1 s2.0 S221181281400707X Main PDF

You might also like

Download as pdf or txt
Download as pdf or txt
You are on page 1of 10

Available online at www.sciencedirect.

com

ScienceDirect
Procedia Materials Science 5 (2014) 1550 – 1559

,QWHUQDWLRQDO&RQIHUHQFHRQ$GYDQFHVLQ0DQXIDFWXULQJDQG0DWHULDOV(QJLQHHULQJ
$00(

2SWLPL]DWLRQRI3URFHVV3DUDPHWHUVLQ3ODVPD$UF&XWWLQJRI(1
6WHHO%DVHGRQ055 DQG0XOWLSOH5RXJKQHVV&KDUDFWHULVWLFV8VLQJ
*UH\5HODWLRQDO$QDO\VLV
0LODQ.XPDU'DVD.DXVKLN.XPDUE7DSDQ.U %DUPDQD DQG3UDVDQWD6DKRRD
D
'HSDUWPHQWRI0HFKDQLFDO(QJLQHHULQJ-DGDYSXU8QLYHUVLW\.RONDWD,QGLD
E
'HSDUWPHQWRI0HFKDQLFDO(QJLQHHULQJ%,70HVUD5DQFKL,QGLD

$EVWUDFW

7KLVSDSHULQYHVWLJDWHVWKHHIIHFWV DQGSDUDPHWULFRSWLPL]DWLRQRISURFHVVSDUDPHWHUVIRU SODVPDDUFFXWWLQJ 3$& RI(1VWHHO


XVLQJ JUH\ UHODWLRQ DQDO\VLV 7KUHH SURFHVV SDUDPHWHUV YL] JDV SUHVVXUH DUF FXUUHQW DQG WRUFK KHLJKW DUH FRQVLGHUHG DQG
H[SHULPHQWVDUHFRQGXFWHGEDVHGRQ/ RUWKRJRQDODUUD\ 2$  3URFHVVUHVSRQVHVYL]PDWHULDOUHPRYDOUDWH 055 DQGVXUIDFH
URXJKQHVVSDUDPHWHUV FHQWUHOLQHDYHUDJHURXJKQHVV5DURRWPHDQVTXDUH5T VNHZQHVV5VNNXUWRVLV5VN DQGPHDQOLQHSHDN
VSDFLQJ 5VP RI WKH PDFKLQHG VXUIDFH DUH PHDVXUHG IRU HYHU\ H[SHULPHQWDO UXQV )RU PD[LPXP 055 DQG PLQLPXP VXUIDFH
URXJKQHVV FKDUDFWHULVWLFV SURFHVV SDUDPHWHUV DUH RSWLPL]HG EDVHG RQ 7DJXFKL PHWKRG FRXSOHG ZLWK JUH\ UHODWLRQDO DQDO\VLV
$QDO\VLV RI YDULDQFH $129$  LV SHUIRUPHG WR JHW WKH FRQWULEXWLRQ RI HDFK SURFHVV SDUDPHWHUV RQ WKH SHUIRUPDQFH
FKDUDFWHULVWLFVDQGLWLVREVHUYHGWKDWJDVSUHVVXUHLVVLJQLILFDQWSURFHVVSDUDPHWHU WKDWDIIHFWV WKHUHVSRQVHV &RQILUPDWLRQWHVW
XVLQJ RSWLPDO VHWWLQJ VKRZV JRRG DJUHHPHQW WR WKH SUHGLFWHG YDOXH 7KLV LQGLFDWHV XWLOLW\ RI WKH JUH\7DJXFKL WHFKQLTXH DV D
PXOWLREMHFWLYHRSWLPL]HULQWKHILHOGRI3$& )LQDOO\XVLQJVFDQQLQJHOHFWURQPLFURVFRS\WKHVXUIDFHPRUSKRORJ\LVVWXGLHG
‹ Elsevier
© 2014 7KH$XWKRUV3XEOLVKHGE\(OVHYLHU /WGunder the CC BY-NC-ND license
Ltd. This is an open access article
6HOHFWLRQDQGSHHUUHYLHZXQGHUUHVSRQVLELOLW\RI
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/). 2UJDQL]LQJ&RPPLWWHHRI$00(
Selection and peer-review under responsibility of Organizing Committee of AMME 2014
.H\ZRUGV 3ODVPDDUFFXWWLQJ0DWHULDOUHPRYDOUDWH6XUIDFHURXJKQHVVFKDUDFWHULVWLFV7DJXFKLJUH\DQDO\VLV$129$

&RUUHVSRQGLQJDXWKRU 7HO ID[ 


(PDLODGGUHVVWNEDUPDQ#JPDLOFRP

2211-8128 © 2014 Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/).
Selection and peer-review under responsibility of Organizing Committee of AMME 2014
doi:10.1016/j.mspro.2014.07.342
Milan Kumar Das et al. / Procedia Materials Science 5 (2014) 1550 – 1559 1551

