CONTENT

SIGNATURE
EXP. DATE OF THE DATE OF
TITLE OF THE
NUMBER EXPERIMENT COMPLETION
FACULTY
1) Listening
Comprehension
2) Presentation
General and Technical
3) Mock Interview

4) Group discussion

5) Introducing oneself

6) Letter Writing
Formal and Informal
7) Reading: E-books/ E-
journals/E-Newspaper
8) Curriculum vitae

9) E-mail Writing

10) Report Writing

11) Grammar

12) Vocabulary
 LISTENING
COMPREHENSION
EXERCISE - 1
1.Listen to the passage and type the correct word in the blanks:
The Taj Mahal of Agra is one of the Seven Wonders of the World, for reasons more
than just looking magnificent. It's the history of Taj Mahal that adds a soul to its
magnificence: a soul that is filled with love, loss, remorse, and love again. Because if it was
not for love, the world would have been robbed of a fine example upon which people base
their relationships. An example of how deeply a man loved his wife, that even after she
remained but a memory, he made sure that this memory would never fade away. This man
was the Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan, who was head-over-heels in love with Mumtaz
Mahal, his dear wife. She was a Muslim Persian princess (her name Arjumand Banu Begum
before marriage) and he was the son of the Mughal Emperor Jehangir and grandson of
Akbar the Great. It was at the age of 14 that he met Mumtaz and fell in love with her. Five
years later in the year 1612, they got married.
Mumtaz Mahal, an inseparable companion of Shah Jahan, died in 1631, while giving
birth to their 14th child. It was in the memory of his beloved wife that Shah Jahan built a
magnificent monument as a tribute to her, which we today know as the "Taj Mahal". The
construction of Taj Mahal started in the year 1631. Masons, stonecutters, inlayers, carvers,
painters, calligraphers, dome-builders and other artisans were requisitioned from the whole
of the empire and also from Central Asia and Iran, and it took approximately 22 years to
build what we see today. An epitome of love, it made use of the services of 22,000 laborers
and 1,000 elephants. The monument was built entirely out of white marble, which was
brought in from all over India and central Asia. After an expenditure of approximately 32
million rupees (approx US $68000), Taj Mahal was finally completed in the year 1653.
It was soon after the completion of Taj Mahal that Shah Jahan was deposed by his
own son Aurangzeb and was put under house arrest at nearby Agra Fort. Shah Jahan, himself
also, lies entombed in this mausoleum along with his wife. Moving further down the history,
it was at the end of the 19th century that British Viceroy Lord Curzon ordered a sweeping
restoration project, which was completed in 1908, as a measure to restore what was lost
during the Indian rebellion of 1857: Taj being blemished by British soldiers and government
officials who also deprived the monument of its immaculate beauty by chiseling out precious
stones and lapis lazuli from its walls. Also, the British style lawns that we see today adding
on to the beauty of Taj were remodeled around the same time. Despite prevailing
controversies, past and present threats from Indo-Pak war and environmental pollution, this
epitome of love continuous to shine and attract people from all over the world.
Indicate whether the following statements are true or false:

1. The Taj Mahal in Agra is one of the seven wonders of the world.(True/False)
2. Mumtaz was a Muslim Persian princess.(True/False)
3. Shah jahan was the son of the Mughal Emperor, Jehangir and grandson of Akbar the
Great.( True/False)
4. Shah Jahan and Mumtaz got married in 1616.(True/False)
5. It took approximately 22 years to build Taj Mahal.(True/False)

3. Choose the correct option for the following statement:

1. The Taj Mahal of Agra is one of the -----------Wonders of the World.
a. Seven.
b. Five.
c. Eight.
d. Three.
2. It's the history of Taj Mahal that adds a soul to its magnificence: a soul that is filled with --
----.
a. Love.
b. Belief.
c. Faith.
d. Anger
3. It was at the age of ----- that he met Mumtaz and fell in love with her.
a. 12.
b.15.
c.14.
d.10.
4. Mumtaz died in -------, while giving birth to their 14th child.
a. 1631
b.1993.
c. 1990.
d.1635.
5. An epitome of love, it made use of the services of 22,000 laborers and ------ elephants.
a. 2000.
b. 1500.
c. 1000.
d.3000.
EXERCISE 2

1.Listen to the passage and type the correct word in the blanks:
Professor Gavraud is an engineer who almost gave up his post at an institute in
Marseilles because he always felt ill at work. He decided against leaving when he discovered
that the recurrent attacks of nausea only worried him when he was in his office at tha top of
the building. Thinking that there must be something in the room that disturbed him, he tried
to track it down with devices sensitive to various chemicals, and even with a Geiger counter,
but he found nothing until one day, just as he was about to give up, he leaned back against the
wall. The whole room was vibrating at a low frequency. The source of this energy turned out
to be an air-conditioning plant on the roof of the building across the way, and his office was
the right shape and the right distance from the machine to resonate in sympathy with it. It was
this rhythm, at seven cycles per second,that made him sick.
Fascinated by the phenomenon, Gavraud decided to build machines to produce
infrasound so that he could investigate it further. In casting around for likely designs, he
discovered that the whistle with a pea in it issued to all French gendarmes produced a whole
range of low-frequency sounds. So he built a police-whisle six feet long and powered it with
compressed air. The technician who gave the giant whistle its first trial fell down dead on the
spot. A post-mortem revealed that all his internal organs had been mashed into a jelly by the
vibrations.
Gavraud went ahead with his work more carefully and did the next test out of doors,
with all observers screened from the machine in a concrete shelter. When all was ready, they
turned the air on slowly-and broke the windows of every building whithin a half mile of the
test sit. Later they learnt to control the strength of the infrasound generator more effectively
and desighned a series of smaller machines for experimental work. One of the most
interesting discoveries to date is that waves of low-frequency can be aimed and that two
generators focused on a particular point even five miles away produce a resonance that can
knock a building down as effectively as a major earthquake. These frequency-7 machines can
be built very cheaply.

