Professional Documents
Culture Documents
1 s2.0 S221181281400707X Main PDF
1 s2.0 S221181281400707X Main PDF
1 s2.0 S221181281400707X Main PDF
com
ScienceDirect
Procedia Materials Science 5 (2014) 1550 – 1559
,QWHUQDWLRQDO&RQIHUHQFHRQ$GYDQFHVLQ0DQXIDFWXULQJDQG0DWHULDOV(QJLQHHULQJ
$00(
2SWLPL]DWLRQRI3URFHVV3DUDPHWHUVLQ3ODVPD$UF&XWWLQJRI(1
6WHHO%DVHGRQ055 DQG0XOWLSOH5RXJKQHVV&KDUDFWHULVWLFV8VLQJ
*UH\5HODWLRQDO$QDO\VLV
0LODQ.XPDU'DVD.DXVKLN.XPDUE7DSDQ.U %DUPDQD
DQG3UDVDQWD6DKRRD
D
'HSDUWPHQWRI0HFKDQLFDO(QJLQHHULQJ-DGDYSXU8QLYHUVLW\.RONDWD,QGLD
E
'HSDUWPHQWRI0HFKDQLFDO(QJLQHHULQJ%,70HVUD5DQFKL,QGLD
$EVWUDFW
2211-8128 © 2014 Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/).
Selection and peer-review under responsibility of Organizing Committee of AMME 2014
doi:10.1016/j.mspro.2014.07.342
Milan Kumar Das et al. / Procedia Materials Science 5 (2014) 1550 – 1559 1551
,QWURGXFWLRQ
1RZDGD\VDZLGHUDQJHRIWKHUPDOFXWWLQJWHFKQLTXHVKDVEHHQDSSOLHGIRUVKDSLQJPDWHULDOVLQGLIIHUHQWILHOGV
RI PHFKDQLFDO HQJLQHHULQJ VKLSEXLOGLQJ DQG SURFHVV WHFKQRORJ\ 3ODVPD DUF FXWWLQJ 3$& LV D YHU\ LPSRUWDQW
WKHUPDOFXWWLQJSURFHVVDQGKDVEHHQXVHGVXFFHVVIXOO\LQWKHFXWWLQJRIVWDLQOHVVVWHHOKLJKKDUGQHVVPHWDOVKLJK
PHOWLQJSRLQWPHWDOVDQGRWKHUGLIILFXOWWRPDFKLQH DOOR\V :LOOHWW ,DQ ,QWKLVFXWWLQJSURFHVVDQLQHUW
JDVLVEORZQZLWKKLJKVSHHGRXWRIDQR]]OHDWWKHVDPHWLPHDQHOHFWULFDODUFLVIRUPHGWKURXJKWKDWJDVIURPWKH
QR]]OHWRWKHVXUIDFHEHLQJFXWWXUQLQJVRPHRIWKDWJDVWRWKHSODVPD7KHSODVPDPHOWVWKHPDWHULDOEHLQJFXWDQG
VZLIWO\ PRYHV EORZLQJ PROWHQ PHWDO DZD\ IURP WKH FXWWLQJ ]RQH 9DVLO¶HY 3ODVPD DUF FXUUHQW WRUFK
JHRPHWU\JDVW\SHIORZUDWHDQGFXWWLQJVSHHGIDFWRUVKDYH LPSRUWDQWHIIHFWV RQWKHFXWWLQJTXDOLW\,WLVSRVVLEOHWR
ILQGPXOWLSOHVWXGLHVRIWKHLQIOXHQFHRISODVPDFXWWLQJSDUDPHWHUVRQPDFKLQDELOLW\7KHIRFXVRQWKLVSDSHULVWR
REWDLQ DQ RSWLPXP FRQGLWLRQ VHWWLQJ WR REWDLQ PD[LPXP 055 DQG PLQLPXP VXUIDFH URXJKQHVV )URP WKH
HFRQRPLFSRLQWRIYLHZLWLVREYLRXVWKDWPDWHULDOUHPRYDOUDWHVKRXOGEHWKHPD[LPXPLQDQ\LQGXVWULDOSXUSRVH
$OVR VXUIDFH URXJKQHVV SOD\V DQ LPSRUWDQW UROH LQ GHWHUPLQLQJ KRZ D UHDO REMHFWLYH ZLOO LQWHUDFW ZLWK LWV
HQYLURQPHQW ,WKDVODUJHLPSDFWRQWKHPHFKDQLFDOSURSHUWLHVOLNHIDWLJXHEHKDYLRUFRUURVLRQUHVLVWDQFHFUHHSOLIH