 ,QWURGXFWLRQ

1RZDGD\VDZLGHUDQJHRIWKHUPDOFXWWLQJWHFKQLTXHVKDVEHHQDSSOLHGIRUVKDSLQJPDWHULDOVLQGLIIHUHQWILHOGV
RI PHFKDQLFDO HQJLQHHULQJ VKLSEXLOGLQJ DQG SURFHVV WHFKQRORJ\ 3ODVPD DUF FXWWLQJ 3$&  LV D YHU\ LPSRUWDQW
WKHUPDOFXWWLQJSURFHVVDQGKDVEHHQXVHGVXFFHVVIXOO\LQWKHFXWWLQJRIVWDLQOHVVVWHHOKLJKKDUGQHVVPHWDOVKLJK
PHOWLQJSRLQWPHWDOVDQGRWKHUGLIILFXOWWRPDFKLQH DOOR\V :LOOHWW  ,DQ   ,QWKLVFXWWLQJSURFHVVDQLQHUW
JDVLVEORZQZLWKKLJKVSHHGRXWRIDQR]]OHDWWKHVDPHWLPHDQHOHFWULFDODUFLVIRUPHGWKURXJKWKDWJDVIURPWKH
QR]]OHWRWKHVXUIDFHEHLQJFXWWXUQLQJVRPHRIWKDWJDVWRWKHSODVPD7KHSODVPDPHOWVWKHPDWHULDOEHLQJFXWDQG
VZLIWO\ PRYHV EORZLQJ PROWHQ PHWDO DZD\ IURP WKH FXWWLQJ ]RQH 9DVLO¶HY   3ODVPD DUF FXUUHQW WRUFK
JHRPHWU\JDVW\SHIORZUDWHDQGFXWWLQJVSHHGIDFWRUVKDYH LPSRUWDQWHIIHFWV RQWKHFXWWLQJTXDOLW\,WLVSRVVLEOHWR
ILQGPXOWLSOHVWXGLHVRIWKHLQIOXHQFHRISODVPDFXWWLQJSDUDPHWHUVRQPDFKLQDELOLW\7KHIRFXVRQWKLVSDSHULVWR
REWDLQ DQ RSWLPXP FRQGLWLRQ VHWWLQJ  WR REWDLQ PD[LPXP 055 DQG PLQLPXP VXUIDFH URXJKQHVV )URP WKH
HFRQRPLFSRLQWRIYLHZLWLVREYLRXVWKDWPDWHULDOUHPRYDOUDWHVKRXOGEHWKHPD[LPXPLQDQ\LQGXVWULDOSXUSRVH
$OVR VXUIDFH URXJKQHVV SOD\V DQ LPSRUWDQW UROH LQ GHWHUPLQLQJ KRZ D UHDO REMHFWLYH ZLOO LQWHUDFW ZLWK LWV
HQYLURQPHQW ,WKDVODUJHLPSDFWRQWKHPHFKDQLFDOSURSHUWLHVOLNHIDWLJXHEHKDYLRUFRUURVLRQUHVLVWDQFHFUHHSOLIH
HWF ,W DOVR DIIHFWV RWKHU IXQFWLRQDO DWWULEXWHV RI PDFKLQH FRPSRQHQWV OLNH IULFWLRQ ZHDU OLJKW UHIOHFWLRQ KHDW
WUDQVPLVVLRQOXEULFDWLRQHOHFWULFDOFRQGXFWLYLW\HWF
7KHUH DUH PDQ\ UHVHDUFKHUV ZKR KDYH VWXGLHG 3$& SURFHVV LQ PDQ\ DVSHFWV %KXYHQHVK HW DO  KDYH
RSWLPL]HGWKHSURFHVVSDUDPHWHUVQDPHO\DLUSUHVVXUHFXWWLQJFXUUHQWFXWWLQJVSHHGDQGDUFJDSZLWKFRQVLGHUDWLRQ
RI PXOWLSOHSHUIRUPDQFHFKDUDFWHULVWLFVLQFOXGLQJ055DQGVXUIDFHURXJKQHVV XVLQJ7DJXFKLWHFKQLTXHLQSODVPD
DUFFXWWLQJRI$,6,VWHHO 0RDUUHI]DGHK  KDVLQYHVWLJDWHGWKHWKHUPDOHIIHFWRISODVPDDUFFXWWLQJZKLFK
GHSHQGV RQ WKH SODVPD JDV W\SH DQG WHPSHUDWXUH ILHOG RI LW LQ ZRUN SLHFH DQG VLPXODWHG WKH SURFHVV SDUDPHWHUV
XVLQJ $16<6 $OVR LW FDQ EH RSWLPL]HG WKH SURFHVV SDUDPHWHUV,VPDLO DQG 7DKD  KDYH HPSOR\HG 7DJXFKL
PHWKRG WR RSWLPL]H WKH PDFKLQLQJ SURFHVV SDUDPHWHUV LQ WKH SODVPD DUF VXUIDFH KDUGHQLQJ $66$% DQG
$66$%')VWHHO FRQVLGHULQJ DUFFXUUHQWVFDQQLQJYHORFLW\DQGFDUERQFRQWHQWRIVWHHODVWKHSURFHVVSDUDPHWHUV
&KHQ HW DO  KDYH RSWLPL]HG WKH SODVPD DUF FXWWLQJ SURFHVV WLS VL]H IHHG UDWH YROWDJH DQG FXUUHQW  ZLWK
PXOWLSOHSHUIRUPDQFHFKDUDFWHULVWLFVYL]EHYHOPDJQLWXGHDQG VPDOOHVWGLDPHWHUGHYLDWLRQRIWKHKROH XVLQJ7DJXFKL
WHFKQLTXH 2]HN HW DO  KDYH VXFFHVVIXOO\ DSSOLHG IX]]\ DOJRULWKP IRU SUHGLFWLRQ RI VXUIDFH URXJKQHVV LQ
3$&$,6,  VWHHO 6DORQLWLV DQG 9DWRXVLDQRV  KDYH VWXGLHG WKH LQIOXHQFH RI PDFKLQLQJ SDUDPHWHUV YL]
FXWWLQJVSHHGFXWWLQJFXUUHQWSODVPDJDVSUHVVXUHDQGWRUFKKHLJKWRQWKHVXUIDFHURXJKQHVVKHDWHIIHFWHG]RQHDQG
FRQLFLW\ RI WKH FXW JHRPHWU\ LQ SODVPD DUF FXWWLQJ RI 6 PLOG VWHHO DQG DOVR GHYHORSHG D UHJUHVVLRQ PRGHO
5DGRYDQRYLF HW DO  KDYH GHYHORSHG DQ DUWLILFLDO QHXUDO QHWZRUN $11  PRGHO XVLQJ FXWWLQJ FXUUHQW SODWH
WKLFNQHVV DQG FXWWLQJ VSHHG DV WKUHH LQSXW QHXURQV WR SUHGLFW WKH RXWSXW QHXURQVXUIDFH URXJKQHVV 5] YDOXHV IRU
3$& RSHUDWLRQRI VWDLQOHVVVWHHODOXPLQXPDQGQLFNHO%DKUDP  KDV RSWLPL]HGDUFFXUUHQWFXWWLQJVSHHGDQG
WRUFKKHLJKWZLWKFRQVLGHULQJSHUIRUPDQFHFKDUDFWHULVWLFVLQFOXGLQJIODWQHVVFOHDQFXWDQGEHYHODQJOHXVLQJ560LQ
DXWRPDWHG SODVPD FXWWLQJ SURFHVV RI VWDLQOHVV VWHHO VKHHW PHWDO DQG DOVR YDOLGDWLRQ LV SHUIRUPHG RQ WKH RSWLPXP
VHWWLQJ <DQJ  KDV PD[LPL]HG GHSWK RI WKH KDUGHQHG ]RQH LQ VWHHO VSHFLPHQV LV VLJQLILFDQW ZLWK WKH
RSWLPL]DWLRQRISODVPDDUFFXWWLQJSURFHVV
0RUHRYHU DQ H[WHQVLYH UHYLHZ RI OLWHUDWXUH RQ URXJKQHVV VWXGLHV RI 3$& VXUIDFHV UHYHDOV WKH IDFW WKDW WKH
FHQWUHOLQHDYHUDJHURXJKQHVV 5D KDVEHHQWKHIRFXVRIPRVWRIWKHLQYHVWLJDWLRQV+RZHYHU DVXUIDFHJHQHUDWHGE\
PDFKLQLQJLVFRPSRVHGRIDODUJH QXPEHURIOHQJWKVFDOHV RIVXSHULPSRVHGURXJKQHVV 6DKRR DQG JHQHUDOO\
FKDUDFWHUL]HG E\ WKUHH GLIIHUHQW W\SHV RI SDUDPHWHUV YL] DPSOLWXGH SDUDPHWHUV VSDFLQJ SDUDPHWHUV DQG K\EULG
SDUDPHWHUV $PSOLWXGH SDUDPHWHUV DUH WKH PHDVXUHV RI WKH YHUWLFDO FKDUDFWHULVWLFV RI WKH VXUIDFH GHYLDWLRQV DQG
H[DPSOHV RI VXFK SDUDPHWHUV DUH FHQWUH OLQH DYHUDJH URXJKQHVV URRW PHDQ VTXDUH URXJKQHVV VNHZQHVV NXUWRVLV
SHDNWRYDOOH\ KHLJKW HWF 6SDFLQJ SDUDPHWHUV DUH WKH PHDVXUHV RI WKH KRUL]RQWDO FKDUDFWHULVWLFV RI WKH VXUIDFH
GHYLDWLRQV DQG H[DPSOHV RI VXFK SDUDPHWHUV DUH PHDQ OLQH SHDN VSDFLQJ KLJK VSRW FRXQW SHDN FRXQW HWF 2Q WKH
RWKHU KDQG K\EULG SDUDPHWHUV DUH D FRPELQDWLRQ RI ERWK WKH YHUWLFDO DQG KRUL]RQWDO FKDUDFWHULVWLFV RI VXUIDFH
GHYLDWLRQVDQG H[DPSOHRIVXFKSDUDPHWHUVDUHURRWPHDQVTXDUHVORSH RISURILOHURRWPHDQVTXDUHZDYHOHQJWKFRUH
URXJKQHVVGHSWK UHGXFHG SHDN KHLJKW YDOOH\ GHSWK SHDN DUHD YDOOH\ DUHD HWF 7KXV FRQVLGHUDWLRQ RI RQO\ RQH
SDUDPHWHU OLNHFHQWUHOLQHDYHUDJH URXJKQHVVLV QRWVXIILFLHQWWR GHVFULEHWKHVXUIDFHTXDOLW\ WKRXJKLWLVWKH PRVW
FRPPRQO\ XVHG URXJKQHVV SDUDPHWHU 7KH SUHVHQW VWXG\ DLPV DW FRQVLGHUDWLRQ RI ILYH GLIIHUHQW URXJKQHVV
1552 Milan Kumar Das et al. / Procedia Materials Science 5 (2014) 1550 – 1559

