A FLOOD RISK, FLOOD HAZARD ASSESSMENT AND A PROPOSED

OPEN CHANNEL FOR PUROK 4 AND 11 OF BARANGAY WAAN,

BUHANGIN DAVAO CITY

An Undergraduate Thesis

Presented to

The Faculty of Civil Engineering Program

University of Mindanao

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of

Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering

By:

LIM, JOSEPH JAN

DALIMBANG, NASRALLY

BANGKILA, NASER
 Introduction

Throughout the years, disaster stayed unpredictable. The more sources of

threat and danger that may possibly aggravate the risk of individuals, the more

prominent the impacts when presented more to these sources. This occasion may

dependably represent a troublesome circumstance even at the minimum instance

of recognizing the degree of the risk. Truth be told, despite the fact that activities

have been done to limit these unforeseen circumstances, awful occurrences

continue happening right away. Without an identified location, hazards don't

generally show in an extremely unequivocal manner, but most often, seem to

require a very practical attention to ensure safety in most cases.

Like Davao City, the risk caused by environmental hazards are subjectively

increasing due to geographical factors present in the city. This entails a deep

analysis and assessment for ensuring a safe and livable place for all the people

in the city. Dealing more of its geographical orientation, there are three

classifications of land in Davao City which comprise the agricultural land,

conservation areas, and resource conservation.

 Identified as one of the most remote areas in Davao, Barangay Waan reserves

its community from unknown hazards present in every vicinity. This serves as

the subject in recognizing the level of dangers that can happen in the community

as well as the degree of vulnerability that may impose to the residents. This

Barangay is one of the rural communities located in Buhangin District, Davao

City and is 13.26 kilometers away from Davao City Hall to the Barangay proper.

According to recent reports, floods were critically aggravated by the river

existing in the Barangay. This river has been the significant reason of serious

flood occurrence in the Barangay that forces residents to evacuate in no time in

the absence of early warning devices and evacuation plan. “Waan is susceptible

to flood” according to Emergency Response Center Central 911, January 2013

via Mindanews, 2013. Due to the calamity of flood, it doesn't just impose risk to

the inhabitants but will also effect the loss of property of these people especially

their livelihood and other source of income such as agriculture.

The analysis of flow patterns of water surface shape, velocity, shear

stress and discharge through a stream reach falls under the heading Open

Channel Flow. It is described as an artificial channel built on the ground where

water flows within a free surface. Open channel flows refer to liquid flows that

are confined to rivers or open channels by the action of gravity. Because of the

free surface, gravity may be expected to play an important role. Just as a pressure
gradient was frequently responsible for flow in a closed conduit, gravity acting

through the fluid weight causes the water to flow down a slope.

This study believes to provide knowledge and information to the residents

of Barangay Waan in accounting the level of disaster through implementing a

flood hazard awareness and a solution to their problem which is an open channel.

This will deal more on events before, during and after the disaster comprising

disaster preparedness and awareness programs, flood hazard mapping, as well as

an open channel proposal to ensure no more flooding takes place.

Statement of the Problem

This project study aims to build an open channel of Barangay Waan,

Buhangin, Davao City; this channel will help the residents of purok 4 and 11 to

control the flood due to the constructed road and rainfall-runoff. To measure the

risk, the proponents specifically seek to answer the following questions:

1. What damage or loss (physical, economic, environmental, socio-

cultural and/or psychological) can these elements at risk incur?

2. To present the design, and find the maximum rainfall intensity

3. Calculate the catchment area served by the open channel

4. Estimate the runoff coefficient for that catchment

 5. Budget Cost on the Proposed Open Channel

Objectives

This study is about to build an open channel to prevent the flood in purok

4 and 11 at Barangay Waan intends to meet the following purpose:

A. Design

1. To design an open channel for the community of purok 4 and 11.

2. To survey and map area where the open channel will be placed.

3. To determine the profile of the existing canal in terms of

a. Velocity,

b. Area, and

c. Elevation.

B. Vulnerability

1. To identify the vulnerability level of the community caused by

flooding

C. Capacity

1. To recommend actions that can help plan and design an open channel

to the Barangay and community.

