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1979
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Saatci, Ahmet Mete, "Application of adsorption methods to filtration " (1979). Retrospective Theses and Dissertations. 6619.
https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd/6619
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UniversiV
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300 N. ZEEB RD.. ANN ARBOR, Ml 48106 <313) 761-4700
Application of adsorption methods to filtration
by
DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY
Approved:
1979
ii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
LIST OP SYMBOLS ix
I. INTRODUCTION 1
III. THEORY 53
C. Dimensional Analysis 84
Page
1. Definitions 160
2. Derivation 163
LIST OF TABLES
Page
LIST OF FIGURES
Page
LIST OF SYMBOLS
A = Hamaker constant.
charcoal.
(B = mk^a) in adsorption.
experiment.
C = Initial concentration.
o
= Inlet concentration.
given instant.
ship.
E =
filtration.
fX2'y2
f = (adx - Cdy)
^I'^l
f^ = Porosity of deposition. ^
2
H(z) = Error function = erf(z) = — e"^ dç
/tF
imaginary argument.
ity. K = v/J
k^ = Coefficient of adsorption.
k^ = Coefficient of desorption.
k^ = Accumulation parameter.
kg = Detachment parameter.
L = Column length.
column.
p = Pressure.
Q = Flow rate.
equation.
q = Filtration speed.
data.
t = Time.
dimensionless.
volume of sorbent.
= Media volume.
Vp = Pore volume.
V„ = Solid volume.
s
^Tot ~ Total filter volume.
V = velocity
v^ = Air velocity.
velocity.
under examination.
in time t.
and filtration.
suspension.
e = Porosity.
clean.
Viscosity.
volume.
F(t ) = v(x,y ; S , n ) /
T = (x - Ç) (y - n)
xvii
Onsager).
u
(j)(u,v) = e u e ^ (2/vt)dt.
o
1
I. INTRODUCTION
larities among:
(3), and
where
c = concentration
t = time
e = porosity.
4
9x ^ at ^ 9t
y = Vt - ex
y = V - EX
This has the same form of the filtration mass balance equation
material we get:
mechanics:
equilibrium:
k
_a
k~ P
0 = 'd
k
1 + P
tions.
(5): .
at = kisc - kzq-
This yields the linear isotherm:
q = kac
when = 0.
method
be:
k • c • a
If = -kac
If = - I -
c^ q A t = (n^ - n)A
The terms (c^qAt) and (n^ - n)A are the input and the accumula
"front," v;
Cm q L
V = ax o
dt n^ •
k.
"1
c + a 7 > ca
X
'2
gives ;
If = - kca
9c = -kca.
8
be written as;
9c k
âï - - V c*'
ka_x
c' = ^ = 1 when x' = = 0
°o V
when t = t'
E'kao v» _ 1 + ^(kc^t)
and
(kc t)
2- = Ê
(k^o , (kCot)
e - 1 + e
ka %
WnCCg/c - 1) = £n(e - 1) - kc^t
9
or,
^ = 5^ - sn; ta(cyo - 1)
o o
RZ = k^(V-Qh)
k. = a constant
o
Q = the cross section of the filter
= HV - Vg)
o o
= k log ^
10
sorbent
c = the concentration at t .
r r
According to Sillén: "If for a certain sorbent, all conditions
which cuts the x axis at a value x^, called the dead thick
Fig. (4)"
t
r
R = 3v
where = linear rate of flow of the solution
V at
o
= fractional free space in the zeolite
column
the column
m = M/v^.
equation:
If = F(c,p)
by putting;
X = l/R
y = E t -
equation ;
+ mF if M = 0
3x9y lay' 9x
where A =
2. O
B = mk^a
C = m(k^ - kg).