2. Indicate whether the following statements are true or false:

1. Professor Gavraud left his job because he felt sick.(True/False)
2. The cause of the sickness was not in his room.(True/False)
3. The air-conditioning plant had nothing to do with his sickness.(True/False)
4. The result of the first trial was worrying.(True/False)
5. He dis his second test indoors.(True/False)

3. Choose the correct option for the following statement:

1. The whole room was vibrating at a________
a. High frequency.
b. Low frequency.
c. Very high frequency.
d. Very low frequency.
2. The source of this energy turned out to be air –conditioning plant______
a. On the roof of the building
b. On the floor of the building.
c. On the beam of the building.
d. On the wall of the building.
3. It was this rhythm at seven cycles per second, that_______
a. Made him sick.
b. Made him happy.
c. Made him fortune.
d. Made him unhappy.
4. Professor Gavraud is an________
a.Engineer.
b.Doctor.
c.Teacher.
d.Scientist.
5. Gavraud decided to build machines to produce_________
a.Infared rays.
b.Infrasounds.
c.UV rays.
d.Ultra sounds.
PRESENTATION
TECHNICAL
NON- TECHNICAL
INTERVIEW
SKILLS
 INTERVIEW SKILLS

An interview is a psychological and sociological instrument; it is an interaction between two

or more persons for a specific purpose, in which the interviewer asks the interviewee specific
questions in order to assess his suitability for recruitment, admission, or promotion, or for an
opinion.

Types of Interviews:
 Job
 Information
 Persuasive
 Exit
 Evaluation
 Counselling
 Conflict-resolution
 Disciplinary
 Termination

Job Interviews:
Here, the candidate wants to learn about the position and organization; the employer wants to
learn about the applicant’s abilities and experiences.

Information Interviews:
The interviewer seeks facts that bear on a decision or contribute to basic understanding.

Persuasive Interviews:
One person tells another about a new idea, product, or service and explains why another
should act on his or her recommendations.

Exit Interviews:
The interviewer tries to understand why the interviewee is leaving the organization or
transferring to another department or division.

Evaluation Interviews:
A supervisor periodically gives an employee feedback on his or her performance.
Counselling Interviews:
A supervisor talks with an employee about the personal problems that are interfering with
work performance. The interviewer is concerned with the welfare of both the employee and
the organization.

Conflict-Resolution Interviews:
This is between two competing people or groups of people with opposing points of view. The
goal is to bring the two parties closer together, cause adjustments in perceptions and attitudes,
and create a more productive climate.

Disciplinary Interviews:
A supervisor tries to correct the behaviour of an employee who has ignored the organization’s
rules and regulations.

Termination Interviews:
A supervisor informs an employee of the reasons for the termination of the latter’s job.

Objectives:
 To recognize the importance of preparing for an interview and to be able to identify and
understand the necessary pre-interviewing procedures.
 To be aware of the appropriate interviewing behaviour.
 To identify and understand the appropriate post-interviewing procedures.

ACTIVITIES BEFORE THE INTERVIEW:

1. Know your employer:

 What does the organization make or what type of service does it produce?
 What is the size of the organization? What is its organizational structure?
 Who is the organizations officers, administrators, etc.?

2. Know Yourself:

 Evaluate yourself in terms of your strengths.

 Be ready to talk about your career objectives, your long and short range goals and your
interests.
 Be prepared to tell an employer why you should be hired.
3. Communicate Effectively:

 To improve communication skills practice before the interview.

 To use enthusiastic note coupled with your normal tone.
 To avoid memorizing and let it be a natural flow of words.
 To avoid speaking too softly.

POINTS TO BE REMEMBERED:
 Be on time.
 Dress like a professional if seeking a professional position.
 Women: Wear a simply tailored dress, wear conservative nail polish and lip stick with a
neat hairdo and a moderate use of perfume and make-up.
 Men: Wear a clean pressed and non-flashy shirt and tie, have your shoes shined, have
your hair neatly trimmed and avoid gaudy or flashy jewellery.

INTERVIEW SITUATION:
The employer is looking for the way you handle yourself.

BREAKING THE ICE:

Be ready to face any situation.

AVOID SIX COMMON INTERVIEW MISTAKES:

 Don’t discuss pay too early.
 Talk tech to techies only.
 Keep your philosophy to yourself.
 Do not ask about opportunities for advancement until the second or third interview.
 Avoid the dreaded ectopic interruption.
 Remember to say thank you.
APPLICANTS’ QUESTIONS:
 What kind of training do you provide?
 How long is the training period?
 What is the normal progression of a trainer over the first few years?
 How much travel is involved in this position?
 Do you encourage continuing education in the local colleges?
 What options do I have in selecting assignments?
 What staff development programs are available after the initial training?
TEN STEPS TO A SUCCESSFUL INTERVIEW:
 Arrive on time.
 Introduce yourself in a courteous manner.
 Read company materials while you wait.
 Have a firm handshake.
 Be receptive and observe keenly.
 Use body language to show interest.
 Smile, nod, and give non-verbal feedback to the interviewer.
 Ask about the next step in the process.
 Thank the interviewer.
MOCK INTERVIEW
1. Tell me about yourself?

I am pursuing my degree in Electronics and Communication

Engineering at Sri Venkateswara Institute of Science ana Technology, under Anna
University.I am an hard working optimist with good communication skills and
interested to gain more knowledge.

2. How much salary do you except?

Salary is not constraint for prestigious institution like yours. And I am pretty sure that
you will provide me with ample salary.

