Department of Mechanical Engineering

Fluid Mechanics-II Lab

Lab Report 06

Submitted To:
Engr. Waqas Tahir
Submitted By:
Muhammad Musaddiq Jamil
Reg. No. :
ME161043
Table of Contents:
1. Objective: .................................................................................................................................... 1
2. Theory: ........................................................................................................................................ 1
2.1. Turbines: .............................................................................................................................. 1
2.2. Function of Turbine: ............................................................................................................ 1
2.3. Working Principle of a Turbine: .......................................................................................... 1
2.4. Types of Turbines: ............................................................................................................... 1
2.4.1. Water Turbine: .............................................................................................................. 1
2.4.2. Types of Hydraulic Turbine: ......................................................................................... 2
2.4.2.1. According to The Type of Energy Available at Inlet: ........................................... 2
2.4.2.2. According to the Direction of Flow: ...................................................................... 2
2.4.2.3. According to the Head at the Inlet of Turbine: ...................................................... 3
2.4.2.4. According to the Specific Speed of the Turbine: ................................................... 3
2.4.2.1.1. Impulse turbines: ................................................................................................. 3
2.4.2.1.2. Working Principle of Impulse Turbine: .......................................................... 3
2.4.2.1.3. Impulse Turbine Working: .............................................................................. 4
2.4.2.1.4. Applications: ................................................................................................... 4
2.4.2.1.5. Reaction Turbine:............................................................................................ 4
2.4.2.1.6. Working Principle of Reaction Turbine:......................................................... 4
2.4.2.1.7. Working of Reaction Turbine: ........................................................................ 5
2.4.2.1.8. Applications of Reaction Turbine: .................................................................. 5
2.4.2.2.1. Pelton Turbine:................................................................................................ 5
2.4.2.2.2. Main Parts: ...................................................................................................... 5
2.4.2.2.3. Working of Pelton turbine: ............................................................................. 6
2.4.2.2.4. Design aspects of Pelton Turbine: .................................................................. 7
2.4.2.2.5. Advantages of Pelton Turbine: ....................................................................... 7
2.4.2.2.6. Disadvantages of Pelton Turbine: ................................................................... 7
2.4.2.2.7. Application of Pelton Turbine: ....................................................................... 7
3. Equipment Required: .................................................................................................................. 8
4. Apparatus Overview: .................................................................................................................. 8
5. Apparatus or Experiment Setup: ................................................................................................. 8
6. Formulae: .................................................................................................................................... 9
7. Procedure: ................................................................................................................................... 9
8. Observations: ............................................................................................................................ 10
8.1. Specimen Calculations: ..................................................................................................... 10
8.2. Graphs: ............................................................................................................................... 11
9. Comments: ............................................................................................................................... 12
 Experiment No. 06
1. Objective:
To determine the mechanical power produced by the pelton wheel turbine.
2. Theory:
2.1. Turbines:
A turbine is a rotary mechanical device that extracts energy from a flowing fluid stream
and converts it into useful work. Turbine is a device which converts kinetic energy of water,
air, gas or steam into mechanical energy which is further used to rotate generator shaft. Simply
turbine is a rotor which has vanes at the peripheral and connected at the end of an electromagnet
or well-known generator shaft which causes to rotate it and generate electric power.
2.2. Function of Turbine:
The turbine has one major function which is that it convert the energy from the high
pressure steam to mechanical energy in the form of shaft rotation so that the generator will
turn.
2.3. Working Principle of a Turbine:
• A fast moving fluid (it may be water, gas, steam or wind) is made to strike on the blades
of the turbine.
• As the fluid strikes the blades, it rotates the runner. Here the energy of the moving fluid
is converted into rotational energy.
• A generator is coupled with the shaft of the turbine. With the rotation of the runner of
the turbine, the shaft of the generator also rotates. The generator converts the
mechanical energy of the runner into electrical energy.
2.4. Types of Turbines:

Fig. 1 : Types of Turbines

Basically turbines are classified into four types
• Water turbine
• Steam turbine
• Gas turbine
• Wind turbine
2.4.1. Water Turbine:
A turbine that extracts energy from moving water and converts it into electrical energy,
is called water turbine or hydraulic turbine.

