E.G.S. PILLAY ENGINEERING COLLEGE Rev.

0
(An Autonomous Institution, Affiliated to Anna University, Chennai)
COE/2017/QB
Nagore Post, Nagapattinam – 611 002, Tamilnadu.

17BA207 BUSINESS RESEARCH METHODS

Academic 2017-2018 Programme MBA
Year : :
Question Bank
Year / I / II Course Coordinator: R.Suriya,A/P
Semester : P.Balaishwarya,A/P

Course Objectives Course Outcomes:

1. To focus on scientific research and the On completion of the course, students will be able to
methods of conducting scientific
enquiry CO1: Interpret the concepts, types of research and problems while
2. To apply multivariate statistical tools in conducting research.
Business Research CO2: Pursue research on a scientific basis and select appropriate
3. To generate Business Reports and research design.
present them to top management for CO3: Summarize the various data collection methods and sampling
decision making. techniques.
CO4: Apply the collected data using appropriate statistical tools for
interpretation of the data
CO5: Provide the research report adopting the right tools for enhancing
the quality of presentation.

PART – A ( 2 Mark Questions With Key)

S.No Questions Mark COs BTL
UNIT I – INTRODUCTION
1 What is Business Research?
Research is an art of scientific investigation.
An organized, systematic, data based critical, objective, scientific inquiry or 1 K2
2
investigation into a specific problem, undertaken with the purpose of finding
answers or solutions to it.
2 List the various types of research.
 Descriptive vs. Analytical
 Applied vs. Fundamental
2 1 K1
 Quantitative vs. Qualitative
 Conceptual vs. Empirical
3 What are the steps in research process?
(1) formulating the research problem; (2) extensive literature survey; (3)developing
the hypothesis; (4) preparing the research design; (5) determining sample design;
(6)   collecting   the   data;   (7)   execution   of   the   project;   (8)   analysis   of   data;   (9) 2 1 K1
hypothesis testing; (10) generalisations and interpretation, and (11) preparation of
the report
4 Differentiate descriptive research from analytical research.
Descriptive research Analytical research 2 1 K1
Surveys and fact-finding enquiries of The researcher has to use facts or
different kinds. information already available
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Researcher has no control over the The researcher analyze these to make a
variables; he can only report what has critical evaluation of the material.
happened or what is happening.
5 Outline the purposes of exploratory research.
Exploratory research is undertaken to explore an area where little is known or to
investigate the possibilities of undertaking a particular research study (feasibility 2 1 K1
study/ pilot study).
6 What is the main objective of casual research?
Causal research is undertaken to see if there is a cause and effect relationship
2 1 K2
between variables or not
7 What is empirical research?
Empirical  research  relies  on  experience   or observation   alone,  often  without  due
regard for system and theory. 
2 1 K2
It is data­based research, coming up with conclusions which are capable of being 
verified by observation or experiment.
8 What is called cross sectional research?
A cross-sectional research entails the collection of data on more than one case and at
a single point in time in order to collect a body of quantitative or quantifiable data in 1 K2
2
connection with two or more variables (usually more than two), which are then
examined to detect patterns of association.
9 Define time-series research.
In a time series research design, data is collected from the sample or 2 1 K1
population at successive intervals.
10 Illustrate a research problem.
“Why is productivity in Japan so much higher than in India”?
In   this   form   the   question   has   a   number   of   ambiguities   such   as:   What   sort   of
productivity is being referred to? With what industries the same is related? With
2 1 K1
what  period of time the productivity is being talked about? In view of all such
ambiguities the given statement or the question is much too general to be amenable
to analysis
11 How should be a research objective?
Research objective should be clearly stated in a line or two which tells exactly what
2 1 K2
it is that the researcher expects to do. 
12 Define hypothesis.
• The research hypothesis is a predictive statement that relates an
independent variable to a dependent variable. 2 1 K1
13 List the characteristics of hypothesis.
 Hypothesis should be clear and precise
 Capable of being tested
2 1 K1
 State relationship between variables
 Limited in scope and must be specific
What is called null hypothesis?
14 Null hypothesis is formulated only to test whether there are any relations between
variables related to the problem being studied. Usually the null hypothesis is formed 2 1 K2
as a negative statement.
15 What is field study?
Field studies are ex-post-facto scientific inquiries that aim at finding the relations 2
and inter-relations among variables in a real setting. Such studies are done in life 1 K2
situations like communities, schools, factories, organizations, and institutions.
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UNIT II – RESEARCH DESIGN AND MEASUREMENT

1 Define research design.
 A research design is a plan, structure and strategy of investigation so 2
conceived as to obtain answers to research questions or problems.
2 K1
 It includes an outline of what the investigator will do from writing the
hypotheses and their operational implications to the final analysis of data.
2 List the significance of a research design.
(i)It is a plan that specifies the sources and types of information relevant to 2
the research problem. 
(ii) It is a strategy specifying which approach will be used for gathering and
2 K1
analysing the data.
(iii) It also includes the time and cost budgets since most studies are done
under these two constraints.
3 What is descriptive design?
Descriptive research studies are those studies which are concerned with describing 2
the   characteristics   of   a   particular   individual,   or   of   a   group,   whereas   diagnostic
2 K2
research   studies   determine   the   frequency   with   which   something   occurs   or   its
association with something else.
4 What is dependent and independent variable?
 If one variable depends upon or is a consequence of the other variable, 2 2 K2
it is termed as a dependent variable.
 The variable that is antecedent to the dependent variable is termed as an
independent variable.
 Example
5 What is called experimental and control groups?
 In an experimental hypothesis­testing research when a group is exposed to 2 2 K2
usual   conditions, it  is  termed  a  ‘control  group’,  but   when  the  group is
exposed to some novel or special condition, it is termed an ‘experimental
group’
6 What is an experimental design?
Experimental design is a blueprint of the procedure that enables the researcher to 2 2 K2
test his hypothesis by reaching valid conclusions about relationships between
independent and dependent variables. It refers to the conceptual framework within
which the experiment is conducted.
7 List the types of experimental design.
a)Informal experimental designs: 2 2 K1
(i) Before­and­after without control design. 
(ii) After­only with control design. 
(iii) Before­and­after with control design. 
(b)  Formal experimental designs:
(i) Completely randomized design (C.R. Design). 
(ii) Randomized block design (R.B. Design). 
(iii) Latin square design (L.S. Design). 
(iv) Factorial designs. 
8 What is a variable in research?
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 A   concept   which   can   take   on   different   quantitative  values   is   called   a 2 2 K2

variable. As such the concepts like weight, height, income are all examples
of variables.
9 What is meant by internal & external validity?
Internal validity asks did the experimental treatment make the difference in this 2 2 K2
specific instance rather than other extraneous variables.
External validity asks to what populations, settings, treatment variables, and
measurement variables can this observe effect be generalized.
10 What are the types of scales?
(a) Nominal scale 2 2 K1
(b) Ordinal scale; 
(c) Interval scale; and
(d) Ratio scale.