HWF ,W DOVR DIIHFWV RWKHU IXQFWLRQDO DWWULEXWHV RI PDFKLQH FRPSRQHQWV OLNH IULFWLRQ ZHDU OLJKW UHIOHFWLRQ KHDW
WUDQVPLVVLRQOXEULFDWLRQHOHFWULFDOFRQGXFWLYLW\HWF
7KHUH DUH PDQ\ UHVHDUFKHUV ZKR KDYH VWXGLHG 3$& SURFHVV LQ PDQ\ DVSHFWV %KXYHQHVK HW DO KDYH
RSWLPL]HGWKHSURFHVVSDUDPHWHUVQDPHO\DLUSUHVVXUHFXWWLQJFXUUHQWFXWWLQJVSHHGDQGDUFJDSZLWKFRQVLGHUDWLRQ
RI PXOWLSOHSHUIRUPDQFHFKDUDFWHULVWLFVLQFOXGLQJ055DQGVXUIDFHURXJKQHVV XVLQJ7DJXFKLWHFKQLTXHLQSODVPD
DUFFXWWLQJRI$,6,VWHHO 0RDUUHI]DGHK KDVLQYHVWLJDWHGWKHWKHUPDOHIIHFWRISODVPDDUFFXWWLQJZKLFK
GHSHQGV RQ WKH SODVPD JDV W\SH DQG WHPSHUDWXUH ILHOG RI LW LQ ZRUN SLHFH DQG VLPXODWHG WKH SURFHVV SDUDPHWHUV
XVLQJ $16<6 $OVR LW FDQ EH RSWLPL]HG WKH SURFHVV SDUDPHWHUV,VPDLO DQG 7DKD KDYH HPSOR\HG 7DJXFKL
PHWKRG WR RSWLPL]H WKH PDFKLQLQJ SURFHVV SDUDPHWHUV LQ WKH SODVPD DUF VXUIDFH KDUGHQLQJ $66$% DQG
$66$%')VWHHO FRQVLGHULQJ DUFFXUUHQWVFDQQLQJYHORFLW\DQGFDUERQFRQWHQWRIVWHHODVWKHSURFHVVSDUDPHWHUV
&KHQ HW DO KDYH RSWLPL]HG WKH SODVPD DUF FXWWLQJ SURFHVV WLS VL]H IHHG UDWH YROWDJH DQG FXUUHQW ZLWK
PXOWLSOHSHUIRUPDQFHFKDUDFWHULVWLFVYL]EHYHOPDJQLWXGHDQG VPDOOHVWGLDPHWHUGHYLDWLRQRIWKHKROH XVLQJ7DJXFKL
WHFKQLTXH 2]HN HW DO KDYH VXFFHVVIXOO\ DSSOLHG IX]]\ DOJRULWKP IRU SUHGLFWLRQ RI VXUIDFH URXJKQHVV LQ
3$&$,6, VWHHO 6DORQLWLV DQG 9DWRXVLDQRV KDYH VWXGLHG WKH LQIOXHQFH RI PDFKLQLQJ SDUDPHWHUV YL]
FXWWLQJVSHHGFXWWLQJFXUUHQWSODVPDJDVSUHVVXUHDQGWRUFKKHLJKWRQWKHVXUIDFHURXJKQHVVKHDWHIIHFWHG]RQHDQG
FRQLFLW\ RI WKH FXW JHRPHWU\ LQ SODVPD DUF FXWWLQJ RI 6 PLOG VWHHO DQG DOVR GHYHORSHG D UHJUHVVLRQ PRGHO
5DGRYDQRYLF HW DO KDYH GHYHORSHG DQ DUWLILFLDO QHXUDO QHWZRUN $11 PRGHO XVLQJ FXWWLQJ FXUUHQW SODWH
WKLFNQHVV DQG FXWWLQJ VSHHG DV WKUHH LQSXW QHXURQV WR SUHGLFW WKH RXWSXW QHXURQVXUIDFH URXJKQHVV 5] YDOXHV IRU
3$& RSHUDWLRQRI VWDLQOHVVVWHHODOXPLQXPDQGQLFNHO%DKUDP KDV RSWLPL]HGDUFFXUUHQWFXWWLQJVSHHGDQG
WRUFKKHLJKWZLWKFRQVLGHULQJSHUIRUPDQFHFKDUDFWHULVWLFVLQFOXGLQJIODWQHVVFOHDQFXWDQGEHYHODQJOHXVLQJ560LQ
DXWRPDWHG SODVPD FXWWLQJ SURFHVV RI VWDLQOHVV VWHHO VKHHW PHWDO DQG DOVR YDOLGDWLRQ LV SHUIRUPHG RQ WKH RSWLPXP
VHWWLQJ <DQJ KDV PD[LPL]HG GHSWK RI WKH KDUGHQHG ]RQH LQ VWHHO VSHFLPHQV LV VLJQLILFDQW ZLWK WKH