SDUDPHWHUVYL]FHQWUHOLQHDYHUDJHURXJKQHVV 5D URRW PHDQVTXDUHURXJKQHVV 5T VNHZQHVV 5VN NXUWRVLV 5NX


DQGPHDQOLQH SHDNVSDFLQJ 5VP IRUWKHVXUIDFHWH[WXUHJHQHUDWHGLQ 3$& RI (1VWHHO
7KHREMHFWLYHVRIWKLVVWXG\DUHWRGHWHUPLQHWKHHIIHFWV DQGRSWLPL]DWLRQ RIWKUHH SURFHVVSDUDPHWHUV YL] JDV
SUHVVXUHDUFFXUUHQWDQGWRUFKKHLJKW RQ PDWHULDOUHPRYDOUDWHDQG VXUIDFHURXJKQHVVFKDUDFWHULVWLFVLQ3$&RI(1
VWHHOXVLQJJUH\UHODWLRQDODQDO\VLVFRXSOHGZLWK7DJXFKLPHWKRG $QDO\VLVRIYDULDQFH $129$ LVSHUIRUPHG
WR JHW SHUFHQWDJH RI FRQWULEXWLRQ RI HDFK SDUDPHWHU RQ WKH SHUIRUPDQFH FKDUDFWHULVWLFV &RQILUPDWLRQ WHVWLV
FRQGXFWHGWRFKHFNWKH YDOLGLW\ RIRSWLPDOSURFHVVSDUDPHWHUV' VXUIDFHSORWVDUH JHQHUDWHGWRVWXG\ WKHHIIHFWV RI
LQSXWSDUDPHWHUVRQUHVSRQVHV6XUIDFHPRUSKRORJ\LV DOVR VWXGLHGZLWKWKHKHOSRI6(0LPDJHV

 ([SHULPHQWDOSURFHGXUH

 ([SHULPHQWDOVHWXS

([SHULPHQWVDUHFRQGXFWHGRQWKH&1&SODVPDDUFFXWWLQJ (339DQG+] ZLWK37 7RUFK


VXSSOLHG E\ (6$% $LU LV XVHG IRU WKH FXWWLQJ JDV ZKHQ VSHFLDO HOHFWURGHV PDGH IURP ZDWHUFRROHG FRSSHU
ZLWKLQVHUWV RI PHWDOV VXFK DV KDIQLXP DUH XVHG 0HFKDQL]HG WRUFKHV FDQ EH PRXQWHG RQ D FRPSXWHUFRQWUROOHG
FXWWLQJPDFKLQH8VXDOO\DVWDQGRIILVPDLQWDLQHGEHWZHHQWKHWRUFKWLSDQGZRUNSLHFHIRUEHVWFXWTXDOLW\ ,QWKLV
VWXG\WKHH[SHULPHQWDOSODQKDVWKUHHFRQWUROODEOHYDULDEOHVQDPHO\JDVSUHVVXUHDUFFXUUHQWDQGWRUFKKHLJKW 7KH
UHVSRQVH YDULDEOHV FRQVLGHUHG LQ WKH SUHVHQW VWXG\ DUH PDWHULDO UHPRYDO UDWH 055 DQG VXUIDFH URXJKQHVV
FKDUDFWHULVWLFV 5D5T5VN5NX DQG5VP 055LVH[SUHVVHGDVWKHUDWLRRIZHLJKWGLIIHUHQFHRIWKHZRUNSLHFHEHIRUH
DQGDIWHUPDFKLQLQJWRWKHPDFKLQLQJWLPHDQGLQWKHSUHVHQWVWXG\LWLVPHDVXUHGE\ZHLJKWORVVRIWKHPDWHULDODQG
H[SUHVVHG E\ JPVHF5RXJKQHVV PHDVXUHPHQW LV GRQH XVLQJ D VW\OXVW\SH SURILORPHWHU 7DO\VXUI 7D\ORU +REVRQ
6XUWURQLF  ,Q WKH PDFKLQLQJ SDUDPHWHU GHVLJQ WKUHH OHYHOV ZLWK HTXDO VSDFLQJ RI WKH FXWWLQJ SDUDPHWHUV DUH
VHOHFWHGDVVKRZQLQ7DEOH

