30

Zn
Zinc
48
GROUP IIB
Cd
Cadmium Volatile Metals
80
Hg
Mercury
Thea Ruth Frances N. Gonzales, RPh
BREX Review Center Phils. Co.

Group IIB Volatile Metals

 • Zinc family
• Metals have relatively low melting points
• Metals exhibit autocomplexation
30
Zn
Zinc
48
Cd
Cadmium
80
Hg
Mercury

Group IIB Volatile Metals

 Zinc
• Does not occur free in nature
30 • Chemical property: Rinmann’s green (cobalt
Zn zincate)
Zinc
48
Cd
Cadmium
80
Hg
Mercury

Group IIB Volatile Metals

 30
Zn Pharmacological Action
Zinc
• All tissues and organs of the body have been found to
contain this metal, but highest concentrations are present
in testes, hair, and nails, bone and pigmented tissues of
the eye
• Present in insulin
• Not used internally in therapeutics — local astringent
• External: Astringent, antiseptic, corrosive, antiperspirant,
deodorant — similar to aluminum

Group IIB Volatile Metals

 30
Zn Pharmacological Action
Zinc
• Important in immune system (deficiency leads to
impaired immunity)
• Deficiency state: Parakeratosis
- Skin appears to be scaly, thickened and inflamed
• Toxicity: Metal fume fever
- chills and fever (may last for 36hrs)
• Antidote for poisoning by ingestion of water- soluble salts
of zinc: Sodium bicarbonate

Group IIB Volatile Metals

 30
Zn Uses
Zinc
• Protective coating in galvanized iron
• Container for batteries and dry cells

Group IIB Volatile Metals

 30
Zn Properties
Zinc
• Synonym/s: Butter of zinc, Burnett’s disinfectant fluid
• Antiseptic found in mouthwashes
• Dentin sensitizer

Zinc Chloride
ZnCl2 Group IIB Volatile Metals
 30
Zn Properties
Zinc
• Synonym/s: Zinc white
• Component of Lassar’s paste
• Mild antiseptic
• Astringent
• Topical protectant

• Metal fume fever — occupational disease from inhalation

of ZnO fumes

Zinc Oxide
ZnO Group IIB Volatile Metals
 30
Zn Properties
Zinc
• Rinman’s Green — CoZnO2; ZnO heated with Co salt
• Thenard’s Blue — cobalt meta- aluminate; Zinc + cobalt
nitrate

Zinc Oxide
ZnO Group IIB Volatile Metals
 30
Zn Properties
Zinc
• Synonym: Natural calamine
• (vs. prepared calamine) — ZnO with traces of ferric oxide
• Topical protectant

Hydrated Zinc Silicate

Group IIB Volatile Metals
 30
Zn Properties
Zinc
• Synonym/s: White vitriol
• Emetic (4g)
• Used as ophthalmic astringent
‣ 0.2% aqueous solution is the only FDA- aapproved OTC
ophthalmic astringent
• Used in preparation of White Lotion
‣ Sulfurated potash and zinc sulfate
‣ Acting ingredient in White Lotion: ZnS

Zinc Sulfate
ZnSO4•7H2O Group IIB Volatile Metals
 30
Zn Properties
Zinc
• Synonym/s: White lotion, white sulfide
• Parasiticide
• Topical protectant
• Antiseptic

Zinc Sulfide
ZnS Group IIB Volatile Metals
 30
Zn Properties
Zinc
• Dental protective
• Source of eugenol: clove oil

Zinc- Eugenol Cement

Group IIB Volatile Metals
 Cadmium
• Pharmacological action of water- soluble
30 compounds: Astringent
Zn • Heavy metal
Zinc • Very poisonous
48 • Found in a rare mineral: Greenockite
Cd • Used in the manufacture of stink bomb
Cadmium
80
Hg
Mercury

Group IIB Volatile Metals

 • Itai- itai diease
- Antidote: BAL/Dimercaprol
- Treatment: Palliative; no specific treatment; no
30 clear data on the use of chelators although
Zn EDTA may be beneficial immediately after
Zinc exposure
48
• Source of cadmium: cigarette smoking
Cd
Cadmium
80
Hg
Mercury

Group IIB Volatile Metals

 48
Cd Uses
Cadmium
• Emetic
• USed for tinea infections

Cadmium Chloride
CdCl2 Group IIB Volatile Metals
 48
Cd Uses
Cadmium
• Only yellow sulfide
• Antiseborrheic agent (for dandruff)
‣ Capsebon®