RSWLPL]DWLRQRISODVPDDUFFXWWLQJSURFHVV
0RUHRYHU DQ H[WHQVLYH UHYLHZ RI OLWHUDWXUH RQ URXJKQHVV VWXGLHV RI 3$& VXUIDFHV UHYHDOV WKH IDFW WKDW WKH
FHQWUHOLQHDYHUDJHURXJKQHVV5D KDVEHHQWKHIRFXVRIPRVWRIWKHLQYHVWLJDWLRQV+RZHYHU DVXUIDFHJHQHUDWHGE\
PDFKLQLQJLVFRPSRVHGRIDODUJH QXPEHURIOHQJWKVFDOHV RIVXSHULPSRVHGURXJKQHVV 6DKRR DQG JHQHUDOO\
FKDUDFWHUL]HG E\ WKUHH GLIIHUHQW W\SHV RI SDUDPHWHUV YL] DPSOLWXGH SDUDPHWHUV VSDFLQJ SDUDPHWHUV DQG K\EULG
SDUDPHWHUV $PSOLWXGH SDUDPHWHUV DUH WKH PHDVXUHV RI WKH YHUWLFDO FKDUDFWHULVWLFV RI WKH VXUIDFH GHYLDWLRQV DQG
H[DPSOHV RI VXFK SDUDPHWHUV DUH FHQWUH OLQH DYHUDJH URXJKQHVV URRW PHDQ VTXDUH URXJKQHVV VNHZQHVV NXUWRVLV
SHDNWRYDOOH\ KHLJKW HWF 6SDFLQJ SDUDPHWHUV DUH WKH PHDVXUHV RI WKH KRUL]RQWDO FKDUDFWHULVWLFV RI WKH VXUIDFH
GHYLDWLRQV DQG H[DPSOHV RI VXFK SDUDPHWHUV DUH PHDQ OLQH SHDN VSDFLQJ KLJK VSRW FRXQW SHDN FRXQW HWF 2Q WKH
RWKHU KDQG K\EULG SDUDPHWHUV DUH D FRPELQDWLRQ RI ERWK WKH YHUWLFDO DQG KRUL]RQWDO FKDUDFWHULVWLFV RI VXUIDFH
GHYLDWLRQVDQG H[DPSOHRIVXFKSDUDPHWHUVDUHURRWPHDQVTXDUHVORSH RISURILOHURRWPHDQVTXDUHZDYHOHQJWKFRUH
URXJKQHVVGHSWK UHGXFHG SHDN KHLJKW YDOOH\ GHSWK SHDN DUHD YDOOH\ DUHD HWF 7KXV FRQVLGHUDWLRQ RI RQO\ RQH
SDUDPHWHU OLNHFHQWUHOLQHDYHUDJH URXJKQHVVLV QRWVXIILFLHQWWR GHVFULEHWKHVXUIDFHTXDOLW\ WKRXJKLWLVWKH PRVW
FRPPRQO\ XVHG URXJKQHVV SDUDPHWHU 7KH SUHVHQW VWXG\ DLPV DW FRQVLGHUDWLRQ RI ILYH GLIIHUHQW URXJKQHVV
1552 Milan Kumar Das et al. / Procedia Materials Science 5 (2014) 1550 – 1559
([SHULPHQWDOSURFHGXUH
([SHULPHQWDOVHWXS
7DEOH'HVLJQIDFWRUVDQGWKHLUOHYHOV
/HYHOV
'HVLJQIDFWRUV 8QLW 1RWDWLRQ
*DVSUHVVXUH EDU $
$UFFXUUHQW DPS %
7RUFKKHLJKW PP &
6HOHFWLRQRIZRUNSLHFHPDWHULDO
5HFWDQJXODUEORFNRIPP;PPDQGPPKHLJKWPDGHRI(1VWHHOZKLFKLVDKLJKFDUERQDOOR\VWHHO
ZLWKKLJKGHJUHHRIKDUGQHVVFRPSUHVVLYHVWUHQJWKDQGDEUDVLRQUHVLVWDQFHLVVHOHFWHGDVZRUNSLHFH,WLVSRSXODUO\
XVHGLQDXWRPRWLYHW\SHDSSOLFDWLRQVOLNHD[OHEHDULQJVVSLQGOHEHDGLQJUROOVSXQFKHVDQGGLHVHWF7KHWHQVLOHWHVW
KDVEHHQGRQHDWURRPWHPSHUDWXUHE\XVLQJD870,QVWURQZLWK.1JULSFDSDFLW\DQGFRQWUROOHULQ
GLVSODFHPHQW FRQWUROOHG PRGH 7KH WHVW LV FRQWUROOHG IURP FRPPDQG FRPSXWHU XVLQJ µ%OXH +LOO¶ VRIWZDUH