2
9 4>
- AB0 = 0
3x9y
9f
Substituting the solution of 0 in the equation c =
for concentration c;
I (2/ABxy) + (t)(ay,3x)
A + B -J- AB
a b b - b
o
for A)
experiment
adsorbed.
a • b) adsorption he obtained:
(ka u)
a_ ^ e
e 'v V — , ^ e
1 +
a
^o , [| b (1-g) X - ka u]
1 + i e ^ ° °
where 9 = + k,
o 1
-ka u
C = 1-e ° % 1
kinetic equations;
for the result he had presented in his first paper. The linear
§- = {J (2/ÂBxy) + *(Ay,Bx)}
°o °
£im e ^(u,v) = 1
U->oo
c_
c
1 + e
equation:
^1=0
Slope at midpoint = ^
V
17
2
"^o , _ /?[l-H(/?t-/i)]e^^"^) - l/(/Ft + fet)
C 2
^ /?[l-H(/?i- /t)]e^'^~'^^ + l/(/t + fet)
^- 1 = (t-s)
CA
where
(liquid) phase
19
V 0.5 ""in c
&n - 1 + In 1 - + 1
in ^in
^in
tion and ion exchange which were explained above will be used
filtration.
were:
and
T
= -XI (Kinetic equation)
where
time (sic)
3
S = the quantity of microscopic matter arrested in 1 cm
21
certain time.
3# + 3# = s(a - S)
rate of growth when colony has attained one half its maximum
growth.
tions from which they were derived only when the product
kinetic equations:
where
given instant
that colmatage (the term bqc) and decolmatage (the term -ap)
&& + ^ lïï + ^ If - °
and gave the infinite series solution of the above equation as;
where
and = e^^.
counter.
24
and suggested that the deposition rate was invarient with time
to that of clear water (Stanley did not use clear water). His
not be expected.
Mints and Krishtul used the same material balance which was
flow rate and the kind of filter grains used but not on the
- = bC - ^
where
examination
at a given instant
dynamic forces.
&§t + ^ ^ Ir = °
V
a =ag-
suspension
28
Y = C/C^
X = bx
T = at
form: „
rx. + M + M = 0
3X9T ^ 9X 9T
Y = C/C^
and
Y = f (X ,T).
VII
80 80 VIII
60 60
40 40
20 20
0 0
0 20 40 60 80
T'
a b
Fig. 2. Plots of X' versus T' for experiments with turbid and colored
water (after D. M. Mints and V. P. Krishtul (22)).
Table 1. Experimental conditions of Figure 2 (after D. M. Mints and V. P. Krishtul
X tv
Substituting the values of x' = ^ ^ ^ ^ and T' = -g-
^3 = E vl.7a0.7 V
where
t = time
under examination,
31
3L ^o + CO -
o
volume)
where
z = depth of filter
t = time
by Iwasaki.
/
33
+ «m # = «
they obtained;
3(2^,
m"
If - ^ V "
34
into account and which does not contain the mistake noted above
where
where
/ _ Approach velocity
b: Porosity
tion (see Figure 3). In the time interval dt, the average
C + dt
C + I?- dx) dt
^ If at V 9x
AT ANY TIME t AT TIME = t + dt
Fig» 3. Illustration of suspended solids removal in an increment of
time and depth (after Deb and Fox (27)).
Cl = C + |C + dt c + 2 at
where
way:
^2 = C + iz dx + C + If dx c + If dxjat /2
37
c + da + it c + |§ dxi at
1 9^C
dt dx
2 9x9t
^2 C dx + 2 at '
They gave the mass of suspended solids removed from the flow
li dL + Apg £' at dL
where
V = approach velocity.
Pg (f'AdL)dt
where
But the pore volume also changes with the variable t. This
Ps "L at = A dL at.
- v f
3f *
which gives the new term C which is not in their equation,
authors' paper);
- V |§ = (1 - f„) + (f - O) |g
^s = (^(1 -
and
f' = f - a
40
where
- "f = lï i
as a function of time.