3. Where do you see yourself in next year’s?

I wish to see myself as a project manager or in any other authoritative position so that
I can guide my team and my members through the hardships that I faced with the
experiences I gathered, and leadership skills.

4. What are your career options right now?

I am looking for a change, which helps me in growing with the organization and
permits learning. It should give me satisfaction of my overall contribution in the
overall growth.

5. Do you prefer to work in a group?

Absolutely , Basically I am a good team player, so I will be able to tackle people in

groups easily.

6. If you won $10 billion lottery, would you still work?

Yes, I would still work, gain experience and then start a company of my own.

7. What do you think of your boss?

We must feel very comfortable in his presence. He should lead us confidently and
support for the growth of company and myself.
8. Who has inspired you in your life?

My source of inspiration is our ex-president A.P.J.Abdul Kalam. His words,

“DREAM, DREAM, AND DREAM!” inspired me a lot. His autobiography “Wings
of Fire” was also a source.

9. Can you work under pressure?

I think working under pressure is an art. Every person cannot work under pressure but
I can. My past experiences have given me a lot of courage and experience to work
under pressure.

10. How do you define success and how do you measure up to your definition?

Success is the reward for one’s hard work and is not the destiny.

11. How would you rate your communication skills and what have you done to
improve them?

I have pretty good communication skills. I constantly improve it speaking and

listening. And also every day I add more words to my vocabulary.

12. Why did u decide to enter the field of Information technology?

Well, Information technology have always attracted me and made me curious. So it’s
kind of natural to explore in this field.

13. What have you read lately, and what are you reading now?

I have finished reading “Five point someone” and “The three mistakes of my life” by
Chetan Bhagat recently, I am currently reading “The White Tiger” by Aravind Adiga.

14. Are you a person who likes to “try new things”, or “stay with regular routines”?

I am the first kind who likes to experiment with the new things. When the people
choose Verilog and Behavioural model design, I choose VHDL. That explains much.

15. Tell us about your experience with online searching?

Online searching is a very useful and most powerful tool available to mankind. It
saves a lot of time and energy. I search for anything and everything on the web.
16. What are your hobbies?

I read a lot of fictional and interesting novels. I also love listening Indian music. I also
enjoy playing tennis and chess.

17. What motivates you? Also have you used these motivators with others?

Career growth, opportunity to learn more and competitive environment motivate me.

18. What do you expect from professionals like us?

Encouragement, advice and a friendly attitude towards us.

19. Why do you think more students on computers perform basic maintenance on
them?

Well I don’t think nowadays people are opting for public services however it’s the
candidate opinion to opt whichever field he/she wants to go into.

20. Can you install software on computers and perform basic maintenance on the
system?

Yes, I have some basic knowledge about installing software and operating system too.

21. What is leadership?

Well leadership is leading others, encouraging, inspiring, improving and all about
trust.

22. Describe your ideal company, location job?

Any developing company will do and as I am single job location is not a problem for
me.

23. Why did you decide to apply for this position?

I thought that I had a fair chance of getting this jobs. So I applied.

24. Tell me about your family?

My family is a small and sweet one. My father who is working for Alreda
investments private Ltd., my mom a home maker, and my brother who is working for
HDFC as a Manager.

25. In which place you would like to work?

Sir I can work at any place. But I will be more comfortable if it is Chennai.
GROUP DISCUSSION
 GROUP DISCUSSION

What is a group discussion?

Group discussion (GD) is an effective way to look at an issue from various angles. When a
topic is discussed in a group all the participants come out with various ideas.

GD has emerged as a tool to measure one’s behavior and psychological attributes.

An employer cannot take chances with an employee. They cannot make all the candidates
work and choose the best. So, they make the candidates go through various tests as written
tests, GD, interviews, etc.

Many companies and institutes are making group discussion as the first criteria for
screening the candidates for face-to-face interviews. And there is reason too for giving huge
importance for Group Discussion. First thing Group Discussion is used for mass elimination!
And second thing group discussion selection criteria’s are based on actual company
requirements.
Communication and Group Discussion skill are two relevant soft skills that are must for software
testers.

Why group discussion should be the first criteria for selecting software testers?
Software tester requires communication with different people like team members, managers and
customers. So interpersonal skill is very important for tester.

Yesterday one of our readers mailed me about her problem. She is very good at work but when it
comes to taking credit for her work, someone else is taking the credit.

Why this is happening? She is lagging in interpersonal skills. Lagging in communication. She
might be proficient in many skills, but what if she isn’t able to communicate her thoughts in front
of her seniors or evaluators? Simply, she will lose the credits of her own work!

Making a good impression while speaking in meetings or interviews is the basic skill every
professional should have. Let’s see how you can make this impression.
What skills are judged in group discussion?
 How good you are at communication with others.
  How you behave and interact with group.
 How open minded are you.
 Your listening skill.
 How you put forward your views.
 Your leadership and decision making skills.
 Your analysis skill and subject knowledge.
 Problem solving and critical thinking skill.
 Your attitude and confidence.
Do’s and Don’ts of Group discussion:
1) Keep eye contact while speaking:
Do not look at the evaluators only. Keep eye contact with every team member while speaking.
2) Initiate the GD:
Initiating the GD is a big plus. But keep in mind – Initiate the group discussion only when you
understood the GD topic clearly and have some topic knowledge. Speaking without proper
subject knowledge is bad impression.
3) Allow others to speak:
Do not interrupt anyone in-between while speaking. Even if you don’t agree with his/her
thoughts do not snatch their chance to speak. Instead make some notes and clear the points when
it’s your turn.
4) Speak clearly:
Speak politely and clearly. Use simple and understandable words while speaking. Don’t be too
aggressive if you are disagreeing with someone. Express your feelings calmly and politely.
5) Make sure to bring the discussion on track:
If by any means group is distracting from the topic or goal then simply take initiative to bring the
discussion on the track. Make all group members aware that you all need to come to some
conclusion at the end of the discussion. So stick to the topic.
6) Positive attitude:
Be confident. Do not try to dominate anyone. Keep positive body language. Show interest in
discussion.
7) Speak sensibly:
Do not speak just to increase your speaking time. Don’t worry even if you speak less. Your
thoughts should be sensible and relevant instead of irrelevant speech.
8 ) Listen carefully to others:
Speak less and listen more! Pay attention while others are speaking. This will make coherent
discussion and you will get involved in the group positively. You will surely make people agree
With you.
9) Formal dressing:
Should have a formal dressing during the session which will give a good appreciation towards
the panel.