11 What is content validity?

Content validity  is the extent to which a measuring instrument provides adequate 2 2 K2
coverage of the topic under study. 
If   the   instrument   contains   a   representative   sample   of   the   universe,   the   content
validity is good.
12 Give meaning for the term “Validity” & “Reliability”.
“Validity refers to the extent to which a test measures what we actually wish to 2 2 K2
measure. Reliability has to do with the accuracy and precision of a measurement
procedure
13 Define scaling.
Scaling   describes   the   procedures   of   assigning   numbers   to   various   degrees   of 2 2 K1
opinion, attitude and other concepts. 
This   can   be   done   in   two   ways   viz.,   (i)   making   a   judgement   about   some
characteristic of an individual and then placing him directly on a scale that has been
defined in terms of that characteristic and (ii) constructing questionnaires in such a
way that the score of individual’s responses assigns him a place on a scale.
14 What is a rating scale?
The rating scale involves qualitative description of a limited number of aspects 2 2 K2
of a  thing or of traits of a person. When we use rating scales (or categorical
scales), we judge an object in absolute terms against some specified criteria
15 What is ordinal scale?
The lowest level of the ordered scale that is commonly used is the ordinal scale. The 2 2 K2
ordinal scale places events in order, but there is no attempt to make the intervals of
the scale equal in terms of some rule.
UNIT III – DATA COLLECTION
1 What do you mean by secondary data?
The secondary data, on the other hand, are those which have already been collected 2 3 K2
by someone else and which have already been passed through the statistical process.
2 Enumerate the different methods of collection of data.
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(i)   Observation   method,   (ii)   interview   method,   (iii)   through   questionnaires,   (iv) 2 3 K1
through schedules, and (v) other  methods which include (a)  warranty  cards;  (b)
distributor   audits;   (c)   pantry   audits;   (d)   consumer   panels;   (e)   using   mechanical
devices;  (f)  through projective  techniques;  (g)  depth interviews,  and (h)  content
analysis.
3 What is called survey method?
Survey refers to the method of securing information concerning a phenomena under 2 3 K2
study from all or a selected number of respondents of the concerned universe. In a
survey,   the   investigator   examines   those   phenomena   which   exist   in   the   universe
independent of his action.
4 What is an experiment?
An experiment refers to an investigation in which a factor or variable under test is 2 3 K2
isolated and its effect(s) measured. In an experiment the investigator measures the
effects of an experiment which he conducts intentionally.
5 Write the meaning of questionnaire.
A questionnaire consists of a number of questions printed or typed in a definite 2 3 K1
order on a form or set of forms. The questionnaire is mailed to respondents who are
expected to read and understand the questions and write down the reply in the space
meant for the purpose in the questionnaire itself
6 What are the steps involved in questionnaire design process?
General form 2 3 K1
Question sequence
Question formulation and wording
7 Define population.
‘Universe’ refers to the total of the items or units in any field of inquiry, whereas 2 3 K2
the term ‘population’ refers to the total of items about which information is desired.
8 What is sampling plan?
A sampling plan is the blueprint or frame work needed to ensure that the raw data 2 3 K2
collected are representative of the defined target population
9 What are the factors that play a role in determining appropriate sample sizes?
 The variability of the population characteristics under consideration 2 3 K1
 The level of confidence desired in the estimate
 The degree of precision desired in estimating the population characteristic
10 Define sample size.
Sample size refers to the number of items to be selected from the universe to 2 3 K2
constitute a sample.
11 What is cluster analysis?
In this sampling the various units comprising the population are grouped in 2 3 K2
clusters and the sample selection is made in such a way that each cluster has an
equal chance of being drawn. It applies to different units of study such as products,
people and geographical areas.
12 What is quota sampling?
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The quota sampling method involves the selection of prospective participants 2 3 K2

according to pre-specified quota regarding either demographic characteristics (e.g.
age, race, gender, income), specific attitudes (e.g.satisfied/dissatisfied,
liking/disliking, great/marginal/no quality), or specific behaviours (e.g.
regular/occasional/rare customer, product user/non user).
13 State any two problems faced in collection of data through schedules.
1. Collection of data through schedules is very expensive 2 3 K2
2. The enumerators should be honest, sincere, hardworking
14 What is meant by non-probability sampling methods?
Non­probability sampling is that  sampling procedure  which does  not  afford  any 2 3 K1
basis for estimating the probability that each item in the population has of being
included in the sample. 
Non­probability   sampling   is   also   known   by   different   names   such   as   deliberate
sampling, purposive sampling and judgement sampling.
15 What is Probability sampling?
Probability sampling is also known as ‘random  sampling’ or ‘chance  sampling’. 2 3 K2
Under  this sampling design, every  item  of the universe  has  an equal  chance  of
inclusion in the sample. It is, so to say, a lottery method in which individual units
are   picked   up   from   the   whole   group   not   deliberately   but   by   some   mechanical
process.
UNIT IV – DATA PREPARATION AND ANALYSIS
1 What is field editing?
Field editing is a preliminary editing by a field supervisor on the interview to catch 2 4 K2
technical omissions, check legibility of hand writing and clarify responses that are
logically inconsistent.
In-house editing is a rigorous editing job of data collection performed by a
centralized office staff.
2 What do you understand by ‘Data coding’?
Coding refers to the process by which data are categorized into groups and numerals 2 4 K1
or other symbols or both are assigned to each item depending on the class it falls in.
3 What is data entry?
The process of transforming data from a research project, such as answers to a 2 4 K1
survey questionnaire, to computers is referred to as data entry.
4 What are the purposes of coding?
Tabulation, categorization and further processing 2 4 K2
5 What is qualitative and quantitative data analysis?
Qualitative research, broadly defined, “any kind of research that produces findings 2 4 K2
not arrived at by means of statistical procedures or other means of quantification”
Quantitative research employs experimental methods and quantitative measures to
test hypothetical generalizations and they also emphasize the measurement and
analysis of causal relationships between variables.
6 Define “Bivariate analysis”.
In bivariate analysis, the hypothesis of “association” and causality are tested. In its 2 4 K1
simplest form, association simply refers to the extent to which it becomes easier to
know/predict a value for the Dependent Variable (DV) if we know a cases value on
the Independent Variable (IV).
7 Define ‘eigenvalue’ and ‘scree plot’.
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Eigenvalue is the measure of amount of total variance in the data explained by a 2 4 K1