41
lA - P(x,t)J N(x,t)
where
point-moment x,t
factor [-3QP(x,t)]:
42
~ - P(x,t)]N(x,t) - 3^P(x,t)
where
3P
= aN - 3P
where
conditions:
P(x,t) = P(
° for t = 0, X > 0
N(x,t) = 0
N(X,t) = |N 0<t<tn,X=0
for {
I t ^ t^ , X = 0
e(s + 3)
For the case when the porous medium is not filled with
P(x,t) = P for t - ^ = 0
o
for 0 £ t - ^ < t
44
tion was more complicated than the simple linear kinetic equa
tion in 1948.
and Mackrle and explained the experiments they had made using
tions larger flakes were carried out of the bed as the result
phenomena.
ments indicated scour and kaolin deposits which was more obvious
+ v^ = 0 (Continuity)
5E - Kc (Deposition)
47
1
a
0^ 1 + exp(b^X*)/exp(abj^t*) - 1
and
C 1
C 1 + lexp (-abj^t*) iiexp(b^X*) - 1}
where
® = Co/Oc
bn = KgL/v
X* = x/L
t* = tv^/L
= superficial velocity
L = filter depth
C Q = influent concentration
filtration (4).
48
or
or
If = k^cIF - d) - kj E
where
V approach velocity
X longitudinal distance
t time
accumulation coefficient
detachment coefficient
in time t
permeability.
49
3
K = K(a) =
cal filter capacity, F, and the slope was the ratio of the
kinetic equation.
50
section.
III. THEORY
assumptions.
solved simultaneously.
.2
filtration by neglecting the diffusional term - D —j and
9x
° - '1'
It ^ ^a lïï " °
bed as:
E = Eg - yc (5)
where;
retained matter.
Since Vg.o
and the volume of the dead liquid per unit filter volume =
a(Y - 1).
where;
tion have the same form as the mass balance and the kinetic
-a H = - lï
where;
Y = (v^) (t)
in time t.
such that;
Xl'Yl
57
filter. Since,
then,
C - - II (12)
|^=P{C,0) (14)
9a _ a f (15)
ay 3x9y
Ay -
il. M = 0 (17)
hày " ^ 9y' d x j
d a = k,(e - y o ) C - k«a
or
fklSo' k^y"
F(C,a) = c - oC - (19)
"a ra J raJ
kiY" M fk/
F{C,a) fill (20)
lay Uy. 9x V 3x
"a J
a^f
9x9"y #+ M 9f
Va 9x
kiY" f9fl '9f"
lay] 9x
= 0
= 0 (21)
lïïfy +a||+ B^+
^E^^^^-9^
^^^
where;
A = (22)
V
B = (23)
V.
a
klY
E = — (24)
V,
59
a = (25)
V
g = (26)
Va'klYCo + kg)
such that,
a = A - EC, (27)
and
a3 = AB (28)
a = M = 1 9 in u(x,y) _ _ (31)
9x E 9x
Noting that,
and,
(32)
the form:
(33)
where;
R X
solution;
9^n u(0,y) .
Co = - Ê By
or.