Cadmium Sulfide
CdS Group IIB Volatile Metals
 48
Cd Uses
Cadmium
• Ophthalmic antiseptic

Cadmium Sulfate
CdSO4 Group IIB Volatile Metals
 Mercury
• Synonym/s: Quicksilver, asoge, messenger of
30 gods
Zn • L. “Hydrargyrum”= water; silver
Zinc
48 • Found in nature as HgS (red): Cinnabar
Cd (Aethrop’s mineral, native vermillion)
Cadmium • Forms two series of salts:
80 ‣ Mercurous (Hg22+)
Hg - More difficult to absorb
Mercury
- Relatively less toxic compared to Hg2+
‣ Mercuric (Hg2+)

Group IIB Volatile Metals

 • Encountered in thermometers, amalgams
(Dental cement)
30
Zn
Zinc
48
Cd
Cadmium
80
Hg
Mercury

Group IIB Volatile Metals

 • Minamata disease
‣ Antidote: EDTA
‣ Metallic taste, thirst, soreness of throat,
30
salivation, sore gums, bloody diarrhea,
Zn severe gastric pain, vomiting (ingestion of
Zinc
48 inorganic Hg salts)
Cd
Cadmium
80
Hg
Mercury

Mercury and its Compounds

Group IIB Volatile Metals
 • Acute poisoning:
‣ Hg2+: severe vomiting, damage to intestinal
mucosa, diuresis, additional renal damage
30 • Chronic poisoning:
Zn ‣ Behavioral and personality changes, decreased
Zinc
48 visual acuity, tremors, insomnia, ataxia
Cd ‣ Acrodynia (children)
Cadmium ‣ Mad hatter’s disease/ Erethism
80 - Hg compounds were used to convert fur to felt
Hg - Tremors, behavioral changes in makers of felt
Mercury hats (1900’s)

Mercury and its Compounds

Group IIB Volatile Metals
 • Toxicity:
‣ Hg2+ > Hg22+ > Hg0
30
Zn
Zinc
48
Cd
Cadmium
80
Hg
Mercury

Mercury and its Compounds

Group IIB Volatile Metals
 • Antidotes for Mercury Poisoning:
‣ Sodium Formaldehyde Sulfoxylate, NF
- Best antidote for Hg poisoning, particularly for
30 bichloride salt
Zn ‣ Dimercaprol (BAL) and Penicillamine
Zinc (Cuprimine®)
48
‣ Dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA. Succimer)
Cd - Chelating agent
Cadmium
80 - Water- soluble analog of BAL
- BAL not used for poisoning wih metallic and
Hg organic mercury (may redistribute Hg to brain
Mercury
from other tissue)

Mercury and its Compounds

Group IIB Volatile Metals
 • Organic Hg — DMSA, not BAL
• Inorganic Hg salts — BAL, oral DMSA
• Elemental Hg — DMSA (not BAL),
30
Zn penicillamine
Zinc
48
Cd
Cadmium
80
Hg
Mercury

Mercury and its Compounds

Group IIB Volatile Metals
 80
Hg Pharmacological Action
Mercury
• Diuretic — useful for cardiac edema
• Antiseptic — protein precipitant
• Antisyphilitic
• Cathartic — irritant
• Parasitical and fungicidal action

Group IIB Volatile Metals

 80
Hg Properties
Mercury
• Synonym/s: Calomel
• Saline cathartic
• Local antiseptic
• Component of Black Lotion (with lime water)
• Active ingredient of Ly- Na cream, prophylactic for syphilis

Mercurous Chloride
Hg2Cl2 Group IIB Volatile Metals
 80
Hg Properties
Mercury
• Synonym/s: Corrosive sublimate, mercury bichloride
• Disinfectant (1:1000)
• Germicidal — used to irrigate wounds
• Extremely poisonous

Mercuric Chloride
HgCl2 Group IIB Volatile Metals
 80
Hg Properties
Mercury
• Treatment of syphilis

Mercurous Iodide
HgI Group IIB Volatile Metals
 80
Hg Properties
Mercury
• Irritant poison (Stimulant of indolent ulcers)

Mercuric Iodide
HgI2 Group IIB Volatile Metals
 80
Hg Properties
Mercury
• Synonym/s: Yellow precipitate
• Ophthalmic anti- infective

Mercuric Oxide
HgO Group IIB Volatile Metals
 80
Hg Properties
Mercury
• Mercury (10-20%)
• Cetyl alcohol (70%)
• SLS
• Dioctyl sodium sulfosuccinate
• Glycerin
• Water

Water soluble mercury

Group IIB Volatile Metals