Kinds of topics:

Factual:

“The state of woman in India compare to other countries”

Controversial:

“Should there be smaller states?”

Abstract:

“Blue is better than red”

Keywords and views of GD:

When a topic is given find the keywords and ask yourself questions such as when, where, who,
what and how…, etc.

Categorization of participants:

Initiator:

One who initiates the discussion.

Coordinator:

One who makes the silent member to talk.

Shaper:

One who gives direction to the team.

Finisher:

One who keeps a check on time and makes the team finish the task on time.

Leader:

One who leads the discussion.

Innovator:

One who comes out with new ideas.

Conflict manager:

One who takes care on smooth functioning.

Talking terror:

One who keeps on speaking at length without giving any chance to others.

Silent member:

One who hardly speaks but listen to others.

Improving the performance of GD:

1. Dress properly.
2. Be confident.
3. Keep a pen and a paper.
4. Body language.
5. Don’t interrupt frequently.
6. Communication skills.
7. Initiate the discussion.
8. Don’t be aggressive.
9. Acknowledge other points.
10. Do not keep points in store.
11. Do not give personal experiences.
12. Be flexible.
13. Participate throughout.
14. Remember that you are in a team.
15. Motivate others.
16. Summarize the discussion
Demonetization of old 500 & 1000 rupees notes – Is it a good move?

Background :-

 On 8th November 2016, Indian Government demonetized 500 and 1000 rupee notes that are
in circulation, and announced the issuance of new 500 and 2000 rupee notes.
 Time limit was set to exchange old notes with new ones.

Reasons for this move :-

 To counter black money and fake currency. People who have black money cannot be able to
deposit the old currency easily. So black money can be taken out of circulation.

In Favor :-

 A good chunk of black money will be taken out of circulation strengthening India’s
economy.
 This step will instill fear among the tax evaders that they are not inescapable if they follow
illegal practices.
 This move is a big blow to the corruption, drug trafficking and smuggling, because all these
activities are carried out with black money.
 Most of the fake currency will be out of the system.
 Old notes are allowed to be paid for utility bills. In the one week span after the
demonetization move, lots of outstanding bsills are cleared, which will have positive impact
on economy.
 Supreme Court responded negatively to the petition asking for withdrawal of the
demonetization move and said that the move is laudable.
 With the inconvenience caused to farmers in the Rabi crop season, Govt of India relaxed the
demonetization rules and said that farmers can now buy seeds with the old 500 notes.
 Common people should bear the inconvenience for the greater good of the society.
 International response to this move is positive.
 With this move, owners of informal organisations are more likely to register their
organisations to transform them into formal organisations. Thereby tax revenue for
governments will be increased.
 ‘Chattisgarh’ is the first state to pass notion supporting the demonetization move.

Against :-

 It caused a lot of inconvenience to common people. People were forced to stand in long
queues at ATMs and banks as there was very low limit of withdrawal each time.
 Still there are many Indians, especially in the below poverty line section that have no bank
accounts. They will have no other option, because one person can exchange old notes worth
Rs.2000/- only. Remaining amount can be deposited in the bank accounts.
 People who are in emergency situations such as medical emergencies and marriage
ceremonies are suffering because of the present situation.
 Cost of demonetization is more than its benefits. The expenditure for printing new notes and
the costs to carry out denomination move are very high.
 Most of the black money may not be in terms of physical cash.
 85% of transactions in India are cash transactions. So It may not be the right move to force
everyone towards cashless transactions all of a sudden.
 Once the new notes come into circulation, the problem of black money may return to the
previous position.
 The decision was one-sided. India is a democratic country. Democratic government
shouldn’t take one-sided decisions like Monarchial governments.
 This move caused temporary loss to workers in informal sectors. Because most of them get
wages per day in cash. Due to lack of physical cash, employers had to stop work for few
days.
 World Bank estimated that demonetization move will reduce GDP growth from the earlier
estimated 7.6% to 7% for the financial year 2016-17.
 ‘Delhi’, ‘Uttar Pradesh’ and ‘West Bengal’ opposed the move.

Conclusion :-

Demonetization of higher denomination notes is a good move but with poor execution.
Government would have given alternatives for common people. It would have taken steps to
avoid inconvenience to commoners. But this move will surely strengthen India’s economy,
which in turn benefits common people.
INTRODUCTION OF
ONSELF
Good morning sir/madam;

Firstly I would like to thank you for giving me this opportunity and it's my pleasure to introduce
myself. I am Arun from Erode Tamil Nadu. I completed my BCOM with CA from Arulanadar
college it affiliated to Madurai Kamaraj University with 64.5% and i have completed my +2
from government higher secondary school with 63.58%.I have done my schooling from same
school. Telling me about my family my mother working in school my father was passed away
and coming to my hobbies are net surfing, playing chess. I am fresher and have no work
experience in any company. My strength is i can adopt easily in any type of environment.

