

Distinguishable permutations are permutations that can be distinguished from one another. In the case of a number of things where each is
different from the other, such as the letters in the word FLANGE, there is no difference between the number of permutations and the number
of distinguishable permutations.

Permutations with Restrictions. A permutation is an arrangement of a set of objects in an ordered way. An addition of
some restrictions gives rise to a situation of permutations with restrictions.

In mathematics, a combination is a selection of items from a collection, such that (unlike permutations) the order of selection does not matter.

Restricted Combinations
(a) Number of combinations of ‘n’ different things taken ‘r’ at a time, when ‘p’ particular things are always included = n-pCr-p.

(b) Number of combination of ‘n’ different things, taken ‘r’ at a time, when ‘p’ particular things are always to be excluded = n-pCr
Compound Probability Formulas
= P (A) + P(B). For mutually inclusive events, P (A or B) = P(A) + P(B) - P(A and B). Using the organized list method, you would
list all the different possible outcomes that could occur.

The probability that Events A and B both occur is the probability of the intersection of A and B. The probability of the intersection of
Events A and B is denoted by P(A ∩ B). If Events A and B are mutually exclusive, P(A ∩ B) ... The probability of the union of Events A and
B is denoted by P(A ∪ B)

Independent and Dependent Events

The concept of independent and dependent events comes into play when we are working on conditional
probability. A compound or joint events is the key concept to focus in conditional probability formula.
Drawing a card repeatedly from a deck of 52 cards with or without replacement is a classic example to
explain these concepts.

Conditional probability is the probability of one event occurring with some relationship to one or more other events. For example: Event A is
that it is raining outside, and it has a 0.3 (30%) chance of raining today. Event B is that you will need to go outside, and that has
a probability of 0.5 (50%).
FUNDAMENTAL COUNTING
PRINCIPLES
The Fundamental Counting Principle (also called the counting rule) is a way to figure out
the number of outcomes in a probability problem. Basically, you multiply the events
together to get the total number of outcomes.
CIRCULAR PERMUTATION -The number of ways to arrange distinct COMBINATION- In mathematics, a combination is a
EXAMPLES: objects along a fixed (i.e., cannot be picked up out of the plane and turned selection of items from a collection, such that (unlike
Sandwich: Grilled chicken, All Beef Patty, Vegeburger and Fish Filet. over) circle is permutations) the order of selection does not matter.
Side: Regular fries, Cheese Fries, Potato Wedges.
Dessert: Chocolate Chip Cookie or Apple Pie. Example 1 In how many ways can 6 people be seated at a round table?
Drink: Fanta, Dr. Pepper, Coke, Diet Coke and Sprite. Solution As discussed, the number of ways will be (6 – 1)!, or 120.
Combination: Picking a team of 3 people from a group
To the next.. of 10. C(10,3) = 10!/(7! · 3!) = 10 · 9 · 8 / (3 · 2 · 1) = 120.
Example 2 Find the number of ways in which 5 people A,B,C,D,E can be seated at a
Q. You take a survey with five “yes” or “no” answers. How many different ways could you round table, such that Permutation: Picking a President, VP and Waterboy
complete the survey? (i) A and B must always sit together. from a group of 10. P(10,3) = 10!/7! = 10 · 9 · 8 = 720.
A. There are 5 stages: Question 1, question 2, question 3, question 4, and question 5. (ii) C and D must not sit together.
There are 2 choices for each question (Yes or No).
DISTINGUISHABLE
Solution (i) If we wish to seat PERMUTATION -Distinguishable
A and B together in all arrangements, we can consider Combination:
Restricted Choosing 3 desserts
Combinations :(a) Numberfrom a menu
of combinations ofdifferent
of ‘n’ 10.
these two as oneare
unit,permutations
along with 3 others. So effectively we’ve to arrange 4 people in a things taken =
‘r’ 120.
at a time, when ‘p’ particular things are always included = n-pCr-p.
So the total number of possible ways to answer is: permutations that can be distinguished from one
circle, the number of ways being (4 – 1)! or 6. Let me show you the arrangements:
another. C(10,3) Permutation: Listing your 3 favorite
(b) Number of combination of ‘n’ different things, taken ‘r’ at a time, when ‘p’ particular
2 * 2 * 2 * 2 * 2 = 32. In the case of a number of things where each is different from the other,
desserts,
things are alwaysintoorder, from
be excluded = n-pCra menu of 10. P(10,3) = 720.
such as the letters in the word FLANGE, there is no difference between the example: Number of combinations of 4 different things (A,B,C,D) taking 3 at a time,
PERMUTATION AT A TIME number of permutations and the number of distinguishable permutations. when 2 particular things (A,B) never come together.

