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IMPROVEMENT CAREER

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RESEARCH EDUCATION SOCIETY
(ICR Education Society)
(Registered with Govt. of Madhya Prades~ Jndia)

~A TE 2006
Architecture

Regd. Office: E-4189Arera Colony Bhopal, M.P., India


E-Mail: icr_architecture@redifTmail.com.icr_architecture@yahoo.co.in
icr_architecture@touchtelindia.net
Website : http://www.architectureaptitude.com
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SELF SCORER
GATE 2006
(ARCHITECfURE)

--I
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J I
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J (Forthcoming Revised Edition - March - 2006)
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J Regd. Office: E-4/89 Arera Colony Bhopal, M.P., India


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Q-1 Whichof thefollowingstatementarecorrectfor Colosseum;Italy,Rome;72 A.D ?

a) ThecolumnsofthegroundflooraretheDortc,the firstfloorareIonic,thesecondfloorare
Corinthianandthetopof floorare Corinthianpifaster
b) Thecolumnsof the groundfloorarethe ionic.thefirstfloorare doric,the secondfloorare
Corinthianandthetopoftfoor areCorinthianpiraster
c) The columnsof the groundfloor & firstfloor arethe Doric,& thesecondfloorareCorinthianand
thetop of floorareCorinthianpilaster
d) none

.... Q-2Theword"arena"is Latinfor whichmaterial?

a) Brick b)Sand c) lime d) Bronze

Q-3 Whowerethe firstto buildmadson thefoundationbasis?

a)Greeks b)Britishers c) Roman d)Mughals

- Q-4 In a typicaltownin the RomanEmpire,thewealthypeoplelivedin largehouseswhilethe


ordinaryRomanslivedin blocksofflats called....

a)Townhalls b)countryhouses c) insulas d)forums

Q-5The Hippodromewasan ancientRomandesignto hold.....

a)Horse&chariotracing b)dogandchariotracing c)bullfights d)wrestling

Q 6. Whichof thefo11owing
are notthird-worldregions?

a. LatinAmerica.

b.Asia.

c. Africa.

d.Australia.

Q-7. Whichof thefollowingcountriesare notoewlyindustrializedcountries(NICs)?


a. Taiwan.

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b. NorthKorea.

c, Singapore.

d. HongKong.

Q-8.Whichcountryis nota transitional


economy

a. China.

b.Russia.

c. Hungary.

/' d.Mexico.

Q-9Whichof thefollowingsetsof variablesaffectsthe spacingofjoints in a slabon grade?

€t Typeoffinish, adding
admixture,
andtemperature
b. Insidecorners,vibration,andscreedtechnique
c. Soilconditions,
temperature, andtypeoffinish
d. Insidecorners,soilconditions,
andaestheticconsiderations

Q-10 Howmanyinchesmustroofvalleyflashing overlap?

Q-11Whatis the basicdifferencebetweenultraviolet,visible,andinfraredradiation?


r-
a) half-life
b) temperature
c) wavelength
"""
d) wavevelocity

Q-12The apparentdailypathof theSunchangeswiththe seasonsbecause

a) Earth'saxisistilted
b) Earth'sdistancefromtheSunchanges

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c) theSunrevolves
d) theSunRotates

Q-13Whenis integralcoloraddedto concrete?

a. Atthejobsite
b. Aftertheconcreteispoured
c. Atthebatchplant
d. Within24hours
ofpour

Q-14Whatis thepurposeof usingfelton built-uproofsystems?

a. Toinsulatetheroof
b. Towaterprooftheroof
c. Tocreatea "weldlng8
process
d. Toprovideimpactresistance

Q-15Whatis the minimumdistancea septictank.canbe locatedfroma structure?

a, 5'
b. 8'
c. 10'
d. 12'

Q-16The minimumandthe maximumnumberof baths(aquaducts)in romanarchitectureis...

a)200& 1000 b) 170&900 c) 300&800 d) 550& 300

Q-17The Sumerianslivedalongwhichriver?

a)indus b) nile c) Euphrates d) none

Q-18ThefirstPharaohsQn egypt)builtsimplertombs, called.....

a)Mastabas b)pyramids c)ziggurats d) burials

Q-19whichmodembuildingbrokethe recordof Khufu'sGreatPyramidat gizain termsof height?

a) statue of liberty b) leaingtower ofpisa c) Bffeltower d}Qutubminar

Q-20A minaretis a towerthat Islamicholymencalledmuezzinsclimbin orderto callout the


prayer,five timesa day.Whichofthe givenfeaturesis not presentin it?

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a) It is a tall thin building b) It hasstairsinsideit


c) Smallwindowsto let in daylight d) BalconiesProjectedout

0-21. Ofthewond'spopulation,whatportionlivesin developingcountries?

a. approximately35%.

b. approximately80%.

c. neany10 billionpeople.

d. lessthan 1 billionpeople.

Q-22. In which ofthefoUowingcountrieswouldyouexpectmaterta1


Ufesty\es
to be mostUkethose
in the UnitedStates? .

a.Nigeria.
r
b.Japan.

c.lndia.

d.Mali.

0-23. Whichof thefollowingcould.beconsideredcriticalquestionsin developmenteconomics?

!'t Howdo thepoorest2Ia Ofthe world live?

b. Whatarethemajortheoriesof economicdevelopment?

c. WhatfactorsaffectlabOrskillsinthethirdworld?

d,alloftheab6~are correct

0-24 Ifaflatrectangular
roofmeasures15'x 27',howmanysquaresofroofcoveringisrequired?
a, 4.5
b. 40.5
"""'
c. 405.0
d. 4005.0

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ofuSinga \aminated
Q-25Whatistheprimaryadvantage wal\system?

a. resistancetocracking
b. fewerfastenerstofinish
c. reducedsoundtransmission
d. increasedfireprotection

0-26ThisobjectorbitsEarthin boththeEarth-centered
(geocentric)
andSun-centered
{heliocentric}
modelsofoursolarsystem?

a) theMoon
b) Venus
c) theSun
d) Polaris

0-27 At whichlocationwillthehighestaltitudeof thestar Polarisbe observed?

a) Equator
b) TropicofCancer
c) ArcticCircle
d) centralNewYorkState

Q-28 Whateffectdoeslimehavewhenaddedto soil?

a. Itincreases
thepH.
b. ItdecreasesthepH.
c. Itincreases
thepotassium.
d. Itdecreasesthepotassium

0-29 The standarddeviationof pathtimesis computedas:

a) the sumof the standarddeviationsof all activitieson thepath.

b) the squarerootof thesumof the standarddeviationsof atlactivitieson the path.

c) thesumof thevariancesof all activitieson the path.

d) the squarerootof thesumof thevariancesof all activitieson the path.