u(0,y) = e ay (35)
d i n u(x,0) _ (36)
B
9x
or,
u(x,0) = e Bx (37)
is:
2
L(v) = M(v) = - (AB)v (38)
63
M(v) = 0
M(v) = 0 (39)
^ - bv = 0 at y = n (40)
3x
U - av = 0 at X = Ç (41)
and,
v(g,n;S,n) = i (42)
R
u(Ç,n) = (uv)^ + V bu + M dx
3x
POOR
64
R
9u
u(Ç,n) = (uv) Q + V dx + V dy (44)
9x UyJ
0
- AB v(x,y) = 0 (45)
v(5,n;5,n) = l (46)
9v(x,ri;g,n) = 0 (47)
9x
3v(S,y;C,n) ^ « (48)
9y
9^F(T) ^ 3F( t)
= T
9t
9T'
T ^ - (AB)F(T) = 0 (51)
9T
9t
L + L - L {(AB)F(T)} = 0
9T
9T'
d[f(s)] AB + s f(s) = 0
ds
AB'
f(s) = I e (52)
where;
k = e
above equation,
66
= IQ(2/ABt)
Since
T = (x-Ç)( y - n )
av(x,n;C,n) _ n
alE °
67
and
av(C,y;C,n) 0
9y
(54)
rY
+ k a e^^ (2/a3x(y-n))dn. (56)
0
Thomas function as ;
68
(t)(w,\) = ^ -V ^
e ^ I {2/Xv)dv (57)
0 °
are ;
<p(0,X) = 0 (58)
(•W
( p (w,0) = e^ e ^ dv = e^ - 1. (59)
Also,
Mr = ^ (62)
Lim e 0(w,X) = 1
^ V = B(x-Ç) dv = -gdg
at \ V = 0 g = X
^ V = Bx Ç = 0
69
X
Be®^I (2/ABy ( X -Ç))dg (63)
Similarly,
= = 1 1 ^
61 and 62
^ ^ ^ ^ y ^ ~ k [ A ( | )( B x , A y ) + a ( j ) ( a y , 3 x ) + a l ^( 2 / a 3 y x ) ] (66)
{f>(ay,3x) + I (2/ABxy)
C = _o (67)
I^(2/ÂBxy) + (j)(Bx,Ay) + *(ay,gx)
- .1. SS • J.. SÎ
n K+2n
(-1) (69)
I (i) = I
K n=0 n!(K+n)! 2
1 2n
lo'i' = Ï STÏÏT
n=0
o,L ^
mated by;
tion 67 can be used to plot C/C^ versus y, that is, the break
fW
J(w,X) = 1 e"^"^ I (2/ÂT)dÇ
0 °
•V FW
= 1 - e-A-w (e^ e"^ I (2/xT)dÇ)
0
= 1 - e ^e"*0(w,A) (72)
or
J(0,A) = 1 (74)
Since I (0) = 1
J(w,0) = e"*
J ° (75)
72
(77)
Similar to Equation 60
1 _-w-X
J(w,X) = y [1 - HC/w - /X)] + ^«I (i)
^ 1+n^ °
1/2
I T72^ '9'"^ - - :.l/2
ri
(79)
where;
9 fZ _r2
H(z) = erf(z) = — e ^ dç (80)
/iT •' 0
73
i = 2(wX)l/2
:n = If/i)
the values of ri/ and the I^^s will partially cancel each other
two terms are the most important ones and Equation 79 can be
approximated as (12);
1 -w-X -,
J(w,X) = jll - H(v^ - /X)] + ^ ^x)l/4 ] (81)
1/2
Expanding the Bessel function IQ[2(WX) ^ ] using Equation 71
rv 1 r p.- ( /w-/X)^
J(WfX) = S 1 — H ( / w - vOT) + >1 } (82)
2 /F[/T + ^/wX]
From Equation 78
C_ ^ J(gx,ay) (86)
^o J(0x,ay) + e(B-g)x+(A-a)y[i _ j(Bx,Ay)]
C /?[1-H(/Sy>-/Bx)]e^^"^) k.
^- 1 = 2 (88)
/ay + /cTgxy
h.
klCo y - X
- 1 = /? 1 - H y - V V
X
V V
/ïï 1 -
kik2Co
y + yx
V
(kl Cq+kgly
(kiYC^+kjjy vfkiYCo+kg) V
^TTk1 Co+k; V
+ (89)
+ k2)y
V
xy
V
75
and
,2
f(z) = /n fl - H(z)]e^ (92)
tion H(z);
z2
H(z) = 1 - ——- ^ 1 - • •-•A' + — y (93)
z/if 2z 4z •••]
and
f(z) = 1 + ^ (94)
^ ' Zz'' 4z' Sz"
so that,
/ïï ^ f ( z ) ^ 0
f(z) = ^ (96)
_2
f(z) = 2/tt e - fIz I for z < 0
,2
f (-z) = 2/Tr e (97)
find C/Cg. When r > 1, so that both z^ and Zg are greater than
à \/ _ . / E
C _ g V Bx Va (98)
C
à ./^
a V Bx
ay > 3x (99)
and
Ay < Bx (100)
Equation 88 becomes;
^o , _ (/Ây-/Bx) (/gx-/0y) ^
C J- - e
77
or
(101)
C, (A-a)y + (B-3)x
1 + e
r = A/a
s = Bx
t = ay.