factor. Factor analysis initially considers the number of factors to be same as the
total number of variables.
Scree plot is a graphical presentation of eigenvalues of all of the factors initially
considered for extraction.
8 What is the difference between type I and type II error.
Type I Type II 2 4 K1
Type   I   error   means   rejection   of Type   II   error   means   accepting   the
hypothesis   which   should   have   been hypothesis   which   should   have   been
accepted rejected.
Type   I   error   is   denoted   by    (alpha) Type   II   error   is   denoted   by    (beta)
known as    error, also called the level known as  error.
of significance of test
9 What is discriminant analysis?
This analysis is appropriate when the researcher has a single dependent variable that 2 4 K2
cannot be measured, but can be classified into two or more groups on the basis of
some   attribute.   The   object   of   this   analysis   happens   to   be   to   predict   an   entity’s
possibility of belonging to a particular group based on several predictor variables.
10 Where can cluster analysis be applied?
Cluster   analysis   consists   of   methods   of   classifying   variables   into   clusters. 2 4 K2
Technically, a cluster consists of variables that correlate highly with one another
and have comparatively low correlations with variables in other clusters.
11 What is factor analysis?
Factor analysis is a name given to a class of techniques whose purpose is data 2 4 K2
reduction and summarization. The data from research are vast and factor analysis
helps in reducing the number of variables. Factor analysis is an explorative
technique
12 What is MDS?
Multidimensional scaling (MDS) allows a researcher to measure an item in more 2 4 K2
than one dimension at a time. 
The basic assumption is that people perceive a set of objects as being more or less
similar to one another on a number of dimensions (usually uncorrelated with one
another) instead of only one.
13 What is multiple regression?
In multiple regression we form a linear composite of explanatory variables in such 2 4 K2
way that it has maximum correlation with a criterion variable. This technique is
appropriate when the researcher has a single, metric criterion variable. 
The main objective in using this technique is to predict the variability the dependent
variable based on its covariance with all the independent variables.
14 Name the statistical tools used in research.
SPSS, Minitab, SAS, STATA, S-PLUS, MATLAB 2 4 K1
15 What is SPSS?
SPSS has grown into a complex and powerful application with both a graphical and 2 4 K2
a syntactical interface and provides dozens of functions for managing, analyzing,
and presenting data.
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UNIT V – REPORT DESIGN, WRITING AND ETHICS IN BUSINESS RESEARCH

1 What is research report?
i) The research report is the compilation of findings from a piece of research. 2 5 K2
ii) A research report is a precise presentation of the work done by a researcher
while investigating a particular problem.
2 What are the different types of research reports?
a) The popular report 2 5 K1
b) The report for the Administrator
c) The technical report
d) Formal report
3 What is research proposal?
A research proposal is a document proposing a research project, generally in the 2 5 K1
sciences or academia and generally constitutes a request for the sponsorship of that
research.
4 Name the essential contents of an executive summary.
• An executive summary previews the main points of an in-depth report 2 5 K1
• It is written for nontechnical people who don't have time to read the main
report
• It contains enough information for a reader to get familiarized with what is
discussed in the full report without having to read it
5 State the subjectivity and objectivity in research.
An objective perspective is one that is not influenced by emotions, opinions, or 2 5 K2
personal feelings - it is a perspective based in fact, in things quantifiable and
measurable.
A subjective perspective is one open to greater interpretation based on personal
feeling, emotion, aesthetics, etc.
6 What is chapterization?
The entire research work will run in five chapters. The first one on introduction 2 5 K1
brings out the importance of the study and state its objectives and hypothesis
7 What is a longitudinal study?
A longitudinal study is a correlation research study that involves repeated 2 5 K2
observations of the same items over long periods of time. It is a type of
observational study. A longitudinal study involves the repeated observation or
examination of a set of subjects over time with respect to one or more study
variables.
8 Define readability.
i) Readability has been defined as “those aspects of a text which make it easy 2 5 K1
(or hard) for a reader to understand, e.g. legibility, illustration, color,
vocabulary, conceptual difficulty, syntax and organization of content”
ii) Readability is also defined as reading ease, especially as it results from a
writing style.
9 List the types of audiences.
Experts, technicians, executives and non-specialist. 2 5 K1
10 What is tone in writing?
Tone in writing refers to the writer’s attitude toward the reader and the subject of the 2 5 K2
message. The overall tone of a written message affects the reader just as one‟s tone
of voice affects the listener in everyday exchanges.
Tone in writing can be defined as attitude or emotion toward the subject and the
reader.
11 Define a synopsis.
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A synopsis is primarily a condensation, an outline or a short presentation of a 2 5 K1

research report. By reading the synopsis the essence of the research may be known.
It is also a brief summary of the major points of a written work.
12 What are the elements of research proposal?
A proposal gives information on the following items : 2 5 K2
1) Descriptive title of the study
2) Names of authors and their background
3) Nature of the study
13 List out three unethical practices in research.
 Stealing the others report 2 5 K1
 Deceiving
 Harming others
14 Give the outline of report format.
• Summary of results 2 5 K1
• Nature of the study
• Methods employed
• Data
• Analysis of data and presentation of findings
• Conclusions
• Bibliography
• Technical appendices
• Index
15 What is ethics in research?
• Guides to moral behaviour 2 5 K2
– Good: honesty, keeping promises, helping others, respective
rights of others
– Bad: lying, stealing, deceiving, harming others
• Universality of ethical principles: should apply in the same manner in all
countries, cultures, communities

PART – B (12 Mark Questions with Key)

S.No Questions Mark COs BTL
UNIT I – INTRODUCTION
1 Explain the research process. 12
Research Process-Meaning
o Establishing the need for research
o Defining the problem
o Establishing research objectives
o Determining research design
o Identifying information types and sources
o Determining methods of accessing data 1 K2
o Designing data collection forms
o Determining sample plan and size
o Collecting data
o Analyzing data
o Preparing and presenting the final research report.
2 Discuss the various types of research with suitable examples from the business 12
management point of view.
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 Research-Meaning 1 K2
• Descriptive research
• Analytical research
• Applied research
• Fundamental or basic or pure research
• Quantitative research
• Qualitative research
• Conceptual research
• Empirical research
• Some Other Types of Research
– one-time research or longitudinal research
– field-setting research or simulation research
– Historical research with explanation
 Examples
3 Explain the techniques involved in defining a research problem with an 12 1 K2
example.
• A proper definition of research problem will enable the researcher to be on
the track
• Questions like: What data are to be collected? What characteristics of data
are relevant and need to be studied?
• What relations are to be explored?
• What techniques are to be used for the purpose?
• (i) statement of the problem in a general way;
• (ii) understanding the nature of the problem;
• (iii) surveying the available literature
• (iv) developing the ideas through discussions;
• (v) rephrasing the research problem into a working proposition.
4 Explain the procedure for Hypothesis testing 12 1 K2
Meaning:
• When a prediction or a hypothesized relationship is to be tested by
scientific methods, it is termed as research hypothesis.
• The research hypothesis is a predictive statement that relates an
independent variable to a dependent variable.
Procedures:
 Step 1: State the Null Hypothesis. ...
 Step 2: State the Alternative Hypothesis. ...

 Step 3: Set. ...

 Step 4: Collect Data. ...

 Step 5: Calculate a test statistic. ...

 Step 6: Construct Acceptance / Rejection regions. ...