Here, n=4, r=3, m=2

A permutation is an arrangement of all or part of a set of objects, with regard
to the order of the arrangement. For example, suppose we have a set of three
letters: A, B, and C. ... They describe permutations as n distinct objects taken r
at a time.
Example:
A license plate begins with three letters. If the possible letters are A, B, C, D and
E, how many different permutations of these letters can be made if no letter is
used more than once?
Using reasoning:For the first letter, there are 5 possible choices. After that
letter is chosen, there are 4 possible choices. Finally, there are 3 possible
choices.
5 × 4 × 3 = 60
Using the permutation formula:The problem involves 5 things (A, B, C, D, E)
taken 3 at a time.
There are 60 different permutations for the license plate.
PERMUTATION ALL A TIME Permutations are the
different ways in which a collection of items can be arranged. For example:
The different ways in which the alphabets A, B and C can be grouped
together, taken all at a time, are ABC, ACB, BCA, CBA, CAB, BAC.
EXAMPLE
Find the number of words, with or without meaning, that can be formed with the letters
of the word ‘SWIMMING?
The word ‘SWIMMING contains 8 letters. Of which, I occurs twice and M occurs twice.
Therefore, the number of words formed by this word = 8! / (2!*2!) = 10080.
Find the number of words, with or without meaning, that can be formed with the letters
of the word ‘CHAIR’.
‘CHAIR’ contains 5 letters. Therefore, the number of words that can be formed with
these 5 letters = 5! = 5*4*3*2*1 = 120.
Example :Suppose Dr. DoesBadThings conducts research which involves As per the formula, ans = 4C3 - 2C1 = 4 - 2 = 2
infecting 20 people with the swine flu virus. He is interested in studying how
many actually end up ill (I) and how many remain healthy (H).How many This is correct. These combinations are (A,C,D), (B,C,D)
arrangements are there of the 20 people that involve 0 people ill?
example2: Number of combinations of 5 different things (A,B,C,D,E) taking 2 at a time,
when 3 particular things (A,B,C) never come together.
Solution. In this case, we can readily determine that there is just 1 way.
The sequence would look like this: HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH Here, n=5, r=2, m=3
Alternatively, we could use the formula for counting distinguishable As per the formula, ans = 5c2 - 2C(-1) = 10 - 0 = 10 (Note that nCr = 0 when r < 0)
permutations. The formula yields: (200)=20!0!20!=1 Compound Probability Formulas
This is correct. These 10 combinations are (A,B), (A,C), (A,D), (A,E), (B,C), (B,D), (B,E),
= P (A)
(C,D), + P(B).
(C,E), (D,E) For mutually inclusive events, P (A or B) = P(A) + P(B) - P(A and
How may arrangements are there of the 20 people that involve 2 people ill? B). Using the organized list method, you would list all the different possible
Solution. I'm going to WITH
PERMUTATION leave it to you to decide if you
RESTRICTION want to try to
-Permutations count this
with outcomes that could occur.
one out by hand! I can tell you that the first possible sequence might look like Let's take a look at some examples.
Restrictions. A permutation is an arrangement of a set of objects in an
this: 1) What is the probability that you will roll a five using a 6-sided die?
ordered way. An addition of some restrictions gives rise to a situation
IIHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH The favorable outcome is rolling a five, and that can only occur once using one
of permutations with restrictions.
die. The total number of outcomes is six, since the die is 6-sided.
Out of a class of 30 students, how many ways are there to choose a class
So the probability of rolling a five is 1/6.
president, a secretary, and a treasurer? A student may hold at most one post.
2) What is the probability that you will pull a heart out of a standard deck of
Solution 1: We can choose from among 30 students for the class president, 29
cards?
The favorable outcome would be pulling a heart and there are 13 of them in a
