A New Receiver Front-End For Simultaneous

Journal of Circuits, Systems, and Computers
Vol. 25, No. 9 (2016) 1650109 (14 pages)

by NATIONAL AUTONOMOUS UNIVERSITY OF MEXICO (UNAM) on 10/10/19. Re-use and distribution is strictly not permitted, except for Open Access articles.
.c World Scienti¯c Publishing Company

#
DOI: 10.1142/S0218126616501097
A New Receiver Front-End for Simultaneous

Dual-Frequency NMR Applications¤
Mir Majid Ghasemi†, Javad Frounchi‡

J CIRCUIT SYST COMP 2016.25. Downloaded from www.worldscientific.com
and Fahimeh Dehkhoda§

Faculty of Electrical and Computer Engineering,
University of Tabriz, Tabriz 51666, Iran
†
m.gasemy@gmail.com
‡jfrounchi@tabrizu.ac
§
f-dehkhoda@tabrizu.ac.ir
Received 7 September 2014

Accepted 11 March 2016
Published 19 May 2016
To obtain certain information such as metabolic concentrations in neural or muscular tissues

and other applications, it is necessary to design nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) transmit-
ters/receivers capable of operating at multiple frequencies, while maintaining a good perfor-
mance at each frequencies. We have proposed a new NMR receiver front-end for simultaneous
detection of proton and carbon nucleus. The system consists of two reception coils for carbon
and hydrogen analysis, a multiband low-noise ampli¯er (LNA) for increasing the voltage level
and a network for passive ampli¯cation, noise ¯gure minimization and decreasing mutuality
e®ect between two coils. The proposed coil set was designed, simulated and analyzed and also
the signal to noise ratio (SNR) with quality factor have been calculated for it by simulation. The
LNA has been designed in a 0.18 m CMOS technology and its gains for carbon and proton
NMR signals are 45 and 48 dB, respectively. The input referred noise for both signals is lower
than 0.4 nV/sqrt(Hz) and the power consumption is 4 mA from a single 1.8 V supply.
Keywords: NMR spectroscopy; simultaneous detection; mutual induction; LNA; noise ¯gure;
passive network.
1. Introduction
Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy is one of the most important
methods for analysis in medicine1 and chemistry.2,3 After its invention in 1943, wide
range of research works and activities have been performed to improve its perfor-
mance and hardware. Recently, some researchers have employed CMOS4–6 and
BiCMOS technology7 in NMR receivers. At the same time, the miniaturization of
*This paper was recommended by Regional Editor Piero Malcovati.

†Corresponding author.
1650109-1
M. M. Ghasemi, J. Frounchi & F. Dehkhoda
NMR systems becomes a primary research target both using discrete and integrated
technologies.8 Simultaneous detection of carbon and proton nucleus is important also
in decoupling since carbon atoms presents weak NMR signals.9 Therefore, we would
obtain much larger signal levels from carbon nucleus by decoupling proton nucleus.
Moreover, concurrent 1H and 31 C spectra from the same speci¯c area of a sample is
necessary for certain di®erential diagnosis.10 Despite of these important advantages of
simultaneous detection, there are not considerable research works in this area yet.
Our goal here is to propose an NMR receiver front-end for simultaneous detection
by designing a coil, a low-noise ampli¯er (LNA) and a matching network to get a
composite double-band signal. In this paper, after a brief study on NMR in Sec. 2,
system architecture is introduced and detection coils are designed and optimized in
Sec. 3. In Sec. 4, the mutuality e®ect between the detection coils is discussed and a
circuit for mutuality e®ect degradation, noise ¯gure minimization and passive am-
pli¯cation is introduced. The designed LNA for the system will be proposed in Sec. 5.
Finally, after a brief discussion and comparison in Sec. 6, the paper closes with
conclusion in Sec. 7.
2. NMR Physics
To understand the necessary design requirements, we brie°y explain the NMR
principles here. There are only two observable energy states for a half-spin particle in
the presence of a static magnetic ¯eld (B0 ¯eld). The energy di®erence between these
states, E, depends on the B0 -¯eld strength as well as on the gyromagnetic ratio of
the nucleus, , according to:
E ¼ }B0 : ð1Þ
If an additional RF magnetic ¯eld (B1 ¯eld) with a frequency close enough to the
resonant frequency, as indicated below, is applied then the resonant absorption will
occur:
E
0 ¼ ¼ B0 ; ð2Þ
}
where 0 is a Larmor frequency in a pulsed-NMR experiment. After the B1 ¯eld has
been switched-o®, relaxation of the system can be observed as an induced voltage in
the reception coil. Using the reciprocity principle,11 this induced voltage, :(t), is
given by:
Z
d
ðtÞ ¼ ½B ðrÞ Mðr; tÞdv ; ð3Þ
dt V sample u
where Vsample is the volume of the sample, Bu is the unitary B1 ¯eld of the reception
coil, i.e., the B1 -¯eld generated by the reception coil if a current of 1 A follows
through it and Mðr; tÞ is the magnetization of the sample.
1650109-2
A New Receiver Front-End for Simultaneous Dual-Frequency NMR Applications
Equation (3) shows two essential points. First, increasing the magnetic ¯eld
increases the achievable sensitivity. Second, the coil geometry, which determines
Bu ðrÞ, is a crucial design parameter. Signal to noise ratio (SNR) of the coil is also an
important parameter of the system performance. Equation (4) is for SNR calculation
of the NMR coil. Vs is the sample volume, N is the number of the spins in unit
volume, is the gyromagnetic ratio, h is the Planck constant, I is the spin number, K
is the Boltzmann constant, T is the temperature and !0 is the resonance frequency.
!2
B1
i Vs N 4h 2 IðI þ 1Þ kT 30pffiffi2
SNR ¼ ; ð4Þ
Vnoise