 Step 7: Based on steps 5 and 6, draw a conclusion about Ho

5 Discuss the role of theory in research. 12 1 K2
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What is a Theory?
• Definitions.
• Assumptions.
• Proposed explanations.
• Logical connections between definitions, assumptions and explanations.
If people are talking about any of these things, they are talking about theory.
A theory is a set of interrelated concepts, definitions, and propositions that explains
or predicts events or situations by specifying relations among variables. The notion
of generality, or broad application, is important. Thus, theories are by their nature
abstract and not content- or topic-specific.
• Theory guides research and organises its ideas.
– i.e. bricks lying around haphazardly in the brickyard: ‘facts’ of
different shapes and sizes have no meaning unless they are drawn
together in a theoretical or conceptual framework.
• Empirically relevant
• Always tentative, never proven
• Becomes stronger as more supporting evidence is gathered; provides a
context for predictions
• Has the capacity to generate new research.
6 Illustrate with simple examples, the role of exploratory research for defining 12 1 K2
the problem.
Research problem:
Some difficulty which a researcher experiences in the context of either a theoretical
or practical situation and wants to obtain a solution
 Exploratory research is undertaken to explore an area where little is known
or to investigate the possibilities of undertaking a particular research study
(feasibility study/ pilot study).
Example:
 Exploratory research is an important part of any marketing or business
strategy. Its focus is on the discovery of ideas and insights as opposed to
collecting statistically accurate data. That is why exploratory research is
best suited as the beginning of your total research plan.
Role of exploratory research with explanation
UNIT II – RESEARCH DESIGN AND MEASUREMENT
1 Explain the research design process and benefits in the context of management
12
research.
Step 1: Define the Research Problem
Step 2: Estimate the Value of the Information
Step 3: Select the Data Collection Approach
Step 4: Select the Measurement Technique 2 K2
Step 5: Select the Sample
Step 6: Select the Model of Analysis
Step 7: Evaluate the Ethics of the Research
Step 8: Estimate Time and Financial Requirements
Step 9: Prepare the Research Proposal
2 Explain your understanding of a good research design. 12
2 K2
Research design-Meaning:
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• A good design is flexible, appropriate, efficient, economical

• It should minimises bias and maximises the reliability of the data
• It should yields maximal information
• It is related to the purpose or objective of the research problem
A   research   design   appropriate   for   a   particular   research   problem,   usually
involves the consideration of the following factors:
(i)the means of obtaining information; 
(ii) the availability and skills of the researcher and his staff, if any; 
(iii) the objective of the problem to be studied; 
(iv)the nature of the problem to be studied; and 
(v) the availability of time and money for the research work. 
3 Explain the types of experimental designs used in the business. 12
a)Informal experimental designs:
(iv) Before­and­after without control design. 
(v) After­only with control design. 
(vi) Before­and­after with control design. 
(b)  Formal experimental designs:
2 K2
(v) Completely randomized design (C.R. Design). 
(vi) Randomized block design (R.B. Design). 
(vii) Latin square design (L.S. Design). 
(viii)Factorial designs.
With explanation
4 Explain the validity of instrument. How is validity different from reliability
12
with examples?
• Indicates the degree to which an instrument measures what it is supposed
to measure
– Types of validity
• Content validity – covering adequate information of the
topic
• Criterion validity- ability to predict the outcome
2 K2
• Construct validity- predict the correlation with
theoretical propositions
• Internal validity: ability to measure what it aims to measure
• External Validity : Generalization of population, treatment of variables and
measurement of variables
Reliability:
• Providing consistent result with validity
• It should exhibit true and reliable value
Basis for Comparison Validity Reliability
Reliability refers to the degree
Validity implies the extent
to which scale produces
to which the research
Meaning consistent results, when
instrument measures, what
repeated measurements are
it is intended to measure.
made.
A valid instrument is A reliable instrument need not
Instrument
always reliable. be a valid instrument.
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Basis for Comparison Validity Reliability

Related to Accuracy Precision
Value More Comparatively less.
Assessment Difficult Easy
5 Discuss the various types of measurement scales. 12
Scaling-Meaning
Types of Scales
Most frequently used Scales
1. Nominal Scale 2 K2
2. Ordinal Scale
3. Interval Scale
4. Ratio Scale with explanation
6 Explain the steps in the construction of a scale. 12
 Scaling­meaning
 The   technique   of   developing   measurement   tools   involves   a   four­stage
process, consisting of the following:

(a) Concept development;  2 K2
(b) Specification of concept dimensions; 
(c) Selection of indicators; and 
(d) Formation of index with explanation
The   number   assigning   procedures   or   the   scaling   procedures   may   be   broadly
classified   on   one   or   more   of   the   following   bases:   (a)   subject   orientation;   (b)
response   form;   (c)   degree   of   subjectivity; (d)   scale   properties;   (e)   number   of
dimensions and (f) scale construction techniques.
UNIT III – DATA COLLECTION
1 Explain the different methods of primary data collection to carry out a
12
business research
• Primary data 3 K2
The data collected for the first time through field survey
It refers to fresh data
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Methods:
• Questionnaire or schedule
• Interview
• Observation
• Schedules
• Surveys
Observation:
– It refers to simply watching the area of research where the study is
to be done
– Advantages & disadvantages
Interview:
• The essence of an interview is that one mind tries to read the other.
• The interviewer tries to assess the interviewed (respondent) related to the
research problem
• Advantages & disadvantages

Questionnaire:
• A questionnaire consists of a number of questions printed or typed in a
definite order
• The respondents have to answer the questions on their own
• Advantages & disadvantages
Survey:
• It is a research technique in which data are collected directly from people
• It is a form of questioning helpful to collect limited information
Schedules:
• This method of data collection is very much like the collection of data
through questionnaire, with little difference which lies in the fact that
schedules are being filled in by the enumerators who are specially
appointed for the purpose
2 Explain the case study method of data collection. What are the characteristics 12
of case study method?
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The case study method is a popular form of qualitative analysis and involves a
careful and complete observation of a social unit, be that unit a person, a family,
an institution, a cultural group or even the entire community.

Characteristics:
a. A single of person, a group, a social institution, a district or a community
may be taken to study comprehensively.
b. Here the selected units studies intensively
c. Complete of social unit covering all facts
d. Approach happens to be qualitative and not quantitative
e. Efforts made to know the multi inter-relationship of causal factors.

Advantages: 3 K2
a. Enables to understand fully the behavior pattern of the concerned unit.
b. Can obtain real and enlightened record
c. Can trace out the natural history of the social unit
d. Enhances the experience of the researcher
e. Makes possible the study of social changes

Disadvantages:
a. Information gathered are not comparable
b. Danger of false generalization
c. Consumes more time and money
d. Can be used only in a limited sphere
e. Based on assumption which may not be realistic at times
3 List and explain about most essential factors to be borne in mind while 12
designing questionnaires.
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            This method of data collection is quite popular, particularly in case of big 3 K2
enquiries. It is being adopted by private individuals, research workers, private and
public organisations and even by governments. In this method a questionnaire is
sent   (usually   by   post)   to   the   persons   concerned   with   a   request   to   answer   the
questions and return the questionnaire. A questionnaire consists of a number  of
questions   printed   or   typed   in   a   definite   order   on   a   form   or   set   of   forms.   The
questionnaire is mailed to respondents who are expected to read and understand the
questions   and   write   down   the   reply   in   the   space   meant   for   the   purpose   in   the
questionnaire itself
Merits are,
There   is   low   cost   even   when   the   universe   is   large   and   is   widely   spread
geographically
2.It is free from the bias of the interviewer; answers are in respondents’ own
words. 
3.Respondents have adequate time to give well thought out answers. 
4.Respondents,   who   are   not   easily   approachable,   can   also   be   reached
conveniently. 
5Large samples can be made use of and thus the results can be made more
dependable and reliable. 