My short term goal is to get placed in a reputed company like yours which will give me an
opportunity to enhance my skills and Knowledge. My long term goal would be reaching the
higher position in your company. Iam a type of personality were I wish to learn lots of new
things and iam a quick learner. Iam a very optimistic personality and sees things in a different
way to get new innovative ideas. I wish to roam around world and have some adventures
activities in our life.

Coming to my family background my family is a small nuclear family with four members
including me. My father is a business man my mother is a home maker. I have an younger
brother he is doing his college first yr.

Thank you sir and that’s all regarding me and I thank you for giving this opportunity to say me
about myself.
LETTER WRITING
FORMAL
Write a letter to the flat seceratory complaining about the poor facilities and equipments in
your apartment playground

From

Xxxxx,

Yyyy,

Zzz.

14th feb 2017.

To

Mr. K. Ganesh kumar,

Arihant Amara,

KK nagar,

Chennai.

Sir/Madam,

I need to call your attention to the poor condition of the playground equipment outside our
apartment. The swings are damaged, the paint is peeling, and most of the bolts which should
attach the slide to the rest of the unit are missing. The equipment has been in this poor condition
since we moved here and poses a danger to the children in the complex.

Please would you have it repaired or removed? I would be happy to assist with any labor that
may be involved in removing it. Unfortunately, I am unable to deal with the problem on my own,
as the equipment is anchored in concrete.

Yours truly,
INFORMAL
READING
Read the passage carefully and answer the following questions :

1. Today, bicycles are elegantly simple machines that are common around the world. Many

people ride bicycles for recreation, whereas others use them as a means of transportation. The

first bicycle, called a draisienne, was invented in Germany in 1818 by Baron Karl de Drais de

Sauerbrun. Because it was made of wood, the draisienne wasn't very durable nor did it have

pedals. Riders moved it by pushing their feet against the ground.

In 1839, Kirkpatrick Macmillan, a Scottish blacksmith, invented a much better bicycle.

Macmillan's machine had tires with iron rims to keep them from getting worn down. He also

used foot-operated cranks, similar to pedals, so his bicycle could be ridden at a quick pace. It

didn't look much like the modern bicycle, though, because its back wheel was substantially

larger than its front wheel. Although Macmillan's bicycles could be ridden easily, they were

never produced in large numbers.

In 1861, Frenchman Pierre Michaux and his brother Ernest invented a bicycle with an improved

crank mechanism. They called their bicycle a vélocipède, but most people called it a "bone

shaker" because of the jarring effect of the wood and iron frame. Despite the unflattering

nickname, the vélocipède was a hit. After a few years, the Michaux family was making hundreds

of the machines annually, mostly for fun-seeking young people.

Ten years later, James Starley, an English inventor, made several innovations that revolutionized

bicycle design. He made the front wheel many times larger than the back wheel, put a gear on

the pedals to make the bicycle more efficient, and lightened the wheels by using wire spokes.

Although this bicycle was much lighter and less tiring to ride, it was still clumsy, extremely top-

heavy, and ridden mostly for entertainment.

It wasn't until 1874 that the first truly modern bicycle appeared on the scene. Invented by another

Englishman, H. J. Lawson, the safety bicycle would look familiar to today's cyclists. The safety

bicycle had equal-sized wheels, which made it much less prone to toppling over. Lawson also
attached a chain to the pedals to drive the rear wheel. By 1893, the safety bicycle had been

further improved with air-filled rubber tires, a diamond-shaped frame, and easy braking. With

the improvements provided by Lawson, bicycles became extremely popular and useful for

transportation. Today, they are built, used, and enjoyed all over the world.

1. There is enough information in this passage to show that

a. several people contributed to the development of the modern bicycle.

b. only a few vélocipèdes built by the Michaux family are still in existence.

c. for most of the nineteenth century, few people rode bicycles just for fun.

d. bicycles with wheels of different sizes cannot be ridden easily.

2. The first person to use a gear system on bicycles was

a. H. J. Lawson.

b. Kirkpatrick Macmillan.

c. Pierre Michaux.

d. James Starley.

3. This passage was most likely written in order to

a. persuade readers to use bicycles for transportation.

b. describe the problems that bicycle manufacturers encounter.

c. compare bicycles used for fun with bicycles used for transportation.

d. tell readers a little about the history of the bicycle.

4. Macmillan added iron rims to the tires of his bicycle to

a. add weight to the bicycle.

b. make the tires last longer.

c. make the ride less bumpy.

d. make the ride less tiring.

5. Read the following sentence from the fourth paragraph:

Ten years later, James Starley, an English inventor, made several innovations that revolutionized

bicycle design. As it is used in the sentence, the underlined word revolutionized most nearly

means

a. cancelled.

b. changed drastically.

c. became outdated.

d. exercised control over.

6. Which of the following statements from the passage represents the writer's opinion?

a. The safety bicycle would look familiar to today's cyclists.

b. Two hundred years ago, bicycles didn't even exist.

c. The Michaux brothers called their bicycle a vélocipède.

d. Macmillan's machine had tires with iron rims.

2. Millions of people in the United States are affected by eating disorders. More than 90% of

those afflicted are adolescents or young adult women. Although all eating disorders share

some common manifestations, anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and binge eating each have

distinctive symptoms and risks.

People who intentionally starve themselves (even while experiencing severe hunger pains)

suffer from anorexia nervosa. The disorder, which usually begins around the time of puberty,

involves extreme weight loss to at least 15% below the individual's normal body weight. Many

people with the disorder look emaciated but are convinced they are overweight. In patients

with anorexia nervosa, starvation can damage vital organs such as the heart and brain. To

protect itself, the body shifts into slow gear: Menstrual periods stop, blood pressure rates drop,

and thyroid function slows. Excessive thirst and frequent urination may occur. Dehydration

contributes to constipation, and reduced body fat leads to lowered body temperature and the

inability to withstand cold. Mild anemia, swollen joints, reduced muscle mass, and light-

headedness also commonly occur in anorexia nervosa.