0-30 ThefamousHarappanbronzestatuetteof the slender-limbed"dancinggirl" in

a)Mohenjo-daro b)Dholavira c)Barbarian d)Punjab

Q-31 the greatbath atMohenjo-Darowas ....

a) 23ft. long& 40 ft. wide b)40fllong &23fl wide

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c) 30ft. long& 40 ft. wide d) 40 ft. long& 30ft. wide

Q-32IndusValleypeoplehaddrainagesystemsthatledinto......

a) Brick-linedsewers b) stone-linedsewer
e) asphalt-linedsewer d) noneofthese

Q-33The IndusValleycivilizationflourishedaround2,500 B.C.inthe

a) Easternpartof South Asia b) westernpartof South Asia


c) Northernpartof SouthAsia d) Southernpartof SouthAsia

Q-34 The streets of major cities such as Mohenjo-daro or HaraoDawere 'aid outin a

a) zigzagPattern b) perfectgridpattern
c) Circularpattern d) noneof the above

Q-35.Laspeyrestype indexesuseweightsfrom

a, currentperiod

b. base-period.

c. forecasting

d. futureyear

Q-36. Theformulato calculatePaaschepriceindexis (0 is the baseyearand n is the

givenyear)

a. P = rPnqnlLpoqn
"
b.P= rPoqoJrpnqn

c. P = rPnqolLpoqo

d. P = rPnqnJIpoqo

Q-37. Economicgrowthfromcurrentyear (c)to previousyear(p) is givenby

a.[(GDPc- GDPp)/GDPp]*100

b, [(GDPc- GDPp)*GDPpj*100

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c. GNPc-(GDPp*100)

-
d.[GDPp GDPcj*100

Q-38Whichof thefollowingsystemsis usedfor a typicalresidential1-hourfirewall?

a. twolayersof 1/4wdrywall
b. onelayerof 1/2wdrywall
C, onelayerof 5I8wdrywall
d. twolayersof5/8wdrywall

Q-39 Whatis the proportiona1


re1ationship
betweenconductor1engthandconductorsize?

a. resistance
b. impedance
c. capacitance
d. attenuation

0-40Energyistransferred
tromtheSuntoEarthmainlyby

a) molecularcollisions
b) densitycurrents
c) electromagneticwaves
d) redshifts

Q-41Baseyouranswersto this questionon the diagrambelow,whichshowsthetilt of Earthon its


axisin relationtotheSunononeparticularday.

PointsA throughE are locationson Earth'ssurface.PointD is locatedin


NewYorkState.The dashedline representsEarth'saxis.

Whichdiagrambest representsthe angleofthe Sun'sraysreceivedat locationC


at noonon this day?ANSWER-d

--+-
S\.u1'$
direct ______
rays
--Jo>

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a)

b)

c)

d)

042 Highfrequencyvibrationusedtocompactfreshlypouredconcreteresultsin whichof the


following?

a. Higherlateralpressures
b. Fastercuringtime
G, Lowerlateralpressures
d. Slowercuringtime

Q-43 Which of thefoUowingtypesof woodftooringis the softestwood?

a. pine
b. oak
c. maple
d. pecan

Q-44Plantslivingindesertregions:
a) areadaptedtolowwaterlevels
b) aredoomedto die
c) arealltypeofcactus
d) arenotabletosurvivewhenitrains

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0-45 Thepeopleof IndusCivilizationachievedsmallestdivision,whichis markedon an ivoryscale
foundin Lothal.wasapproximately..

a) 1.011mm b)0.001mm
c) 1.704mm d) 1.120mm

046 WhatistheBricksizesratioin IndusCivilization

a) 1:5:10 b\, 10:5:1


. -. - . .
c) 4:2:1 d) 1:2:4

0-47 Thelargestof the Pyramidswasthe ......

a) Tombof kingcheo b} tombof KingCheops


c) Tombof kingneeri d) noneof these

0-48 Thelargestof the Pyramidswas.....

a) 760ft. base& 484ft. high. b) 484ft. base & 760ft. high


c) 660ft. base& 484ft. high. c) 484ft. base& 660ft. high

0-49ThematerialusedINGREATPYRAMID
was

a) limebrickcasedover withflagstone b) limestone cased over with granite


c) limebrickcasedoverwithgranite d) limestone cased over with flagstone

Q-50. All of thefollowingare high-incomecountriesexcept

a,Singapore
b.U.K

c.Japan
d. SouthAfrica

0.51. Whichofthefollowingcountriesis nota low-income


country?
a.Indonesia

b.lndia

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c.Malaysia
d.Nioeria
~- - .."

0-52. Economicdevelopmentrefersto

a. economicgrowth.
b. economicgrowthpluschangesinoutputdistribution
andeconomic
structure.
C, improvement
inthewell-being
oftheurbanpopulation.
d. sustainable
increasesinGrossNationalProduct

a-53 Threeprimaryfactorsdeterminethe sizeandthetypeof rafterto usein construction.Twoof


thesearethedistancespannedandtheweightsupported.Whatis thethirdfactor?

a. the spacingof the rafters


b. the spacingofjoists
c, thetype ofsheetingto be used
d. the heightof thewall

Q-54 What is theinternalaxialtensionforceinthe tensiontie-rodforthetruss shownbelow?

~J;1.SkN

ffiZ7.5kN
Z1.SkN I

t a,,.jaJ tension
27 SIdi
forI ,.

y di8grua

a)55KN b)27.5KN c)OKN d) None

a-55 The apparentrisingandsettingof the Sun,as viewedfromEarth,is causedby

a} Earth'srotation
b) Earth'srevolution
c) theSun'srotation
d) theSun'srevolution

Q-56 Whichgraphbest representsthechangein gravitationalattractionbetweenthe Sunanda


comet as the distance between them increases.?ANSWER-a

a) Distance

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-
U
,... 18
;:e
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('I....
- 5

- b)
Dil>tBnce
..