0HFKDQLFDODQGFKHPLFDOSURSHUWLHVRI (1VWHHODUHVKRZQLQ7DEOH
'HVLJQ RI H[SHULPHQWV '2( WHFKQLTXH LV XVHG WR REWDLQ DQG RUJDQL]H WKH PD[LPXP DPRXQW RI FRQFOXVLYH
LQIRUPDWLRQ IURP WKH PLQLPXP DPRXQW RI H[SHULPHQWDO UXQ WLPH HQHUJ\ PRQH\ RU RWKHU OLPLWHG UHVRXUFH %\
DSSO\LQJ WKLV WHFKQLTXH LW LV SRVVLEOH WR UHGXFH WKH UHTXLUHG WLPH DQG QXPEHU RI H[SHULPHQWV VLJQLILFDQWO\ IRU
H[SHULPHQWDO LQYHVWLJDWLRQV ,Q 7DJXFKL PHWKRG DQ RUWKRJRQDO DUUD\ 2$ LV HPSOR\HG WR UHGXFH WKH QXPEHU RI
H[SHULPHQWV IRUGHWHUPLQLQJWKHRSWLPDO PDFKLQLQJSURFHVVSDUDPHWHUV $Q2$UHTXLUHV WKH PLQLPXP QXPEHURI
H[SHULPHQWDO WULDOV WR GHWHUPLQH WKH PDLQ HIIHFW DV ZHOO DV LQWHUDFWLRQ HIIHFWV RI SDUDPHWHUV VLPXOWDQHRXVO\ 7KH
FKRLFHRIDVXLWDEOH2$GHVLJQGHSHQGVRQWKHWRWDOGHJUHHVRIIUHHGRP'2)UHTXLUHGIRUVWXG\LQJWKHPDLQDQG
LQWHUDFWLRQHIIHFWV'2)UHIHUVWRWKHQXPEHURIIDLUDQGLQGHSHQGHQWFRPSDULVRQVWKDWFDQEHPDGHIURPDVHWRI
REVHUYDWLRQV,QSUHVHQWVWXG\WRFKHFNWKH'2)VLQWKHH[SHULPHQWDOGHVLJQIRUWKHWKUHHOHYHOWHVWWKHWKUHHPDLQ
IDFWRUVWDNH>; í@'2)V7KH'2)IRUWKUHHVHFRQGRUGHULQWHUDFWLRQV$;%$;&%;&LV>;
í;í@DQGWKHWRWDO'2)VUHTXLUHGLV+HUHWKH/ 2$'2)VKDVEHHQVHOHFWHGEHFDXVHDV
SHU7DJXFKLPHWKRGWKHWRWDO'2)VRIVHOHFWHG2$PXVWEHJUHDWHU WKDQRUHTXDOWRWKHWRWDO'2)VUHTXLUHGIRUWKH
H[SHULPHQW
5HVXOWDQGGLVFXVVLRQ
*UH\DQDO\VLV
7KH H[SHULPHQWDO UHVXOWV REWDLQHG IURP 055 DQG VXUIDFH URXJKQHVV WHVWV DUH SUHVHQWHG LQ 7DEOH 7KH ILQDO
UHVSRQVH QHHGHG IRU SURFHVVLQJ ZLWK 7DJXFKL DQDO\VLV LV WKH JUH\ UHODWLRQDO JUDGH ZKLFK LV REWDLQHG WKURXJK WKH
IROORZLQJVHWRIFDOFXODWLRQV
*UH\UHODWLRQDOJHQHUDWLRQ
7KHILUVWVWHSLQ JUH\UHODWLRQDODQDO\VLVLVWRSHUIRUPWKHJUH\UHODWLRQDOJHQHUDWLRQLQZKLFKWKHUHVXOWVRIWKH
H[SHULPHQWVDUHQRUPDOL]HGLQWKHUDQJH RIWR )RUQRUPDOL]DWLRQRI055GDWD KLJKHUWKHEHWWHU+%FULWHULRQ
(T DQG IRU VXUIDFH URXJKQHVV SDUDPHWHUV ORZHUWKHEHWWHU /% FULWHULRQ (T DUH XVHG DV 055 LV WR EH
PD[LPL]HGDQGVXUIDFHURXJKQHVVLVWREHPLQLPL]HG
\L N PLQ \L N
;L N
PD[ \L N PLQ \L N
PD[ \L N \L N
;L N
PD[ \L N PLQ \L N
ZKHUH [LN LVWKHYDOXHDIWHUJUH\UHODWLRQDOJHQHUDWLRQPLQ \LN LVWKHVPDOOHVWYDOXHRI \LN IRUWKH NWKUHVSRQVH
DQGPD[ \LN LVWKHODUJHVWYDOXHRI \LN IRUWKH NWK UHVSRQVH$QLGHDOVHTXHQFHLV [NN «« IRUWKH