Significance of the Study

 This study, since it intends to establish a Open channel and Flood Risk

Assessment of Barangay Waan, Purok 4 and 11, and shows significance to the

following aspects of the residents’ community life:

 Personal – Educates individuals and creates community awareness and

preparedness in cases of disasters particularly those identified with

flooding which can in this manner lessen emotional and physical

bearings to oneself.

 Socio-cultural – Protection of key institutions that are located on flood

prone areas which serve as centers for socio-cultural development,

religious gatherings and educational activities.

 Economic – Lessens the possible casualties on agricultural industries

and serves as warning to owners and workers of businesses operating

near the riverbank and along the river itself.

 Environmental – Increases the awareness of residents regarding

environmental issues that aggravate flooding and allows them to develop

the initiative to take action in response to these matters. Actions such as

building a open channel near places where floods are happening.

 Political – Evaluates the existing policies and measures employed by the

Barangay and strengthen it framework on risk reduction and managemen

Conceptual Framework
 Planning Phase Preparation Phase Construction Phase Output

• Quarterly • Design Criteria • Construction • Clearing

Meeting • Purchase of Basic Implementation • Strucutral Report
• Budget Plan Disaster • Safety and health • Project
Necessitites • Project Schedule completion
• Allocation of
Resources

Scope and Limitation

Because of the risk flooding poses to the community, the proponents of this

study work to come up with a Flood Risk Assessment of the Barangay and a

Proposed Open Channel. Various ways may be employed to provide an

assessment but this study is limited to the following:

A.Duration of Work

The study will only be conducted in a span of two semesters or one

academic year, specifically SY 2017-2018.

B.Area of Work

The study is limited within the territorial boundaries of Barangay

Waan, Purok 4 and 11, Buhangin, Davao City including bodies of

water, land and air.

C.Scope of Work
 Hazard

The study is limited to the assessment of hazards related to flooding

and the risk of construction injuries. Safety precautions and the incidents

of light and heavy rains, both isolated and sustained are within the scope

of this study.

 Exposure

The study will record exposure levels. Also, the main reference of

this study will be the geographic feature found within the Barangay,

including the Davao River, and its tributaries that are within the

Barangay.

 Vulnerability

The proponents will include all types of assets of the Barangay that

can be quantified. Assets that cannot be measured using the available

means are beyond the limits of the study. Nevertheless, the assets –

human, natural, livelihood/economic and properties of the community

should be catered.

 Capacity

As end output of this study, the proponents will provide a flood maps

for hazard, vulnerability, exposure, and capacity. The designs and plans

of structural mitigating projects of the open channel are within the scope

of the study.
 Review of Related Literature

This chapter presents brief reviews of related literatures and studies,

including laws and policies, both local and international, to give a more

comprehensive overview on the principles of disaster risk reduction and

management and its essence in safeguarding the community.

Disasters can be rooted from many sources such as the natural tendencies of

the Earth and human activities. Human geography is concerned with the aspects

of human living and existence and is also responsible for the widespread effects

of disasters. Due to massive industrialization and urbanization, disasters that are

induced by humans are inevitable. How individuals plan structures and where

they find it, the exploitation of the natural resources, the density of population

and other human-related activities increase the vulnerability of a certain locality.

The physical geography is concerned with the effects of the patterns of wind,

climate, existing topographical features, waters and soils on an area. Areas with

large bodies of water are likely to suffer from flooding as well as landslide

depending on the soil profile. These components, the human and physical

geography, including the geological aspects are directly linked to one another for

they are all contributors to disaster.

The Barangay, in connection to these, has the following conditions:

 Geographic - Barangay Waan generally falls within the floodplains wherein

the major landscape process is flooding and since this landform is bordered by

the active channel of Davao River, where river bank erosions are also expected

and are aggravated by the quarry activities performed by the residents therein.

Barangay Waan also falls within the area of moderate flood hazard susceptibility

class wherein flooding will be caused from overflowing from Davao River and

floodwaters or rainwaters coming from the western elevated areas passing

through creeks and culverts.

Geologic - Mostly of Barangay Waan lies on a flat ground essentially

covered by silty and clayey soils. The top most soil is generally made up of silts

and clays ranging from 2 to 15 meters below the ground surface near the river.

The soil layer is further subdivided into inorganic silts and sands and inorganic

silts/elastic silt. And based on the published Geological Map of Davao

Quadrangle, an interpreted N-NE trending fault occurs west of Barangay Waan

area. However, this fault is not classified as active fault based from PHILVOCS

classification.