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c) Distance

d)
ur .' .."......
Distance

Q-57Wheninstallingfencepostswithconcrete,whatadditiveis commonlyusedto expeditetheset


timeof theconcrete?
=
a. Peagravel
b. Lime
c. Calciumchloride
-'
u. Gypsum

Q-58Howmuchslurrywouldbe necessaryto fill a 10'deep,6' diametercesspool?

a. 10.46cubicyards
b. 11.82cubicyards
c. 31.40cubic yards
d. 41.86cubicyards

Q-59Theareaof tombof KingCheopspyramid'is...

a)522,000sqft b) 500,000sqft.
c) 577,000sqft c) noneof these

Q-60Thetermhypostyle
defines.......

a) the ceiling of which is supported by columns b) the ceting of which is supported by beams
c) granite moulding d) inarchitrave

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c. [(GDP2002
- GDP2001)/
GDP2001]*100

g,[GDP2001
- GDP2002J*100

Q-67Findtheeffectivenetareaof thedoubleangleshownbelow.The grossareaof 1angleis 940


mf112 . Assume27 mmdiameterbolthQles.Note:
so the grossareaof the doubleangleis 1880mJT12
the°shearlagO
coefficient,
U :: 0.85for3 boltsperline.
cIIIub/@ engle

,
6nnltlkl.
I
· = . 'D.
,>-~.. .t-~

a) 1400.6mm2 b)1422.6mm2 c)1300~mm2 d)1322.6mm2

Ag = 1880mmz;
-
An = 1880 2(27 x 6) = 1556mrw;
Ae=0.85(1556)= 1322.6 mmz.

Q-68What-design-load,P, can becarried'bythe steelplatesshownbelow?The yieldstress,


Assume 27 mm diameter boltboles.
ay = 275 N/mJT12.

a}400500N b)300500N c)301500N d)40 1500N

~= 200~ 10= 2000~;


-
An = 2000 2(27 x 10) = 1460 mm2;
=
.P = ax A 275 x 1460"= 401500N.

Q-69Whatis the dewpointwhenthedry-bulbtemperatureis 24°Candthewet-bulbtemperatureis


15°C?

a) 8°C
b) -18°C

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Q-70The graphbelowshowsthe averagemontt)lytemperaturesfortwo cities,A and8, whichare


bothlocatedat 41 northlatitude.
0

Whichstatementbestexplainsthedifferencein the averageyear1ytemperaturerangeforthetwo


cities?

32
28
1.0-..
24 r
20
......
"'"' ,A i/
"
'"
W16 - '

1! "0.
",..
j II! "'"..
\
,
:i~ 11>- t.... ..... $#" CI I \' .....

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IF"i'
",,
,

,,

,
,

0
,
J I \
\
... "- /
V
-8 '"

..12
DJ F M A M'J ,,1 A SON 0
Month

a) City8 islocatedin a differentplanetary


windbett.
b) CityBreceiveslessyearlyprecipitation.
c) CityBhasa greateryear1y durationofinsolation.
d) City8 islocatednearalargebodyofwater.

Q-71Howmanydaysdoesittakeforstandardportlandcementconcretetoreachmaximum
strength?

a. 7days
b. 14days
c. 21days
d. 28days

Q-72Flashfloodsin desertareas:

a) aremorecommonthanin humidareas
b) Arealmostnon-existent
c) arelesscommonthanin humidareas
d) noneofthese

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0-73 inwhicharchitecturalstylethe semi-circutararchesto formvaultsanddomesas seenin
Pantheon

a) Greekstyle b) romanStyle c) EgyptStyle d) noneof these

0-74 A low,slopingrooftopsthe buildingwithgables,called...

a) Peristyle b}cella c} Pediment d) mutules


,-

,. 0-75 Acropolisis a.....

a) GreekWord b) romanword c) EgyptWord d) mutules

0-76 The Parthenonis thelargestbuildingon topof the.

a) Acropolis b}metropolis c} neopolis d) none

0-77 The Parthenon is the most important and characteristic monument of the ancient Greek
civilizationandstillremainsitsinternationalsymbol.It is builtin...

a) Doricorderandalmostexclusivelyof Pentelicmarble
b) Ionicorderand almostexclusivelyof Penteficmarble
c;)CQrinthian
orderandalmost exclusively of Pentelic marble
d) tuscanorderandalmostexclusivelyof Pentalicmarble

0-78. Oneclassificationof developmentlevelsusedby theWor1dBankdividescountriesintothree


groupon thebasisof GNPper capita. Theyare

a. NIC,OPECandG7

b. Low-income,middle-incomeandhigh-income

c. Southeast,NortheastandSouthwest

d. Asia,Americaand Europe

0-79. TheWor1dBank'sGNPpercapitaclassificationfor low-income,middle-incomeand high


incomecountriesrespectivelyis

a.lessthan$900, $900-$9,000andmorethan$9,000.

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b.lessthan$5,000,$5,000-$15,000
andmorethan$15,000.

G;lessthan$100,$100-$1,000
andmorethan$1000.

d.lessthan$50,000,$50,000-$150,000
andmorethan$150000.

Q-80. Developmenteconomicsfocusesprimarilyon thepoorest of theworld'sa.


population.

a.two-thirds.

b.one-third.

c.28percent.

d.5percent.

Q-81Findthe load,P, thatcausesan extensionof 1mmin thestructureshownbelow.The


modulusof elasticity,E = 205000N/mfTl2.
Note:extension= PU(AE).

Area.= 2S mm2
CNSS-.5eCIioft E :. 205 000 N/mm2

10m

a) 612.5N b)712.5N c)512.5N d)412.5N

P = (extension)(Ax E)1L = (1)(25x 205000)110 000= 512.5 N.

Q-82Findthestrainof a steel barwiththecross-sectionshownbelow,subjectedto a loadof 10.25


kN.

t 10.25kN

2~
Nlmm21 I

E:20S000NI1M12

stNift
II~I~

II I .t
I I

CfOSS1..~~i~~

J.10'.25kN

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a) 0.0004 b)O.OOO3 c) 0.0005 d)O.OOO6

Strain=oj E = (10250 J100)J205000 :: 0.0005.