£o and C^;
C_ (102)
C. k , r-
V. Ic, X - (YCQ)y
^ Co+r
1 + e
c k,C t"!
1 c ot i
rk,x rk,
o 1 1 o
V 0
c c
1 + e -e
C 1
(104)
C
o
1 + e
v.
t = X - iln (105)
(kC^t)
C_
C
e - 1 + e
where;
C = concentration
X = distance
N. fr
t = - 1 (106)
Co^a ^ " KN o
where;
K = rate constant.
80
between Equation 105 and Equation 106 the "Bed Depth Service
X (DEPTH OF F I L T E R )
Each point on the straight line gives the time and depth of
f X rv
and t exists when C/C^ is. held constant. (Here
^0.7^1.7
â
"d" is the size of the granules in the bed.) To find the
< a
^3 = 1 (107)
a
where ;
I
k, = parameters which depend on the physicochemical
with bed granules ranging in size from 0.88 to 2.2 mm. Unlike
82
the terms on the right hand side of the equation and "v^" in
rate constant k^^ and the initial filter capacity F^. Only
Equation 105 at t = 0.
= kf- - 1 (108)
o
dt = -klCo
Co-C
d
(109)
C(CQ-C) * dt
where;
klCo
(111)
84
a^(c/Cj^)
= k
,
dt2
C 1
pr- = y. Equation 111 is an analogous form of the Equation 53
o
given by Thomas (5).
This k^ value can be compared with the k^^ value obtained from
tion CQ, the approach velocity v^, and the initial porosity
C. Dimensional Analysis
respectively.
where;
3
k^ [=] (L of solution)/(time • mass of suspended solids)
and
ko 1=] (time) ^
or
arr •
at- = - k; v^a'
where;
3
FQ I=J Mass of suspended solids/L
2
k^ 1=] L /Mass of suspended solids
time t values.
5000 r2 = 0.998)
4000
3000
S 2000
»—I
h—
1000
DEPTH (cm)
-1000
-2000
C_
n Slope Intercept r F
C.
[min a
(min)
[cm , gr-mxn
C_ r2
n Slope Intercept
C. ^1 ^o
Filter C_
n Slope Intercept
type C
("in'
&
gr-min
Filter C , . 2
type C~ ^ Slope Intercept r k.
fminl A
(min)
[cm J gr-min
mm £ 2£_
(min)
cm gr-min £
C 2
^ n Slope Intercept r
fel
cm j
(min) l~±
[gr-min ,
'3JL
a
C 2
^ n Slope Intercept r F^
min
cm W") {^) (^)
C
C
0
THEORETICAL
G 2 3 4 5 6
TIME (HR)
Hegg's Run A-22^ data for C/C^ = 0.27. The value was cal
k^ = 619.05 cm^/gr-min.
-4 3
Figure 10 was drawn using the F^ = 9.09 x 10 gr/cm
>^1 = •
A a
THEORETICAL
— A
Aû Y
0.20-,
TIME (HR)
THEORETICAL
0 2 3 4 5 6 7
TIME (MR)
C r2 General rate
n Slope Intercept
Co ^1 ^o coefficient
k = k, X F
min ml of solution cpm 1 o
(min)
cm cpm X mm ml
. —1
mm
Rolf Eliassen et (43) give k values of 0.0117 min for early stages
breakthrough and 0.0390 inin~l for later stage breakthrough.
Filtrate; viruses (p32-iabeled viruses)
Influent concentration: 3.40 x 10^ cpm/ml
Approach velocity; 0,046 cm/min
Author's Figure no: 16
Column no: 1-1
Soil no: 1
Filter media: Soil ?
Bulk density = 1.18 gr/cm
Specific gravity =2.42
Porosity = 0.512.