UHVSRQVH7KH SURFHVVHG GDWD DIWHU JUH\ UHODWLRQDO JHQHUDWLRQ LV JLYHQ LQ 7DEOH /DUJHU QRUPDOL]HG UHVXOWV
FRUUHVSRQGWRWKHEHWWHUSHUIRUPDQFHDQGWKHEHVWQRUPDOL]HGUHVXOWVKRXOGEHHTXDOWR
1554 Milan Kumar Das et al. / Procedia Materials Science 5 (2014) 1550 – 1559
7DEOH'HVLJQRI([SHULPHQWDQGH[SHULPHQWDOIRUUHVSRQVHSDUDPHWHUV
([S 055 5D 5T 5VP ([S 055 5D 5T 5VP
5VN 5NX 5VN 5NX
1R JPVHF P P PP 1R JPVHF P P PP
*UH\UHODWLRQDOFRHIILFLHQW
7KHJUH\UHODWLRQDOJUDGHLVWUHDWHGDVWKHRYHUDOOUHVSRQVHRIWKHSURFHVVLQVWHDGRIWKHPXOWLUHVSRQVHRI055
DQGVXUIDFHURXJKQHVV7KHJUH\UHODWLRQDOFRHIILFLHQWVDUHFDOFXODWHGIRUWKHH[SHULPHQWDOGDWDXVLQJ Ȍ 7KH
JUH\UHODWLRQDOJUDGH J L LVREWDLQHGE\DYHUDJLQJWKHJUH\UHODWLRQDOFRHIILFLHQWDVIROORZV
Q
JL ¦ [L N
QN
ZKHUHQLVWKHQXPEHURISURFHVVUHVSRQVHV+LJKHUYDOXHRIJUH\UHODWLRQDOJUDGHLPSOLHVVWURQJHUUHODWLRQDOGHJUHH
EHWZHHQWKHLGHDOVHTXHQFH [N DQGWKHJLYHQVHTXHQFH [LN7DEOH VKRZVWKHH[SHULPHQWDOUHVXOWVIRUWKHJUH\
UHODWLRQDOJUDGHDQGWKHLURUGHUV7KXVPXOWLUHVSRQVHRSWLPL]DWLRQ SUREOHP FDQEHFRQYHUWHGLQWRVLQJOHUHVSRQVH
RSWLPL]DWLRQSUREOHP
Milan Kumar Das et al. / Procedia Materials Science 5 (2014) 1550 – 1559 1555
7DEOH *UH\UHODWLRQDODQDO\VLV
1RUPDOL]HGRIH[SHULPHQWDOGDWD *UH\UHODWLRQDOFRHIILFLHQW
([S
1R 055 5D 5T 5VN 5NX 5VP 055 5D 5T 5VN 5NX 5VP
7R FDSWXUH WKH YDULDELOLW\ RI WKH UHVXOWV VLJQDO WR QRLVH 61 UDWLR DQDO\VLV LV GRQH WDNLQJ WKH JUH\ UHODWLRQDO
JUDGHDVWKHSHUIRUPDQFHLQGH[$VJUH\UHODWLRQDOJUDGHLVWREHPD[LPL]HGWKH61UDWLRIRURYHUDOOJUH\UHODWLRQDO
JUDGHLVFDOFXODWHGXVLQJKLJKHUWKHEHWWHU+%FULWHULRQDQGLVJLYHQE\
Q
6 1UDWLR ORJ ¦
Q L \L
7DEOH*UH\UHODWLRQDOJUDGHDQGWKHLURUGHU
([S1R *UDGH 2UGHU ([S1R *UDGH 2UGHU ([S1R *UDGH 2UGHU
7DEOH5HVSRQVHWDEOHIRUWKHJUH\UHODWLRQDOJUDGH
/HYHO $ % &
'HOWD
5DQN
)LJVKRZVWKHPDLQHIIHFWV SORW,QWKHPDLQHIIHFWVSORWLIWKHOLQHIRUDSDUWLFXODUSDUDPHWHULVQHDUKRUL]RQWDO
WKHQ WKH SDUDPHWHU KDV QR VLJQLILFDQW HIIHFW 2Q WKH RWKHU KDQG D SDUDPHWHU IRU ZKLFK WKH OLQH KDV WKH KLJKHVW
LQFOLQDWLRQZLOOKDYHWKHPRVWVLJQLILFDQWHIIHFW,WLVYHU\PXFKFOHDUIURPWKHPDLQHIIHFWVSORWWKDWSDUDPHWHU$
JDV SUHVVXUH LV WKH PRVW VLJQLILFDQW SDUDPHWHU ZKLOH % DUF FXUUHQW DOVR KDV D TXLWH VLJQLILFDQW HIIHFW RQ WKH