Q-83 A mapviewof surfaceair movementin a low-pressuresystemis shownbelow.Theair near


the centerof this low-pressuresystemusuallywill

/" ""
r. t
\ ,'
4
- tr-
/

a) evaporateintoa liquid
b) reversedirection
c) riseandformclouds
d) squeezetogethertoforma high-pressure
system

0-84 Cloudsusuallyformwhen
"'-'Y"';'

a) airtemperaturereachesthedewPOtnt
b) evaporationhaswarmedthesurroundingair
c) relativehumidityis0%
d) condensationnucreihavebeenremovedfromthe air

0-85 Whenusingstuccofinishas,~idh ofthefollowingisTRUE?

a. ItcannotbeapplieQtosmooth,densesurfaces.
b. Itmaybeusedforbo1hinterior andexterior.
G, Itmaybe~das a basecoatforKeene's.
d. ThefiniShcoatsgenerallyrequirelessaggregate
thanthebasecoats

Q-86 Whict! ofthefon'owingadmixturesshouldbe addedto acce\erateconcretesetting?

a. Sodiumchloride
b. Sodiumcarbonate
c.P~tassium chloride
d. Ca1cftJm
chloride

Q-87In a gravityflowleachfieldsystemusingperforateddistributionpiping,whereare perforations


ioeated?

a. Atthetopofthepipe
b. Atthesidesofthepipe

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c. Atthebottomofthepipe
d. Allaroundthepipe

0-88 whichcolumnswere seenin ancientGreece?

a) Doric and Ionic b}Doric c} Corinthian


and Ionic d} Corinthian

Q-89Whichcolumnswereseenin ancientroman?

a) DoricandIonic b) Doric c) Corinthian


andIonic d)Corinthian

0-90 Whichperiodis definedthe PaleolithicAge?

a) up to 20,000 BC b}up to 10,000BC c}up to 30,000BC d} noneof these

Q-9i Whichperiodis definedtheMesolithicAge?

a) upto 20,000BCto 7000BC b) up to 10,000to 20000BC


c) upto 30,000BC d) none ofthese

0-92 Whichperiodis definedthe NeolithicAge?

a) upto7000BC TO500BC b}up to 10,000 to 20000BC


c) upto30,000BC d) noneof these

0-93. Thepoorestregionof thewor1dis

a. the MiddleEast

b. sub-SaharanAfrica.

c.Asia.

d. LatinAmerica.

0-94. Whichof thefallowingcharacteristicsaremastlikelyfoundin developingcountries?

a. high papulation growthrates.

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b. largenumberof peoplelivingin poverty.

c, verytraditionalmethodsof agriculturalproduction.

d. allof theabove

Q-95. Whichof thefollowingcouldnotbe considereda majoreconomicsystem?


'"
a. capitalism.

b. communism.

c. socialism.

d. physicalqualityof life index,

Q-96Findthesecondmomentof area(momentof inertia,I) aboutthex-axis.

x. -x
so

~ 200

r a) 250x 10Smm4 b) 350x 10Smrn4 c) 550X 106mm4 ) 150X106mm4

SubtractIx for .smallrectangles.fromIxfor .big rectangles..

!x=200(300)3112.150(200)3112
= {450-100);x1()6=350x 10&mm+

Q-97 Find the elasticsectionmodulus,lx.

x.

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a)301.4crw b)501.4crw c) 201.4crw d) 101.4crw

Firstfindmomentof inertia.,I, for thesection;thendividebythe distancefromthe neutralaxisto the


extremefibre,c.

ix = 50(50);, /12 + 50 (150);, /12 + 50 (50);, /12 = 1510.42 x 1CJf mm4;

b..= Ix/ c = 1510.42x 1Q4 mm4/75mm= 201389mrw,or 201.4crw

0-98 Themapbelowshowssomefeaturesalongan oceanshoreline.!nwhichgeneraldirectionis


thesand beingmovedalongthis shorelinebyocean(longshore)currents?

_ -_.,
0' ..'
"V'...,-; i
!
j

a) northeast
b) southeast
c)
- , northwest
d) southwest

Q-99Whichfactorhasthe greatestinfluenceon theweatheringrateof Earth'ssurfacebedrock?

a) localairpressure.
b) angleofinsolation
c) ageofthebedrock
d) regionalclimate

0-100Whichofthefollowingareclosegrainhardwoods
commonly
usedaskitchencountertops?
a. birCh
ormaple
b. mapleoroak
c. oakorbirch
d. mapleorcherry

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" SET - 2 / 15
-
'"'
- SELF SCORER
- GATE 2006
(ARCHITECTURE)
-.

(2005)
(Forthcoming Revised Edition - March - 2006)

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a) folding
b) faulting
c) deposition
d) vu1canism

0-12 HowarelatitudeandlongitudeHnesdrawnOna globeof Earth?

a) Latitudelinesareparallelandlongitudelinesmeetat the poles.


b} Latitudelines are para\\eIand \ongib,ldelines meet atthe equator.
c) Longitudelinesare parallelandlatitudelinesmeetat thepoles.
d) Longitudelinesare paralletandlatitudelinesmeetat theequator.

0-13 Whichmaterialsare (not)usedin makingsaddles?

a. Linen,canvas,serge b. woodandleather c. rubberandcork d. Iron&steel

Q-14Whatarethetwo mostabundantelementsby massfoundin Earth'scrust?

a) aluminumandiron
b) sodiumandchlorine
c) calciumandcarbon
d) oxygenandsilicon

0-15 Whatis theMAXIMUMspeedallowedforan elevatorwithspringbuffer?

a. 100FPM
b. 150FPM
c. 200FPM
d. 300FPM

Q-16 The ByzantineEmpiredid notexperiencetheconftictsbetweenchurchandstatethat were


common in medieval Europe because..

a. thespreadof literacydestroyedthepowerofthe Byzantinechurch.


b. mostof the populationof theByzantineEmpireconvertedto Islam.
c.theByzantine churchwastooweakto becomea sourceofpower.
d. the Byzantineemperorplayeda directrolein theadministrationof the church

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Q-17Whichagriculturalpracticecontributedto the prosperityof the IncaEmpire?

g, useof a wheeledplow. b.terracingof mountainslopes.


c. reclamation of swampland. d. relianceon cattleandsheep

Q-18The SongDynastyin Chinawas broughttoan end inthethirteenthcentury'by...,

g, an extendedcivilway. b. theMongolinvasion.
c. economic collapse. d. a militaryrevolt

Q-19The JustinianCodecompiledduringthetimeof the Byzantinefhlpire servedto..

a, establishtheprinciplethatthe ruleris subjectto the law",


b. createa distinctseparationbetweenchurchandstate.
c. preserveRomanlegalprinciplesandpractices.
d. introduceIslamiclegaltraditionsto WesternEurope.

