Non-Flow Thermodynamic Processes

Constant Pressure
pv(0 ) = c

Constant Temperature
p pv(1) = c
Adiabatic Process
pv(k ) = c
Ploytropic Process
pv(n ) = c
Constant Volune
pv(→∞ ) = c

v
 CONSTANT VOLUME NON_FLOW PROCESS
Q = ∆E + W
W = ∫ pdV = 0
Q = m × (u 2 − u 1 ) = m × c v (T2 − T1 ) kJ, BTU
Q
q= = u 2 − u 1 = ∫ c v dT kJ/kg, BTU/lb
m
du = c v dT

CONSTANT PRESSURE NON-FLOW PROCESS

Q = ∆E + W
W = p∫ dV = m × p∫ dv = m ×p × (v2 − v1 ) kJ, ft lbf
W
w= = (p2 v2 − p1v1 ) = R × (T2 − T1 ) kJ/kg,ft lbf /lbm
m
Q = m × (u2 − u1 ) + m × (p2 v2 − p1v1 )
q = (u 2 + p2 v2 ) − (u1 + p1v1 )
q = h 2 − h1 = ∫ cpdT
dh = cpdT
 Constant Temperature Non-Flow Process
pv(1) = constant
p 2 v1
=
p1 v 2
Q = ∆E + W First Law, Non - Flow Closed System
∆E = 0
 V2   v2 
Q = ∫ pdV Q = m RT ln   = m RT ln  
 V1   v1 
pV = mRT Ideal Gas Law
 v2   p1 
mRT Q = m RT ln   = m RT ln 
p=  v1   p2 
V
m RT  v2 
Q=∫ dV q = p1v1ln 
V  v1 
Q = m RT lnV p2 v2  v2 
q= ln 
q = RT ln V J  v1 
 What is the heat flow when 3 lb of nitrogen undergoes a
constant temperature process at 300 F from an initial volume of 40 ft3
to a final volume of 22.5 ft3?
Q = ∆E + W
∆E = 0
Q=W
v  V 
q = R T ln 2  = R T ln 2 
 v1   V1 
 22.5 
2 q = 55.17 × 760 × ln 
 40 
q = −24,115.ft − lbf/lbm
p T=const Q=
− 24,115 ft − lbf/lbm× 3 lbm
778ft − lb/BTU
Q = −93.29 BTU
1 Also :
p 
q = R T ln 1 
40 ft3
 p2 
22.5ft3
V, ft3
POLYTROPIC PROCESS c v − n +1
W = m∫ pdv = m∫ c v dv = −n

1− n
pvn = constant m(p2 v 2 − p1v1 ) m R (T2 − T1 )
W= =
1− n 1− n
p1v1n = p 2 v n2 Q = ∆E + W
n
p 2  v1  q = ∆u + w
=  
R (T2 − T1 )
p1  v 2  q = c v (T2 − T1 ) +
1− n
substitute from pv = RT
k−n
n −1
n −1 q = cv  (T2 − T1 )
T2  v1   p2  n  1− n 
=   =    n −1

T1  v 2   p1   k − n   p 2  n
q = cv  T1   − 1
 1 − n   p1 
 

 k − n   v1 
n −1

q = cv  T1   − 1
 1 − n   v 2  
ADIABATIC PROCESS, Q=0
Q = ∆E + W First Law, Non - Flow Closed System
q = ∆u + w
0 = c v dT + pdv
pv
T= Ideal Gas Law
R
1
dT = (vdv + pdp)
R
cv cv
0 = pdv + vdv + pdv
R R
c  dv  c  dp
0 =  v + 1 +  v 
R  v R p

 1   1 
 + 1ln v +  ln p = Constant
 k −1   k −1 
pvk = constant
 Q = ∆E + W = 0
ADIABATIC PROCESS
q = ∆u + w
Q=0, pv = constant
k

w = ∆u = ∫ c v dT = c v (T2 − T1 )
pv k = constant  p2 v2 p2 v2  1
w = cv  − = (p2 v2 − p1v1 )
p2 v 2k = p1v1k  R R  k − 1
k R = cp − cv
p2  v1 
=   
  p2  k
k −1


p1  v 2  w = c v  T1   − T1 
substitutefrom pv = RT   p1  
 
k −1
k −1  k −1

T2  v1   p2  k cR  p  k 
=   =   w = v × T1   2  − 1
cp − cv   p1  
T1  v 2   p1   
 k −1

1   p2  k 
w= R × T1    − 1
k −1   p1  
 
1   v  k −1 
w= R × T1   1  − 1
k −1   v2  
 
p1v1k = p 2 v k2
k .5 lbm of air present in a gasoline engine cylinder,which
p2  v2 
=   has a compression ratio of 10 (V1 /V2 = 10),
p1  v1 
is compressedadiabatically from 70O F and 14.7psia.
p 2 = p1 (10)
1.4
What work is required? What is the final temperature
p 2 = 14.7psia × 25.11 and pressure?
p 2 = 369.3psia
k −1
T2  p 2  k
=  
T1  p1  Also by formula :
1.4−1
  v  k −1 
T2 = (70 + 460)(25.11) 1.4
W = m×
1
R × T1   1  − 1
k −1   v2  
T2 = 1331O R  
Q = ∆E + W W = .5 ×
1
1.4 − 1
(
53.35× 530 (10) − 1 )
1.4−1

Q=0 W = 53,437ftlbf
W = ∆E 53,437ftlb
W= = 68.8 BTU
W = m × c v (T2 − T1 ) 778
ftlb
W = .5 × .17(1331− 530) BTU

W = 68.09 BTU
 NON-FLOW EQUATIONS FOR AN IDEAL GAS
Process Constant Constant Constant Temperature Polytropic Process **
Pressure Volume
n exponent in n=0 n=∞ n =1 n=n
pv = const.
n

p, v, T
T2 v2 T2 p2 p1v1 = p2 v2 p1v1n = p2 v2n
Property = =
Relationships T1 v1 T1 p1 n −1
n −1
T2  v2  p  n
=   =  2 
T1  v1   p1 

c p (T2 − T1 ) cv (T2 − T1 ) v   p  k −n

q, heat p1v1 ln 2  = R1T1 ln 1  cp  (T2 − T )
energy/mass
 v1   p2   1 − n 

v 
w, work
p1 (v2 − v2 ) p1v1 ln 2  = R1T1 ln p1 
p 
p2v2 − p1v1 R(T2 − T1 )
=
w= ∫ pdv 0  v1   2 1− n 1− n
energy/mass

c p = R + cv cv = c p − R
Specific Heat
c p , cv Rk R
cp = cv =
k −1 k −1
cp
* * for n = k = , the process is adiabatic
cv