UHVSRQVH%XWSDUDPHWHU&WRUFKKHLJKWKDVDOPRVWQRHIIHFW6LQFHKLJKHUJUH\UHODWLRQDOJUDGHLQGLFDWHVWKDWWKH
V\VWHP WHQGV RSWLPDOLW\ WKH RSWLPDO FRQGLWLRQ IRU HDFK SDUDPHWHU LV WDNHQ DW WKRVH SRLQWV ZKHUH WKH PHDQ JUH\
UHODWLRQDO JUDGH LV IRXQG WR EH WKH PD[LPXP +HQFH WKH RSWLPDO SURFHVV SDUDPHWHU FRPELQDWLRQ IRU PD[LPXP
PDWHULDO UHPRYDO UDWH DQG PLQLPXP URXJKQHVV FKDUDFWHULVWLFV RI 3$& LV JLYHQ DV $%& PLGGOH OHYHO RI JDV
SUHVVXUHKLJKHVWOHYHORIDUFFXUUHQWDQGKLJKHVWOHYHORIWRUFKKHLJKW
)LJ0DLQHIIHFWVSORWIRUPHDQ RIJUH\UHODWLRQDOJUDGH
(IIHFWRISURFHVVSDUDPHWHUVRQUHVSRQVHV
KHOG FRQVWDQW DW FHQWUH OHYHO )LJ D E VKRZV WKDW 055 LQFUHDVHV ZLWK DQ LQFUHDVH RI JDV SUHVVXUH DQG 055 LV
PLQLPXP DW FHQWUH OHYHO RI DUF FXUUHQW +RZHYHU ZLWK LQFUHDVH LQ WRUFK KHLJKW 055 UHPDLQV FRQVWDQW $ KLJKHU
SODVPD JDV IORZ UDWH OHDGV WR DQ LQFUHDVH LQ WKH PHDQ DUF YROWDJH DQG LWV IOXFWXDWLRQV 7KHUHIRUH PRUH KHDW LV
WUDQVIHUUHG LQWR WKH ZRUN SLHFH RQ 055 LQFUHDVLQJ DQG FRQVHTXHQWO\ URXJKQHVVYDOXH UHGXFHV %KXYHQHVK HW DO
,W LV VHHQ IURP)LJ FGWKDW5D GHFUHDVHV ZLWK DQ LQFUHDVHRIJDVSUHVVXUHDQG WRUFKKHLJKW DQG5D LQFUHDVHV
D E
F G
ZLWK LQFUHDVH RI DUF FXUUHQW 0LQLPXP WRUFK KHLJKW UHVXOWV LQ RYHU PHOWLQJ RI WKH SURFHVVLQJ DUHD WKDW FDQ QRW EH
UHPRYHGDQGUHVROLGLILHV ZLWKLQ WKHFXWWLQJDUHD7KLVUHVROLGLILFDWLRQLVLQWKHIRUPRIVWULDWLRQVLQFUHDVLQJWKXVWKH
VXUIDFHURXJKQHVV$OVRVXUIDFHURXJKQHVVLQFUHDVHVDVWKHSODVPDDUFFXUUHQWLQFUHDVHV7KLVLVGXHWRWKHIDFWWKDW
DPRXQW RI WKH PROWHQ PHWDO ZKLFK FDQ EH IODVKHG DZD\ E\ WKH VKLHOGLQJ JDV LV FRQVWDQW 7KHUHIRUH PRUH KHDW LV
WUDQVIHUUHGLQWRWKHVDPSOHKLJKHUSODVPDDUFFXUUHQWRFFXUVWKHVKLHOGLQJJDVLVLQFUHDVLQJO\XQDEOHWRFOHDUDZD\
WKHPROWHQPDWHULDODQGVRLWEXLOGVXS XSRQWKHVXUIDFHRIWKHSDUHQWPDWHULDO 2]HNHWDO 7KHYDULDWLRQVRI
RWKHUURXJKQHVVSDUDPHWHUVDUHVDPHDV5D WKRXJKIRUWKHEUHYLW\RIWKHSDSHUWKHSORWVDUHRPLWWHG
$129$ LV D VWDWLVWLFDO WHFKQLTXH WKDW FDQ LQIHU VRPH LPSRUWDQW FRQFOXVLRQV RQ WKH EDVLV RI DQDO\VLV RI WKH
H[SHULPHQWDO GDWD 7KH PHWKRG LV YHU\ XVHIXO IRU UHYHDOLQJ WKH OHYHO RI VLJQLILFDQFH RI LQIOXHQFH RI IDFWRUV RU
LQWHUDFWLRQRIIDFWRUVRQDSDUWLFXODUUHVSRQVH,QWKHSUHVHQWVWXG\$129$LVSHUIRUPHGXVLQJ0LQLWDE0LQLWDE
7DEOH VKRZV WKH $129$ UHVXOW IRU RYHUDOO JUH\ UHODWLRQDO JUDGH RI 055 DQG URXJKQHVV SDUDPHWHUV