Q-20ArchaeologistsbelievethatMayancitiesservedprimarilyas

a.seaports. b.agriculturaf
areas. t..fortresses. d. religiouscenteres

Q-21.Infantmortality

a. is definedas the annualnumbecof4eBthsofinfant under1year old per 1,000live births,

b. reflectsthe availability.Ofprimaryeducation,the rightsof employmentandsocialsecurity.

c. is lifeexpectancyupto age3.

d. reflectsthe availabilityof hospitalsandchildcarefacilities,andtheparents'wealth.

Q-22.
INFANTMORTALITY
LIFEEXPECTANCY
ADULTLITERACY
RATE

The three measure of welfare indicatorsabove comprise


the

a. PurchasingPowerParity.

b. PhysicalQualityof LifeIndex.

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c. HumanDevelopmentIndex.

Q,The Laspeyresindex.

Q-23.The HumanDevelopmentIndex(HDI)summarizesa greatdealof socialperfunnancein a


singlecompositeindex,combining

a. disparityreductionrate. humanresourcedevelopmentrateandthe compositeindex.

b.longevity,educationandlivingstandard.

c. minimumschooling,adultliteracyandtertiaryeducationalattainment

d. humanresourcetraining,developmentand R&D.

Q.24 Howmanysquarefeetof tile is neededfor an areathatmeasures2-1/2"by 48on a planthat


is 1/8"scale?

a. 10sq.ft.
b. 160sq.ft.
c. 576sq.ft.
d. 640sq.ft.

Q-25Thesymbol.0. representswhichof thefollowingglazingunits?

a. revolvingdoor
b. spandrelpanel
c. fixedpanel
Q, slidingdoor

Q-26 An airplanetakes offfroma locationEdn8s latitudeandfliesto a newlocation558due north


ofitsstartingpointWhatlatitudehastheplanereached?

a) 288N
b) 38°N
c) 55°N
d) nON

Q-27 The systemofnnesusedto locatea certainplaceon Eartharecalled...

a) latitudesystems
b) coordinatesystems

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c) greatcirclesystems
d) axissystem

0-28 Comparedto felsicigneousrocks,maficigQeousrockscontaingreateramountsof

1. whitequartz
2. aluminum
..... 3. pinkfeldspar
4. iron
"
0-29 Whatis the MAXIMUMhorizontalclearanceon therearof an existingelevatorcar topwithout
guardrails?

a. 18"
b. 24"
c. 36"
d. 48"

0-30WhichinventionaidedMartinLutherin hisstrugglesagainsttheRomanCatholicChurch?

a.the printingpress b.thecrossbow c.gunpowder d.the flyingbuttress

Q-31in the mixingof pigments,a tintof a givencolouris cratedby adding.

a)black b) thecolor'scomplement c) white d) an analogouscolor

0-32 Whichancientcivilizationestablishedthebasisof westerndemocracy?

a) Phoenician
b) Egyptian
c) Sumerian
d) Greek

0-33 TheAncientGreekcity-stateof Sparta..

a) wasprimarilyconcerned
withthehealthoftheirpeople
b) wasa powerfulmilitarystate
c) granteduniversal
suffragetotheirpeople
d) placedgreatemphasisonliteratureandtttearts

...

0-34 Whichsocietalconditionwasbasicto thedevelopmentof Greekphilosophyand Renaissance


art?

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a) rigidsocialclasses
b) emphasis onindividualism
c) religiousuniformity
d) masseducation

0-35. Longevityis a proxyfor in the HumanDevelopmentIndex

a. healthandnutrition.

b. livingstandard

c. infantmortality

d. PurchasingPowerParity

Q-36.Whichofthe fo\\owingis notoneof theNew\y\ndustriaUzed


Countries(NICs)?

a.Japan

b. SouthKorea

c.Taiwan

d.Singapore

0-37. Accordingto the text basicneedsinclude

a. food,clothingandbousing.
b. health,educationandqualityhousing.
c. adequatenutrition,primaryeducation,health,sanitation,watersupplyandhousing.
d.longevityandliving standards.

0-38. Whatis thevolumeof a hole120feet long,30feetwide,and6 feet deep?

~: 500cubicyards
b. 800cubicyards
c. 1,200cubicyards
d. 1,300 cubicyards

0-39 Whereis the greatestbendingforceof theearthon a cantileverretainingwall?

a) At thetopof thewall

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b.Halfwaydownthewall

c.Two-thirdsof the waydownthewall

d.Atthe bottomof thewall

Q-40Whichreferenceline passesthroughboththe geographicNorthPoleandthe geographic


SouthPole?

a) 0°latitude
b) 0°longitude
c) Tropicof Cancer{23.5°N}
d) TropicofCapricorn(23.5°8)

Q-41Accordingto the Ealth ScienceReferenceTables,theequatorialradiusof the Earthis


approximately

a) 637km
b) 6370km
c) 63700km
d) 637000km

Q-42The graphbelowshowstherelationshipbetweenmassandvolumefor threesamples,A, B,


andC, of a givenmaterial.Whatis the densityof this material?

a) 1.0g/cmJ
b) 5.0g/cmJ
c) 10.0g/cmJ
d) 20.0g/cmJ

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Q-43Whichsamplebestshowsthe physicalpropertiesnormallyassociatedwithregional
metamorphism?

,. Sample A SampteB Scm1pleC Sarnp)eD

a) SampleA
b) SampleB
c) SampleC
d) SampleD

Q-44Wheninstallinginsulationin theinteriorof a duc~whichof hefollowingcharacteristicsof


insulationwouldbe MOSTeffectivein reducingsoundtransmission?

a. density
b. porosity
c. elasticity
d. ductility

Q-45OnesimilaritybetweenAxum,.
Kush, andNubia wasthattheywe",,,

a) militaryleadersintheNeouthio Age
b) riversalongwhich.~arly tradedeveloped
c) writersofepicp~ ~boutGreekcities
d) earlycMlizations inAfrica

Q-46Afterthefait-ofRome,theeasternportionoftheRomanEmpirebecameknownasthe"

a) Persran~mpire
b) Byzantine
empire
c) MongolEmpire
d) ~upta-Empire

Q-47 Which conclusioncanbe drawnfroma studyof theear1ycivilizationsof Axum,Kush,Maliand


Songhai?

a) theseAfricansocietiesflourishedatthesametime
b) farmingwasmoreextensive intheNileRiverValleythanit wasintheFertileCrescent
c) theNeolithicRevolution occurredinAfrica
d) thesesocietieshada longandrichhistorybeforetheirfirstcontactwithEuropeans

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Q-48A majoreffectofthedeclineoftheRomapEmpirewasthatWesternEurope..

a) cameunderthecontroloftheMuslims
b) wasabsorbedbytheByzantine Empire
c) returnedtoarepublican
formof government
d) entereda periodofchaosanddisorder

0-49 Whichcharacteristicwascommonto theGoldenAgeof Greeceandthe ItalianRenaissance?

a) a strongmititaryledto nationalunity
b) writtenconstitutions ledtotheestablishment ofdemocratic governments
c) prosperity ledtothecreationofmanyworksofart
d) politicalinstabifity
feddirectlytotheformationofunifiednation-states

0-50. Imitatinglaborstandardsfromrichcountriesin LOCsmayincrease

a. equality.

b.poverty.

c. employment

d. humandevelopment.