The main demerits of this system can also be listed here:

1.Low rate of return of the duly filled in questionnaires;  bias due to no­
response is often indeterminate. 
2.It can be used only when respondents are educated and cooperating. 
3.The control over questionnaire may be lost once it is sent. 
4.There   is   inbuilt   inflexibility   because   of   the   difficulty   of   amending   the
approach once questionnaires have been despatched. 
5.There is also the possibility of ambiguous replies or omission of replies
altogether to certain questions; interpretation of omissions is difficult. 
6.It is difficult to know whether willing respondents are truly representative. 
7.This method is likely to be the slowest of all. 
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Researcher should note the following with regard to these three main aspects of
a questionnaire:
1. General form: So far as the general form of a questionnaire is concerned, it
can either be structured or unstructured questionnaire. Structured 
questionnaires are those questionnaires in which there are definite, 
concrete and pre­determined questions.
2. 2. Question sequence: In order to make the questionnaire effective and to 
ensure quality to the replies received, a researcher should pay attention to 
the question­sequence in preparing the questionnaire. A proper sequence of
questions reduces considerably the chances of individual questions being 
misunderstood.
3. 3. Question formulation and wording: With regard to this aspect of 
questionnaire, the researcher should note that each question must be very 
clear for any sort of misunderstanding can do irreparable harm to a survey. 
Question should also be impartial in order not to give a biased picture of 
the true state of affairs. Questions should be constructed with a view to 
their forming a logical part of a well thought out tabulation plan. In 
general, all questions should meet the following standards—(a) should be 
easily understood; (b) should be simple i.e., should convey only one 
thought at a time; (c) should be concrete and should conform as much as 
possible to the respondent’s way of thinking.
4 Explain about sampling plan and steps in sample design. 12
Sampling plan:
Framework or blueprint needed to collect the raw data from representative of
population
Basic concepts of sampling:
• It is the process of obtaining information about an entire population by
examining only a part of it
• The items selected is technically called as sample
• Sample should be true representative of population characters without bias
1. Sampling frame
2. Sampling design 3 K2
3. Statistic
4. Parameter
Steps are,
 Type of universe
 Sampling unit
 Source list
 Size of sample
 Budgetary constraint
 Sampling procedure
5 Differentiate primary data and secondary data. 12
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Meaning :
• Primary data
The data collected for the first time through field survey
It refers to fresh data
• Secondary data
It refers to the information already collected and published or unpublished
Primary Secondary
Description data data
source Original source Secondary source
Published data of
Methods of data collection Observation method, government
questionnaire agencies, trade 3 K2
method journals etc.
Statistical process Not done Done
Collected by User Some other agency
For specific purpose data Data are taken
Use of data are from other
sources and used for
complied decision
making
Terms and definitions of units incorporated Excluded
Copy of the schedule Necessary Not necessary
Description of sample Needed Not needed
6 Describe the types of probability and non-probability sampling. 12
• Probability sampling
-Probability of selecting each sample unit is known.
- Also known as ‘random sampling’ or ‘chance sampling’.
-Under this sampling design, every item of the universe has an equal
chance to be as the sample.
• Non- probability sampling
- Probability of selecting each sample unit is not known
- Also known as deliberate sampling, purposive sampling and judgement
sampling.
-In this type of sampling, items for the sample are selected deliberately by 3 K2
the researcher
Probability sampling Non-Probability sampling
Unrestricted sampling Unrestricted sampling
• Simple random sampling • Haphazard sampling or
Restricted sampling • convenience sampling
• cluster sampling Restricted sampling
• systematic sampling • Quota sampling,
• stratified sampling • Judgement sampling

UNIT IV – DATA PREPARATION AND ANALYSIS

1 Explain the process of data preparation. 12
• Data preparation involves editing, coding, classification and tabulation of 4 K2
data collected helpful to analyse the data
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Editing:
• Editing is the first stage in processing helpful to ensure that the data is free
from inconsistencies and incompleteness.
• This process of cleaning is editing
• It is the process of examining the data collected through various methods
to detect errors and correct them for further analysis
Coding:
• Coding refers to the process of assigning numerals or other symbols to
answers so that responses can be put into a limited number of categories or
classes
Classification:
• Process of grouping the statistical data under homogeneous category for
the purpose of convenient interpretation
• Types of classification:
• Quantitative classification
– Classification based on variables or numbers
• Qualitative classification
– Classification based on the attributes or characters
Tabulation:
• It is the process of summarizing raw data and displaying in compact form
for analysis
• Table consist of table number, title, footnote
2 Explain the steps involved in conducting MDS. 12
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Multidimensional scaling (MDS) is relatively more complicated scaling device, but 4 K2
with this sort of scaling one can scale objects, individuals or both with a minimum
of information. Multidimensional scaling (or MDS) can be characterized as a set of
procedures for portraying perceptual or affective dimensions of substantive interest.
It “provides useful  methodology for portraying subjective judgements of diverse
kinds.”  7  MDS is used when all the variables (whether metric or non­metric) in a
study   are   to   be   analyzed   simultaneously   and   all   such   variables   happen   to   be
independent.   The   underlying   assumption   in   MDS   is   that   people   (respondents)
“perceive a set of objects as being more or less similar to one another on a number
of   dimensions   (usually   uncorrelated   with   one   another)   instead   of   only   one.”   8
Through   MDS   techniques   one   can   represent   geometrically   the   locations   and
interrelationships among a set of points. In fact, these techniques attempt to locate
the points, given the information about a set of interpoint distances, in space of one
or more dimensions such as to best summarise the information contained in the
interpoint distances. The distances in the solution space then optimally reflect the
distances  contained in the input data. For instance,  if objects, say  X  and  Y, are
thought of by the respondent as being most similar as compared to all other possible
pairs of objects, MDS techniques will position objects X and Y in such a way that
the distance between them in multidimensional space is shorter than that between
any two other objects.
Two approaches, viz., the metric approach and the non­metric approach, are usually
talked   about   in   the   context   of   MDS,   while   attempting   to   construct   a   space
containing m points such that m(m – 1)/2 inter point distances reflect the input data.
     metric  approach  to MDS  treats  the input  data as  interval  scale  data  and
1)The
solves applying statistical methods for the additive constant   which minimises the
dimensionality of the solution space. This approach utilises all the information in
the data in obtaining a solution. The data (i.e., the metric similarities of the objects)
are often obtained on a bipolar similarity scale on which pairs of objects are rated
one   at   a   time.   If   the   data   reflect   exact   distances   between   real   objects   in   an   r­
dimensional space, their solution will reproduce the set of interpoint distances. But
as the true and real data are rarely available, we require random and systematic
procedures for obtaining a solution. Generally, the judged similarities among a set
of objects are statistically transformed into distances by placing those objects in a
multidimensional space of some dimensionality.
 
