EX N0: 1

AMPLITUDE MODULATION USING DISCRETE

COMPONENTS

Aim: To design and set up an Amplitude modulation circuit and to compute the modulation
index.
Components and equipments required: Transistor BF 194, IFT, resistors, capacitors, signal
generator, power supply, bread board and CRO.
Theory:
For efficient transmission and reception of audio frequency signals transmitting and
receiving antennas should have a height of quarter wavelength of frequency used. Also, audio
frequency signals are susceptible to noise. To avoid these modulations is used. In AM, the
instantaneous amplitude of modulating voltage is used to vary the carrier amplitude accordingly.
It’s possible to make the output current of the CE amplifier proportional to the modulating signal
by applying the voltage in series with DC bias voltage for amplifier.
A differential amplifier fed with a constant current in the emitter can be used for
modulation purpose.
The ratio of the maximum amplitude of the modulating signal to maximum value of the
carrier voltage is modulation index, m = Vm / Vc
Design:
Modulator:
Choose transistor BF 194/195
Let Vcc =12V, Ic =1mA, VCE=90 % of Vcc, VRE=10 % of Vcc.
So, RE = 1.2K
Take IR1 = 11Ib & IR2 = 10 Ib & β = 100
R2 = VR2/IR2 = 18K
VR1 = 12-Vf = 10.1V
So, R1=100K
Circuit Diagram:

= 12 V
MODEL GRAPHS
EX N0: 2

AMPLITUDE MODULATION USING MULTIPLIER IC

Aim: To design AM generator using multiplier IC AD 633.

Components and equipments required: AD 633 IC, capacitors, CRO and Signal generator.

Theory:
AM is generated by adding the carrier signal with the product of baseband and carrier
signal. Analog multiplier IC AD 633 is used to generate the AM signal without any external
components. The differential X and Y inputs of the multiplier IC are converted to differential
currents by voltage to current convertors. The product of these currents is generated by the
multiplying core. A buried zener reference provides an overall scale factor of 10V. The sum of
(XY)/10+Z is then applied to the output amplifier. The amplifier summing mode Z allows the
user to add two or more multiplier outputs, convert the output voltage to current and configure
various analog computational functions. The relation between inputs and outputs are expressed
as
W= [(X1-X2)(Y1-Y2)/10] + Z
The carrier and modulation inputs to AD 633 are multiplied to produce the DSBSC signal. It is
then added with the carrier to produce the AM signal.
Circuit Diagram:

Pinout:
EX N0: 3
AM DETECTION USING ENVELOPE DETECTOR

Aim: To design and set up an Amplitude demodulation (Envelope Detector) circuit.

Components and equipments required: Resistors, capacitors, Diode OA79 , signal generator,
power supply, bread board and CRO.

Theory:
Simplest AM demodulator is a diode detector in which diode is in series with a parallel
RC load. The capacitance C and resistance R act in the same way as rectifier. C charges to
positive peak of RF and discharges through R. Before discharging, the next peak replenishes the
capacitor. Thus low frequency modulation signal is obtained with small amount of RF ripple.
Time constant RC is low enough to keep RF as small as possible.

Design:
RC>>Time period of RF
RC = 100T
Let T = 1/RF=1/100K
C = 0.47μF So, R1 = 22K
Let OA79 be the diode for high frequency rectification.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

Expected output: