WOLAITA SODO UNIVERSITY

COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE

DEPARTMENT OF PLANT SCEINCE

EFFECT OF HAND WEEDING FREQUENCY ON YIELD AND YIELD

COMPONENT OF FABA BEAN AT WOLAITA SODO

BY: DERBIE AYALEW

ID NO: AGR/R/342 /10

ADVISOR: DANIEL SHIMELIS (PHD.)

ASENIOR RESEARCH PROPOSAL

DECEMBER 2020

WOLAITA SODO, ETHIOPIA

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 Table of Contents

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ....................................................................................... iii

LIST OF TABLE ....................................................................................................... i
ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS ................................................................ iv
1 INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................1
1.1. Background of the Study ............................................................................................................... 1
1.2. Statement of the problem ............................................................................................................ 2
1.3. Objective of the study ................................................................................................................... 2

2 LITERATURE REVIEW .......................................................................................3

2.1 Botany ................................................................................................................................................. 3
2.2. Ecological Requirements .................................................................................................................... 3
2.4 Types of Weed Management .............................................................................................................. 4
2.4.1. Mechanical method ........................................................................................................................ 4
2.4.1.1. Weed pulling ............................................................................................................................ 4
2.4.1.2 Mowing ..................................................................................................................................... 4
2.4.1.3 Mulching ................................................................................................................................... 5
2.4.1.4 Tillage ....................................................................................................................................... 5
2.4.1.5 Soil solarization......................................................................................................................... 5
2.4.1.4 Firing ......................................................................................................................................... 5
2.4.17 flooding ...................................................................................................................................... 5

3. MATERIALS AND METHODS ...........................................................................7

3.1 Description of Study Area ................................................................................................................... 7
3.2 Experimental design and treatment procedure ................................................................................. 7
3.3 Data to be collected ...................................................................................................................... 8

4. WORK PLAN AND BUDGET .............................................................................9

4.1Work Plan............................................................................................................................................. 9
4.2 BUDGET ............................................................................................................................................. 10

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6. REFERENCE .......................................................................................................12

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
First and foremost, I thank the almighty God for helping in all my duties. And secondly I highly
indebted to my advisor, Daniel (Dr.) for his encouragement, guidance, contractive comments
and editing the final version. With out his assistance the completion of this work would have ben
impossible

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 LIST OF TABLE

table 1 Experimental design ……….…………………………………7

table 2 work plan…………………….………………………………9

table 3 budget……………………………………………………….10

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 ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS

ANOV as Analysis Of Variance

Cm Centimeter

Kg Kilogram

Km Kilometer

M Meter

T Treatment

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 1 INTRODUCTION
1.1. Background of the Study

Faba bean (Vicia faba L.) is believed to be originated in the Near East and is one of the earliest
domesticated legumes after chickpea and pea. China has been the main producing country,
followed by Ethiopia, Egypt, Italy and Morocco (hailu et al 2014). It is the first among pulse
crops cultivated in Ethiopia and leading protein source for the rural people and used to make
various traditional dishes. According to Central Statistics Agency of Ethiopia 2012/13, Faba
bean takes over 30% (nearly half a million hectares) of cultivated land with an average national
productivity of 1.5 tons ha-1. Ethiopia is considered as the secondary center of diversity and also
one of the nine major agro-geographical production regions of faba bean.

As the faba bean is familiar in Ethiopian feeding culture, the majority of the seed produced
would be consumed domestically and only a smaller percentage of the crop is delivered to the
export market. However, still this small portion of export volume put Ethiopia among the top
broad bean exporting countries of the world (biruk 2009). Amhara and Oromia regions are the
major faba bean producing regions. Within the regions some zones such as West Shoa, North
Shoa, South Wello and East Gojjam are identified as major production areas of faba bean (Biruk
2009). The growing importance of faba bean as an export crop in Ethiopia has led to a renewed
interest by farmers to increase the area under production (Samuel et al 2008). An average
national productivity is 1.5 tons ha-1, while world average grain yields. Previously research
results indicated that weed competition and soil fertility are major constraints of faba bean
production (Ghizaw et al 2000)

Weeds are permanent constraints to crop productivity in agriculture. And they are plant which
compete for nutrient, space, light and exert a lot of harmful effects by reducing the quality as
well as quantity of the crop , if the weed population are left un controlled (Halford et al 2001;
Avial et al 2007). To reduce the cost and risks of intensive weed control the frequency or
intensity of application should be reduced or optimized.

A critical period for weed control are defined as the period in the crop growth cycle during, when
weeds must be controlled to prevent un- acceptable yield losses(Knetevic et al 2002; Ellwood et
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al 2008; Torres et al 2010). In order to provide more pries information for growers critical
periods for weed control should be determined specifically for a particular region by considering
the weed compassion and climatic conditions (Rescan and Swanton, 2001).