B
SNR C 1 Vs ; ð5Þ
i

h ! 20
C¼ N I ð I þ 1 Þ p ffiffi
ffi : ð6Þ
4 2 kT 3 2
Equation (4)–(6) show that SNR is proportional to B1 and Vs which can be calcu-
lated by Comsol simulation. It should be noted that Bi1 also shows the coil sensitivity.
3. Circuit Design
3.1. System architecture
The NMR front-end system architecture is shown in Fig. 1. This system consists of
two reception coils for carbon and hydrogen sensing, an LNA for increasing the
voltage level and a network for passive ampli¯cation, noise ¯gure minimization and
mutuality e®ect elimination.
3.2. Detection coils

For simultaneous detection of hydrogen and carbon, we have optimized two detec-
tion coils for a maximum SNR at the frequencies of 96.3 MHz for carbon detection
Fig. 1. System architecture.
1650109-3
and 383.4 MHz for hydrogen detection (B0 ¼ 9 T) using the reciprocity principle.11
Also, to obtain a minimum noise ¯gure, we need to employ high-Q coils.12 Moreover,
in order to have high region of interest (ROI) and sensitivity, we have placed the
hydrogen coil inside the carbon one. These coils are best suited for small volume
samples and for fabricating on glass wafers using high-aspect ratio SU-8 photoepoxy
and copper electroplating.13
Optimizing the coils is a critical job in this and other related researches. Speci¯c
and clear procedures are followed to design and optimize the coils for the proposed
structure. The ¯rst step in designing a coil is determining the structure of it. There are
many coil structures proposed for NMR signals like solenoid14 and saddle,15 but since
this system is preferred to be integrated, the planar structure has been chosen. The
second step is to choose the shape of the coil which can be circular or square. To de¯ne
the shape of the coil, di®erent precise evaluations have been done (steps (a)–(c)).
Figures 2–7 are from Comsol simulations and show the produced magnetic ¯elds.
The produced magnetic ¯elds were also calculated by formulas according to
Eqs. (7)–(17) and quality factor with SNR were calculated based on the values
obtained by simulations which are available in Table 1.
Fig. 2. Shapes with the same periphery.
Fig. 3. Shapes with the same periphery — simulated.
Fig. 4. Shapes with the same area.
1650109-4
Fig. 5. Shapes with the same area — simulated.

Fig. 6. Shapes with the same distance from the center.
Fig. 7. Shapes with the same distance from the center — simulated.
Table 1. The simulated and calculated parameters for di®erent cases.
Cases Structures Produce magnetic ¯eld (B) (mT) Quality factor (Q) SNR
Periphery remains Circular 0.58 2.6 4439
constant Square 0.84 2.36 4590
Area remains constant Circular 0.58 2.6 4439
Square 0.88 2.57 4285
Distance from the center Circular 0.58 2.6 4439
remains constant Square 0.62 2.52 3462
(a) Periphery remains constant:

In this case, both coils (circular and square coils) were made of the same length of
aluminum and then the produced magnetic ¯elds and the quality factor of the coils
were evaluated by equation and simulation. The di®erence between the two struc-
tures, made of the same length of aluminum, has been evaluated.
1650109-5
pcircular ¼ 2R; psquare ¼ 4L ; ð7Þ

psquare ¼ pcircular ! L ¼ R=2 ; ð8Þ
0 I
Bcircular ¼ ¼ 0:5ð0 I=RÞ ; ð9Þ
2R
0 IN
Bsquare ¼ sin ¼ 0:57ð0 I=RÞ : ð10Þ
2ðL=2Þ N
(b) Area remains constant:
In this case, the area for making the coil is assumed to be constant. This evaluation is
important in the cases that there is an area limitation for integration.

pffiffiffi
Ssquare ¼ Scircular ! L ¼ R ; ð11Þ
0 I
Bcircular ¼ ¼ 0:5ð0 I=RÞ ; ð12Þ
2R
0 IN
Bsquare ¼ sin ¼ 0:5ð0 I=RÞ : ð13Þ
2ðL=2Þ N
(c) Distance from the center remains constant:
In this case, the distance from the center of the coil is assumed to be constant. This
evaluation is important in the cases that there is an area limitation for integration.

L
R ¼ pffiffiffi ; d ¼ R ; ð14Þ
2
Scircular ¼ R 2 ; Ssquare ¼ L 2 ; ð15Þ
0 I
Bcircular ¼ ¼ 0:5ð0 I=dÞ ; ð16Þ
2d
IN
Bsquare ¼ 0 sin ¼ 0:45ð0 I=dÞ : ð17Þ
2ðdÞ N
Table 1 presents the calculated and simulated important parameters of the sen-
sors for the above three cases.
According to Table 1, if we want to design a coil as an excitation or transmitter,
the square form is good because of the better capability of producing magnetic ¯eld,
but since designing a receiver front-end is the goal of this paper so a proper structure
should be chosen according to Q and SNR.
According to the simulation results listed in Table 1, SNR is related to the area of
the coil. With the same length of the coil, the circular structure has greater area than
the square one so the resulting SNR is greater too. In this paper, it is assumed that
there is an area limitation because of integration and the goal of minimization, hence
according to the results, sensitivity (B1 /i) for both structures in the constant area
case is almost the same, and by considering the noise of the coils, the SNR of the
circular one is greater in both area cases and also the quality factor, so the circular
1650109-6
structure has been chosen due to its greater SNR and quality factor. (It should be
mentioned that for all the above simulations, the sample was water with the same
volume and simulations have been done at frequency of 100 Mhz.)
In the third step, we should determine the number of the turns. SNR does not
increase linearly by increasing number of turns. In fact, adding more turns to the coil
enhances the coil sensitivity (B1 /i) and resistance at the same time, so the SNR is
approximately proportional to the square root of number of turns (n). Also, we will
have a larger ohmic heating at the center of the coil and an enhanced danger for
arcing. Besides RF performance, static ¯eld distortions due to susceptibility e®ects
are important factors in the design of microcoil probe heads. Besides, the surface
spiral has some serious drawbacks. First, the outermost windings are much less
e±cient in the sense that they contribute less to the center axial ¯eld while they
largely dominate the resistive losses. Second, the ¯elds produced by the outer
windings cause considerable eddy currents in the center windings adding additional
losses and lowering the ¯eld homogeneity in the center region. For this reason, the
optimum is found for only a few windings, and thus a rather low inductance.16,17 The
optimum number of turns which is achieved by simulation is three for outer coil
(carbon) and two for inner coil (hydrogen).
In the last step it is the time to determine the location of the two coils in the
system. They can be either inside or beside of each other. As far as mentioned earlier,
sensitivity and SNR are proportional to the area of the coil, so in the case that coils
are beside of each. Figures 8 and 9 show the simulations of the structures and
Eqs. (18) and (19) were calculated based on the simulation results:
At 100 MHz : l1 ¼ l2 0:57 nH; r1 ¼ r2 0:19 ! Q1 ¼ Q2 ¼ 1:88 ; ð18Þ
at 100 MHz : l1 0:72 nH; r1 0:24 ! Q1 ¼ 1:9 : ð19Þ