$129$FDOFXODWLRQVDUHEDVHGRQWKH)UDWLRZKLFKLVWKHUDWLREHWZHHQWKHUHJUHVVLRQPHDQVTXDUHDQGWKHPHDQ
1558 Milan Kumar Das et al. / Procedia Materials Science 5 (2014) 1550 – 1559
VTXDUH HUURU 7KH )UDWLR DOVR FDOOHG WKH YDULDQFH UDWLR LV WKH UDWLR RI YDULDQFH GXH WR WKH HIIHFW RI D IDFWRU DQG
YDULDQFHGXHWRWKHHUURUWHUP7KLVUDWLRLVXVHGWRPHDVXUHWKHVLJQLILFDQFHRIWKHSDUDPHWHUVXQGHULQYHVWLJDWLRQ
ZLWK UHVSHFW WR WKH YDULDQFH RI DOO WKH WHUPV LQFOXGHG LQ WKH HUURU WHUP DW WKH GHVLUHG VLJQLILFDQFH OHYHO Į ,I WKH
FDOFXODWHGYDOXHRI)UDWLRLVKLJKHUWKDQLWVWDEXODWHG YDOXHWKHQWKHIDFWRULVVLJQLILFDQWDWWKHGHVLUHGĮOHYHO,Q
JHQHUDO ZKHQ WKH )YDOXH LQFUHDVHV WKH VLJQLILFDQFH RI WKH SDUDPHWHU DOVR LQFUHDVHV $129$ WDEOH VKRZV WKH
SHUFHQWDJHFRQWULEXWLRQRIHDFKSDUDPHWHU,WLVFOHDUIURPWKH $129$ WDEOHWKDWSDUDPHWHU $ JDVSUHVVXUHKDVJRW
WKHPRVWVLJQLILFDQWLQIOXHQFHRQ 055DQG URXJKQHVVZKLFKLVDERXWFRQWULEXWLRQ
7DEOH5HVXOWVRI$129$IRUJUH\UHODWLRQDOJUDGH
6RXUFHRIYDULDWLRQ 'HJUHHVRIIUHHGRP 6XPRIVTXDUH 0HDQVTXDUH )UDWLR &RQWULEXWLRQ
$
%
&
$
%
$
&
%
&
(UURU
7RWDO
&RQILUPDWLRQWHVW
7DEOH5HVXOWVRIFRQILUPDWLRQWHVW
/HYHO ,QLWLDOSDUDPHWHUFRPELQDWLRQ 2SWLPDOSDUDPHWHU FRPELQDWLRQ
$%& $%&
3UHGLFWLRQ ([SHULPHQWDO
055
5D
5T
5VN
5NX
5VP
*UDGH
,PSURYHPHQWRIJUH\UHODWLRQDOJUDGH
7KH VXUIDFH PRUSKRORJ\ RI EHIRUH DQG DIWHU PDFKLQLQJ )LJ LV VWXGLHG ZLWK WKH KHOS RI VFDQQLQJ HOHFWURQ
PLFURVFRS\ 6(0 %HIRUH PDFKLQLQJ WKH ZRUN SLHFH VXUIDFH LV QHDUO\ VPRRWK DQG WKHUH LV QR JOREXODU VSRW DQG
DIWHUPDFKLQLQJWKHZRUNVXUIDFHEHFRPHV URXJKHUDQGFRQWDLQVSOHQW\RIJOREXOHVZKLFKDUHXQHYHQO\GLVWULEXWHG
GXH WR JUDLQ FRDUVHQLQJ QHDU WKH FXWWLQJ VXUIDFH DQG LW FDQ EH DWWULEXWHG WR WKH YHU\ KLJK WHPSHUDWXUHV DQG VORZ
Milan Kumar Das et al. / Procedia Materials Science 5 (2014) 1550 – 1559 1559
&RQFOXVLRQ
7KLV SDSHU SUHVHQWV DQ LQYHVWLJDWLRQ RQ WKH RSWLPL]DWLRQ DQG WKH HIIHFW RI PDFKLQLQJ SDUDPHWHUV RQ 055 DQG
VXUIDFHURXJKQHVVFKDUDFWHULVWLFVLQSODVPDDUFFXWWLQJ3$& RI(1VWHHOXVLQJ7DJXFKL2$ZLWKJUH\UHODWLRQDO
DQDO\VLV 7KH RSWLPDO FRPELQDWLRQ RI SURFHVV SDUDPHWHUV LV REWDLQHG DV $%& PLGGOH OHYHO RI JDV SUHVVXUH
KLJKHVWOHYHORI DUFFXUUHQWDQGKLJKHVWOHYHORIWRUFKKHLJKW%DVHGRQ$129$WKHKLJKO\HIIHFWLYHSDUDPHWHUV LV