7DEOH'HVLJQIDFWRUVDQGWKHLUOHYHOV
/HYHOV
'HVLJQIDFWRUV 8QLW 1RWDWLRQ
  
*DVSUHVVXUH EDU $   
$UFFXUUHQW DPS %   
7RUFKKHLJKW PP &   

 6HOHFWLRQRIZRUNSLHFHPDWHULDO

5HFWDQJXODUEORFNRIPP;PPDQGPPKHLJKWPDGHRI(1VWHHOZKLFKLVDKLJKFDUERQDOOR\VWHHO
ZLWKKLJKGHJUHHRIKDUGQHVVFRPSUHVVLYHVWUHQJWKDQGDEUDVLRQUHVLVWDQFHLVVHOHFWHGDVZRUNSLHFH,WLVSRSXODUO\
XVHGLQDXWRPRWLYHW\SHDSSOLFDWLRQVOLNHD[OHEHDULQJVVSLQGOHEHDGLQJUROOVSXQFKHVDQGGLHVHWF7KHWHQVLOHWHVW
KDVEHHQGRQHDWURRPWHPSHUDWXUHE\XVLQJD870 ,QVWURQ ZLWK.1JULSFDSDFLW\DQGFRQWUROOHULQ
GLVSODFHPHQW FRQWUROOHG PRGH 7KH WHVW LV FRQWUROOHG IURP FRPPDQG FRPSXWHU XVLQJ µ%OXH +LOO¶ VRIWZDUH
0HFKDQLFDODQGFKHPLFDOSURSHUWLHVRI (1VWHHODUHVKRZQLQ7DEOH

7DEOH0HFKDQLFDO DQGFKHPLFDO SURSHUWLHVRI(1VWHHO


:RUNSLHFHPDWHULDO 0HFKDQLFDOSURSHUW\ &KHPLFDOFRPSRVLWLRQ ZW
0RGXOXVRI(ODVWLFLW\*3D<LHOG6WUHQJWK 
&0Q6L3
(1WRRO VWHHO 6WUDLQ2IIVHW 03D8OWLPDWH7HQVLOH6WUHQJWK
6&UDQG)H
0SDDQG3RLVVRQ¶V5DWLR
Milan Kumar Das et al. / Procedia Materials Science 5 (2014) 1550 – 1559 1553

 'HVLJQRIH[SHULPHQW '2(

'HVLJQ RI H[SHULPHQWV '2(  WHFKQLTXH LV XVHG WR REWDLQ DQG RUJDQL]H WKH PD[LPXP DPRXQW RI FRQFOXVLYH
LQIRUPDWLRQ IURP WKH PLQLPXP DPRXQW RI H[SHULPHQWDO UXQ WLPH HQHUJ\ PRQH\ RU RWKHU OLPLWHG UHVRXUFH %\
DSSO\LQJ WKLV WHFKQLTXH LW LV SRVVLEOH WR UHGXFH WKH UHTXLUHG WLPH DQG QXPEHU RI H[SHULPHQWV VLJQLILFDQWO\ IRU
H[SHULPHQWDO LQYHVWLJDWLRQV ,Q 7DJXFKL PHWKRG DQ RUWKRJRQDO DUUD\ 2$  LV HPSOR\HG WR UHGXFH WKH QXPEHU RI
H[SHULPHQWV IRUGHWHUPLQLQJWKHRSWLPDO PDFKLQLQJSURFHVVSDUDPHWHUV $Q2$UHTXLUHV WKH PLQLPXP QXPEHURI
H[SHULPHQWDO WULDOV WR GHWHUPLQH WKH PDLQ HIIHFW DV ZHOO DV LQWHUDFWLRQ HIIHFWV RI SDUDPHWHUV VLPXOWDQHRXVO\ 7KH
FKRLFHRIDVXLWDEOH2$GHVLJQGHSHQGVRQWKHWRWDOGHJUHHVRIIUHHGRP '2) UHTXLUHGIRUVWXG\LQJWKHPDLQDQG
LQWHUDFWLRQHIIHFWV'2)UHIHUVWRWKHQXPEHURIIDLUDQGLQGHSHQGHQWFRPSDULVRQVWKDWFDQEHPDGHIURPDVHWRI
REVHUYDWLRQV,QSUHVHQWVWXG\WRFKHFNWKH'2)VLQWKHH[SHULPHQWDOGHVLJQIRUWKHWKUHHOHYHOWHVWWKHWKUHHPDLQ
IDFWRUVWDNH>;  í @'2)V7KH'2)IRUWKUHHVHFRQGRUGHULQWHUDFWLRQV $;%$;&%;& LV>; 
í ; í @DQGWKHWRWDO'2)VUHTXLUHGLV  +HUHWKH/ 2$ '2)V KDVEHHQVHOHFWHGEHFDXVHDV
SHU7DJXFKLPHWKRGWKHWRWDO'2)VRIVHOHFWHG2$PXVWEHJUHDWHU WKDQRUHTXDOWRWKHWRWDO'2)VUHTXLUHGIRUWKH
H[SHULPHQW

 5HVXOWDQGGLVFXVVLRQ

7KHH[SHULPHQWDOUHVXOWV IRU 055DQGVXUIDFHURXJKQHVV DUH LQFOXGHGLQ7DEOH6XUIDFHURXJKQHVVSDUDPHWHUV


DQG 055 DUH RSWLPL]HG LQ WKLV VWXG\ DQG WKLV LV D PXOWLUHVSRQVH RSWLPL]DWLRQ SUREOHP 7DJXFKL WHFKQLTXH
7DJXFKL   LV VXLWDEOH IRU VLQJOH UHVSRQVH RSWLPL]DWLRQ EXW RSWLPL]DWLRQ RI PXOWLSOH SHUIRUPDQFH
FKDUDFWHULVWLFV LV GLIIHUHQW IURP RI D VLQJOH SHUIRUPDQFH FKDUDFWHULVWLFV )RU PXOWLUHVSRQVH RSWLPL]DWLRQ JUH\
UHODWLRQDODQDO\VLV 'HQJ FRXSOHGZLWK7DJXFKLPHWKRGLVHPSOR\HG LQWKLVVWXG\

 *UH\DQDO\VLV

7KH H[SHULPHQWDO UHVXOWV REWDLQHG IURP 055 DQG VXUIDFH URXJKQHVV WHVWV DUH SUHVHQWHG LQ 7DEOH  7KH ILQDO
UHVSRQVH QHHGHG IRU SURFHVVLQJ ZLWK 7DJXFKL DQDO\VLV LV WKH JUH\ UHODWLRQDO JUDGH ZKLFK LV REWDLQHG WKURXJK WKH
IROORZLQJVHWRIFDOFXODWLRQV