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 2.4.2. Types of Hydraulic Turbine:
The hydraulic turbines are classified on the following basis:-
2.4.2.1. According to The Type of Energy Available at Inlet:
i) Impulse Turbine:
If the energy available at the inlet of the turbine is only kinetic energy, the turbine is
known as impulse turbine.
ii) Reaction Turbine:
If the energy available at the inlet of the turbine is kinetic energy as well as pressure
energy, the turbine is known as reaction turbine.
2.4.2.2. According to the Direction of Flow:
i) Tangential Flow Turbine:
If the water flows along the tangent of the runner, the Turbine is known as tangential
flow turbine. For Example: Pelton turbine.

Fig. 2 : Tangential Flow Turbine

ii) Radial Flow Turbine:
If the water flows in the radial direction through the runner, the turbine is called radial
flow turbine.

Fig. 3 : Radial Flow Turbine

iii) Axial Flow Turbine:
If the water flows through the runner along the direction parallel to the axis of rotation
of the runner the turbine is called axial flow turbine.

Fig. 4 : Axial Flow Turbine

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 iv) Mixed Flow Turbine:
If the water flows through the runner in the radial direction but leaves in the direction
parallel to the axis of rotation of the runner, the turbine is called mixed flow turbine. For
example: Kaplan Turbine.

Fig. 5 : Mixed Flow Turbine

2.4.2.3. According to the Head at the Inlet of Turbine:
i) High Head Turbine:
The net head varies in this turbine is from 150 m to 2000 m or even more. It requires
small quantity of water. Example : pelton turbine.
ii) Medium Head Turbine:
In this turbine, the net head varies from 30 m to 150m. It requires moderate quantity
of water. Example : Francis turbine.
iii) Low Head Turbine:
In low head turbines, the net head is less than 30m. it requires large quantity of water.
Example : Kaplan turbine.
2.4.2.4. According to the Specific Speed of the Turbine:
i) Low Specific Speed Turbine:
It has specific speed less than 50. Example : pelton turbine.
ii) Medium Specific Speed Turbine:
The specific speed varies from 50 to 250. Example : Francis turbine.
iii) High Specific Speed Turbine:
The specific speed is more than 250. Example : Kaplan turbine.
2.4.2.1.1. Impulse turbines:
Impulse turbines basically work on Newton’s 2nd law. In impulse turbines, number of
elliptical half sized buckets are fitted instead of blades on the rotor hub. When water strike the
buckets at high speed, the rotor starts rotating. In short, the kinetic energy of water gets
converted into rotational mechanical energy. Thus electricity is generated when one end of
turbine shaft is connected to generator.
2.4.2.1.2. Working Principle of Impulse Turbine:
The potential energy of the water is converted into kinetic energy by passing it through
a nozzle. Once we have high speed water jet, we can use its impact to rotate a turbine.
Or we can say, it works on Newton’s second law of motion, that it depends on two main
factors, mass of water flowing in-to turbine, and change in the velocity of the flow coming in-
to turbine to that of going out of turbine after impact. As the mass of water entering into the
turbine is same as the water going out of turbine after impact, but with a considerable decrement
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in its velocity. And the intensity of impact depends upon the time taken by velocity to change
from maximum (jet velocity) to minimum. Thus impulse turbine only uses the kinetic energy
of water to get its power.

Fig. 6 : Impulse turbine

2.4.2.1.3. Impulse Turbine Working:
In the impulse turbine pressure drops and the velocity increases as the steam passes
through the nozzles. When the steam passes through the moving blades the velocity drops but
the pressure remains the same.
The fact that the pressure does not drop across the moving blades is the distinguishing
feature of the impulse turbine. The pressure at the inlet of the moving blades is same as the
pressure at the outlet of moving blades.
2.4.2.1.4. Applications:
• It is used worldwide to produce electrical energy in a number of hydro-power plants.
• Turbochargers in automobiles uses the pressure energy of exhaust gases through
impulse turbine. Where hot and pressurized gases coming out of exhaust are converted
into high velocity jet by passing them through nozzle.
• It is also used in reverse osmosis plant, where waste water jet velocity is used to run
turbine, thus acts as an energy recovery system.