JDVSUHVVXUHZKHUHDVDUFFXUUHQWDQGWRUFKKHLJKWDUHOHVVHIIHFWLYHIDFWRUVZLWKLQWKHVSHFLILFWHVWUDQJH7RFKHFN
WKHYDOLGLW\RIWKHDQDO\VLVDFRQILUPDWLRQWHVWLVFDUULHGRXW7KHUHLVDQLPSURYHPHQWRIJUH\UHODWLRQDOJUDGHIURP
LQLWLDO WR RSWLPDO SURFHVV SDUDPHWHU E\ DERXW 7KUHH GLPHQVLRQDO FRQWRXU DQG VXUIDFH SORWV DUH VWXGLHG LQ
ZKLFK 055 LV SURSRUWLRQDO WR JDV SUHVVXUH DQG VXUIDFH URXJKQHVV LV SURSRUWLRQDO WR DUF FXUUHQW)LQDOO\ VXUIDFH
PRUSKRORJ\RIWKHVXUIDFHVLV DOVRVWXGLHGXVLQJ6(0LPDJHV
D E
5HIHUHQFHV
%DKUDP$2SWLPLVLQJWKH$XWRPDWHG3ODVPD&XWWLQJ3URFHVVE\'HVLJQRI([SHULPHQWV ,QWHUQDWLRQDO-RXUQDORI5DSLG0DQXIDFWXULQJ
%KXYHQHVK 5 1RUL]DPDQ 0+ 0DQDQ 06$ 6XUIDFH 5RXJKQHVV DQG 055 (IIHFW RQ 0DQXDO 3ODVPD $UF &XWWLQJ 0DFKLQLQJ
,QWHUQDWLRQDO-RXUQDO RI0HFKDQLFDO(QJLQHHULQJ
&KHQ -& /L < &R[ 5$ 7DJXFKLEDVHG 6L[ 6LJPD $SSURDFK WR 2SWLPL]H 3ODVPD &XWWLQJ 3URFHVV DQ ,QGXVWULDO &DVH 6WXG\
,QWHUQDWLRQDO-RXUQDORI$GYDQFHG 0DQXIDFWXULQJ7HFKQRORJ\
'HQJ-,QWURGXFWLRQWR*UH\6\VWHP-RXUQDORI*UH\6\VWHP
,DQ63ODVPD$UF&XWWLQJ7DNHVD6OLFHDW&RPSHWLWLRQ:HOGLQJDQG0HWDO)DEULFDWLRQ ±
,VPDLO0,6 7DKD = ([SHULPHQWDO'HVLJQDQG3HUIRUPDQFH$QDO\VLVLQ 3ODVPD$UF6XUIDFH+DUGHQLQJ :RUOG$FDGHP\RI6FLHQFH
(QJLQHHULQJDQG7HFKQRORJ\
0LQLWDE8VHU0DQXDO5HOHDVH0DNLQJ'DWD$QDO\VLV(DVLHU0,1,7$%6WDWH&ROOHJH
0RDUUHI]DGHK$ 1XPHULFDO$QDO\VLVRI7KHUPDO 3URILOHLQ3ODVPD$UF&XWWLQJ ,QWHUQDWLRQDOMRXUQDORI0XOWLGLVFLSOLQDU\6FLHQFHVDQG
(QJLQHHULQJ
2]HN & &D\GDV 8 8QDO ( $)X]]\0RGHOIRU3UHGLFWLQJ6XUIDFH5RXJKQHVVLQ3ODVPD$UF&XWWLQJRI$,6, 6WHHO 0DWHULDOVDQG
0DQXIDFWXULQJ3URFHVVHV ±
5DGRYDQRYLF 00DGLF 00RGHOLQJWKH3ODVPD$UF&XWWLQJ3URFHVV8VLQJ$11 1RQFRQYHQWLRQDO7HFKQRORJLHV5HYLHZ
6DKRR 3 (QJLQHHULQJ7ULERORJ\3UHQWLFH+DOORI,QGLD1HZ'HOKL
6DORQLWLV . 9DWRXVLDQRV 6 ([SHULPHQWDO,QYHVWLJDWLRQRIWKH3ODVPD $UF&XWWLQJ3URFHVV3URFHGLD&,53 ±
7DJXFKL* ,QWURGXFWLRQWR4XDOLW\(QJLQHHULQJ$VLDQ3URGXFWLYLW\2UJDQL]DWLRQ 7RN\R
9DVLO¶HY.93ODVPD$UF&XWWLQJ$3URPLVLQJ0HWKRGRI7KHUPDO&XWWLQJ:HOGLQJ,QWHUQDWLRQDO ±
:LOOHWW.&XWWLQJ2SWLRQVIRUWKH0RGHUQ)DEULFDWRU:HOGLQJDQG0HWDO)DEULFDWLRQ ±
<DQJ/-3ODVPD6XUIDFH+DUGHQLQJRI$66$%6WHHO6SHFLPHQVZLWK7DJXFKL2SWLPL]DWLRQRIWKH3URFHVVLQJ3DUDPHWHUV -RXUQDORI
0DWHULDOV 3URFHVVLQJ7HFKQRORJ\