The design of a highway drainage channel to carry a given discharge is

accomplished in two parts. The first part of the design involves the computation

of a channel section which will carry the design discharge on the available slope.

This chapter briefly discusses the principles of flow in open channels and the use

of the Manning equation for computing the channel capacity. The second part of
the design is the determination of the degree of protection required to prevent

erosion in the drainage channel. This can be done by computing the velocity in

the channel at the design discharge, using the Manning equation, and comparing

the calculated velocity with that permissible for the type of channel lining used.

(Permissible velocities are shown in tables 2 and 3, on page 101.) A change in

the type of channel lining will require a change in channel size unless both

linings have the same roughness coefficient.

Flow in open channels is classified as steady or unsteady. The flow is said

to be steady when the rate of discharge is not varying with time. In this chapter,

the flow will be assumed to be steady at the discharge rate for which the channel

is to be designed. Steady flow i~ further classified as uniform when the channel

cross section, roughness, and slope are constant; and as no uniform or varied

when the channel properties vary from section to section. Depth of flow and the

mean velocity will be constant for steady flow in a uniform channel. With a given

depth of flow din a uniform channel, the mean velocity V may be computed by

the ·Manning equation:

1.49 V =n R2! 33112

in which: R=Hydraulic radius=A/WP=area of cross section of flow divided by

wetted perimeter. S =Slope of total head line. n= Manning roughness coefficient.

The discharge Q is then: Q=A V

 Disaster Risk Reduction and Management (DRRM)

The DRRM prioritizes the following areas to where its main actions are

directed to. This long-term goals should be a shared objective to all especially to

the local levels of disaster risk reduction and management. These four areas shall

be addressed and implemented by the Barangay Risk Reduction and

Management Committee (BDRRMC) before, during and after the disaster to

safeguard the community against disaster.

Disaster Prevention and Mitigation – This area highlights the importance of

a comprehensive analysis of the factors of vulnerability, risk and exposure to

disasters and hazards. It includes the identification of hazard, its area of concern

and assessment and the analysis of vulnerability.

Disaster Preparedness – This area is focused on campaigns, lectures,

drills, planning and the development of disaster plan which are all directed to

increase the awareness of the community and prepare them for possible disasters.

Disaster Response – This area is directed to disaster response operations

during the actual disaster which include search and rescue operations, relief

operations, and the assessment of the community’s needs and the institution of

programs for early recovery.

Disaster Rehabilitation – This area aims to help the community rise up

from the disturbances and destructions caused by the disaster. Programs under
this are intended to restore infrastructures, provide employment and livelihood,

utilities housing and resettlement.

 Living with increasing floods: insights from a rural Philippine

community

The people in Sagrada, a community located near the Pampanga River, were

able to come up with their own schemes to carry on the effects of frequent

flooding. Their common practice is stocking up food supplies before the flood

comes. Since their main source of living, which involves fishing, is vulnerable

during floods, they turn to other source of income such as doing the laundry for

their wealthy nearby fellowmen. Some of them borrow money to buy food and

meet their everyday demands.

Furthermore, during flooding, most of them minimize their food

consumption. Social networking also plays a vital role in aiding assistance from

outside the community. Another way of managing the devastating effects of

flood is through the Community-Based Risk Reduction (CBDRR) schemes,

which empowers the people with their own methods to maintain their demands

during the calamity.

 Geologic Assessment at Barangay Waan, Davao City

The Lapanday Agricultural Development Corporation’s six-hectare land

property located at Barangay Waan, Buhangin, Davao City was assessed last
March 3, 2001 by Environment Management Bureau, EMB-XI, in compliance

to the requirements of this Office. This assessment conducted by Noel B.

Angeles, Supervising Science Research Specialist, was done to verify if the

property is capable for uses other than agriculture. The methodology of this study

involves field and surveying, mapping of terrain, soil analysis and mapping of

the subsurface soils. Findings show that the property is situated 100 meters from

the Matina Fault. Also, the area is traversed by a small creek is prone to

liquefaction. Therefore, as assessed, the property is not advisable for any heavy

development. Nevertheless, light developments are acceptable but to areas that

pass through the buffer zones, no development is recommended.