2)  The   non­metric   approach  first   gathers   the   non­metric   similarities   by   asking
respondents   to   rank   order   all   possible   pairs   that   can   be   obtained   from   a   set   of
objects. Such non­metric data is then transformed into some arbitrary metric space
and then the solution is obtained by reducing the dimensionality. In other words,
this non­metric approach seeks “a representation of points in a space of minimum
dimensionality such that the rank order of the interpoint distances in the solution
space maximally corresponds to that of the data. This is achieved by requiring only
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Significance:
The significance of MDS lies in the fact that it enables the researcher to study “the
perceptual structure of a set of stimuli and the cognitive processes underlying the
development of this structure. Psychologists, for example, employ multidimensional
scaling techniques in an effort  to scale psychophysical  stimuli and to determine
appropriate labels for the dimensions along which these stimuli vary.”
3 Describe multivariate data analysis techniques used in the research. 12
 Multivariate techniques have emerged as a powerful tool to analyse data 4 K2
represented in terms of many variables.
 The basic objective underlying multivariate techniques is to represent  a
collection of massive data in a simplified way. In other words, multivariate
techniques   transform   a   mass   of   observations   into   a   smaller   number   of
composite scores
Techniques are,
a.Multiple regression analysis
        In multiple regression we form a linear composite of explanatory variables in
such way that it has maximum correlation with a criterion variable. This technique
is appropriate when the researcher has a single, metric criterion variable. Which is
supposed to be a function of other explanatory variables. The main objective in
using this technique is to predict the variability the dependent variable based on its
covariance with all the independent variables.
b.Multiple discriminant analysis
Through   discriminant   analysis   technique,   researcher   may   classify   individuals   or
objects into one of two or more mutually exclusive and exhaustive groups on the
basis   of   a   set   of   independent   variables.   Discriminant   analysis   requires   interval
independent variables and a nominal dependent variable.
c.Multivariate analysis of variance :
Multivariate analysis of variance is an extension of bivariate analysis of variance in
which the ratio of among­groups variance to within­groups variance is calculated on
a   set   of   variables   instead   of   a   single   variable.   This   technique   is   considered
appropriate   when   several   metric   dependent   variables   are   involved   in   a   research
study along with many non­metric explanatory variables.
d.Canonical analysis :
This   technique   was   first   developed   by   Hotelling   wherein   an  effort   is   made   to
simultaneously predict a set of criterion variables from their joint co­variance with a
set of explanatory variables. Both metric and non­metric data can be used in the
context of this multivariate technique.
4 Enumerate the various statistical packages available for research. 12
• SPSS (Statistical Package for social sciences) 4 K2
• MINITAB
• MATLAB
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MINITAB:
• It is used for learning of statistics and for statistical research
• The result is accurate, reliable and faster than other software
• It is used in conjunction with implementation of six sigma.
• Helpful in quality control.
MATLAB
• Used for scientific and statistical data analysis and visualization
• Matrix is the basic data object of MATLAB
• Helpful to Numerical analysis, signal processing, image processing
5 Illustrate the concept of discriminant analysis with examples 12
 Through   discriminant   analysis   technique,   researcher   may   classify 4 K2
individuals  or  objects   into  one   of  two  or  more  mutually  exclusive   and
exhaustive   groups   on   the   basis   of   a   set   of   independent   variables.
Discriminant   analysis   requires   interval   independent   variables   and   a
nominal dependent variable. For example, suppose that brand preference
(say brand x or y) is the dependent variable of interest and its relationship
to an individual’s income, age, education, etc. is being investigated, then
we should use the technique of discriminant analysis. 
 Regression   analysis   in   such   a   situation   is   not   suitable   because   the
dependent variable is, not intervally scaled. Thus discriminant analysis is
considered an appropriate technique when the single dependent  variable
happens to be non­metric and is to be classified into two or more groups,
depending upon its relationship with several independent variables which
all happen to be metric.
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The technical aspects   relating to discriminant analysis.
(i)There happens to be a simple scoring system that assigns a score to each
individual or object. This score is a weighted average of the individual’s
numerical values of his independent variables. On the basis of this score,
the individual is assigned to the ‘most likely’ category. For example, an
individual is 20 years old, has an annual income of Rs 12,000,and has 10
years of formal education. Let b1, b2, and b3 be the weights attached to the
independent   variables   of   age,   income   and  education   respectively.   The
individual’s score (z), assuming linear score, would be: 
z = b1 (20) + b2 (12000) + b3 (10)
(ii) The numerical values and signs of the  b’s indicate the importance of the
independent variables in their ability to discriminate among the different
classes   of   individuals.   Thus,   through   the   discriminant   analysis,   the
researcher  can  as well  determine  which independent  variables  are  most
useful in predicting whether the respondent is to be put into one group or
the   other.   In   other   words,   discriminant   analysis   reveals   which   specific
variables in the profile account  for the largest  proportion of inter­group
differences. 
(iii) In case only two groups of the individuals are to be formed on the basis of
several independent variables, we can then have a model like this 
zi  = b0  + b1X1i  + b2X2i  + ... + bnXni
where Xji = the ith individual’s value of the jth 
independent variable; bj = the discriminant 
coefficient of the jth variable;
       iv)In n­group discriminant analysis, a discriminant function is formed for each 
pair of groups. If there are 6 groups to be formed, we would have 6(6 – 1)/2 = 15 
pairs of groups, and hence 15 discriminant functions. The b values for each function
tell which variables are important for discriminating between particular pairs of 
groups. The z score for each discriminant function tells in which of these two 
groups the individual is more likely to belong. Then use is made 

v) For judging the statistical significance between two groups, we work
out the Mahalanobis statistic,  D2, which happens to be a generalized
distance between two groups, where each group is characterized by the
same   set   of  n  variables   and   where   it   is   assumed   that   variance­
covariance structure is identical for both groups. 
6 Enumerate and explain the steps in cluster analysis 12
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Cluster   analysis   consists   of   methods   of   classifying   variables   into   clusters. 4 K2

Technically, a cluster consists of variables that correlate highly with one another
and have comparatively low correlations with variables in other clusters. The basic
objective of cluster analysis is to determine how many mutually and exhaustive
groups or clusters, based on the similarities of profiles among entities, really exist
in the population and then to state the composition of such groups. Various groups
to be determined in cluster analysis are not predefined as happens to be the case in
discriminant analysis.