2.4.2.1.5. Reaction Turbine:

The turbine blades or the impeller blades are designed in such a way that a force is
generated on one side when water flows through it just like an airfoil. The force produced by
airfoil is responsible for lift of aeroplane. Similarly here, that force makes the blades rotate.
Example : Kaplan turbine
2.4.2.1.6. Working Principle of Reaction Turbine:

Fig. 7 : Reaction Turbine

The working of the reaction turbine can be well understand by taking a rotor having
moving nozzles and water of high pressure is coming out of the nozzle. As the water leaves the
nozzle, a reaction force is experienced by the nozzle. This reaction force rotates the rotor at
very high speed.

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 In the same way in reaction turbine, a reaction force is generated by the fluid moving
on the runner blades. The reaction force produced on the runner blades makes the runner to
rotate. Fluid after moving over the runner blades enters into draft tube and finally to the trail
race.
2.4.2.1.7. Working of Reaction Turbine:

Fig. 8 : Working of Reaction Turbine

• A reaction turbine has rows of fixed blades alternating with rows of moving blades.
The steam expands first in the stationary or fixed blades where it gains some velocity
as it drops in pressure. Then enters the moving blades where its direction of flow is
changed thus producing an impulse force on the moving blades. In addition, however,
the steam upon passing through the moving blades, again expands and further drops in
pressure giving a reaction force to the blades.
• This sequence is repeated as the steam passes through additional rows of fixed and
moving blades.
• Note that the steam pressure drops across both the fixed and the moving blades while
the absolute velocity rises in the fixed blades and drops in the moving blades.
• The distinguishing feature of the reaction turbine is the fact that the pressure does drop
across the moving blades. In other words, there is a pressure difference between the
inlet to the moving blades and the outlet from the moving blades.
2.4.2.1.8. Applications of Reaction Turbine:
• Reaction turbine is used in wind power mills to generate electricity
• It is most widely used turbine in hydro-power plants, to generate electricity.
• It is the only turbine to get maximum power output from a low available water head
and high velocity other than cross-flow turbine which not that efficient.
2.4.2.2.1. Pelton Turbine:
It is a type of tangential flow impulse turbine used to generate electricity in the
hydroelectric power plant. This turbine was discovered by the American engineer L.A. Pelton.
The energy available at the inlet of the Pelton turbine is only kinetic energy. The
pressure at the inlet and outlet of the turbine is atmospheric pressure. This type of
turbine is used for high head.
2.4.2.2.2. Main Parts:
The various parts of the Pelton turbine are

Fig. 9 : Pelton Turbine

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 i) Nozzle and Flow Regulating Arrangement (Spear):
• Nozzle is used to increase the kinetic energy of the water that is going to strike the
buckets or vanes attached to the runner.
• The quantity of water that strikes the buckets is controlled by spear. The spear is
installed inside the nozzle and regulates the flow of water that is going to strike on the
vanes of the runner. A nozzle containing spear is shown in the figure given below.
• The spear is a conical needle present in the nozzle. It is operated by a hand wheel or
automatically in an axial direction.
• When the spear is move backward the rate of flow of water increases and when it is
pushed forward the rate of flow of water decreases.
ii) Runner and Buckets:
The runner with buckets is shown in the figure given below:-
• Runner is a rotating part of the turbine. It is a circular disc on the periphery of which a
number of buckets evenly spaced are fixed.
• The buckets are made by two hemispherical bowl joined together. Each buckets have a
wall in between two hemispherical bowl called splitter.
• The splitter splits the jet of water striking the buckets into two equal parts and the jet of
water comes out at the outer edge of the bucket.
• The buckets are designed in such a way that the jet of water strike the buckets, deflected
through 160 degree to 170 degree.
• The buckets of the Pelton turbine are made up of cast iron, cast steel bronze or stainless
steel.
iii) Casing:
The outer covering of the this turbine is called casing. The Pelton turbine with the
casing is shown in the figure given below:-
• It prevents the splashing of the water and helps to discharge the water to the trail race.
It also acts as a safeguard in the case of any accident occurs.
• Cast iron or fabricated steel plates are used to make the casing of the Pelton Turbine.
iv) Breaking jet:
• When the jet of water is completely closed by pushing the spear in forward direction
than the amount of water striking the runner becomes zero. But still the runner keeps
moving due to the inertia of the runner.
• In order to stop the runner in the shortest possible time a small nozzle is provided which
directs the jet of water at the back of the vanes. This jet of water used to stop the runner
of the turbine is called breaking jet.
2.4.2.2.3. Working of Pelton turbine:
The working of Pelton turbine is as follows:
• The water is transferred from the high head source through a long conduit called
Penstock.
• Nozzle arrangement at the end of penstock helps the water to accelerate and it flows
out as a high speed jet with high velocity and discharge at atmospheric pressure.
• The jet will hit the splitter of the buckets which will distribute the jet into two halves of
bucket and the wheel starts revolving.