100
C_
n Slope Intercept
C.
min
cm
(min) \gr-min^
^ [ ^ J
Ç_ n Slope Intercept r2
C, ^o
mini
(min) i fgr
[cm J gr-min I ^ J
C_
n Slope Intercept r F
C,
mm
(min)
& fgr
^cm , gr-min Z
Authors' Authors' C „
Intercept
fig. no. test no. c" "
o
min 2£_
(min)
^cm gr-min
see the effect' of the approach velocity v^, and the amount of
head loss and five diaphram pumps for polymer additions. The
mixer. Part of the water that comes to the constant head tank
was recycled back into the suspension holding tank and the
MIXER
•Q DIAPHRAGM
PUMP FOR
S687 gal
(2600 liter) POLYMER
ADDITION
headless between the point where the influent pipe was con
nected to the filter and the effluent point where the sand bed
the same influent from a common inlet pipe which was connected
was used as the filter media. The depths of the sand beds in
each filter are given in Table 15. The filter depths were
Table 14.
0.24 mg/1.
the runs listed in Table 15, the water that was used in the
was not stable and increased from about 7.8 to 8.8 over a
Moisture 21.45 %
pH 10.85
6.53 98.7
5.59 95.0
5.13 95.1
4.60 90.4
4.20 83.0
3.73 76.8
3.27 62.7
2.80 52.2
2.34 28.9
1.87 14.2
1.40 9.4
each filter.
water column above the sand media, tap water was injected at
the water column on the top of the sand media could visually
pass through the filters and the rotameters were set for the
C/CQ value on these graphs, time versus depth values were read.
straight lines and F^ values were found and for some runs
curves.
obtained in Run 31, one at C/C^ = 0.15 and the other at C/C^ =
0.35 (see Table 16). During this run. Filter C did not give
experiment is greater than the k^^ value obtained from the other
0.90
0.80
OO
0.70
0.40
0.30
0.20
n.io
0.00
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
TIME (MIN)
Fig. 13. Comparison of the theoretical breakthrough curves with the data of Run 31.
115
Curve A Curve B
3 3
C/Co k^ (cm /gr-min) C/Co k^ (cm /gr-min)
E 25.0 10.0
D 34.8 19.0
C 38.8 22.0
B 44.0 24.5
A 50.5 35.0
Intercept = -13.66 (min)
Slope = 0.926 (min/cm)
r^ = 0.967
= 383.50 (cm^/gr-min)
F^ = 2.99 X 10 ^ (gr/cm^)
E 25.0 9.0
D 34.5 17.0
C 38.8 24.5
B 43.0 27.5
A 48.6 45.0
Intercept = -30.13 (min)
Slope = 1.44 (min/cm)
r^ = 0.914
= 363.30 (cm^/gr-min)
Fg = 4.65 X 10 ^ (gr/cm^)
A FILTER A, 50.5 cm
O FILTER B, 44.0 cm
V FILTER C, 38.8 cm
• FILTER D, 34.8 cm
O FILTER E, 25.0 cm
50 60 70 100 no 120
TIME (MIN)
Fig. 14. Breakthrough curves of Run 34a.
THEORETICAL BREAKTHROUGH CURVE
A FILTER A, 50.5 cm
•
"Q Q-
1 1
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 no 120
TIME (MIN)
Fig. 16. Breakthrough curves of Run 34b.
0.9
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
Aa
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
TIME (MIN)
Fig. 17. Comparison of the theoretical breakthrough curve with the
data of Run 34b.
121
E 24.8 13.5
D 34.7 26.0
C 40.0 31.0
B 44.2 61.5
A 50.3 83.5
Intercept = -63,69 (min)
Slope = 2.75 (min/cm)
r^ = 0.87
= 166.92 (cm^/gr-min)
F = 9.14 X 10 ^ (gr/cm^)
E 24.8 17.5
D 34.7 36.5
C 40.0 48.0
B 44.2 68.5
A 50.3 100.0
Intercept = -68.07 (min)
Slope = 3.15 (min/cm)
r^ = 0.931
= 255.53 (cm^/gr-min)
Fq = 10.46 X 10 ^ (gr/cm^)
1.00
û FILTER A, 50.3 cm
0.90 — O FILTER B, 44.2 cm
V FILTER C, 40.0 cm
0.80 • FILTER D, 34.7 cm
O FILTER E, 24.8 cm
0.70 o V
O • V
• o
0.60
0.50
0.40
0.30
0.20
A o 9.
