1.

What is volcanic Hazard

A Volcanic hazard is any potentially dangerous volcanic phenomenon or process that may
cause loss of life, injury or other health impacts, property damage, social and economic disruption or
environmental degradation. Volcanic hazards occur before, during and after volcanic eruptions.

2. What are the various related hazard?

Lava Flows
Lava is molten rock that flows out of a volcano or volcanic vent. Depending on its composition
and temperature, lava can be very fluid or very sticky (viscous). Fluid flows are hotter and move
the fastest; they can form streams or rivers, or spread out across the landscape in lobes. Viscous
flows are cooler and travel shorter distances, and can sometimes build up into lava domes or
plugs; collapses of flow fronts or domes can form pyroclastic density currents (discussed later).
Pyroclastic Density Currents
Pyroclastic density currents are an explosive eruptive phenomenon. They are mixtures of
pulverized rock, ash, and hot gases, and can move at speeds of hundreds of miles per hour. These
currents can be dilute, as in pyroclastic surges, or concentrated, as in pyroclastic flows. They are
gravity-driven, which means that they flow down slopes.
Pyroclastic Falls
Pyroclastic falls, also known as volcanic fallout, occur when tephra - fragmented rock ranging in
size from mm to tens of cm (fractions of inches to feet) - is ejected from a volcanic vent during
an eruption and falls to the ground some distance away from the vent. Falls are usually associated
with Plinian eruptive columns, ash clouds or volcanic plumes. Tephra in pyroclastic fall deposits
may have been transported only a short distance from the vent (a few meters to several km), or,
if it is injected into the upper atmosphere, may circle the globe. Any kind of pyroclastic fall deposit
will mantle or drape itself over the landscape, and will decrease in both size and thickness the
farther away it is from its source.
Lahars
Lahars are a specific kind of mudflow made up of volcanic debris. They can form in a number of
situations: when small slope collapses gather water on their way down a volcano, through rapid
melting of snow and ice during an eruption, from heavy rainfall on loose volcanic debris, when a
volcano erupts through a crater lake, or when a crater lake drains because of overflow or wall
collapse.
Gases
Volcanic gases are probably the least showy part of a volcanic eruption, but they can be one of
an eruption's most deadly effects. Most of the gas released in an eruption is water vapor (H2O),
and relatively harmless, but volcanoes also produce carbon dioxide (CO2), sulfur dioxide (SO2),
hydrogen sulfide (H2S), fluorine gas (F2), hydrogen fluoride (HF), and other gases. All of these
gases can be hazardous - even deadly - in the right conditions.

3. What are the harmful effects of volcanoes?

Health concerns after a volcanic eruption include infectious disease, respiratory
illness, burns, injuries from falls, and vehicle accidents related to the slippery, hazy
conditions caused by ash. When warnings are heeded, the chances
of adverse health effects from a volcanic eruption are very low.