0-51. Whichof thefollowingdid MahatmaGandhi,non-violentpoliticianandleaderof India's


nationalistmovement,notadvocate?

a. villageeconomicdevelopment

b. handicraftproductionandlabor-intensivetechnology.

c. centralizeddecisionmaking.

d. reductionof materialwants.

0-52 HowhastherelativegapbetweenGNPper capitafor WesternEuropeandGNPper capita


for Africanless-developedcountrieschangedfromthelate nineteenthcenturyto the present?

a.declined.

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b.increased.

c, remainedthe same.

d. cannotbe determined.

Q-53Whatwouldbe mosteffectivein reducingthedeftectionof a uniformly-loaded,


simply-
supportedbeam?

a) reducingtheloadby 10%
b) reducingthe spanby 10%"
c\
_,incre . th moman0
_aslOge rtia,I, by 10017Q
t f lOe
d) allof theaboveareequallyeffective

Q-54Findtheplasticsectionmodulus,Sx.

o
N

::>
I£) C)
....
C)

x x
20 2o
- .--....

100

a) 340 000 mfTIJ b) 342000 mfTIJ c) 540 000 rT1lW d) 340009mrw

The plasticsectionmodulusis the 1st momentof areaaboutthe neutralaxis,or.

Sx= 2[20x 100x 6] + 4[50x 20 x 25]= 340000mfTIJ

Q-55At whichlocationwouldan observerfindthe greatestforcedueto the Earth'sgravity?

a) NorthPole
b) NewYorkState
c) TropicofCancer(23.5N)
d) Equator

0-56Thewatersphereoftheearthis knownasthe
a) atmosphere
b) troposphere

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c) lithosphere
d) hydrosphere

0-57 Compared todullandroughrocksulfaces,shinyandsmoothrocksulfacesaremostlikelyto


causesunlightto be

a) reflected
b) refracted
c)
-, scattered
d) absorbed

Q-58 When is the best time to remove thatch bOOdup in a coot season lawn?

a. Midtolatewinter
b. Midtolatesummer
c. Midtolatespring
d. Midtolatefall

Q-59A majorimpactof AncientGreeceand Romeon WesternCivifizationwas that..

a) the GreeksandRomanssucceededin achievinga classlesssociety,whichwaslater


copiedin WesternEurope
b) GreeksculptureandRomanarchitecturewere much admiredandcopiedin the 18th and
19th centuries
c) Greeceand RometransmittedIslamicphilosophyto the areastheyconquered
oj GreekandLatinarestiRwidelyspokenin universitiesthroughoutthe West
0.60 Which historicaleventsarein thecorrectchronologicalorder?

a) Crusades->Renaissance ->NeolithicRevolution
->RomanEmpire
b) RomanEmpire.> NeolithicRevolution.>Crusades.>Renaissance
c) Renaissance.>NeoIithic
Revolution
->Crusades
-> RomanEmpire
d) Neolithic
Revolution
->RomanEmpire->Crusades ->Renaissance

Q-61 Both Japanand\ndonesia


aremadeupof-achainofislandscalled

a) anarchipelago
b) a peninsula
c) a delta
d) anatoll

Q-62Theterm-LatinAmerica"mostaccuratelyrefersto the..

a) areasofthe WesternHemispheresouthof the UnitedStates


b) countriesthatbelongtothe Organizationof AmericanStates
c) continentsof NorthandSouthAmerica
d) countriesthat havecloseeconomictieswithSpain

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0-63 Whichgeographic
factorhashadthemostinftuence
onPoland'shistoricalandcultural
development?
a) asevereclimate
b) vastdepositsofoil
c) locationonthegreatEuropean
Plain
d) a ruggedcoastfine

0-64.Keiretsurefersto

a. groupsof affiliatedcompanieslooselyorganizedarounda largebank.


b. horizontalmanufacturinggroupsconsistingof a corecompanyandits partners.
c. state-assistedentrepreneurs.
d. financialcliques.

0-65. Asiantigersor newlyindustrializingcountries(NiCs)of EastandSoutheastAsia includethe


followingexcept

a. SouthKorea.
b.China.
C, Taiwan.
d.Singapore.

Q-66.During the first twenty-five years after WorldWar ". indusmaUzation


in KoreaandTaiwan
benefited from the following except

a. Japanesecollaboration.
b. UnitedStatesaid.
c. capitalinftows.
d. rapidlygrowingdemandfor manufacturedgoodsinAsia.

DiRECTIONS:Rnd reactions, shear and moment diagrams:

3klft.

r\ t::7
\ai-V I

a) at A = 27.0, B= 50.0 b) at A= 27.3, B = 50.7


c) at A = 27.6, B = 50.5 d) at A = 27.7, B = 50.3

HINT)
Reactions:
.;>IMa=V A(20') - 78(7) = 0
V A = 27.3k

.t!PY= 27.3 + VB - 78 = 0
VB = 50.7k

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21.3

32.7

Areas .
124.2

Q-68

a) at A= 25, B = 35 b) at A = 27, B = 37

c) at A = 27, B =33 d) at A = 25, B = 33

HINT)

reactions:
.~2M9= V A(20) - 24 (IS) - 36(5) =0
VA=27k
10'
T T
-tIPv=27 + VB - 24 -36 = 0
VB= Ilk
at -t
_33
Arus = 30

t-
1351

so

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Q-69Whichstatementprovidesthe bestevide[lcethatthe Earthhasa nearlysphericalshape?

a) Thesunhasa sphericalshape.
b) Thealtitudeof Polaris(N.
Star)cha,nges
withtheobserver's
latitudeintheNorthern
Hemisphere.
c) Startrailsphotogra,phed
overaperiodoftimeshowacircularpath.
d) Thelengthof noontime shadowschangethroughout theyear.