0.10
0.00 1
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120
TIME (MIN)
Fig. 18. Breakthrough curves of Run 35a.
1.00
0.90
—THEORETICAL BREAKTHROUGH CURVE
0.70
0.60
0.50
0.40
0.30
0.20
0.10
0.00
100 no 120
TIME (MIN)
Fig. 19. Comparison of the theoretical breakthrough curve with the data of Run 35a.
1.00
0.90
A FILTER A, 50.3 cm
0.60
0.50
0.40
0.30
0.20
0.10
0.0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120
TIME (MIN)
Fig. 20. Breakthrough curves of Run 35b.
1.0
0.6
0.5 •
0.4 t) 6
0.3
0.2 09,
0.1 A ^
0.0 1 1 1 1 1
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120
TIME (MIN)
Fig. 21. Comparison of the theoretical breakthrough curves with the data
of Run 35b.
126
E 25.0 -
D 33.7 17.0
C 40.0 23.0
B 44.0 29.0
A 50.0 38.0
r^ = 0.987
0 6 0 CD
50 60 70
TIME (MIN)
Fig. 23. Breakthrough curves of Run 38.
0.9
0.8
o<x>
0.6 - O
o<x>
A A
0.5
oo
Û FILTER A, 50.0 cm
0.2 o FILTER B, 44.0 cm
• FILTER D, 33.7 cm
O FILTER E, 25.0 cm
0.0
100 no 120
TIME (MIN)
Fig. 24. Comparison of the theoretical breakthrough curves with the data of Run 38.
130
E 24.6
D 34.4 29
C 40.0 33
B 44.0 34
A 50.0 53
= 4 X 10"3 min"^
0.7
0.6
o o
^ FILTER A, 50.0 cm
O FILTER B, 44.0 cm
V FILTER C, 40.0 cm
• FILTER D, 34.4 cm
O FILTER E, 24.6 cm
J L
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120
TIME (MIN)
.1
.0
100
TIME (MIN)
ig. 26. Comparison of the theoretical breakthrough curve with the data of Run 44.
133
filtration.
water. Even though the sand grains were held in the suspension
wm
Fig. 29. Aluminosilicate particles (Arrow) found in the adsorption
experiments, 3000 X.
138
which describe the system and they are therefore very useful in
practical applications.
I t = ka(a - (4)
The similarity between the mass balance and the kinetic equa
was suggested but the second term of the kinetic equation (the
it was found out that the data for some filtration systems did
140
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500
TIME (min)
Fig. 30a. Effect of on the slope of the theoretical breakthrough
curve.
50
40
30
20
10
•10
CO = 10 X 10-6 G/CM3
•20 V = 10 CM/MIN
1000 CM3/G-MIN
II
•30
C_ ^
0.40
•40 CO
-50 1 1 1/ 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0
X (cm)
Fig. 30b. Effect of on the time-depth straight line.
0.9 Co = 10 X 10~® g/cm^
V =10 cm/min
0.8 k] = 1000 cm^/g-min
0.7
C
0
0.4
0.2
0.0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500
TIME (MIN)
Fig. 31a. Effect of change of F Q on the theoretical breakthrough
curve.
50
40
30
.,3 si!
20
10 to.