Steps:  In general, cluster analysis contains the following steps to be performed:

(i)First of all, if some variables have a negative sum of correlations in the
correlation matrix, one must reflect variables so as to obtain a maximum
sum of positive correlations for the matrix as a whole. 
(ii) The  second   step  consists  in  finding out   the highest   correlation   in the
correlation matrix and the two variables involved (i.e., having the highest
correlation in the matrix) form the nucleus of the first cluster. 
(iii) Then one looks for those variables that correlate highly with the said two
variables and includes them in the cluster. This is how the first cluster is
formed. 
(iv)To obtain the nucleus of the second cluster, we find two variables that
correlate   highly   but   have   low   correlations   with   members   of   the   first
cluster. Variables that correlate highly with the said two variables are
then found. Such variables along the said two variables thus constitute
the second cluster. 
(v) One proceeds on similar lines to search for a third cluster and so on. 
UNIT V – REPORT DESIGN, WRITING AND ETHICS IN BUSINESS RESEARCH
1 Explain the various types of research reports. 12
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(A) Technical Report 5 K2

In   the   technical   report   the   main   emphasis   is   on   (i)   the   methods   employed,   (it)
assumptions made in the course of the study, (iii) the detailed presentation of the
findings including their limitations and supporting data.
A general outline of a technical report can be as follows:
 Summary of results
 Nature of the study
 Methods employed
 Data
 Analysis of data and presentation of findings
 Conclusions
 Bibliography
 Technical appendices
 Index

(B) Popular Report

The popular report is one which gives emphasis on simplicity and attractiveness.
The   simplification   should   be   sought   through   clear   writing,   minimization   of
technical, particularly mathematical, details and liberal use of charts and diagrams.
Attractive   layout   along   with   large   print,   many   subheadings,   even   an   occasional
cartoon now and then is another characteristic feature of the popular report. Besides,
in such a report emphasis is given on practical aspects and policy implications.
We give below a general outline of a popular report.
 The findings and their implications
 Recommendations for action
 Objective of the study
 Methods employed
 Results
 Technical appendices
2 Describe the contents of a good research report. 12
“Research reports are detailed and accurate accounts of the conduct of disciplined 5 K4
studies accomplished to solve problems or to reveal new knowledge.” (Busha and
Harter, 1988).
Characteristics of good report
• 1) Attractive
• 2) Clear Topic
• 3) Balanced Language
• 4) No repetition of facts
• 5) Statement of scientific facts
• 6) Practicability
• 7)Description of the difficulties and the shortcomings
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Contents are,
• Preliminary pages
Title
Acknowledgement
Preface (Abstract)
Table of contents
List of tables
• The main text
Introduction
Review of literature
Research methodology
Data analysis and interpretation
Statement of findings and recommendations
Results
Summary
• The end matter
Appendices such as questionnaire, bibliography, derivations, index

3 Explain in detail about the steps in report writing. 12

Research reports are the product of slow, painstaking, accurate inductive work. The 5 K2
usual steps involved in writing report are:
(a) logical analysis of the subject­matter
(b) preparation of the final outline
(c) preparation of the rough draft
(d) rewriting and polishing
(e) preparation of the final bibliography; and 
(f) writing the final draft.
4 Explain the need of executive summary in research? 12
An executive summary is a thorough overview of a research report or other type 5 K2
of document that synthesizes key points for its readers, saving them time and
preparing them to understand the study's overall content.
 be approximately 5-10% of the length of the main report
 be written in language appropriate for the target audience
 consist of short, concise paragraphs
 begin with a summary
 be written in the same order as the main report
 only include material present in the main report
 make recommendations
 provide a justification
 have a conclusion
be readable separately from the main report
sometimes summarize more than one document
Purpose:
Purpose of the executive summary is to explain the main features of your
business in a way that will make the reader want to learn more. Yet it must also
include enough information that investors can see the potential behind your business
without having to read the entire plan.
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5 Describe the precautions in writing research reports 12

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Research report is a channel of communicating the research findings to the readers 5 K2
of the report. A good research report is one which does this task efficiently and
effectively. As such it must be prepared keeping the following precautions in view:

1.While  determining the  length of the report  (since  research  reports  vary

greatly in length), one should keep in view the fact that it should be long
enough to cover the subject but short enough to maintain interest. In fact,
report­writing should not be a means to learning more and more about
less and less. 
2.A research report should not, if this can be avoided, be dull; it should be
such as to sustain reader’s interest. 
3.Abstract terminology and technical jargon should be avoided in a research
report.   The   report   should   be   able   to   convey   the   matter   as   simply   as
possible. This, in other words, means that report should be written in an
objective   style   in   simple   language,   avoiding   expressions   such   as   “it
seems,” “there may be” and the like. 
4.Readers are often interested in acquiring a quick knowledge of the main
findings and as such the report must provide a ready availability of the
findings. For this purpose, charts, graphs and the statistical tables may be
used for the various results in the main report in addition to the summary
of important findings.
5.The   layout   of   the   report   should   be   well   thought   out   and   must   be
appropriate and in accordance with the objective of the research problem.
6.The   reports   should   be   free   from   grammatical   mistakes   and   must   be
prepared  strictly  in  accordance   with  the  techniques   of  composition  of
report­writing such as the use of quotations, footnotes, documentation,
proper punctuation and use of abbreviations in footnotes and the like. 
7.The report must present the logical analysis of the subject matter. It must
reflect a structure wherein the different pieces of analysis relating to the
research problem fit well. 
8.A research report  should show originality and should necessarily be an
attempt   to   solve   some   intellectual   problem.   It   must   contribute   to   the
solution of a problem and must add to the store of knowledge. 
9.Towards the end, the report must also state the policy implications relating
to the problem under consideration. It is usually considered desirable if
the   report   makes   a   forecast   of   the   probable   future   of   the   subject
concerned and indicates the kinds of research still needs to be done in
that particular field. 
10.Appendices should be enlisted in respect of all the technical data in the
report. 
11.Bibliography of sources consulted is a must for a good report and must
necessarily be given. 
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6 Explain the role of ethics in research. 12

• According to Webster, “Ethics is the discipline with what is good and bad 5 K2
and with moral duty and obligations”.
Guides to moral behavior:
• Good: honesty, keeping promises, helping others, respective rights of
others
• Bad: lying, stealing, deceiving, harming others
• Universality of ethical principles: should apply in the same manner in all
countries, cultures, communities
Reasons for Ethical Business Behaviour:
• Fulfill public expectations for business
• Prevent harming others
• Improve business relations
• Improve employee productivity
• Promote personal morality
• To protect the wider society or community within which the research is
being conducted
• To protect rights and welfare of research participants
• Obligations of the Researcher
Follow code of ethics:
– Objectivity
– No misrepresentation
– Preserve confidentiality
– Competing research proposals
Note : 6 Questions with answer key must be prepared in each unit and maximum two sub divisions are allowed.

PART – C (20 Mark Questions with Key)

S.No Questions Mark COs BTL
UNIT I – INTRODUCTION
1 Is there an advantage in stating the hypothesis both in the null and in alternate?
20
Justify your answer.
Hypothesis-Meaning
• When a prediction or a hypothesized relationship is to be tested by scientific
methods, it is termed as research hypothesis.
• The research hypothesis is a predictive statement that relates an independent
variable to a dependent variable.
Null hypothesis:
Null hypothesis is formulated only to test whether there are any relations between
1 K3
variables related to the problem being studied. Usually the null hypothesis is formed as
a negative statement.
Alternative hypothesis:
Alternative   hypothesis   is   usually   the   one   which   one   wishes   to   prove   and   the   null
hypothesis is the one which one wishes to disprove. Thus, a null hypothesis represents
the hypothesis we are trying to reject, and alternative hypothesis represents all other
possibilities. 
Justification for the answer
2 Discuss the problems encountered by researchers in India. 20 1 K2
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• Research in common phrase refers to a search for knowledge.