 Capacity

Upon designing the canals and laterals, the capacity of it to safely carry

water must be properly observed. The materials that the canal will be built from,

the ground plan in distinction from the profile, the hydraulic radius, the

anticipated increase in vegetation, and its operation and maintenance are

considered factors in choosing the value of the roughness coefficient in capacity

design.

A drainage system functions to remove excess water from land. This

excess water may be from surface runoff from rainfall or leakage or seepage

from the distribution system.

 A surface water drainage system should be capable of transporting the

flow of rainwater starting from the roof to an outfall which may be a surface

water or combined sewer, a soak away, or a watercourse, minimize the risk of

blockage or leakage, it must be accessible for clearing blockages, it should also

be adequately protected from accidental damage from sources such as traffic,

ground settlement and tree roots, and be sufficiently protected from accidental

pollution by means of a discharge from foul drains, oil spillage or other sources

of pollution. The flow depends on the area to be drained and the intensity of the

rainfall which should be assumed to be 75 mm per hour for roof drainage design.

The capacity of a drainage system should be adequate enough to carry the

expected flow at any point of the system and a subsurface drainage is used to

where the soil can pass through the spacing of the drain. A subsurface drain will

last long as it is carefully planned, properly installed, and uses the standard

materials. Rain water from roofs is carried separately from the sewage systems

because stormwater does not need any sort of treatment to prior to disposing it

to natural waters. Some are filtered through traps where the last point of the pipe

system is located but it still flows through the gutters and to the streets going

through any types of bodies of water.

METHODOLOGY

This Chapter contains all the methods and process that the proponents have

employed to carry out the objectives of this study.

 Research Plan

Due to limited resources in Waan Barangay Hall, the proponents have

coordinated to different Local Government Units (LGUs) to secure existing

data for Barangay Waan and other related studies. Relevant information

were outsourced from Davao City Planning and Development Office,

Department of Environment and Natural Resources Region XI (DENR), and

Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services

Administration (PAGASA) which had helped in identifying the problem in

the community.

From the baseline data, the proponents had sought means to obtain

additional information and data by conducting surveys, interviews and

ocular inspections. In the analysis of results, both mathematical and

descriptive approaches were used.

 Research Design

With the established problem of the community, this project study

provides methods in addressing the implication of flood-related incidents in

Barangay Waan. In the procedure of coming up a flood hazard mitigation

scheme, significant methods shall then be employed to ensure validity of

results. By acquiring information, through written request letters, such as and

its major and minor community interactions, a comprehensive flood risk

assessment and management is attainable so long as sufficient data and

accurate information will be gathered.

With these specified methods, this research study shall then proceed in

making its objectives possible. Hazard assessment on flood covers before,

during and after the disaster that may comprise in terms of disaster

preparation and awareness programs, flood hazard mapping, information

dissemination and assessment of evacuation area, preparation of evacuation

plan and warning devices and rehabilitation plan as well. The study also used

descriptive-survey research methods. Through initiating surveys and other

existing descriptive procedures, the possibility of attaining all of these can

be reasonable.

Thus, the nature of this research design is both objective and exploratory

for it supports the questions of what and how concerning the search for

answers to the community problem.

Channel construction or modification shall be according to an approved

plan prepared for the site. It shall be used in surveys, planning, and site

investigations for channel work. Design criteria shall be followedusing

the procedure best adapted to site conditions.

In selecting the location and design of channels, careful consideration

shall be given to minimizing water pollution, damage to fish and wildlife

habitat, and to protecting forest resources and the quality of the landscape.

In considering requirements for construction and operation and maintenance,

selected woody plants must be preserved. The overall landscape

character, prominent views, and fish and wildlife habitat requirements

must be considered.

Planned measures necessary to mitigate unavoidable losses to fish or

wildlife habitat shall be included in the project. The quality of the landscape

shall be maintained by both the location of channel works and plantings,

as appropriate.

Return period and concentration time. The correct duration to use in

designing a drain is the "concentration time" of the catchment area which it

serves. That is, the amount of time required for water falling on the most far-

flung point in the catchment area to run over the ground, into the drainage

system, and downstream to the drain that is to be designed. Smaller

catchment areas have shorter concentration times. Water flows faster down

relatively steep slopes, so that concentration times are also shorter in hilly

areas.