-10
C„ = 10 X 10 - 6
Ï
•20
V 10 cm/min
J L 1 1 J L
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5
X (cm)
140
RUN 35a
RUN 34b
100
(2 ml CAT FLOC-T,
r2 = 0.942)
RUN 34a
(1 ml CAT FLOC-T,
r2 = 0.980) j
s:
HH
h-
DEPTH (CM)
-20 — /
-40
-60
-801
160
ORUN 36
Va = 10 m/hr
140
tS- = 0.23
r2 = 0.715
120
• RUN 31
100 Va = 25 m/hr
C = 0.15
'0
80 ,2 = 0.951
o RUN 34a
60
Va = 25 m/hr
= 0.40
40
r2 = 0.967
•
20
0
10-^ ,20, 30 40 50
/DEPTH (cm)
-20 A RUN 38
/ Va = 30 m/hr
7^ = 0.25
;/ /I
-40 I'D
r2 = 0.987
-60
to the first part to cover all the surface area of the solids
in this first portion after which the two parts are mixed
from jar tests can be expected using this method because the
with polymer before the run starts coats the filter media for
VI. CONCLUSIONS
tion for the two basic mass balance and kinetic equations of
was pointed out that some of the prior mass balance equations
were made and the resulting equation that has been derived is
between the time of filtration and the depth of the filter was
the filtration time and filter depth was obtained, the detach
The intercept and the slope of the straight line were used in
cal solution.
slope and intercept of the straight line this method was sug
VII. BIBLIOGRAPHY
VIII. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
of this study.
encouragement.
EQUATION OF FILTRATION
1. Definitions
Volumes ;
Vp = pore volume
Vg = solid volume
V = media volume
m
AREA = A
POROUS
MirnT/\
x + Ax
Volume Ratios;
y Pore volume (The voids of the deposit
_ p _ are not included)
V^Q^ Total filter volume
V V
because O _ = 1 - ^ - and ^^ = E . The solution
P Vg + Vy Vg + Vy P
Mass of solids
p = deposit solids density which is
Ts + Vv
a' = pa
t
= PgCT
because:
^t Ps
2. Derivation
FLOW OF WATER
TOTAL AREA = A
PORE AREA THROUGH
WHICH SUSPENSION FLOWS
AREA OCCUPIED BY
THE SOLID FILTER
MEDIA = (1 - E )A
not contain the mass of the suspended solids inside the voids
Vp. Then we can use e' which contains the deposit void volume
from the surface of the filter as shown in Figures A-2 and A-3,
Solids Solids
in pores in deposit
pores + solids in the deposit) with respect to time and has the
166
dimensions M/t, The right hand side of the equation has the
same units.
3 Va(C X - C x+Ax^
l e C + CT, pj =
at ^ t^ Ax
9(eC' + a.p)
li-
or
a( E C ) , „ 9c'
9t 9t ^a 3x
Note that, in this equation both C' and a ' have the units
(M/L^) and that v^ the approach velocity has the units (L/t).
not constant.
167
= (-3,
e = Eo - "t
e = e - — (A-4)
o p
H = -
1 - C'
P
the volume of the pores (not including the voids), and that the
and g
P = Mass of solids
Vs + Vv
mass of any suspended solids that are located inside the voids
= p'Ct
solids inside the voids of the deposit and we would not have
(A-7)
p- J at
definition of porosity
not contain the mass of any suspended solids inside the voids
V
a s
V.
Tot
Mass of solids
and this is not consistent with the definition of e'. The mass
weight of solids in the pores and voids (if we assume, for sake
Expanding the first term on the left hand side of Equation A-8:
e' = e - a
o
P ae' = _ Be'
Ps 9t 9t
or
ao'
9t pg 9t
9P.
In the above differentiation it was assumed that = 0.
dt
This assumption implies that there is no shrinking of the
W + (Co - g-) § § - - li
s
tains to the total volume of the pores and voids in the deposit,
4#^ + I? = - # IA-11)
(Herzig*s Equation 2)
e, we get ;
= - A'eC (A-14)
a
= =- w
or
do 3e
(A-15)
9t 9t - X 'e
Since,
3a = P 3e
3t
or
C-p 3a = - X ' c
iPEo - e j 9t
Thus,
DC C-p 3a
Dt ^ 1 1= PEo-C "St
(A-16)