 *UH\UHODWLRQDOJHQHUDWLRQ

7KHILUVWVWHSLQ JUH\UHODWLRQDODQDO\VLVLVWRSHUIRUPWKHJUH\UHODWLRQDOJHQHUDWLRQLQZKLFKWKHUHVXOWVRIWKH
H[SHULPHQWVDUHQRUPDOL]HGLQWKHUDQJH RIWR )RUQRUPDOL]DWLRQRI055GDWD KLJKHUWKHEHWWHU +% FULWHULRQ
(T  DQG IRU VXUIDFH URXJKQHVV SDUDPHWHUV ORZHUWKHEHWWHU /%  FULWHULRQ (T   DUH XVHG DV 055 LV WR EH
PD[LPL]HGDQGVXUIDFHURXJKQHVVLVWREHPLQLPL]HG

\L N  PLQ \L N
;L N 
PD[ \L N  PLQ \L N

PD[ \L N  \L N
;L N 
PD[ \L N  PLQ \L N
ZKHUH [L N LVWKHYDOXHDIWHUJUH\UHODWLRQDOJHQHUDWLRQPLQ \L N LVWKHVPDOOHVWYDOXHRI \L N IRUWKH NWKUHVSRQVH
DQGPD[ \L N LVWKHODUJHVWYDOXHRI \L N IRUWKH NWK UHVSRQVH$QLGHDOVHTXHQFHLV [ N N «« IRUWKH
UHVSRQVH7KH SURFHVVHG GDWD DIWHU JUH\ UHODWLRQDO JHQHUDWLRQ LV JLYHQ LQ 7DEOH  /DUJHU QRUPDOL]HG UHVXOWV
FRUUHVSRQGWRWKHEHWWHUSHUIRUPDQFHDQGWKHEHVWQRUPDOL]HGUHVXOWVKRXOGEHHTXDOWR
1554 Milan Kumar Das et al. / Procedia Materials Science 5 (2014) 1550 – 1559

7DEOH'HVLJQRI([SHULPHQWDQGH[SHULPHQWDOIRUUHVSRQVHSDUDPHWHUV
([S 055 5D 5T 5VP ([S 055 5D 5T 5VP
5VN 5NX 5VN 5NX
1R JPVHF —P —P PP 1R JPVHF —P —P PP
             
             
             
             
             
             
             
             
             
             
             
             
             
      

 *UH\UHODWLRQDOFRHIILFLHQW

*UH\UHODWLRQDOFRHIILFLHQWVDUHFDOFXODWHGWRH[SUHVVWKHUHODWLRQVKLSEHWZHHQWKHLGHDO EHVW  DQGWKHDFWXDO


H[SHULPHQWDOUHVXOWV7KHJUH\UHODWLRQDOFRHIILFLHQW [L N N FDQEHFDOFXODWHGDV
'PLQ <'PD[
[L N 
'L N <'PD[
ZKHUH L __[ N í[L N __ LVGLIIHUHQFHRIWKHDEVROXWHYDOXHEHWZHHQ [ N DQG [L N  PLQ DQG PD[ DUHUHVSHFWLYHO\
WKH PLQLPXP DQG PD[LPXP YDOXHV RI WKH DEVROXWH GLIIHUHQFHV L RI DOO FRPSDULQJ VHTXHQFHV ȌLV D
GLVWLQJXLVKLQJFRHIILFLHQW  ” ȥ”WKHSXUSRVHRIZKLFKLVWRZHDNHQWKHHIIHFWRI PD[ ZKHQLWJHWVWRRELJDQG
WKXV HQODUJHV WKH GLIIHUHQFH VLJQLILFDQFH RI WKH UHODWLRQDO FRHIILFLHQW 7KH VXJJHVWHG YDOXH RI WKH GLVWLQJXLVKLQJ
FRHIILFLHQW Ȍ LV  GXH WR WKH PRGHUDWH GLVWLQJXLVKLQJ HIIHFWV DQG JRRG VWDELOLW\ RI RXWFRPHV 7KHUHIRUH Ȍ LV
DGRSWHG DV  IRU IXUWKHU DQDO\VLV LQ WKH SUHVHQW VWXG\ 7KH JUH\ UHODWLRQ FRHIILFLHQW RI HDFK SHUIRUPDQFH
FKDUDFWHULVWLFLVVKRZQLQ7DEOH

 *UH\UHODWLRQDOJUDGH DQG JUH\UHODWLRQDORUGHULQJ

7KHJUH\UHODWLRQDOJUDGHLVWUHDWHGDVWKHRYHUDOOUHVSRQVHRIWKHSURFHVVLQVWHDGRIWKHPXOWLUHVSRQVHRI055
DQGVXUIDFHURXJKQHVV7KHJUH\UHODWLRQDOFRHIILFLHQWVDUHFDOFXODWHGIRUWKHH[SHULPHQWDOGDWDXVLQJ Ȍ 7KH
JUH\UHODWLRQDOJUDGH J L LVREWDLQHGE\DYHUDJLQJWKHJUH\UHODWLRQDOFRHIILFLHQWDVIROORZV
 Q
JL ¦ [L N
QN 


ZKHUHQLVWKHQXPEHURISURFHVVUHVSRQVHV+LJKHUYDOXHRIJUH\UHODWLRQDOJUDGHLPSOLHVVWURQJHUUHODWLRQDOGHJUHH
EHWZHHQWKHLGHDOVHTXHQFH [ N DQGWKHJLYHQVHTXHQFH [L N 7DEOH VKRZVWKHH[SHULPHQWDOUHVXOWVIRUWKHJUH\
UHODWLRQDOJUDGHDQGWKHLURUGHUV7KXVPXOWLUHVSRQVHRSWLPL]DWLRQ SUREOHP FDQEHFRQYHUWHGLQWRVLQJOHUHVSRQVH
RSWLPL]DWLRQSUREOHP
Milan Kumar Das et al. / Procedia Materials Science 5 (2014) 1550 – 1559 1555

7DEOH *UH\UHODWLRQDODQDO\VLV
1RUPDOL]HGRIH[SHULPHQWDOGDWD *UH\UHODWLRQDOFRHIILFLHQW
([S
1R 055 5D 5T 5VN 5NX 5VP 055 5D 5T 5VN 5NX 5VP
            
            
            
            
            
            
            
            
            
            
            
            
            
            
            
            
            
            
            
            
            
            
            
            
            
            
            

 $QDO\VLVRI 6LJQDOWR1RLVH 61 UDWLR

7R FDSWXUH WKH YDULDELOLW\ RI WKH UHVXOWV VLJQDO WR QRLVH 61  UDWLR DQDO\VLV LV GRQH WDNLQJ WKH JUH\ UHODWLRQDO
JUDGHDVWKHSHUIRUPDQFHLQGH[$VJUH\UHODWLRQDOJUDGHLVWREHPD[LPL]HGWKH61UDWLRIRURYHUDOOJUH\UHODWLRQDO
JUDGHLVFDOFXODWHGXVLQJKLJKHUWKHEHWWHU +% FULWHULRQDQGLVJLYHQE\
 Q 
6  1UDWLR  ORJ ¦
Q L  \L