Rainfall intensity. Ideally, this should be found from an intensity-

duration graph of the same form. However, a graph compiled for one city

should not be used for another city without professional advice. Rainfall data

can be obtained from the department of hydrology or water resources. If

intensity-duration data are not available, an estimate can be made using the
maximum daily rainfall for the appropriate return period. In each climatic

zone, maximum rainfall in 15 minutes is a fairly constant percentage of the

maximum daily total-typically between 10% and 40%.

Catchment area. This is most conveniently estimated from a map. First

the edges of the catchment area are drawn. Some investigation in the field

may be needed to ascertain the full extent of the area from which surface

water will run to the drain being designed. The area on the map can then be

measured with a planimeter, or estimated by dividing it into squares. Squares

whose sides are equivalent to 100 m on the map will each have an area of 1

ha. For smaller areas, smaller squares can be used. Each 10 x 10 m square

will have an area of 0.01 ha.

Runoff coefficient. As indicated previously, the runoff coefficient

depends on soil conditions, terrain and land use. The first step is to determine

the runoff coefficient (Cu) for the uncovered areas, that is, for the areas

which are not paved or covered by buildings. Then an estimate must be made

of the percentage (P) of the total catchment area that is covered by

impermeable pavements or the roofs of buildings. This could be done from

an aerial photograph, but the process is very laborious. A reasonable estimate

can be made from the population density. Then the overall runoff coefficient

for the catchment area (C) can be derived.

 Compared to underground sewer systems (e.g. conventional sewer or

separate sewer) open channel are a less expensive solution. The precise cost

depends on local conditions. If terrain is very steep, extra construction has

to be fabricated to slow down the velocity. Also very flat areas could raise

the budgeted cost (deep, or where groundwater table is high, wide

excavation). Consideration of community participation could have a positive

offset on the overall costs. For example voluntary labour can permit

significant savings in cost, which can be an important consideration for most

municipalities in developing countries, due to very limited availability of

funds to invest in infrastructure. A typical value for the annual cost of

maintenance would be about 8% of the construction cost of the system. Still

cheaper than advanced sewer systems, but terrain, labour and material could

raise the investment costs.

 Environmental

 The proponents identified the effects of flooding as they suppress the

daily operations in the community by studying records of flood-related

disasters in different places in the world and in the local set up.

 The proponents analysed the rainfall indices to describe the behaviour of

the water level of the river.

 The proponent’s hazard map will be helpful to mitigate casualty of the

community.
 Propose a design of the irrigation’s lateral canal using NIA standards.

From the analyzed data, the cross section design for the lateral canal was

formulated.

For most efficient rectangular section

b = 2d

Area of the canal section

A = bd = 2d2

Hydraulic Radius
A d
R= =
P 2

Manning’s Formula
1 Q
V = ( )(R)2/3(S)1/2 ; V =
n A

1 d
Q = 2d2( )( )2/3(S)1/2
n 2

Rational Method

𝐶𝐼𝐴
Q=
360

Where:

Q = Flow rate, m3/s

A = Area of canal section, m2

C = Runoff coefficient

I = Rainfall Intensity

n = Manning’s roughness coefficient

R = Hydraulic radius

S = Canal slope/grade line, m

 d = Depth of water in the canal, m

b = Base of canal, m

D = d + (min. freeboard of 0.3 m)

FINDINGS OF THE STUDY

The collected data and the results for the computation of the discharge of water

to the canal is in this section. The following data were discussed according to the

objective and the procedure of the research.

Presented in Figure. 1 is the general layout map of the project area. The

yellow lines from the layout map is the focus of this research where drainage is

missing at the said area. The red circle is the area where we’ll be proposing to

place an open channel.

Figure 1. General Layout Map

 Presented in Figure. 2 is the flood map Barangay Waan. This shows the

total area bounded by rain.