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• The kinetic energy of the jet is reduced when it hits the bucket and also due to spherical
shape of buckets the directed jet will change its direction and takes U-turn and falls into
tail race.
• In general, the inlet angle of jet is in between 1o to 3o, after hitting the buckets the
deflected jet angle is in between 165o to 170o.
• The water collected in tail race should not submerge the Pelton wheel in any case.
• To generate more power, two Pelton wheels can be arranged to a single shaft or two
water jets can be directed at a time to a single Pelton wheel.
2.4.2.2.4. Design aspects of Pelton Turbine:
Following are the aspects to be considered while designing the Pelton wheel turbine:-
• Velocity of jet
• Velocity of wheel
• Angle of deflection of jet
• Mean diameter of the wheel
• Jet ratio
• Bucket dimensions
• Number of jets
• Number of buckets

2.4.2.2.5. Advantages of Pelton Turbine:

• The Pelton turbine is the most efficient of hydro turbines.
• It operates with a very flat efficiency curve
• Each bucket splits the water jet in half, thus balancing the side-load forces or thrust on
the wheel and thus the bearings.
• It operates on the high head and low discharge.
• It has a tangential flow which means that it can have either axial flow or radial flow.
• Pelton wheel turbine is very easy to assemble.
• There is no cavitation because water jet strikes only a specific portion of the runner.
• It has fewer parts as compared to Francis turbine which has both fixed vanes and guided
vanes.
• The overall efficiency of the Pelton turbine is high.
• Pelton wheel turbine, both first law and the second law of motion are applied.
• The main advantages are that In this turbine, the whole process of water jet
striking and leaving to the runner takes place at atmospheric pressure.
2.4.2.2.6. Disadvantages of Pelton Turbine:
• The efficiency decrease very quickly with time.
• The Turbine size runner, generator and powerhouse required is large.
• The variation in the operating head is difficult to control because of high heads.
2.4.2.2.7. Application of Pelton Turbine:
• Pelton wheel is the preferred turbine for hydropower when the available water source
has a relatively high hydraulic head at low flow rates.
• In a hydroelectric power plant, This is used to drive the generator of the turbine and
that generator generates the mechanical energy of the turbine into electrical energy.

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 • Pelton wheels are made in all sizes. For maximum power and efficiency, the wheel and
turbine system is designed such that the water jet velocity is twice the velocity of the
rotating buckets.
• There exist in multi ton Pelton wheels mounted on vertical oil pad bearing in
hydroelectric power.
3. Equipment Required:
In order to complete the demonstration of the pelton wheel Turbine we need a number
of pieces of equipment
➢ Hydraulics Bench
➢ Pelton wheel Turbine
4. Apparatus Overview:
The Demonstration Pelton wheel Turbine unit is designed for training and
experimentation. It is used for demonstration purposes relating to the principle of functioning
of a Pelton wheel turbine. The orifice of the injection nozzle can be altered by axial adjustment
of the nozzle valve. Load can be placed on the turbine with an adjustable, mechanical braking
device. The main parts of the Pelton wheel turbine are
1. Nozzle and flow regulating arrangement
2. Runner and bucket
3. Casing
4. Loading Device
5. Apparatus or Experiment Setup:

Fig. 10 : Apparatus Diagram

1.Adjustable Breaking Device 2.Spring Balance
3.Pelton wheel 4. Turbine Housing
5.Outlet to open Housing 6. Nozzle outlet
7.Nozzle inlet 8. Nozzle Adjustment
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6. Formulae:
i) Torque:
Now the torque can be calculated by
T=Fb .r
r is radius of pulley= 25mm
ii) Mechanical Power:
Mechanical Power can be calculated by
PM= (2πnT)/60
n is the speed of Pelton wheel in rpm
iii) Hydraulic power:
The hydraulic power is a function of volumetric flow and fall height
Phyd = f (V.H)
Phyd = V.H.p.g
The measured fall height can be applied directly in the following formula in bar
Phyd = V.p
iv) Efficiency η:
Efficiency = Shaft power/ Hyd. Power
η = Pout/Phyd.