ZKHUH \ LVWKHREVHUYHGGDWDDQG Q LVWKHQXPEHURIREVHUYDWLRQV


7KHUHVXOWV PD\EHH[SUHVVHGLQWHUPVRIHLWKHUWKH61UDWLRRUWKH PHDQ7KHUHVSRQVHWDEOHIRUWKHPHDQRI
JUH\UHODWLRQDOJUDGHLVVKRZQLQ7DEOH7KHUHVSRQVHWDEOHFRPSDUHVWKHUHODWLYHPDJQLWXGHRIWKHHIIHFWVZKLFK
LQFOXGHVUDQNVEDVHGRQ'HOWDVWDWLVWLFV7KH'HOWDVWDWLVWLFLVWKHKLJKHVWDYHUDJHIRUHDFKIDFWRU PLQXVWKHORZHVW
DYHUDJHIRUWKHVDPH5DQNVDUHDVVLJQHGRQWKHEDVLVRI'HOWDYDOXHV
1556 Milan Kumar Das et al. / Procedia Materials Science 5 (2014) 1550 – 1559

7DEOH*UH\UHODWLRQDOJUDGHDQGWKHLURUGHU
([S1R *UDGH 2UGHU ([S1R *UDGH 2UGHU ([S1R *UDGH 2UGHU

        


        
        
        
        
        
        
        
        

7DEOH5HVSRQVHWDEOHIRUWKHJUH\UHODWLRQDOJUDGH
/HYHO $ % &
   
   
   
'HOWD   
5DQN   

 )DFWRU HIIHFWV

)LJVKRZVWKHPDLQHIIHFWV SORW,QWKHPDLQHIIHFWVSORWLIWKHOLQHIRUDSDUWLFXODUSDUDPHWHULVQHDUKRUL]RQWDO
WKHQ WKH SDUDPHWHU KDV QR VLJQLILFDQW HIIHFW 2Q WKH RWKHU KDQG D SDUDPHWHU IRU ZKLFK WKH OLQH KDV WKH KLJKHVW
LQFOLQDWLRQZLOOKDYHWKHPRVWVLJQLILFDQWHIIHFW,WLVYHU\PXFKFOHDUIURPWKHPDLQHIIHFWVSORWWKDWSDUDPHWHU$
JDV SUHVVXUH  LV WKH PRVW VLJQLILFDQW SDUDPHWHU ZKLOH % DUF FXUUHQW  DOVR KDV D TXLWH VLJQLILFDQW HIIHFW RQ WKH
UHVSRQVH%XWSDUDPHWHU& WRUFKKHLJKW KDVDOPRVWQRHIIHFW6LQFHKLJKHUJUH\UHODWLRQDOJUDGHLQGLFDWHVWKDWWKH
V\VWHP WHQGV RSWLPDOLW\ WKH RSWLPDO FRQGLWLRQ IRU HDFK SDUDPHWHU LV WDNHQ DW WKRVH SRLQWV ZKHUH WKH PHDQ JUH\
UHODWLRQDO JUDGH LV IRXQG WR EH WKH PD[LPXP +HQFH WKH RSWLPDO SURFHVV SDUDPHWHU FRPELQDWLRQ IRU PD[LPXP
PDWHULDO UHPRYDO UDWH DQG PLQLPXP URXJKQHVV FKDUDFWHULVWLFV RI 3$& LV JLYHQ DV $%& PLGGOH OHYHO RI JDV
SUHVVXUHKLJKHVWOHYHORIDUFFXUUHQWDQGKLJKHVWOHYHORIWRUFKKHLJKW 

)LJ0DLQHIIHFWVSORWIRUPHDQ RIJUH\UHODWLRQDOJUDGH

 (IIHFWRISURFHVVSDUDPHWHUVRQUHVSRQVHV

)LJ  VKRZVWKHHVWLPDWHGWKUHHGLPHQVLRQDOVXUIDFHDVZHOODVFRQWRXUSORWVIRU 055DQGURXJKQHVVSDUDPHWHUV


DVIXQFWLRQRIWKHLQGHSHQGHQWPDFKLQLQJSDUDPHWHUV,QDOOWKHVHILJXUHVRQHRIWKHWKUHHLQGHSHQGHQWYDULDEOHVLV
Milan Kumar Das et al. / Procedia Materials Science 5 (2014) 1550 – 1559 1557

KHOG FRQVWDQW DW FHQWUH OHYHO )LJ  D E  VKRZV WKDW 055 LQFUHDVHV ZLWK DQ LQFUHDVH RI JDV SUHVVXUH DQG 055 LV
PLQLPXP DW FHQWUH OHYHO RI DUF FXUUHQW +RZHYHU ZLWK LQFUHDVH LQ WRUFK KHLJKW 055 UHPDLQV FRQVWDQW $ KLJKHU
SODVPD JDV IORZ UDWH OHDGV WR DQ LQFUHDVH LQ WKH PHDQ DUF YROWDJH DQG LWV IOXFWXDWLRQV 7KHUHIRUH PRUH KHDW LV
WUDQVIHUUHG LQWR WKH ZRUN SLHFH RQ 055 LQFUHDVLQJ DQG FRQVHTXHQWO\ URXJKQHVVYDOXH UHGXFHV %KXYHQHVK HW DO
  ,W LV VHHQ IURP)LJ  FG WKDW5D GHFUHDVHV ZLWK DQ LQFUHDVHRIJDVSUHVVXUHDQG WRUFKKHLJKW DQG5D LQFUHDVHV

D E

F G

)LJ 'VXUIDFH SORWV D 055ZLWKFXUUHQWDQGSUHVVXUHE 055ZLWKWRUFKKHLJKWDQGSUHVVXUHF 5D ZLWKWRUFKKHLJKWDQGFXUUHQWG 5D ZLWK


WRUFKKHLJKWDQGSUHVVXUH

ZLWK LQFUHDVH RI DUF FXUUHQW 0LQLPXP WRUFK KHLJKW UHVXOWV LQ RYHU PHOWLQJ RI WKH SURFHVVLQJ DUHD WKDW FDQ QRW EH
UHPRYHGDQGUHVROLGLILHV ZLWKLQ WKHFXWWLQJDUHD7KLVUHVROLGLILFDWLRQLVLQWKHIRUPRIVWULDWLRQVLQFUHDVLQJWKXVWKH
VXUIDFHURXJKQHVV$OVRVXUIDFHURXJKQHVVLQFUHDVHVDVWKHSODVPDDUFFXUUHQWLQFUHDVHV7KLVLVGXHWRWKHIDFWWKDW
DPRXQW RI WKH PROWHQ PHWDO ZKLFK FDQ EH IODVKHG DZD\ E\ WKH VKLHOGLQJ JDV LV FRQVWDQW 7KHUHIRUH PRUH KHDW LV
WUDQVIHUUHGLQWRWKHVDPSOHKLJKHUSODVPDDUFFXUUHQWRFFXUVWKHVKLHOGLQJJDVLVLQFUHDVLQJO\XQDEOHWRFOHDUDZD\
WKHPROWHQPDWHULDODQGVRLWEXLOGVXS XSRQWKHVXUIDFHRIWKHSDUHQWPDWHULDO 2]HNHWDO  7KHYDULDWLRQVRI
RWKHUURXJKQHVVSDUDPHWHUVDUHVDPHDV5D WKRXJKIRUWKHEUHYLW\RIWKHSDSHUWKHSORWVDUHRPLWWHG