Anorexia nervosa sufferers can exhibit sudden angry outbursts or become socially withdrawn.

One in ten cases of anorexia nervosa leads to death from starvation, cardiac arrest, other medical

complications, or suicide. Clinical depression and anxiety place many individuals with eating

disorders at risk for suicidal behavior.

People with bulimia nervosa consume large amounts of food and then rid their bodies of

the excess calories by vomiting, abusing laxatives or diuretics, taking enemas, or exercising

obsessively. Some use a combination of all these forms of purging. Individuals with bulimia who

use drugs to stimulate vomiting, bowel movements, or urination may be in considerable danger,

as this practice increases the risk of heart failure. Dieting heavily between episodes of binging

and purging is common.

Because many individuals with bulimia binge and purge in secret and maintain normal or
above normal body weight, they can often successfully hide their problem for years. But

bulimia nervosa patients—even those of normal weight—can severely damage their bodies by

frequent binge eating and purging. In rare instances, binge eating causes the stomach to rupture;

purging may result in heart failure due to loss of vital minerals such as potassium. Vomiting

can cause the esophagus to become inflamed and glands near the cheeks to become swollen.

As in anorexia nervosa, bulimia may lead to irregular menstrual periods. Psychological effects

include compulsive stealing as well as possible indications of obsessive-compulsive disorder, an

illness characterized by repetitive thoughts and behaviors. Obsessive compulsive disorder can

also accompany anorexia nervosa. As with anorexia nervosa, bulimia typically begins during

adolescence. Eventually, half of those with anorexia nervosa will develop bulimia. The condition

occurs most often in women but is also found in men.

Binge-eating disorder is found in about 2% of the general population. As many as one-third of

this group are men. It also affects older women, though with less frequency. Recent research

shows that binge-eating disorder occurs in about 30% of people participating in medically

supervised weight-control programs. This disorder differs from bulimia because its sufferers do

not purge. Individuals with binge-eating disorder feel that they lose control of themselves when

eating. They eat large quantities of food and do not stop until they are uncomfortably full. Most

sufferers are overweight or obese and have a history of weight fluctuations. As a result, they are

prone to the serious medical problems associated with obesity, such as high cholesterol, high

blood pressure, and diabetes. Obese individuals also have a higher risk for gallbladder disease,

heart disease, and some types of cancer. Usually they have more difficulty losing weight and

keeping it off than do people with other serious weight problems. Like anorexic and bulimic

sufferers who exhibit psychological problems, individuals with binge-eating disorder have high

rates of simultaneously occurring psychiatric illnesses, especially depression.

1. Fatalities occur in what percent of people with anorexia nervosa?

a. 2%

b. 10%

c. 15%

d. 30%

2. Which of the following consequences do all the eating disorders mentioned in the passage

have in common?

a. heart ailments

b. stomach rupture

c. swollen joints

d. diabetes

3. According to the passage, people with binge-eating disorder are prone to all of the following

except

a. loss of control.

b. depression.

c. low blood pressure.

d. high cholesterol.

4. Which of the following is not a statement about people with eating disorders?

a. People with anorexia nervosa commonly have a blood-related deficiency.

b. People with anorexia nervosa perceive themselves as overweight.

c. The female population is the primary group affected by eating disorders.

d. Fifty percent of people with bulimia have had anorexia nervosa.

5. People who have an eating disorder but nevertheless appear to be of normal weight are most
likely to have

a. obsessive-compulsive disorder.

b. bulimia nervosa.

c. binge-eating disorder.

6. Glandular functions of eating-disorder patients slow down as a result of

a. lowering body temperatures.

b. excessive thirst and urination.

c. protective measures taken by the body.

d. the loss of essential minerals.

7. The inability to eliminate body waste is related to

a. dehydration.

b. an inflamed esophagus.

c. the abuse of laxatives.

d. weight-control programs.

8. According to the passage, which of the following is true of bulimia patients?

a. They may demonstrate unpredictable social behavior.

b. They often engage in compulsive exercise.

c. They are less susceptible to dehydration than are anorexia patients.

d. They frequently experience stomach ruptures.

CURRICULAM VITAE
E-MAIL WRITING
Question : 1

As a member of your residential society, write an email to inspector of local Police station,
Mr.Sharma, informing him about miscreants who ride their bikes rashly every evening outside
your society. Sign the email as william.

residential area - ride - rashly - children - play - elderly - walk - grocery shop - across the road -
dangerous - accidents - nuisance - action - immediately.

Dear Mr.Sharma,

We are the residents of Siddartha Nagar. We would like to bring to your notice that a few guys
are riding their bikes very rashly in the evening hours in the main road of the colony. As you
know that this is the time when children play on the road and elderly go for an evening walk.
Also there is a grocery shop across the road and many housewifes used to cross the road to buy
any groceries. In the recent times we observed that due this rash driving many accidents were
happened and several injured. This is creating a constant nuisance for all. So we would like to
request you to take necessary action to curb these activities

Thanking you

Question 2:

As a former student, write an email to your professor, Mr.Matt, thanking her for teaching and
guidance that contributed to your overall development. Sign the email as peter.

Successful - Placed - grateful - help - advice - grooming - values - shaping my future - sincere -
professional

Dear Mr.Matt

I am very happy to tell you that I got successful in the recently conducted campus placement
drive at my college. I am placed with TCS. I am extremely grateful for your help regarding my
preparation. More over your advice regarding personality development helped for my personal
grooming. In addition to that, your style of teaching inculcates not only those skills related to
professional success but also for developing values which I believe helps for shaping my career.
Once again I would like to thanks for your sincere and professional help.