• “A careful investigation or inquiry specially through search for new facts in
any branch of knowledge.”
• Redman and Mory define research as a “systematized effort to gain new
knowledge.”
Objectives:
• To gain familiarity with a event or to achieve new insights into it.
• To describe accurately the characteristics of a particular situation
• To determine the frequency with which something occurs
• To test a hypothesis of a causal relationship between variables
Problems are:
 The lack of a scientific training in the methodology of research 
 Insufficient interaction 
 There is the need for generating the confidence that the information/data 
obtained from a business unit will not be misused. 
 Research studies overlapping one another are undertaken quite often for want 
of adequate information.
 There does not exist a code of conduct for researchers 
 The difficulty of adequate and timely secretarial assistance,
 Library management and functioning is not satisfactory at many places 
 There is also the problem that many of our libraries are not able to get copies 
of old and new Acts/Rules, reports and other government publications in time
 There is also the difficulty of timely availability of published data
 The problem of conceptualization 
UNIT II – RESEARCH DESIGN AND MEASUREMENT
1 Whenever possible, it is advisable to use instruments that have already been
developed and repeatedly used in published studies, rather than develop your own 20
instruments for studies. Do you agree? Discuss the reasons for your answer.
Reasons:
TEST OF SOUND MEASUREMENT
• Test of validity
• Test of reliability
• Test of practicality
• Indicates the degree to which an instrument measures what it is supposed to
measure 2 K2
– Types of validity
• Content validity – covering adequate information of the
topic
• Criterion validity- ability to predict the outcome
• Construct validity- predict the correlation with theoretical
propositions
Test of Reliability
• Providing consistent result with validity
• It should exhibit true and reliable value
Test of practicality
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• Can be judged using economy, convenience, feasibility, interpretability

2 Give your understanding of a good research design. Is single research design
20
suitable for all studies? If not, why?
Features:
• A good design is flexible, appropriate, efficient, economical 2 K4
• It should minimises bias and maximises the reliability of the data
• It should yields maximal information
• It is related to the purpose or objective of the research problem
If Yes, reasons
UNIT III – DATA COLLECTION
1 A consumer durable company is planning to launch a new type of washing
machine. The company would like to have information about how consumers
20
select a brand of washing machine. Prepare a sample questionnaire to collect
relevant data from consumers
Questionnaire:
• A questionnaire consists of a number of questions printed or typed in a definite
order
• The respondents have to answer the questions on their own
• Advantages & disadvantages
Researcher should note the following with regard to these three main aspects of a
questionnaire:
General form: So far as the general form of a questionnaire is concerned, it can either
be   structured   or   unstructured   questionnaire.   Structured   questionnaires   are   those
questionnaires in which there are definite, concrete and pre­determined questions.
Question sequence: In order to make the questionnaire effective and to ensure quality to 3 K4
the   replies   received,   a   researcher   should   pay   attention   to   the   question­sequence   in
preparing the questionnaire. A proper sequence of questions reduces considerably the
chances of individual questions being misunderstood.
Question formulation and wording:  With regard  to this aspect  of questionnaire, the
researcher   should   note   that   each   question   must   be   very   clear   for   any   sort   of
misunderstanding   can   do   irreparable   harm   to   a   survey.   Question   should   also   be
impartial in order not to give a biased picture of the true state of affairs. Questions
should be constructed with a view to their forming a logical part of a well thought out
tabulation   plan.   In   general,   all   questions   should   meet   the   following   standards—(a)
should be easily understood; (b) should be simple i.e., should convey only one thought
at   a   time;   (c)   should   be   concrete   and   should   conform   as   much   as   possible   to   the
respondent’s way of thinking.
 Preparation of sample Questionnaire
2 “Every data collection method has its own built-in biases. Therefore, resorting to 20 3 K4
in multi-methods of data collection is only going to compound the biases” .How
would you justify this statement?
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 Data Collection
 Purpose of Data collection
 Multi-Methods: Primary data:
• Questionnaire or schedule
• Interview
• Observation
• Schedules
• Surveys
Secondary Data:
• Book
• Journals
• Research thesis
• Bibliographies
 Justification answer
UNIT IV – DATA PREPARATION AND ANALYSIS
1 How qualitative data analysis differ from quantitative data analysis? Explain 20 4 K3
• Qualitative data analysis:
Qualitative approach to research is concerned with assessment of
attitudes, opinions and behaviour
• Quantitative data analysis:
It is concerned with statistical and numerical point of view
Description Quantitative analysis Qualitative analysis
How to do Questionnaires, surveys Discussion , idea
sharing
How to answer From the options given Motivation, behaviours

Deals with Counts and measures of things

Collecting, analysing,
interpreting data by
observing
Theory Test the existing theory Develops new theory
Data Height is 125 cm Height is tall,
Income is 23000 Income is satisfied
Measurement of data Data is measured Observed but not
measured
2 “The procedure of testing hypothesis requires a researcher to adopt several steps”. 20 4 K4
Describe in brief all such steps.
Hypothesis-Meaning
Procedures:
 Step 1: State the Null Hypothesis. ...
 Step 2: State the Alternative Hypothesis. ...

 Step 3: Set. ...

 Step 4: Collect Data. ...

 Step 5: Calculate a test statistic. ...

 Step 6: Construct Acceptance / Rejection regions. ...

 Step 7: Based on steps 5 and 6, draw a conclusion about Ho

UNIT V – REPORT DESIGN, WRITING & ETHICS IN BUSINESS RESEARCH
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1 Prepare a research proposal in detail for a research problem of your business area 20 5 K4
of interest.
 Introduction
-Statement of the problem and its scope
-Rationale of justification for the study
-Theoretical perspective or conceptual framework
-Underlying assumptions
-Definitions of variables
-Objectives of the study
-Hypotheses to be tested or research questions to be answered
(Approx. 1 ½ to 2 pp.)
 Review of Literature
-Give an overview of your research area.
-Describe 5 to 8 earlier studies related to your problem and their implications for your
research.
-Include only those articles that support the logic of your argument.
-Discuss recent developments and areas of need for new research.
(Approx. 5 pp.)
 Methods
-Hypotheses/Research questions
-Research design (Identify and define variables)
-Sample (unit of analysis, who, how many, how recruited/selected, etc.)
-Measurement strategies and procedures (operational definitions, description of
instruments and how administered, reliability and validity considerations)
-Procedures (Where and when will the study be conducted? What exactly will be done?
Who will perform the tasks?)
-Research design (description of the design and comparisons being made, strategies
employed to enhance internal and external validity)
-Data analysis (the kind of data expected, the statistical tools to be used, how the data
will be analyzed and interpreted)
(Approx. 8-10 pp.)
 References
-Only those appropriate to the topic and cited in the text
2 Suggest an outline of the research report that is generally accepted as the basic 20 5 K3
format for most research projects.
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Contents are,
• Preliminary pages
Title
Acknowledgement
Preface (Abstract)
Table of contents
List of tables
• The main text
Introduction
Review of literature
Research methodology
Data analysis and interpretation
Statement of findings and recommendations
Results
Summary
• The end matter
Appendices such as questionnaire, bibliography, derivations, index
Note : 2 Questions with answer key must be prepared in each unit and maximum two sub divisions are allowed.