 $QDO\VLVRIYDULDQFH $129$

$129$ LV D VWDWLVWLFDO WHFKQLTXH WKDW FDQ LQIHU VRPH LPSRUWDQW FRQFOXVLRQV RQ WKH EDVLV RI DQDO\VLV RI WKH
H[SHULPHQWDO GDWD 7KH PHWKRG LV YHU\ XVHIXO IRU UHYHDOLQJ WKH OHYHO RI VLJQLILFDQFH RI LQIOXHQFH RI IDFWRU V  RU
LQWHUDFWLRQRIIDFWRUVRQDSDUWLFXODUUHVSRQVH,QWKHSUHVHQWVWXG\$129$LVSHUIRUPHGXVLQJ0LQLWDE 0LQLWDE
  7DEOH  VKRZV WKH $129$ UHVXOW IRU RYHUDOO JUH\ UHODWLRQDO JUDGH RI 055 DQG URXJKQHVV SDUDPHWHUV
$129$FDOFXODWLRQVDUHEDVHGRQWKH)UDWLRZKLFKLVWKHUDWLREHWZHHQWKHUHJUHVVLRQPHDQVTXDUHDQGWKHPHDQ
1558 Milan Kumar Das et al. / Procedia Materials Science 5 (2014) 1550 – 1559

VTXDUH HUURU 7KH )UDWLR DOVR FDOOHG WKH YDULDQFH UDWLR LV WKH UDWLR RI YDULDQFH GXH WR WKH HIIHFW RI D IDFWRU DQG
YDULDQFHGXHWRWKHHUURUWHUP7KLVUDWLRLVXVHGWRPHDVXUHWKHVLJQLILFDQFHRIWKHSDUDPHWHUVXQGHULQYHVWLJDWLRQ
ZLWK UHVSHFW WR WKH YDULDQFH RI DOO WKH WHUPV LQFOXGHG LQ WKH HUURU WHUP DW WKH GHVLUHG VLJQLILFDQFH OHYHO Į ,I WKH
FDOFXODWHGYDOXHRI)UDWLRLVKLJKHUWKDQLWVWDEXODWHG YDOXHWKHQWKHIDFWRULVVLJQLILFDQWDWWKHGHVLUHGĮOHYHO,Q
JHQHUDO ZKHQ WKH )YDOXH LQFUHDVHV WKH VLJQLILFDQFH RI WKH SDUDPHWHU DOVR LQFUHDVHV $129$ WDEOH VKRZV WKH
SHUFHQWDJHFRQWULEXWLRQRIHDFKSDUDPHWHU,WLVFOHDUIURPWKH $129$ WDEOHWKDWSDUDPHWHU $ JDVSUHVVXUH KDVJRW
WKHPRVWVLJQLILFDQWLQIOXHQFHRQ 055DQG URXJKQHVVZKLFKLVDERXWFRQWULEXWLRQ

7DEOH5HVXOWVRI$129$IRUJUH\UHODWLRQDOJUDGH
6RXUFHRIYDULDWLRQ 'HJUHHVRIIUHHGRP 6XPRIVTXDUH 0HDQVTXDUH )UDWLR &RQWULEXWLRQ
$     
%     
&     
$ %     
$ &     
% &     
(UURU   
7RWDO  

 &RQILUPDWLRQWHVW

$IWHUWKHRSWLPDOOHYHORISURFHVVSDUDPHWHUVKDVEHHQ IRXQGRXWD YHULILFDWLRQ WHVW QHHGVWREHFDUULHGRXWLQ


RUGHU WR FKHFN WKH DFFXUDF\ RI WKH DQDO\VLV 7DEOH VKRZV WKH FRPSDULVRQ RI WKH HVWLPDWHG JUH\ UHODWLRQDO JUDGH
ZLWKWKHDFWXDOJUH\UHODWLRQDOJUDGHREWDLQHGLQ WKH H[SHULPHQWXVLQJWKHRSWLPDOWHVWSDUDPHWHUV,WPD\EHQRWHG
WKDW WKHUH LV JRRG DJUHHPHQW EHWZHHQ WKH HVWLPDWHG DQG DFWXDO JUH\ UHODWLRQDO JUDGH 7KH LPSURYHPHQW RI JUH\
UHODWLRQDO JUDGH IURP LQLWLDO WR RSWLPDO FRQGLWLRQ LV  ZKLFK LV DERXW  LPSURYHPHQW IURP WKH LQLWLDO
FRQGLWLRQV

7DEOH5HVXOWVRIFRQILUPDWLRQWHVW
/HYHO ,QLWLDOSDUDPHWHUFRPELQDWLRQ 2SWLPDOSDUDPHWHU FRPELQDWLRQ
$%& $%&
3UHGLFWLRQ ([SHULPHQWDO
055  
5D  
5T  
5VN  
5NX  
5VP  
*UDGH   
,PSURYHPHQWRIJUH\UHODWLRQDOJUDGH  

 6XUIDFH PRUSKRORJ\VWXG\

7KH VXUIDFH PRUSKRORJ\ RI EHIRUH DQG DIWHU PDFKLQLQJ )LJ   LV VWXGLHG ZLWK WKH KHOS RI VFDQQLQJ HOHFWURQ
PLFURVFRS\ 6(0  %HIRUH PDFKLQLQJ WKH ZRUN SLHFH VXUIDFH LV QHDUO\ VPRRWK DQG WKHUH LV QR JOREXODU VSRW DQG
DIWHUPDFKLQLQJWKHZRUNVXUIDFHEHFRPHV URXJKHUDQGFRQWDLQVSOHQW\RIJOREXOHVZKLFKDUHXQHYHQO\GLVWULEXWHG
GXH WR JUDLQ FRDUVHQLQJ QHDU WKH FXWWLQJ VXUIDFH DQG LW FDQ EH DWWULEXWHG WR WKH YHU\ KLJK WHPSHUDWXUHV DQG VORZ
Milan Kumar Das et al. / Procedia Materials Science 5 (2014) 1550 – 1559 1559