Q-70Thelatitudeofa pointintheNorthernHemisphere
maybedetermined
bymeasuring
the

a) apparent diameterofPolaris
'" b) altitudeof Polaris
c) distancetotheSun
d) apparentdiameterof\heSun

Q-71Whichsedimentary
rockis mostlikelyto bechang~dtoslateduringregionalmetamorphism?

a) breccia
b) cong'omerate
c) dolostone
d) shale

Q-72Baseyouranswersto this questionon thepjeturesof fourrocksshownbelow.Magnified


viewsof therocksareshownin thecircles.WhlCh~roc~
is metamorphicandshowsevidenceof
foliation?

Rook1 Rock I

B$nd$Ofcoarse
Intergrown CMtals
of variOl.s$ .$IZe$

Rock3 RockA
fnlergrown~'''' 1n1ef'g\"OWt\
c:.tY~.~.
less than 0.1 em in.SIZe ~ 2.0 em instz;e

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a) Rock1
b) Rock2
c) Rock3
d) Rock4

Q-73 Whichofthemcannotact as a DesignElementwhi1edoinga landscape of anysite?

a) Plants& Landforms b) SiteAmenities& InertMaterials


c) Circulation& WaterFeatures d) None

r Q-74Aneffectof a mountainoustopographyon tncaandChinesecivilizationswasthe


developmentof..

a) industrialization
b) single-cropeconomy
c) desalinization
projects
d) terracefarming

Q-75 Many peop1ein Southeast Asia hope for the timely arriva1 of the summer monsoons each year
because..

a) floodsaretheonlywaytowatertheirfarmlands
b) dailytemperatures oftenreach100degreesFahrenheit
c) littlerainhasfallenformanymonths
d) oasesprovidewaterfornomadicherders

0-76Whichgeographic
factorhascontributed.
mosttotheeconomic
growthof Japan,Egyptand
GreatBritain?

a) varietyof naturalresources
b) reliableamountofrainfall
c) abundance ofarableland
d) accesstoimportant watelWays

ofthe early rivervalley


Q-77 Which geographic factor was most importantto the deve10pment
civilizations?

a) fertilesoils
b) highmountains
c) vastdeserts
d) smoothcoastJines

Q-78SingaporeandHongKonghavebecomemajoreconomicpowersbytakingadvantageof
their..

a) abundantmineralresources
b) importedcheaplaborfromJapan

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c) profitsfromagricultural
surpluses
d) favorablelocationoninternational
traderoutes

Q-79.Onwhatdidthe Russian-Sovietdevelopmentmodelof growthnotdepend?

a. divertingsavingsfromagricultureto industry.

b. state-assistedentrepreneurs.

c. state-monopolized
trading.

d. marketsfor allocatingresources.

Q-80. Morethanseventypercentof thepopulationof fastgrowerslivesin

a.China.

b. UnitedStates.

c. Russia.

d. Europe.

Q-81. Basedon the 2002populationsurvey,fourof thefive mostpopulouscountriesinclude

a. Russia,Pakistan,Bangladesh,andNigeria.

b. China,India,Indonesia,andBrazil.

c. Russia,China,India,andSouthAfrica.

d. China,Russia,Mexico,andIndonesia,

Q-82Findthe governingtotalloadanddurationof loadfactor(CD)forthe 2ndfloorwoodbeamand


girder;andthe 1st and2ndfloorwoodcolumnsshownbelow.Assume:

· libraryoccupancy
withliveload=200pst.
· deadloadisweightofflooronly;use6"thickconcreteslabweighing145pcf(poundsper
cubicfoot).
· snowload(roofonly);:: 40pst.
· noliveloadreduction
applies(whynot?)

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2I1!fJoor column

1st f100r aolum.n

8ectiD1
32' 24'

. . . . I
r
I I I I I I I I
typicalbem.
-
00
.--
. . . +-+
co1um.n location

r
CD
.-I

SOLUTION

dead load = 145 (6/12) = 72.5 psf


live load = 200 psf
Beam:
live and dead loads only; CD= 1.0.

total load on beam 2180 x 18 = 39.240#


""

:I39,2'10#
I

w = ('2.5 + 200)(8) = 2180 Wft

Girder:

live and dead loads only; Co = 1.0.


r
concentrated load P can be found trom beam reactions, or use tributary area:
P = (72.5 + 200)(18 x 8) = 39.24G#

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2nd fl. Column:
snow and dead loads only; CD== 1.15.

S + D = 40 + 72.5 ;: 112.5 psf(snow + dead loads)


load on column, P - 112.5 x trib. area. 11.2,5 (18 x 28)'" 56.700#

1It fl. Column:


test load combinations (per square foot):
1) S + D + L = [40 + 72.5(2) + 200]/\.15 =
.335 with CD = 1.15
2) D + L = [72.5(2) + 200]/1.0 =
345 with CD =
1.00

case 2) governs, so load on 2ndfl. column is.


P = (governing load, unmodified by CD) x (tributary area) = [72.5(2) + 200][(18 x 28)] =
173.880#

Q-83Findthetotalloadon thecolumnsshownbelow:

.
·
Includeliveloadreduction.
Assumeofficeoccupancy andsteelstructure(NOdurationofloadfactor).
· Assumetypicalsteelfloorsystemandpartitionallowance
forallfloors(exceptnopartitions

. onroof).
Do notincludeanylive load,snowload,or windloadfor roof.

40'

SOLUTION

LL = 50 psf
DL = 47 psf(roof)
DL = 47 + 8 = 55 psf(typ. floors)

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4th fl. column:
dead load only: load on column == (unit load)(tributary area) = 47(40x25) -- 47,000# = 47k

2ndfl. column:
Live load influence area, At ...(8OxSO)X (2\floors) = 8,000 sq. ft.
reduction coeff. = .25 + 15/(8000112)= 0.42
use live load'" 0.42 (50)'" 2.Ln.§f
-
loads(pst) LL DL
roof 47 I
total live + dead load = 42 -+ 157 =1199psf
-- - 4thfl - - --r -21 55 load on column == (unit load)(tributary area) =
3rd fl ., 21 55 199(40x25) = 199,OQO#= l~gk

-- TOTAL
- - - r- 42- - 157

Q-84Ifthedeepestpartsoftheoceanareabout10 kilometers
andtheradiusoftheEarthisabout
6400kilometers,
thedepthoftheoceanswouldrepresentwhatpercentofthetheEarth'sradius?

a) lessthan1%
,..... b) about5%
c) about25%
d) morethan75%

- 0-85 The true shapeof the Earth.is best describedas a

a) perfectsphere
b) perfectellipse
c) slighUyoblatesphere
d) highlyeccentric~\pse

Q-86In thecartoonbelow,LucygivesUnusincorrectinformationaboutpebbles.
,-...
If Lucywanted'1ogiveUnuscorrectinformationaboutpebbles,whichstatementwouldbe most
r accurate?