Figure 2. Flooding Vulnerability Map

Flooding Vulnerability Map or Flood Mapping

High vulnerability means that there are significant number of assets
within the Purok that are more likely to be affected by flooding. Assets include
people – women, senior citizens, infants, and those with sickness and disabilities,
structures – business, facilities, and houses and other establishments, and
activities – religious, socio-cultural, economic and cultural. Those with lower
values signify that relative lower assets are susceptible to damages.
 VULNERABLE ASSETS
Purok Female Children and Old Sickness Disability Wooden House
1 13 3 2 0 2
2 45 23 3 2 7
3 63 17 15 4 20
4 55 18 5 2 11
5 40 14 6 0 8
6 44 14 2 1 7
7 27 5 3 0 8
8A 37 9 1 1 4
8B 33 10 5 4 6
9 38 15 6 4 16
10 86 26 3 1 21
11 77 32 7 3 21
12 59 10 8 0 11
13 14 2 3 1 7
14 4 0 0 0 4
Figure 3 Vulnerable assets taken from the personal information survey sheet

Table 1. Flood Discharge Profile

2013
Q
MEAN A Q
RAINFALL (TOTAL
DATES DAYS RELATIVE I C (SQ. (DAILY
(mm) MONTHLY
HUMIDITY METER) DISCHARGE)
DISCHARGE)
JANUARY 430.5 30 85 0.5979 0.45 42173.81 31.5205 1.0168
FEBRUARY 212 22 79 0.4015 0.45 42173.81 21.1668 0.7560
MARCH 60 26 76 0.0962 0.45 42173.81 5.0690 0.1635
APRIL 124.1 26 78 0.1989 0.45 42173.81 10.4843 0.3495
MAY 128.9 29 81 0.1852 0.45 42173.81 9.7633 0.3149
JUNE 186.4 30 82 0.2589 0.45 42173.81 13.6479 0.4549
JULY 129.1 31 82 0.1735 0.45 42173.81 9.1476 0.2951
AUGUST 185.6 31 82 0.2495 0.45 42173.81 13.1510 0.4242
SEPTEMBER 112.3 25 79 0.1872 0.45 42173.81 9.8669 0.3289
OCTOBER 357.4 29 78 0.5135 0.45 42173.81 27.0706 0.8732
NOVEMBER 192.6 28 83 0.2866 0.45 42173.81 15.1091 0.5036
DECEMBER 67.3 28 80 0.1001 0.45 42173.81 5.2796 0.1703
 2014
Q
MEAN A Q
RAINFALL (TOTAL
DATES DAYS RELATIVE I C (SQ. (DAILY
(mm) MONTHLY
HUMIDITY METER) DISCHARGE)
DISCHARGE)
JANUARY 285.3 27 84 0.4403 0.45 42173.81 23.2102 0.7487
FEBRUARY 23.8 19 79 0.0522 0.45 42173.81 2.7515 0.0983
MARCH 235.3 26 82 0.3771 0.45 42173.81 19.8788 0.6413
APRIL 150.5 24 69 0.2613 0.45 42173.81 13.7742 0.4591
MAY 94.9 30 89 0.1318 0.45 42173.81 6.9484 0.2241
JUNE 134.3 30 81 0.1865 0.45 42173.81 9.8332 0.3278
JULY 50.1 30 80 0.0696 0.45 42173.81 3.6682 0.1183
AUGUST 163.7 30 79 0.2274 0.45 42173.81 11.9859 0.3995
SEPTEMBER 175.2 29 82 0.2517 0.45 42173.81 13.2702 0.4423
OCTOBER 338.9 30 80 0.4707 0.45 42173.81 24.8137 0.8004
NOVEMBER 180 29 80 0.2586 0.45 42173.81 13.6338 0.4545
DECEMBER 122.6 25 82 0.2043 0.45 42173.81 10.7719 0.3475

