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Rosenthal, Kouzmin - Crises and Crisis Management PDF
Rosenthal, Kouzmin - Crises and Crisis Management PDF
ABSTRACT
Analytical Typologies
An Alternative Typology
Origin
Domain Endogenous Exogenous Endogenous Exogenous
of Threat
t IRA
t Flood
Zeeland
1953
Sandoz
poisoning of
Rhine Delta
Regional 1
I
Local
Squatter riots
Violent demonstrations
t Bhopal
Even when all parties more or less agree about die gravity
of the situation, differences may arise over appropriate imple-
mentation strategies for crisis resolution (Kouzmin and Jarman
1989, 408-10). Value conflicts may form the basis of painful
decisional trade-offs (Dror 1994). In the initial stage of a natural
disaster, for example, should all efforts be directed at the then-
known epicentre of the disaster or should personnel and material
resources be kept in reserve in order to fight further, even worse,
One does not have to wait for the actual occurrence of crises
and emergencies to notice the role of emergency organizations in
the politics of crisis management. In some countries, the loss of
leverage on the part of civil defense and the increasing impor-
tance of fire chiefs did not come without considerable strife and
interorganizational tensions. Elsewhere, the reorientation of the
armed forces in the direction of constabulary and counterdisaster
assignments has given rise to both fundamental questions and
more prosaic sorts of allocative and budgetary considerations
from civilian agencies.
. . . few goals are represented, even though multiple goals may be relevant
to any particular problem; only short paths of arguments are represented,
even though larger chains of causality may be justified and causation
between variables is seldom part of these maps. Decision-makers tend to
think in terms of one-way causation. (1976, 96-112)
GOVERNMENT-EV-ACTION:
TOWARD A TYPOLOGY OF CRISIS RESPONSES
National
Regional
National
1
Sandozfire
(stage 3)
6-day war
(Israel)
I
T Ethiopian
famine
*?
International International
\
Sandozfire
(stage 4)
T
The horixontal arrows indicate the regular pattern in which crisis is dealt with at the administrative level that is most directly threatened; the diagonal arrows indicate discrepancies
that need explanation.
Sandoz case (Such 1987) provides useful illustration of how this scheme can be used to trace the evolution of a multilevel crisis response pattern as events develop overtime.
Crises and Crisis Management
CONCLUSIONS
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