1.2. Statement of the problem

Different level of weed infestation affects growth, development and yield, that leads reduction of
productivity and production of faba bean. Faba bean is sensitive to different types of weeds. For
example Bermuda grass and yellow dye are weeds which affect fababean growth and
development. The infestation of weeds affect in different stages of growth. At early stage weeds
compete for light, nutrient, water and it causes the reductions of production .weeds are survive in
everywhere that have ability to grow in fertile or infertile soils. So the growth of weeds is fast
compared to faba bean. Weeds absorb nutrient in the soil rapidly. Due to the prevalence of weeds
the faba bean leaf becomes short and narrow. And then the faba bean cannot perform photoset
this. This leads un able to produce quality pods and leads to yield reduction (Yohannes , 2010).

1.3. Objective of the study

To identify effective hand wedding frequency to control yieald loss on faba bean

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 2 LITERATURE REVIEW

The origin of faba bean is not yet well known. But the domestication probably occurred in the
Eastern Mediterranean region but exactly when and where remain mystery. According to
remains of seeds have been found in an archeological excavation near mozareth in palatine
dating to 6800-6500 B.C. But these are small and could have been from plants. Present day
varieties offaba bean can be divided four main groups (Phillips and RJ1993).

2.1 Botany
Faba bean belongs to the family leguminous and genousvigna is herbaceous annual plant. It has
un branched guard regular ,robust ,70 to 80 cm tall stem with a compound leaves 13 ovate leaf
lets with toothed stipules at the basis .flowers are fairly large ,white with dark purple marking
borne on short pedicles in cluster. thefruit is a flashy pods 10-15 cm long approximately 30%
of the plants in populations are cross pollinated and main insect pollination are bumble bees .the
plant has a robust tap root with numerous branched secondary roots. As many leguminous crops
faba beans are capable of fixing atmospheric nitrogen, which results increase residuals soil
nitrogen for use by subsequent crops (Bond and Poulsen 1983). .

2.2. Ecological Requirements

Faba beans grow best under cool, moist conditions, hot, dry weather is in serious to the crop.so
Planting not before mid October is important during the growing season 6-7 months (180-
210 days ) the optimum temperature ranges between 18 to 27 c in woynadega (mid high altitude
). Faba bean can tolerate nearly any soil type but grow best on well-structured loams and clay
loam soils (McVicar et al., 2013). They do not tolerate water logging, Moderate moisture supply is
necessary for optimum yield. .They are considered to bethe least drought resistant of legume
crops. However, cultivators with high water use efficiency have been developed at IcARDA
(Robert on et al 1996).

All known cultivators require relatively long period of (approximately 20 days) for germination
during this phase (germination phase), seeds must be in constant with moisture until seedling are
well established. Moisture requirement is the height during 9-12 weeks after
establishment(critical period for moisture or water).

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2.4 Types of Weed Management

2.4.1. Mechanical method

It is any physical weed activity that inhibits un wanted plant growth. The control techniques
manage weed populations through physical method that remove injury ,kill or make the
growing conditions un favorable. Some of these methods cause direct damage to the weeds
through complete removal or causing a lethal injury. Other techniques may alter the growing
environment by eliminating light increasing the temperature of the soil or depriving the plant
of carbon dioxide or oxygen (Michael et al 2004)

2.4.1.1. Weed pulling

Pulling methods up root and remove the weed from the soil weed pulling can be used to control some
shrubs, tree sampling and herbaceous plants. Annual and tap-rooted weeds tends to be very susceptible to
pulling .well established perennial weeds are much less effectively controlled because of the difficultly of
removing all of the rooting system and penetrating plant parts. Small her bacons weeds may be pulled by
hand but larger plants may require the use of puller tools like the weed wrench or the root talon. (Michael
et al 2004)

2.4.1.2 Mowing

Mowing cut or sheered the above ground of the weed and can prevent and reduced seed population as
well as restricts the growth of weeds. Mowing can be a very successful control method for many annual
weed. Mowing is the most effective when it is performed before the weeds are able to test seed, because it
can reduce the number of flower stalks and prevent the spread of more seed. Brush cutting and weed
cutting are also mowing techniques that reduce the biomass of the weeds (Michael et al 2004)

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2.4.1.3 Mulching

Mulching is a layer of material that is spread on the ground. Compared with some other methods
of weed control mulching is relatively simple and inexpensive. Mulching smoothers the weeds
by excluding light and providing physical barrier to impede their emergence. Mulching is
successful with annual weeds; however, some perennial weeds are not affected. The
effectiveness of mulching is mostly dependent on the material used. Organic and synthetic
mulches may be used in combination with each other to increase the amount of weeds control.
(Michael et al 2004)