2015
Q
MEAN A Q
RAINFALL (TOTAL
DATES DAYS RELATIVE I C (SQ. (DAILY
(mm) MONTHLY
HUMIDITY METER) DISCHARGE)
DISCHARGE)
JANUARY 205.7 18 81 0.4762 0.45 42173.81 25.1017 0.8097
FEBRUARY 36.4 7 75 0.2167 0.45 42173.81 11.4221 0.4079
MARCH 19 9 72 0.0880 0.45 42173.81 4.6372 0.1496
APRIL 125.4 16 73 0.3266 0.45 42173.81 17.2155 0.5738
MAY 164.7 27 78 0.2542 0.45 42173.81 13.3990 0.4322
JUNE 224.2 28 82 0.3336 0.45 42173.81 17.5881 0.6281
JULY 149.9 24 80 0.2602 0.45 42173.81 13.7193 0.4426
AUGUST 45.9 29 80 0.0659 0.45 42173.81 3.4766 0.1199
SEPTEMBER 91.5 29 80 0.1315 0.45 42173.81 6.9305 0.2310
OCTOBER 275.2 22 85 0.5212 0.45 42173.81 27.4769 0.8864
NOVEMBER 93.3 19 80 0.2046 0.45 42173.81 10.7862 0.3595
DECEMBER 63.3 6 77 0.4396 0.45 42173.81 23.1736 0.7475
 2016
Q
MEAN A Q
RAINFALL (TOTAL
DATES DAYS RELATIVE I C (SQ. (DAILY
(mm) MONTHLY
HUMIDITY METER) DISCHARGE)
DISCHARGE)
JANUARY 14.2 4 74 0.1479 0.45 42173.81 7.7978 0.2515
FEBRUARY 63.8 7 74 0.3798 0.45 42173.81 20.0200 0.6903
MARCH 39.8 4 70 0.4146 0.45 42173.81 21.8557 0.7050
APRIL 41.8 13 70 0.1340 0.45 42173.81 7.0628 0.2354
MAY 101.3 21 76 0.2010 0.45 42173.81 10.5958 0.3418
JUNE 188.7 23 81 0.3418 0.45 42173.81 18.0213 0.7835
JULY 68.6 28 79 0.1021 0.45 42173.81 5.3816 0.1736
AUGUST 34.6 26 72 0.0554 0.45 42173.81 2.9231 0.1124
SEPTEMBER 227.2 30 80 0.3156 0.45 42173.81 16.6352 0.5545
OCTOBER 387 28 82 0.5759 0.45 42173.81 30.3595 0.9793
NOVEMBER 206.4 17 81 0.5059 0.45 42173.81 26.6687 0.8890
DECEMBER 137 21 83 0.2718 0.45 42173.81 14.3299 0.4623

2017
Q
MEAN A Q
RAINFALL (TOTAL
DATES DAYS RELATIVE I C (SQ. (DAILY
(mm) MONTHLY
HUMIDITY METER) DISCHARGE)
DISCHARGE)
JANUARY 242.2 22 83 0.4587 0.45 42173.81 24.1820 0.7801
FEBRUARY 231.6 17 79 0.5676 0.45 42173.81 29.9248 1.0687
MARCH 170.2 21 78 0.3377 0.45 42173.81 17.8025 0.5743
APRIL 192.2 17 76 0.4711 0.45 42173.81 24.8340 0.8278
MAY 356.2 22 80 0.6746 0.45 42173.81 35.5642 1.1472
JUNE 222 23 78 0.4022 0.45 42173.81 21.2015 0.9218
JULY 110.3 27 78 0.1702 0.45 42173.81 8.9733 0.2895
AUGUST 224.9 25 80 0.3748 0.45 42173.81 19.7602 0.7904
SEPTEMBER 280.2 16 79 0.7297 0.45 42173.81 38.4671 1.2822
OCTOBER 175.3 19 78 0.3844 0.45 42173.81 20.2661 0.6537
NOVEMBER 138.5 15 80 0.3847 0.45 42173.81 20.2815 0.6761
DECEMBER 327.6 19 78 0.7184 0.45 42173.81 37.8732 1.2217
 2018
Q
MEAN A Q
RAINFALL (TOTAL
DATES DAYS RELATIVE I C (SQ. (DAILY
(mm) MONTHLY
HUMIDITY METER) DISCHARGE)
DISCHARGE)
JANUARY 118.8 22 80 0.2250 0.45 42173.81 11.8614 0.3826
FEBRUARY 57.5 17 83 0.1409 0.45 42173.81 7.4295 0.2653
MARCH 56.3 16 72 0.1466 0.45 42173.81 7.7291 0.2493
APRIL 178.6 20 74 0.3721 0.45 42173.81 19.6152 0.6538
MAY 254.3 24 76 0.4415 0.45 42173.81 23.2743 0.7508
JUNE 208 29 77 0.2989 0.45 42173.81 15.7546 0.5433
JULY 179.6 29 77 0.2580 0.45 42173.81 13.6035 0.4388
AUGUST 214.4 31 76 0.2882 0.45 42173.81 15.1916 0.4901

Values of roughness of coefficient “n” for Manning’s formula have been

experimentally determined for various conditions of sides and bed commonly

met with in open channels. Values of “n” usually decreases with the increase in

discharge and depends on the type of boundary material. It also depends on the

sinuosity tortuosity of the canal (radius of curve/ angle of deflection, and

frequency). Values as given may be adopted for design of lined/unlined canal.

Values of “n” for Manning’s formula

Type of Strata/Condition of Channel Roughness Coefficient

a) Unlined Earth Channels

1) clean, straight and uniform 0.0225

2) above section after weathering 0.025 (recommended for design)

3) sandy and gravelly strata 0.030

4) farm ditches 0.030

5) field drains 0.040

 b) Unlined Channels in Rock

1) less uneven and fairly uniform 0.03 to 0.04

2) rough, irregular, and uneven 0.04 to 0.05

c) Lined Channels

1) cast in situ concrete lining 0.015

2) precast concrete tile lining 0.020

Source: Table 1.6 of NIA Design Manual

Design of an irrigation channel involves conditions of steady and uniform

flow, that is, same depth of flow and discharge at all sections in a particular reach

under consideration. Design of channels is based on the mean velocity of flow

which is obtained by standard formula which expresses the mean velocity of flow

as a function of the hydraulic roughness of the channel, the hydraulic radius and

the hydraulic gradient.

Channel Slopes

Longitudinal Slope should be preferably equal to the ground slope, but if

the permissible velocities are not achievable, the slope should be increased. Side

slopes depend on the type of the material, i.e. angle of repose. USBR prefers a

1.5:1 (H:V) slope for usual sizes of lined channels. Recommended side slopes

are given in the Table below;

Freeboard: Vertical distance between the water surface and top of the channel.

Freeboard can be estimated as

F  0.55 Cy

Where, the coefficient, C  0.01184Q  1.493

The minimum freeboard is usually 30 cm. At the channel bends additional

freeboard must be provided to account for the super-elevation of the water

surface. Super-elevation of the water surface can be estimated as

V 2B
hs 
grc
Where, V  average velocity in the channel, B  top width of the channel, and

rc  radius of curvature of the centerline of the channel.

It is also recommended that rc  3B

Lined Channel Design

According to ASCE all channels carrying supercritical flow should be lined with

concrete reinforced in both longitudinal and lateral directions.

Steps in design

1. Estimate the roughness coefficient, n for the lining material and freeboard

coefficient, C for the design discharge.

2. Compute the normal depth of flow by Manning’s equation, with assumed

bed slope and if possible using best hydraulic cross-section.

3. Check the minimum velocity and Froude Number. Repeat step 2 and 3 if

necessary to meet the specifications.

4. Calculate the required freeboard and increase the freeboard on the bends

if required using the equation for super-elevation.

Figure. 3 presents the typical cross section of the open canal. This cross-section

shows the stiffener which helps the sides of the canal to resist pressure and the

freeboard which is the measurement from the topmost of the canal to the water

surface.

Figure 3. Cross-section of the lateral canal

References:

 World Economic Forum (2016). The Global Risks Report 2016 11th Edition.

Retrieved from http://www3.weforum.org/docs/Media/TheGlobal

RisksReport2016.pdf

 Israel, D., Briones, R. (2013). Impacts of Natural Disaster on Agriculture,

Food Security, and Natural Resources and Environment in the Philippines.

Retrieved from http://www.eria.org/ERIA-DP-2013-15.pdf

 UP TCAGP (2015). Flood Forecasting and Flood Hazard Mapping for

Davao River Basin, Disaster Risk and Exposure Assessment for Mitigation

(DREAM) Program. DOST-Grants-In Aid Program, 60 pp.

 Hualou, L. (2011). Disaster Prevention and Management: A Geographical

Perspective, (4), pp. 3

 slam, R., Kamaruddin, R., Ahmad, S. A., Jan, S. J., & Anuar, A. R. (2016).

A review on mechanism of flood disaster management in Asia. International

Review of Management and Marketing, 6 (1)

 Gaillard, J.C., Pangilinan, M.R.M., Cadag, J.R. and Le Masson, V. (2008),

Living with increasing floods: insights from a rural Philippine community,

Disaster Prevention and Management, Vol. 17 No. 3, pp. 383-395.

 DESIGN CHARTS FOR OPEN-CHANNEL FLOW U.S. Department of

Transportation Federal Highway Administration

 National Irrigation Administration Design Manual for Canal and Canal

Structures.