FRROLQJ,Q 3$&SURFHVVWKHPDWHULDOLVKHDWHGWRLWVPHOWLQJSRLQWDQG FRROHG LQWKHDLUDIWHUFXWWLQJ+LJKKHDWLQJ


DQGVORZFRROLQJFRXOGOHDGWRWHPSHUFRQGLWLRQV7KLVJUDLQFRDUVHQLQJZLOOGHFUHDVHWKHKDUGQHVVRIWKHPDFKLQHG
VXUIDFHDQGPDNHWKHVXUIDFHOHVVUHVLVWDQWWRWKHZHDURURWKHUHQYLURQPHQWDOFRQGLWLRQV

 &RQFOXVLRQ

7KLV SDSHU SUHVHQWV DQ LQYHVWLJDWLRQ RQ WKH RSWLPL]DWLRQ DQG WKH HIIHFW RI PDFKLQLQJ SDUDPHWHUV RQ 055 DQG
VXUIDFHURXJKQHVVFKDUDFWHULVWLFVLQSODVPDDUFFXWWLQJ 3$& RI(1VWHHOXVLQJ7DJXFKL2$ZLWKJUH\UHODWLRQDO
DQDO\VLV 7KH RSWLPDO FRPELQDWLRQ RI SURFHVV SDUDPHWHUV LV REWDLQHG DV $%& PLGGOH OHYHO RI JDV SUHVVXUH
KLJKHVWOHYHORI DUFFXUUHQWDQGKLJKHVWOHYHORIWRUFKKHLJKW %DVHGRQ$129$WKHKLJKO\HIIHFWLYHSDUDPHWHUV LV
JDVSUHVVXUHZKHUHDVDUFFXUUHQWDQGWRUFKKHLJKWDUHOHVVHIIHFWLYHIDFWRUVZLWKLQWKHVSHFLILFWHVWUDQJH7RFKHFN
WKHYDOLGLW\RIWKHDQDO\VLVDFRQILUPDWLRQWHVWLVFDUULHGRXW7KHUHLVDQLPSURYHPHQWRIJUH\UHODWLRQDOJUDGHIURP
LQLWLDO WR RSWLPDO SURFHVV SDUDPHWHU E\ DERXW  7KUHH GLPHQVLRQDO FRQWRXU DQG VXUIDFH SORWV DUH VWXGLHG LQ
ZKLFK 055 LV SURSRUWLRQDO WR JDV SUHVVXUH DQG VXUIDFH URXJKQHVV LV SURSRUWLRQDO WR DUF FXUUHQW)LQDOO\ VXUIDFH
PRUSKRORJ\RIWKHVXUIDFHVLV DOVRVWXGLHGXVLQJ6(0LPDJHV

D E

)LJ6(0LPDJHV D EHIRUHPDFKLQLQJ E DIWHUPDFKLQLQJ

5HIHUHQFHV

%DKUDP$2SWLPLVLQJWKH$XWRPDWHG3ODVPD&XWWLQJ3URFHVVE\'HVLJQRI([SHULPHQWV ,QWHUQDWLRQDO-RXUQDORI5DSLG0DQXIDFWXULQJ

%KXYHQHVK 5 1RUL]DPDQ 0+ 0DQDQ 06$  6XUIDFH 5RXJKQHVV DQG 055 (IIHFW RQ 0DQXDO 3ODVPD $UF &XWWLQJ 0DFKLQLQJ
,QWHUQDWLRQDO-RXUQDO RI0HFKDQLFDO(QJLQHHULQJ 
&KHQ -& /L < &R[ 5$ 7DJXFKLEDVHG 6L[ 6LJPD $SSURDFK WR 2SWLPL]H 3ODVPD &XWWLQJ 3URFHVV DQ ,QGXVWULDO &DVH 6WXG\
,QWHUQDWLRQDO-RXUQDORI$GYDQFHG 0DQXIDFWXULQJ7HFKQRORJ\ 
'HQJ-,QWURGXFWLRQWR*UH\6\VWHP-RXUQDORI*UH\6\VWHP
,DQ63ODVPD$UF&XWWLQJ7DNHVD6OLFHDW&RPSHWLWLRQ:HOGLQJDQG0HWDO)DEULFDWLRQ ±
,VPDLO0,6 7DKD = ([SHULPHQWDO'HVLJQDQG3HUIRUPDQFH$QDO\VLVLQ 3ODVPD$UF6XUIDFH+DUGHQLQJ :RUOG$FDGHP\RI6FLHQFH
(QJLQHHULQJDQG7HFKQRORJ\ 
0LQLWDE8VHU0DQXDO5HOHDVH0DNLQJ'DWD$QDO\VLV(DVLHU0,1,7$%6WDWH&ROOHJH
0RDUUHI]DGHK$ 1XPHULFDO$QDO\VLVRI7KHUPDO 3URILOHLQ3ODVPD$UF&XWWLQJ ,QWHUQDWLRQDOMRXUQDORI0XOWLGLVFLSOLQDU\6FLHQFHVDQG
(QJLQHHULQJ 
2]HN & &D\GDV 8 8QDO ( $)X]]\0RGHOIRU3UHGLFWLQJ6XUIDFH5RXJKQHVVLQ3ODVPD$UF&XWWLQJRI$,6, 6WHHO 0DWHULDOVDQG
0DQXIDFWXULQJ3URFHVVHV ±
5DGRYDQRYLF 00DGLF 00RGHOLQJWKH3ODVPD$UF&XWWLQJ3URFHVV8VLQJ$11 1RQFRQYHQWLRQDO7HFKQRORJLHV5HYLHZ 
6DKRR 3 (QJLQHHULQJ7ULERORJ\3UHQWLFH+DOORI,QGLD1HZ'HOKL
6DORQLWLV . 9DWRXVLDQRV 6 ([SHULPHQWDO,QYHVWLJDWLRQRIWKH3ODVPD $UF&XWWLQJ3URFHVV3URFHGLD&,53  ± 
7DJXFKL* ,QWURGXFWLRQWR4XDOLW\(QJLQHHULQJ$VLDQ3URGXFWLYLW\2UJDQL]DWLRQ 7RN\R
9DVLO¶HY.93ODVPD$UF&XWWLQJ$3URPLVLQJ0HWKRGRI7KHUPDO&XWWLQJ:HOGLQJ,QWHUQDWLRQDO ±
:LOOHWW.&XWWLQJ2SWLRQVIRUWKH0RGHUQ)DEULFDWRU:HOGLQJDQG0HWDO)DEULFDWLRQ ±
<DQJ/-3ODVPD6XUIDFH+DUGHQLQJRI$66$%6WHHO6SHFLPHQVZLWK7DJXFKL2SWLPL]DWLRQRIWKH3URFHVVLQJ3DUDPHWHUV -RXUQDORI
0DWHULDOV 3URFHVVLQJ7HFKQRORJ\ 

You might also like