students for the secretary, and 28 students for the treasurer. Hence, by the standard deck. The total number of outcomes is 52 because there are 52 cards in
rule of product, the number of possibilities is 30 \times 29 \times 28 = a standard deck.
2436030×29×28=24360. The probability of pulling a heart is 13/52 or 1/4.
Solution 2: By the above discussion, there are P_{27}^{30} = \frac {30!}{(30-
3)!}P2730=(30−3)!30! ways. While it is extremely hard to
evaluate 30!30! and 27!27!, we notice that dividing out gives 30 \times 29
\times 28 = 2436030×29×28=24360. _\square□
Compound Probability on mutual or inclusive
events- The probability that Events A and B both
occur is the probability of the intersection of A and B.
The probability of the intersection of Events A and B
is denoted by P(A ∩ B). If Events A and B are
mutually exclusive, P(A ∩ B) ... The probability of
the union of Events A and B is denoted by P(A ∪ B)
Sample Question: if you choose a card from a
standard deck of cards, what is the probability of
getting a queen or a heart?
It’s possible to get a queen and a heart when
choosing a card from a deck of cards. The queen of
hearts is the intersection P(A and B), so:
P(Getting a queen or Getting a heart) = P(queen) +
Two events connected with the experiment of rolling a single
P(heart) – P(queen of hearts) =
die are E: “the number rolled is even” and T: “the number
4/52 + 13/52 – 1/52 = 16/52.
rolled is greater than two.” Find the complement of each.
Solution:
In the sample space S={1,2,3,4,5,6}S={1,2,3,4,5,6} the
corresponding sets of outcomes
are E={2,4,6}E={2,4,6} and T={3,4,5,6}.T={3,4,5,6}. The
complements
are Ec={1,3,5}Ec={1,3,5} and Tc={1,2}.Tc={1,2}.
In words the complements are described by “the number
rolled is not even” and “the number rolled is not greater than
two.” Of course easier descriptions would be “the number
rolled is odd” and “the number rolled is less than three.”
Conditional probability is the probability of one
event occurring with some relationship to one or
more other events. For example: Event A is that it is
raining outside, and it has a 0.3 (30%) chance of
raining today. Event B is that you will need to go
outside, and that has a probability of 0.5 (50%).
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Example 1 A machine produces parts that are either good (90%),
slightly defective (2%), or obviously defective (8%). Produced parts
get passed through an automatic inspection machine, which is able
FUNDAMENTAL COUNTING PRINCIPLES
to detect any part that is obviously defective and discard it. What is
PERMUTATION AT A TIME
the quality of the parts that make it through the inspection
machine and get shipped? Let G (resp., SD, OD) be the event that a
PERMUTATION ALL A TIME
randomly chosen shipped part is good (resp., slightly defective,
obviously defective). We are told that P(G) = .90, P(SD) = 0.02, and
CIRCULAR PERMUTATION
P(OD) = 0.08.
Example 2 Your neighbor has 2 children. You learn that he has a
son, Joe. What is the probability that Joe’s sibling is a brother? The DISTINGUISHABLE PERMUTATION
“obvious” answer that Joe’s sibling is equally likely to have been
PERMUTATION WITH RESTRICTION
born male or female suggests that the probability the other child is
a boy is 1/2. This is not correct! Consider the experiment of
selecting a random family having two children and recording COMBINATION
CONTACT US!
whether they are boys or girls. Then, the sample space is S =
{BB,BG,GB,GG}, where, e.g., outcome “BG” means that the first- Restricted Combinations
born child is a boy and the second-born is a girl. Assuming boys and
GEN.
girls are equally likelySANTOS AVE.
to be born, the CENTRAL
4 elements of S are equally Compound Probability
likely. The event, E, that the neighbor has a son is the set E =
BICUTAN ,TAGUIG CITY
{BB,BG,GB}. The event, F, that the neighbor has two boys (i.e., Joe Compound Probability on mutual or inclusive events
has a brother) is the set F = {BB}.
UPPER BICUTAN NATIONAL HIGH Compound Probability on independent and dependent event
SCHOOL
Conditional probability
JOHN MORALES JOHN MORALES/CARLO ORENZO
& GRADE 10 -NARRA
CARLO ORENZO