According to the above simulations and calculations, the quality factor and SNR
of the structure with the coils inside are greater and so preferred. The impedances of
Fig. 8. Simulations for the coils beside each other.
1650109-7
Fig. 9. Simulations for the coils inside each other.
Fig. 10. Impedances of the hydrogen and carbon coils.
the coils for hydrogen and carbon detection in the proposed structure were extracted
from simulation and shown in Fig. 10.
4. Mutuality
In the previous section, it was decided to put two coils inside each other to increase
the quality factor and SNR, but this work increases the mutuality e®ect between two
coils which degrades the SNR and this e®ect is evaluated here. For this evaluation,
we focused on hydrogen coil and did the simulation with the presence and absence of
1650109-8
Table 2. Simulations results for mutuality e®ect.
Cases Sensitivity (B=i)(e–14) SNR

With outer coil 26 9580
Without outer coil 28 10,317
outer coil (carbon) and the results are presented in Table 2. According to the results
in the table, mutuality degrades the SNR.
4.1. Mutuality, noise matching and passive ampli¯cation

As mentioned earlier, the system has two coils so passing current through one of
them induces undesirable voltage in the other one called mutual induction. Mutu-
ality can degrade the signal, especially the one extracted from carbon nucleus.
Creating orthogonal magnetic ¯elds or implementing coils in a perpendicular ge-
ometries can help in the mutuality e®ect minimization. Another approach to com-
pensate the mutuality e®ect was proposed in Ref. 18. In this method, two coils are
tuned to the same frequency and both of them receive the same signal. This leads to
less cross-frequency interference. The coils are interconnected and grounded by a
capacitor in the connection. The capacitor is tuned to resonate with the equivalent
inductance caused by mutuality at the same resonance frequency of the coils.
In this work, two coils are tuned to the di®erent frequencies. To compensate
the mutuality e®ect, a similar technique is used but the capacitor is tuned to
resonate with the equivalent inductance caused by the mutuality at the frequency of
hydrogen.
The coils should be connected to the LNA with extra caution to minimize the
noise ¯gure. The connections are implemented using passive elements.12 Due to the
Fig. 11. A circuit consisting of two coils and passive elements.
1650109-9
Fig. 12. The equivalent circuit of Fig. 11 with the LNA connected.
high-Q factor of the coil, the passive network has greater passive ampli¯cation and
therefore minimizes the noise ¯gure.12
We have designed a circuit with two coils to select two frequencies simultaneously
and have passive ampli¯cation for both signals using passive elements (Fig. 11).
Figure 12 shows the equivalent circuit of Fig. 11 with the LNA connected. C 3, as
shown in Fig. 11, is used to resonate with the inductance caused by mutuality at the
frequency of hydrogen, so the node connected to C 3 will be grounded and both coils can
be tuned to speci¯ed frequencies independently by C 1 and C 2. Equations (20)–(24)
Fig. 13. The signals of matching network in Fig. 12.
1650109-10
Fig. 14. The output voltage of the whole system.
give the passive elements' computations:

w1 ¼ 2fcarbon ; ð20Þ
w2 ¼ 2fhydrogen ; ð21Þ
1
C1 ¼ ; ð22Þ
w1 2 ðL1 MÞ
1
C2 ¼ ; ð23Þ
w2 2 ðL2 MÞ
1
C3 ¼ : ð24Þ
w2 2 M
Figures 13 and 14 illustrate the simulated responses of the circuit of Fig. 12 to
the signals extracted by the coils. As Fig. 13 shows, the designed circuit meets the
requirements of mutuality compensation and noise ¯gure minimization.
5. Low-Noise Ampli¯er
A schematic of LNA is shown in Fig. 15. Transistors M1–M6 form the main part of
LNA and the rest of the transistors create the common mode feedback (CMF) cir-
cuit. The LNA is capable of simultaneous ampli¯cation of the two input signal pairs.
Both signals have been shown in Fig. 13. The ¯rst signal is to detect carbon nucleus
which has a resonance frequency of about 97 MHz. This signal is connected to the
NMOS pair for better ampli¯cation and noise performance. The other signal is given
to the PMOS pair. Due to di®erent resonant frequencies of carbon and hydrogen
1650109-11
Fig. 15. The designed LNA.
nuclei, the operating bandwidth of LNA is 400 MHz. For NMR applications, the
minimization of the input referred noise of LNA is crucial.12
The LNA has been designed in a 0.18 m CMOS technology and its gains for
signal 1 and signal 2 are 35 and 30 dB, respectively; also these gains increase to 48
and 45 dB, respectively, due to the designed passive network. The input referred
noise for both signals is lower than 1 nV/sqrt(Hz) and the power consumption is
4 mA from a single 1.8 V supply. Also in previous works, getting narrowband signal
was a problem due to tight area constraints of the receiver because of using extra
spiral inductor to obtain such a signal.6,19 In this work, we could obtain multi-
narrowband signal without any extra spiral inductor. In fact, we designed a passive
network and got two independent narrowband signals, then ampli¯ed and combined
them by the designed LNA.
6. Results and Discussion