7. Procedure:
1. Switch on the hydraulic bench pump.
2. Open the valve slowly so that water begins to flow through the turbine.
3. Adjust the flow rate in turbine by nozzle adjuster screw.
4. Load the turbine by turning the adjustment breaking device.
5. Note down the speed of turbine in rpm with the help of tachometer. Note down the
braking power F.
Fb = F1 – F2

Fig. 11 : Braking power of Pelton Turbine

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8. Observations:

Rotation Breaking Moment Power Hyd. Efficiency

Sr# al Speed Force on on Power
in rpm (N) Shaft (Nm) Shaft Phyd. (%)
Pout (W)
(W)

1 448.7 1.177 0.02943 1.383 7.298 18.95

2 486.2 2.35 0.05875 2.99 13.9 21.51

3 549.7 2.94 0.0735 4.23 19.01 22.25

4 592.4 3.43 0.0858 5.32 24.78 21.47

8.1. Specimen Calculations:

𝑛 = 448.7𝑟𝑝𝑚 , r = 0.025m ,
𝐹𝑏 = 1.177𝑁
𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑛 𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑓𝑡 = 𝑇 = 𝐹𝑏 . 𝑟 = 1.177 × 0.025
𝒎𝒐𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝒐𝒏 𝒔𝒉𝒂𝒇𝒕 = 𝑻 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟐𝟗𝟒𝟑𝑵
2𝜋𝑛𝑇
𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡 =
60
2 × 𝜋 × 448.7 × 0.02943
𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡 =
60
𝑷𝒐𝒖𝒕 = 1.383Watt

𝑃ℎ𝑦𝑑 = 𝑃. 𝑉
𝑷𝒉𝒚𝒅 =7.298 𝑾𝒂𝒕𝒕

𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡
𝜂= × 100
𝑃ℎ𝑦𝑑
1.383
𝜂= × 100
7.298
𝜼 = 𝟏𝟖. 𝟗𝟓%

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8.2. Graphs:

Rotational Speed vs Moment on Shaft

0.1

0.08
T (Nm)

0.06

0.04

0.02

0
0 200 400 600 800
n (rpm)

Rotational Speed vs Hydraulic Power

30
25
Phyd (Watt)

20
15
10
5
0
0 200 400 600 800
n (rpm)

Rotational Speed vs Efficiency

22.5
22
21.5
21
ɳ (%)

20.5
20
19.5
19
18.5
0 200 400 600 800
n (rpm)

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9. Comments:
In this lab report, we studied about the turbine and its types such as reaction turbine and
impulse turbine and we also studied about the pelton wheel turbine. We did experiment on
pelton wheel turbine which is type of tangential flow impulse turbine. We observed that this
turbine more efficient to produce electricity. Then we plot different graphs for different
variables. First, we plot a graph between rotational speed and moment on shaft, we noticed that
as the rotational speed increases moment on shaft also increases. There is a increasing trend in
this graph. Then we plot a graph between rotational speed and hydraulic power, here we noticed
that when the rotational speed increases then the hydraulic power also increases. There is also
increasing trend in this graph. Then we plot a graph between rotational speed and efficiency,
we observed that when the rotational speed increases then the efficiency also increases. There
is also increasing trend in this graph. But we see a decrement in last observation of this graph.
Similarly, there is some distortion in above two graphs. This may be due to some error such as
personal error and systematic error. The systematic error may be due to local apparatus. There
is a slippage between pulley and belt in our apparatus. The error may be due to this. We can
remove this error by changing the belt. We can also remove personal error by taking average
value.

Reg. No. Lab Performance Lab Report Viva Voce (10) Signature
(10) (10)
ME161043

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