With warm regards,

PETER.
REPORT WRITING
 REPORT WRITING ON AIR POLLITION
Air pollution is ugly, and among other things it is now officially being blamed for contributing to
lung cancer.

The World Health Organization this month declared smoggy air a certified cancer agent, joining
tobacco, asbestos and ultraviolet radiation as culprits adversely affecting health. Particulate
matter, a major component of outdoor air pollution, was also classified as being carcinogenic to
humans, according to the international organization.

"There is no safe level of air pollution," said Dr. Brian Moench, an anesthesiologist and president
of the nonprofit advocacy group Utah Physicians for a Healthy Environment.

Moench said medical research has long provided evidence of the carcinogenic potential of air
pollution.

Lung cancer, he said, isn't the only cancer shown to be affected by poor air quality, but it plays a
part in "virtually every kind of cancer you could think of."

The latest designation by the World Health Organization, Moench said, should get people to
change their thinking about air pollution.

"The health effects of air pollution are far more broad reaching than we've thought in the past,"
he said, adding that more serious efforts should be made to protect public health.

Air pollution is already known to increase risks for a range of diseases, including respiratory and
heart diseases. Diesel fumes have previously been considered dangerous in producing poor air
quality, as well as other contaminants.

And a recent Harvard study pointed to air pollution as contributing to an increased risk of babies
born with autism.
In Utah, health standards are compromised by poor air quality at least a couple weeks — if not a
month or more — every year.

Air quality is specifically affected during the wood-burning season in the state, which typically
spans from November to March, according to Donna Spangler, spokeswoman for Utah's
Department of Environmental Quality.
Spangler said it is impossible to predict inversion, as it is determined primarily by weather
patterns. A lack of precipitation led to a particularly bad inversion in January, when Salt Lake
and Davis counties had 14 days that residents were asked to avoid contributing to pollution and
35 when it was mandatory not to.
Cache County, where pollution is often worse, experienced 22 voluntary and 42 mandatory no-
burn days in the 2012-13 season. Utah County saw 17 voluntary and 33 mandatory action days.

"We did have more mandatory action days than the previous year," Spangler said. "It was one of
our worst because of the winter that we saw, especially in January when we were socked in for
two straight weeks."

The department recently changed its air quality monitoring system to be more proactive,
indicating no-burn days before particulate levels reach the health standard of 35 micrograms per
cubic meter.

"The air we breathe has become polluted with a mixture of cancer-causing substances," said Dr.
Kurt Straif, head of the International Agency for Research on Cancer, the specialized cancer
agency of the World Heath Organization that made the recent recommendation. "We now know
that outdoor air pollution is not only a major risk to health in general, but also a leading
environmental cause of cancer deaths."

Lung cancer is the most common cause of cancer-related death in men and women worldwide.
The Utah Department of Health places the respiratory system-attacking disease as the fifth most
common cancer in Utah, with more than 580 cases diagnosed annually.

The most recent data show that in 2010, 223,000 deaths from lung cancer resulted from air
pollution worldwide, according to the World Health Organization.

The group now puts the dangers of air pollution above that of secondhand smoke. And despite
Utah's low rate of tobacco use — another known carcinogen — the state has a high rate of lung
cancer, which is largely attributed to radon gas.

The main sources of outdoor air pollution are transportation, power plants, industrial and
agricultural emissions, and residential heating and cooking using wood-burning stoves.

Moench said eliminating exposure to wood-burning stoves is an important way people can
protect themselves. Another method, he said, involves consumption of anti-inflammatory agents,
be it food or drug forms, as well as others, as air pollution creates an inflammatory response in
people.

Using the proper air filters and never idling a vehicle, Moench said, are also ways that people
can impact air pollution levels.

Upon studying available research on air pollution in 2007, Moench, said he and his medical
colleagues decided to take air pollution more seriously and "do whatever we can to fight it."

He said despite knowing that living in northern Utah could shorten his life expectancy, he's
willing to make that sacrifice "to make the community a better place."
Moench's mother died of pneumonia during one particularly bad Utah winter inversion, which
only heightened his concern for the environment.

"I know what it is doing to me, and I'm not happy about it," he said, "but I'm trying to get that
message out there and hopefully motivate and compel people to start taking it more seriously."

The American Lung Association consistently ranks Utah in the top 10 states with the worst air
quality in the country in acute spikes of air pollution, which occur during winter inversion and
during summertime wildfire seasons. Otherwise, the state experiences average air pollution
levels when compared with the rest of the nation.

The largest worldwide producers of air pollution are cities in China and India.

However, air pollution produced anywhere essentially affects air quality everywhere, according
to the World Health Organization, which, along with the European Commission, is reviewing its
recommended limits on air pollution.

But public health consequences of air pollution, he said, "go far beyond mortality."

"Air pollution breathed now by prospective parents can impact the health of their children,
grandchildren and potential generations to come," Moench said.

Comments on this story

For the average person, however, cancer risk from pollution is low, but unavoidable. Risk levels
vary depending on a number of variables, such as a person's genetics, exposure to dangerous
substances, and lifestyle choices, including alcohol consumption, tobacco use and physical
activity.

"Classifying outdoor air pollution as carcinogenic to humans is an important step," said Dr.
Christopher Wild, International Agency for Research on Cancer director. "There are effective
ways to reduce air pollution, and given the scale of the exposure affecting people worldwide, this
report should send a strong signal to the international community to take action without delay."
GRAMMAR
ACTIVE AND PASSIVE VOICE

Sentences are given in the active voice. Change them into the passive voice.