As mentioned earlier, the microcoils for sensing the carbon and hydrogen are inside
each other. In order to evaluate SNR and the e®ect of mutuality on SNR for this coil
set, coils were simulated both separately and inside each other.
The output of the designed system is shown in Fig. 14. The signals from the coils
pass through the network and then are applied to LNA which in turn increases the
mutuality e®ect elimination and decreases noise ¯gure and input referred noise levels
at both frequencies. Table 3 shows the simulation results of the designed system.
1650109-12
Table 3. The simulated results of the designed system.
Center frequencies pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi

of each band (MHz) Input referred noise (nV/ ðHzÞÞ Noise ¯gure (dB) Gain (20 dB)
98 0.3 3.9 45
388 0.12 2.9 48
Table 4. Comparison of the system performance for proton detection.

pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
Reference Input referred noise (nV/ ðHzÞ) Gain (dB) Band width (MHz)
This work 0.12 48 388
Anders et al.19 0.7 30 300

Liu et al.5 <2.5 40 21.3
Sun et al.12 1.5 41 21.3
This system has good performances for both nuclei. Table 4 compares the simu-
lated measurements of the system for proton nucleus with the previous works for
proton detection.
7. Conclusion
In this paper, a new receiver front-end for simultaneous detection of carbon and
hydrogen nuclei is proposed. The detection coils are designed and optimized precisely
to get maximum SNR and ROI. A simple passive network for passive ampli¯cation,
noise ¯gure minimization and a mutuality e®ect degradation is proposed and sim-
pffiffiffiffiffiffi
ulated. In this work, the input referred noise is 0.12 nV/ Hz and the gains for carbon
and proton NMR signals are 45 and 48 dB, respectively, with LNA bandwidth of
388 MHz. The output of the proposed LNA is a double-band composite signal at
hydrogen and carbon frequencies.
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Journal of Circuits, Systems, and Computers

Vol. 25, No. 9 (2016) 1650109 (14 pages)

.c World Scienti¯c Publishing Company

A New Receiver Front-End for Simultaneous

Mir Majid Ghasemi†, Javad Frounchi‡

and Fahimeh Dehkhoda§

Received 7 September 2014

To obtain certain information such as metabolic concentrations in neural or muscular tissues

*This paper was recommended by Regional Editor Piero Malcovati.

3.2. Detection coils

Fig. 1. System architecture.

Fig. 2. Shapes with the same periphery.

Fig. 3. Shapes with the same periphery — simulated.

Fig. 4. Shapes with the same area.

Fig. 5. Shapes with the same area — simulated.

Fig. 6. Shapes with the same distance from the center.

Table 1. The simulated and calculated parameters for di®erent cases.

(a) Periphery remains constant:

pcircular ¼ 2R; psquare ¼ 4L ; ð7Þ

important in the cases that there is an area limitation for integration.

at 100 MHz : l1 0:72 nH; r1 0:24 ! Q1 ¼ 1:9 : ð19Þ

Fig. 8. Simulations for the coils beside each other.

Fig. 9. Simulations for the coils inside each other.

Fig. 10. Impedances of the hydrogen and carbon coils.

Table 2. Simulations results for mutuality e®ect.

Cases Sensitivity (B=i)(e–14) SNR

4.1. Mutuality, noise matching and passive ampli¯cation

Fig. 11. A circuit consisting of two coils and passive elements.

Fig. 13. The signals of matching network in Fig. 12.

Fig. 14. The output voltage of the whole system.

give the passive elements' computations:

Fig. 15. The designed LNA.

6. Results and Discussion

Table 3. The simulated results of the designed system.

Center frequencies pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi

Table 4. Comparison of the system performance for proton detection.

Anders et al.19 0.7 30 300

7. A. Hassibi, A. Babakhani and A. Hajimiri, A spectral-scanning magnetic resonance im-

Sens. Actuators A, Phys. 97 (2002) 280–288.

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