9.

From the above table, the cheapest appears to be Year 7.

9.2
D = 0.273 m, r = 0.1365 m
Steam Temp = 480 K
Surrounding Temp = 295 K
h = 11.4
k = 5.2 x 10-2
Calculate heat loss
𝑇1 − 𝑇2
𝑞= 𝑟
ln (𝑟2 )
1 1
+
ℎ𝜋𝑟𝐿 2𝜋𝑘𝐿
𝑟
185 ln (𝑟2 ) 271819.095
1
q= + =
1 98.0916 1 + 14.9625 ln (𝑟1 )
1465.84 𝑟2
Cost for a given year is given by the following
2.71819 3.42252 × 1010
Cost = q = 𝑟 = 𝑟
1 + 14.9625 ln (𝑟2 ) 1 + 14.9625 ln (𝑟2 )
1 1
installation cost = 180 × 300(𝑟2 − 𝑟1 )

3.42252 × 1010
𝑟 = 180 × 300(r2 − 𝑟1 )
1 + 14.9625 × ln (𝑟2 )
1
633091.41 = (r2 − 0.1365)(1 + 14.9625(ln(𝑟2 ) − ln(𝑟1 )

Solving for r2, r2 = 0.1365m

9.4
9.5
𝑑𝐹
− =𝑘
𝑑𝑡
𝐹
∫ −𝑑𝐹 = 𝑘 ∫ 𝑑𝑡
𝐹0
−(𝐹 − 𝐹0 ) = 𝑘𝑡
𝐹 = 𝐹0 − 𝑘𝑡
𝐹0 − 𝐹 5000 − 2500
𝑘= = = 52.083
𝑡 48
𝑃 =𝐹∗𝑡∗𝑁
24ℎ𝑟𝑠
30𝑑𝑎𝑦𝑠 ∗ 720
𝑑𝑎𝑦
𝑁= =
(𝑡 + 6)ℎ𝑟 𝑡+6
720 (F0 𝑡 − 𝑘𝑡 2 )
𝑃 = (𝐹0 − 𝑘𝑡) ∗ 𝑡 ( ) = 720( )
𝑡+6 𝑡+6
𝑑𝑃 720(t + 6)(F1 − 2𝑘𝑡) − 𝐹0 𝑡 − 𝑘𝑡 2
=
𝑑𝑡 (𝑡 + 6)2
2
kt + 12𝑘𝑡 − 6𝐹0 = 0
Solve for t = 18.7 hr

9.6
The cross section area can be calculated below
𝜋𝑑 2
𝐴=
4
By comparing this to the allowable velocity, we can calculate the volume of solvent
12.2 𝑚3 ℎ𝑟 −1
𝑉= 𝐴
𝑚2
Convert to hours and use the Fsf equation
12.2 𝑚3 /ℎ𝑟 𝑑2
× 𝜋
𝐹𝑠𝑓 = 𝑚2 4
𝑚3
1.667
ℎ𝑟
This can be substituted in for the cost function and minimized
𝐶𝐹 = 8800 ∗ (5.748𝑑2 )2 − 51,000(5.748𝑑 2 ) + 110,000$/𝑦𝑟
Global minima occurs at d = 0.71m

9.9
𝑄 = 𝑚𝑐∆𝑇
Qa = 2.07 x 109 kJ
Qb= 2.553 x 109 kJ
Solve for θb
𝐶𝑐 2
𝜃𝑏,𝑜𝑝𝑡= + (𝑎𝑐𝐶𝑐 𝑆𝑏 )1/2
𝑆𝑏 𝑎𝑆𝑏
θb,opt = 14671.84 seconds
Solving for θt using equation 9.62
 2𝐴𝐻∆𝑇 1 1
𝜃𝑡 = ((𝑎𝜃𝑏,𝑜𝑝𝑡 + 𝑐)2 − 𝑐 2 )
𝑎𝑄𝐻
a. θt = 27.953 hours
b. θt = 22.66 hours

9.13
Calculate annual production from yield tables

Annual production = 4383 kg product/ year

Calculate the total cost

𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡/𝑑𝑎𝑦 ∙ 300 𝑑𝑎𝑦𝑠 ∗ 100 𝑐𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑒𝑠 + 𝑓𝑒𝑒𝑑 ∙ 300 𝑑𝑎𝑦 ∗ 𝑓𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡
𝑟𝑒𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑒𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 ∗ 𝑐𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑒
𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 + 𝑟𝑒𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
Total cost =$9,295,500

Then calculate the profit

𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑓𝑖𝑡 = 𝑎𝑛𝑛𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 ∙ 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡 ∗ 300 𝑑𝑎𝑦𝑠
𝑛𝑒𝑡 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑓𝑖𝑡 = 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑓𝑖𝑡 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡
Net Profit = $4291000

Heat Problem
Assume the following for the purposes of general trend analysis

Using the equation for a basic shell and tube heat exchanger, 𝑸 = 𝑼𝑨∆𝑻𝒍𝒎 , the relationship
between heat transfer and area can be found to be linear.
 Q vs Area for Wort Desired T = 150F
500000
450000
400000
350000
Q (BTU/hr)

300000
250000
200000
150000
100000
50000
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Area (ft^2)

Cooling the wort and heating the water are equivalent in thermodynamic properties due to the
assumption that the thermophysical properties of wort = water. Therefore, the total cost per
million BTU is $23.

Annualized Cost vs Area

20000
18000
Annualized Cost in Dollars

16000
14000
12000
10000
8000
6000
4000
2000
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Area (ft^2)

Similarly to the Q vs Area chart, the smaller the area, the smaller the annualized cost. Therefore,
the smallest possible area is the most optimal.

Pump Problem
Using the following equation and variables, it is possible to model the pressure and diameter
relationship.

4𝑄
𝑆ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 =
𝑑 3
𝜋 (2)
𝑆ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 = 𝐾 ∗ (𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒)𝑛

Q is obtained from converting mass flow rate into volumetric flow rate using the given density.
Diameter vs Pressure
700000
600000
Pressure (Pa)

500000
400000
300000
200000
100000
0
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3
Diameter (m)

Associated power requirements can be calculated by multiplying the shear stress by the
volumetric flow rate.

Cost can then be calculated given the price per kWh.

Annualized Cost vs Diameter

1200

1000

800
Cost $

600

400

200

0
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3
Diameter
Senior Design Problem
Pasteurization (Thermal sterilization): Batch sterilization

System Boundaries: Reactor walls

Primary Search Variables: Relationship between tank diameter and time to reach desired core
temperature

Set Variables: Core temperature goal, heating element temperature, tank geometry, fluid (milk)
being heated, principle equations governing the heat transfer

System Constraints: The only variable here is the tank diameter.

Relevant Equation(s)
Assume the pasteurization tank is cylindrical, where radius is x

𝒉∆𝒕 𝟏
𝑻𝒕+∆𝒕
𝟏 = 𝟐
(𝟐𝒏 + 𝟏)(𝑻𝒂 − 𝑻𝒕𝟏 ) − (𝟐𝒏 − 𝟏)(𝑻𝒕𝟏 − 𝑻𝒕𝟐 ) + 𝑻𝒕𝟐
𝒏∆𝒙 𝝆𝒄𝒑 𝒏𝑴
∆𝒙𝟐
𝑴=
𝜶∆𝒕
𝒌
𝜶=
𝝆𝒄𝒑