1. He teaches English.

2. The child is eating bananas.

3. She is writing a letter.

4. The master punished the servant.

5. He was writing a book.

6. Who wrote this letter?

7. Somebody cooks meal every day.

8. He wore a blue shirt.

9. May God bless you with happiness!

10. They are building a house.

11. I have finished the job.

12. I sent the report yesterday.

13. She bought a diamond necklace.

14. Somebody had stolen my purse.

Answers
1. English is taught by him.

2. Bananas are being eaten by the child.

3. A letter is being written by her.

4. The servant was punished by the master.

5. A book was being written by him.

6. By whom was this letter written?

7. Meal is cooked by someone every day.

8. A blue shirt was worn by him.

9. May you be blessed with happiness!

10. A house is being built by them.

11. The job has been finished by me.

12. The report was sent yesterday.

13. A diamond necklace was bought by her.

14. My purse had been stolen by somebody.

DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH

Sentences are given in the direct speech. Change them into the indirect speech.

1. He said, “I have got a toothache”.

2. Manu said, “I am very busy now”.

3. “Hurry up,” she said to us.

4. “Give me a cup of water,” he told her.

5. She said, “I am going to college.”

6. She said to me, “Thank you”

7. Raju said, “Gautam must go tomorrow”.

8. Geetha says, “My father is an Engineer.”

9. He said, “I have passed the physical test.”

10. She said to me, “You are my only friend.”

11. ‘I love you,’ he told me.

Answers:

1. He said that he had got a toothache.

2. Manu said that he was very busy then.

3. She told us to hurry up.

4. He asked her to give him a cup of water.

5. She said that she was going to college.

6. She thanked me.

7. Raju said that Gautam would have to go the following day.

8. Geetha says that her father is an Engineer.

9. He said that he had passed the physical test.

10. She told me that I was her only friend.

11. He told me that he loved me.

SUBJECT VERB AGREEMENT
Fill in the blanks with appropriate forms of verb. Choose the answers from the options
given in the brackets.

1. One of my friends ……………………….. gone to France. (has / have)

2. Each of the boys ………………………. given a present. (was / were)

3. Neither of the contestants ……………………….. able to win a decisive victory. (was /

were)

4. Oil and water ……………………….. not mix. (do / does)

5. He and I ……………………….. at Oxford together. ( was / were)

6. Slow and steady …………………….. the race. (win / wins)

7. Neither Peter nor James …………………….. any right to the property. (has / have)

8. No prize or medal ………………….. given to the boy, though he stood first in the
examination. (was / were)

9. Either Mary or Alice …………………… responsible for this. (is / are)

10. Neither the Minister nor his colleagues ………………………… given any explanation for
this. (have / has)

Answers
1. One of my friends has gone to France.

2. Each of the boys was given a present.

3. Neither of the contestants was able to win a decisive victory.

4. Oil and water do not mix.

5. He and I were at Oxford together.

6. Slow and steady wins the race.

7. Neither Peter nor James has any right to the property.

8. No prize or medal was given to the boy, though he stood first in the examination.

9. Either Mary or Alice is responsible for this.

10. Neither the Minister nor his colleagues have given an explanation for this.
VOCABULARY
EXCERCISE 1

Choose the best word to fit the gap.

1 It’s important to understand how other cultures behave so you don’t cause ------------.

A offence B problem C disaster D behavior

2 In some countries it is quite------------ to use the correct title when talking to business
colleagues.

A offensive B likely C formal D tricky

3 Having good ----------may help you to make deals more easily.

A entertaining B manners C demonstrations D handshaking

4 Ian has to be very organised as his work involves meeting tight ---------

. A problems B responsibilities C challenges D deadlines

5 Lesley doesn’t like having to wait for other people to----------- work for her

. A generate B solve C resolve D tackle

6 Paul enjoys working at Small World because he finds the ------------stimulating.

A installation B environment C application D opportunity

7 If someone looks me straight in the eye without -----------I tend to think they are honest.

A yawning B sighing C blinking D sniffing

8 Your body---------- usually gives other people information about how you really feel.

A appearance B impression C language D relationship

9 Bob and Tony are business--------- and have arranged to meet at the sales conference.

A delegates B customers C associates D officers

10 I’ve given the latest sales------------- to Mr Allen but he hasn’t had a chance to look at them
yet.

A systems B figures C worksheets D facts

 ERROR CORRECTION

From the given pairs of sentences, make the sentences grammatically

correct:
1 .Mahatma Gandhi was one of the great men in our history.
Mahatma Gandhi had been one of the great men in our history.
2. Haridas lives at N0.44,main street, Chennai.
Haridas lives in N0.44, main street, Chennai.
3. The dog we always feed is the one who wags its tail furiously.
The dog we always feed is the one that wags its tail furiously.
4. I went there by walk.
I went there on foot.
5. I prefer walking more than driving.
I prefer walking more to driving.
6. She win the medal last year.
She won the medal last year.
7. My brother arrives tomorrow.
My brother will arrive tomorrow.
8. Iron expand when heated.
Iron expands when heated.
9. Cotton catch fire immediately.
Cotton catches fire immediately.
10. If I had received your letter, I would replied.
If I had received your letter, I would have replied.
11. He was preparing for GATE now.
He is preparing for GATE now.
12. Slow and steady win the race.
Slow and steady wins the race.
13. The jury were unanimous in its decision.
The jury was unanimous in its decision.
14. Water is more heavy than oil.
Water is heavier than oil.
15. Your knife are very sharp.
Your knife is very sharp.
16. Brutus is the honourable man.
Brutus is an honourable man.
17. I am not understanding the problem.
I don’t understanding the problem.
18. Thirukkural has been translated to many languages.
Thirukkural has been translated into many languages.
19. There is always an heavy traffic during peak hours.
There is always a heavy traffic during peak hours.
20. The class are listening to the trainer.
The class is listening to the trainer.