Syarifah Amatullah

018201800009
Environmental Engineering 2018

Integral
Background
Integral is the opposite of the differentiation process. Integral was found following
the problem is found in differentiation where mathematicians must think how to solve the
opposite problem with differentiation solutions. Integral is divided into two, namely
indefinite integrals and definite integrals. The difference is certain integrals have an upper
and lower limit. Certain integrals usually used to find the volume of rotating and broad
objects themselves. While integral not necessarily due to the uncertainty of constant values
in the integral form.

𝒇′ (𝒙) = 𝒇(𝒙) → ∫ 𝒇𝒙 𝒅𝒙

1. Definite integral
A Definite Integral has start and end values: in other words there is an interval [a, b]. a and
b (called limits, bounds or boundaries) the definition of definite integral is based on the
idea that for certain function as the norm of the partition of [a,b] approaches zero, the value
of the corresponding Reimann Sums approach a limiting value I.

𝑏
∫ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = (𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑣𝑒 𝑥 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑥 ) − (𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑏𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑥 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠)
𝑎
Properties of definite integral :
1. ∫ab f(x) dx = ∫ab f(t) dt

2. ∫ab f(x) dx = – ∫ba f(x) dx [Also, ∫aa f(x) dx = 0]

3. ∫ab f(x) dx = ∫ac f(x) dx + ∫cb f(x) dx

4. ∫ab f(x) dx = ∫ab f(a + b – x) dx

5. ∫0a f(x) dx = ∫0a f(a – x) dx

6. ∫02a f(x) dx = ∫0a f(x) dx + ∫0a f(2a – x) dx

7. Two parts

1. ∫02a f(x) dx = 2 ∫0a f(x) dx if f(2a – x) = f(x).

2. ∫02a f(x) dx = 0 if f(2a – x) = – f(x)

8. Two parts

1. ∫-aa f(x) dx = 2 ∫0a f(x) dx if f(- x) = f(x) or it is an even function

2. ∫-aa f(x) dx = 0 if f(- x) = – f(x) or it is an odd function
Example :

6
∫ 12𝑥 − 9𝑥2 + 2 𝑑𝑥
1

= (3𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 3 + 2𝑥)16

= 3250

Indefinite integral
A definite integral is a number of defined number by taking the limit of Reimann Sums
associated with partition of a finite closed interfal whose norms goes to zero. And indefinite integral
is all antiderivatifes of the function f with respect to x . we must distinguish carefully between definite
and indefinite integrals, where definite integral is a number and indefinite integral is a function plus
an arbitrary constant C.

∫ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥

There are some rule in indefinite integral which are :

 The power rule

𝑢𝑛+1
∫ 𝑢𝑛 𝑑𝑢 = + 𝑐 (𝑛 ≠ −1, 𝑛 𝑎𝑛𝑦 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟)
𝑛+1

𝑑𝑢
∫ √1 + 𝑦 2 . 2𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ √𝑢 . 𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑦
1
= ∫ 𝑢2 𝑑𝑢
1
𝑢2+1
= +1
1
( 2) + 1

2 3
= (1 + 𝑦 2 )2 + 𝐶
3
  The substitution rule (running the chai rule backward)
Is a method to find integral but only if it can set in a certain way.

∫ 𝑓(𝑔(𝑥 )) 𝑔′ (𝑥 )𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑢)𝑑𝑢.

When f and g’ are continuous function :

 Substitute u = g(x) and du = g’(x) to obtain the integral
 Integrate with respect to u
 Replace u by g(x) in the result.

Example :

1
∫ cos(70 + 5) 𝑑∅ = ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 u . 𝑑𝑢
7

1
= ∫ cos 𝑢 𝑑𝑢
7

1
= sin 𝑢 + 𝐶
7

1
= sin(70 + 5) + 𝐶
7

There are also a trigonometric formula in integral (general form)

Conclusion
The most common used of integral is to measure the area under curve because the
shapes of the area is not always organized and there are always an area that can’t we
calculate. So integral help us to measure the area and we can get the closest value.