INTRODUCTION

Frequency Modulation is a technique in which the frequency of a transmitted

waveform is varied according to the variations in the message wave. The main reason
behind using the FM modulations by the radio stations is the quality of the signal that can
be recreated in the receiver. Signal to Noise ratio is very high at the output of the FM
Demodulator. FM modulator as well as the demodulator circuits are complex compared to
other modulation and demodulation techniques. In any radio that is designed to receive
frequency modulated signals there is some form of FM demodulator or detector. The circuit
takes in frequency modulated RF signals and takes the modulation from the signal to output
only the modulation that had been applied at the transmitter.
Types of FM
Demodulator are slope FM
detector, Ratio detector,
Foster-Seeley Detector,
PLL Phase Locked Loop
FM detector, Quadrature
FM detector, and
Coincidence FM demodulator. Some Demodulator uses Phase Locked Loop (PLL). A
Phase Locked Loop Demodulator have basic functional blocks like Voltage Controlled
Oscillator (VCO), Phase Comparator, Low Pass Filter and Source Follower. It generates a
frequency which matches the original carrier frequency and compares the phase of that
with received FM wave using the phase comparator. The output of the Phase comparator
is filtered out using the Low Pass Filter and is current amplified using the Source follower.
The output of the source follower matches the original message signal. The phase detector
produces a signal that is proportional to the phase difference between the incoming
waveform and the output of the VCO. The loop filter smooths this signal, which then
becomes the control signal for the VCO. Thus, if the frequency of the incoming signal is
constantly increasing and decreasing, the VCO control signal has to increase and decrease
accordingly to ensure that the VCO output frequency remains equal to the input frequency.
In other words, the output of the filter loop is a signal whose amplitude variations
correspond to the input frequency variations. This is how PLL accomplishes frequency
demodulation.
It is used to create a complex but high-performance circuit for demodulation. It can “lock
onto” the frequency of an incoming waveform.
 MATERIALS USED
LABEL COMPONENTS
R1 4.7 kΩ , ¼ watts, carbon resistor
R2 4.7 kΩ , ¼ watts, carbon resistor
R3 4.7 kΩ , ¼ watts, carbon resistor
R4 1 kΩ , ¼ watts, carbon resistor
R5 1 kΩ , ¼ watts, carbon resistor
R6 10 kΩ , ¼ watts, carbon resistor
R7 1 kΩ , ¼ watts, carbon resistor
R8 10 kΩ , ¼ watts, carbon resistor
R9 1 kΩ , ¼ watts, carbon resistor
R10 47 kΩ , ¼ watts, carbon resistor
R11 1 kΩ , ¼ watts, carbon resistor
C1 0.1 uF, Ceramic Capacitor
C2 1000 pF, Ceramic Capacitor
C3 0.022 uF, Ceramic Capacitor
C4 470 pF, Ceramic Capacitor
C5 10 uF, Ceramic Capacitor
C6 0.01 uF, Ceramic Capacitor
C7 0.1 uF, Ceramic Capacitor
C8 0.022 uF, Ceramic Capacitor
VR1 10kΩ, Potentiometer
IC1 ICL565
IC2 LF353
 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

PCB WIZARD (REAL WORLD) PCB WIZARD (ARTWORK)

 TECHNICAL DISCUSSION
Demodulator is a device used to recover the original modulating signal from a
modulated wave. A demodulator is also known as a detector. In communications systems
and in some automatic control systems, the information to be transmitted is first impressed
upon a periodic wave called a carrier. The carrier is then said to be modulated. After
reception of the modulated carrier, the original modulating signal is recovered by the
process of demodulation or detection.
The first thing we did was looked for the circuit of frequency demodulator that was
compatible for our DE4. In frequency modulator, frequency is the one that is being varied
and the amplitude is constant. Then, we designed the layout for the circuit and started to
buy components needed for the circuit. But, we had some trouble finding the IC for the
circuit. We found out that the IC for our circuit was not in the market anymore. Luckily,
we found a place where we can still buy the IC we needed. However, the IC they were
selling is old and the pins of it was rusty. After we finished the circuit we started to test it
and check if the values of the components were correct. However, the output of our circuit
has a ripple and it was distorted. We started to troubleshoot the circuit, we checked if the
circuit was correct and the components was correct. We also checked if the connections
were good. After we analyzed the circuit over and over again, we found out that the
problem was our IC. The IC was too hot whenever we were testing the circuit. We replaced
the IC with the same type and we finished the circuit connections. We tested again the
circuit and at last the got the correct output we need.

FINAL OUTPUT WAVEFORM

Frequency
Modulated Signal

Information Signal
SPECIFICATIONS