2.4.1.4 Tillage

Tillage also known as cultivation turning over the soil. This method is more often used in
agricultural crops. Tillage can be performed on a small scale with tools such as small hand
pushed rotary tillers on large scale with tractor mounted plows. Generally the younger the weed
is the more readily it can be controlled with tillage. To control mature perennial weeds repeated
tillage is necessary. (Michael et al 2004)

2.4.1.5 Soil solarization

Soil solasization is a simple method of weed control that is accomplished by covering the soil
with a layer clear or black plastic. The plastic is covering the ground traps heat energy from the
sun and raises the temperature and are killed. For this method to be most effective, it should be
implemented during the summer months and the soil should be moist. Using black plastic as a
cover excludes light which can help to control plants that are growing where, clear plastic has
been shown to produce higher soil temperature. (Michael et al 2004)

2.4.1.4 Firing

Burning and flaming can be economical and practical method of weed control if weed control if
used carefully .for most plants fire causes the cell walls to rupture when they reach a temperature
of 45-55C burning is commonly used to control weeds on frosts ditches and road sides burning
can be used to remove accumulated vegetation by destroying the dry matured plant matter as
well as kilning the green new growth. (Michael et al 2009)

2.4.17 flooding

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Flooding is method of control that requires the area being thread to be saturated at a depth of 15-
30 cm for a period of 3-8 weeks the saturation of the soil reduces the availability of oxygen to
the plant roots ther by killing the weed (Michael et al 2004)

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 3. MATERIALS AND METHODS
3.1 Description of Study Area

The experiments will be conducted in Wolaita Sodo University College of Agriculture

department of plant science, Sothern Ethiopia. It is located at 6o49’N and 37o 45’ E and lies on
an altitude of 1483 meters above sea level. The annual average temperature of the zone is 20oc
and the mean annual rainfall ranges from 1200 to 1300mm. The rainfall has a bi-modal
distribution pattern with small rains from March to May and long and heavy rains from June to
September. The zone covers an area of 44,721km2 and found in the altitude range of 1500-2100
ma.sl (Hailu et al., 2011).

3.2 Experimental design and treatment procedure

The experiment will be laid out in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) With three
replications and four treatment . The treatment stretchers will include four levels of weed
management frequency The treatment consists of locally available variety of faba bean will be
plant by drilling in each experimental plots. In the experiment I will be conducted a plot size of
2.25 x2.2m, total plot size will 5.55m2 a distance of 0.5m between plot and 1m between block
will be established and seed will be sown on the row 0.4m apart in inter- row. So, the
experimental field lay out had been 12 plots within the total area coverage of 100.91m2.

T1 = no weeding

T2 = first weeding after 25 days

T3 = two times weeding after 35-40 days

T4 = three times weeding after the crop emerged

Table 1.Experimental design

10.35m

T3 T2 T17 T4
 2.25m

2.22m

0.5

9.75m
T1 T4 T3 T2

1m

T4 T3 T2 T1

3.3 Data to be collected

Data on the following parameters will be collected

 Phonological parameters

 Yield and yield components

 Growth parameters
.

3.5 Data Analysis

The effect of different weeding frequency on the measured parameters will be subjected to
analyses of variance.

If significant effect is detected mean separation using LSD will be cared out at 5% level of
significant parameters.

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 4. WORK PLAN AND BUDGET
4.1Work Plan

N.O Time of implementation

Type of activities Jau Feb mar Apr May

1 Land Preparation X - - -
and land layout -

2 Sowing time - X - -

3 Water/irrigation X X X X

4 Recording day of X
emergence or
taking first data

5 Weed X X
management or
weeding

6 Data collection X X X X X

7 Data analysis and X X

organization

8 Report writing X

9 Final thesis X
Submission

10 Presentation X

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4.2 BUDGET
Stationary expense

No Unit price Total price birr

(birr)
ITEM X unit Quantity

1 Paper NO ½ 130 65

2 Pen NO 2 5 10

3 Scientific calculator NO 1 170 170

4 Binder NO 1 20 20

5 Ruler NO 1 5 5

6 Pencil NO 1 3 3

8 Flash piece 1 130 130

9 Filed not book piece 1 15 15

10 Data collection or - - -
labor cost
piece

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 11 Land preparation or hand 1 50 50
labor cost

12 Labor cost for weeding hand 1 20 20

13 Labor cost or hand 1 50 50

harvesting

14 Labor cost for

threshing
hand

15 Site of observation Day

16 Labor cost for No 1 40 40

watering

17 Allowance for data NO - - -

collection

18 Computer printing Page 2 30 60

and coping

19 Contingency (10%) 118

20 Total 26.5 668 1180

21 Grand total 1298

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