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- a)
b)
developedextensive
emphasized
writingsystems
equalityineducation
c) established
monotheisticreligions
d) encourageddemocratic participation
in government

0-92 Oneresultof the NeolithicRevolutionwas..

- a) an increaseinthenumberofnomadic
tribes
b) a relianceonhuntingandgatheringforfood
c) theestablishmentofvillagesandtheriseofgovernments
?
0) a decreaseintradebetweenculturalgroups

0-93. Whyhasmoderneconomicgrowthmainlybeenin westerncountries?

-
?

a. a £trong Catholic church interventioninthe ecoMmic decisions.

b. an emphasison traderestrictions.

c. the useof the medievaleconomy.

d. the rise of capitalism.

0-94. Perestroikainthe SovietUnionrefersto

a. total market reliance for resource allocation.

b. economicrestructuringby Gorbachev.

c. intensifiedcentralplanning.

d. none of the above.

0-95. Twocountriesthatstillrelyon the Sovietcommunistmodelof developmentare

a. GhanaandNigeria.

b. Poland and Germany.

c. Cuba and NorthKorea.

d. ChinaandHongKong.

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Tension

From Table A-3.1~ Ft = 650 ps~ CF;:: 1.0~eM" 1.0~CD = 1.15


F't = 650 (1.0) (1.0) (1.15) = 747.5 psi

stress = force/area; so required area, A = force/stress


required net ar~ An = force I (adj. allow. stress) = 116,000 1747.5 = 155 in2

Two lines of bolts remove area trom the cross-section, depending on section dimensions;
Assume nominal 10" width, with 3/4" + l!~"bolt holes;
Thi$ means we need to add in 2 (9.5 x 7/8)~ 16.625 in2

So:
required gross area = 155 + 16.625 = 172in2
Consulting table A-4.1 we select a 14 x 14 with A= 182.3 in 2
Check actual net area with width of 13.5" (!1Q19.5")
. 2
An = (13.5 x 13.5) - 2(13.5 x 7/8) =182.3" 23.6 = 158.7 in
Since actual An ~ required An = 155 in2,
14 x 14 is OK.

Q.97 lS'
.... 15'
4V --
15'

(D+S) roof comt.:D. Joe_wI.


/' -.{

-
\
/
2Iui floor eo1uL:a in

1st Ooor'Co1u.n -
Assume:

·
.· dead load(D)== 30 psf, allfloorsand roof
live load (L) 80 psf, floors 1, 2, and 3.
use live load reduction.

· =
snow load (S) 10 psf, roof only.

a) design 1st-floor column, assuming SPF (South) No.1, pin-ends, and an unbraced
length = 12'-0".
b) design 2nd-floor column, assuming SPE (South) No.1, pin-ends, and an unbraced
length = 10'-0".

SOLUTION
1. a) 1st-Door column
Fe = 625 psi (assumepostsandtimbers);
Adjustments: CF = CM = 1.0; To find CD:test load combinations,but need to find reduced
live load first:

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- ---
,.

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Ai = (3Ox30)x 2 floors = 1,800 sq.ft.


reduction coefficient,.".25 + 15/ (1800)1/2,."0.6;
reduced live load, L 80(.6)'" 48 psf

·
·
·
(S + L + D)/1.15"" [10 + 2(48) + 3QO)] /1.15"" 170
(L + D)/1.0 ""' [2(48) + 3(30)] / 1.0""188
second case governs, so CD= 1.0 with total load on column (i.e., load per sq. ft
times tributary area) = [2(48) + 3(30)](15 x 15) = 41.850#.

To select cross-section, first assume Cp; for examp1e,assume Cp = 0.7. Then, Pc =


625(1.0)(0.7)"" 437 psi.
Required area, A ==P / F'c==41,850 / 437 = 95.7 in2.
Select 1Ox12with A = 109.3 in2and chet;k using actual value ofCp, found as follows:
-
~,

· F*c = 625(1.0) ,." 625 psi


· FCE = 0.3(1,200,000)
/ (12x 12/ 9,5i = 1567
· A = (1 + 1567/625) / (2 x 0.8) = 2.'19
. B = (1567/625) / (0.8) = 3.13
. Cp=2.19-(2.192-3.13)112=0.9.

Since actual Cpis greater than that assumed, the 10x12 will work; the question is whether
a smaller cross-section will work.
Check next smaller size: a IOxIO.
Find actual value ofCp for a lOx10 --> same calculations as for a lOx12, so Cp= 0.9 as
before.
P'c = (F*c)(Cp)= 625(0.9) = 562.5 psi;
Capacityof 1Ox10 "" (562.5)(9.5x 9.5) "'"50,766# which is adequate for the calculated
loads.

Note that the next smaller size, an 8xl0, willNOT work since, even with Cp =0.9, the
capacity ofan 8xl0 is (562.5)(7.5 x 9.5) iii'40,078#which is less than the calculated
loads. Additionally,the Cp factor will be smaller for an 8xlO, further reducing the
capacity.
The correct answer is therefore a lOxIO.

1. b) 2nd-floor column: Same procedure as for 1st-floor column, but need to re-calculate
reduced live load and CD:

Ai = (30x30) x 1 floor = 900 sq. ft.


reduction coefficient,.".25 + 15/ (900)112= 0.75;
reduced live load, L =80(.75) = 60 psf

·· (S + L + D)/1.15 [10 + 60 + 2(30)] / 1.15 = 113


"'"

(L + D)/1.0 -= [60 + 2(30)] / 1.0 = 120

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Q-6As theroofangleincreasesfrom30-degreesto 60-degrees,snowloadis assumedto:

a} Increase; b) decrease; c) stay the same; d) noneof the above

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