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Agricultural Wastes

Article  in  Water Environment Research · October 2012

DOI: 10.2175/106143012X13407275695193

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 Agricultural Wastes

Zhenyuan Zhang, Andrea M. Gonzalez, Evan G. R. Davies, Yang Liu*

ABSTRACT: Agricultural wastes have become an A study conducted by Nagle (2011) showed

increasing concern in recent years, as they may cause that fruit residuals have high energy content. Results

significant environmental problems; however, they may showed a mean waste-moisture content of 35%-75% wb,

also be used for several beneficial purposes, as feed ash contents of 2.2-7.1 wt. % db and a high

stock for energy production, and for chemical recovery volatile-matter content of 67-73 wt. % db, with heating

and chemical or dye adsorption. This review is divided values found to range between 18.3 to 19.3 MJ/kg.

into the following four sections: agricultural waste Faraco (2011) determined that residues from cereal

characterization, waste reuse and recycling, waste crops, olive tree, tomato and grape provided abundant

treatment, and waste management and minimization. lignocellulosic waste, which can be considered as

potential raw material for large-scale ethanol production.

KEYWORDS: reuse, recycle, waste treatment, waste

management, characterization Biomass Combustion Byproducts. Min

Doi: 10.2175/106143012X13407275695193 (2011) studied the gasification reactivity and chemical

Waste characterization structure of char generated from the combustion of

Energy Content. In a thermal characterization agricultural waste (corn straw and wheat straw), and

of biomass feedstock, Wilson (2011) found that waste found that the char particles generated under high

must have a high H: C ratio and a relatively low O: C pyrolysis temperatures had many smaller pores with

ratio. thinner walls, larger surface area, and that they

————————— experienced some melting. The results also indicated that

Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, the chars’ microcrystals became larger at higher
Markin/CNRL Natural Resources Engineering Facility, temperatures.
University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2W2, Canada;
Heavy metals, like Hg, can be released from
*
Corresponding author phone: 780-492-5515; Fax.
biomass burning. Huang et al. (2011) estimated average
780-492-0249; E-mail: yang.liu@ualberta.ca

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Water Environment Research, Volume 84, Number 10—Copyright © 2012 Water Environment Federation
annual heavy metal emissions from biomass burning in

China (including crop residual burning, forest and Bacterial and Fungal Communities. Zhang

grassland fires, etc.) of 27 Mg/year. et al. (2011) described how bacteria and fungi play an

important role in determining the composition of

Agricultural and Natural Fibers. Cocozza et agricultural waste. Experimental results showed that

al. (2011) investigated physical, chemical, and WSC, ammonium, and nitrate influenced the temporal

spectroscopic characteristics of the residues of an variation of bacteria community composition, while

endemic marine plant, Posidonia oceanica. They variations in fungal community composition were more

concluded that the fibrous portion of P. oceanica can be dependent on pile temperature, WSC, and moisture

content. Bonetta (2011) investigated microbiological

used as a biofuel, due to its lower heating values between
contaminants stemming from the digested product of an
13.6 and 15.7 Mg/kg (Oswald, 2011). In addition, it was
anaerobic co-digestion of bovine manure and agricultural
found that while the leaves resembled a green waste with
byproducts, in a study involving microbiological
lower heating values around 10 MJ/ kg, which is not
analyses of bovine manure, fresh digested product, liquid
suitable for energy recovery.
and solid fractions, and stored liquid fraction of digested
Kuan et al. (2011) investigated the
product. Digested product was generally found to be
physicochemical characteristics of residues and soluble
more hygienic than bovine manure. The study also
fibrous residues produced from alkali-treated raw cereal
concluded that, in using animal manure for agricultural
materials (corncob and wheat straw) with high
fertilization, anaerobic co-digestion of bovine manure
dietary-fiber content (49.87-68.65%). Cereal materials
and agricultural byproducts in a field-scale biogas plant
and insoluble fibrous residues were found to contain
does not increase human health risk.
essential minerals (in contrast to soluble fibrous

residues), and showed 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl

Decomposition. Barrena (2011) determined
radical scavenging ability, good emulsification ability
the potential for composition of individual samples by
and emulsion stability, mineral binding capacity, water
means of the oxygen uptake rate and the dynamic
capacity and oil holding capacity. The production of
respirometric index. High organic content concentration
nanofibers from SF by electrospinning proved
is not necessarily directly connected with degradability.
successful. Smith and Jones (2011) found that fresh coir
For example, materials with high lignin concentrations
fiber has an average absorption coefficient of 0.8 at
tend to have low biodegradability. Instead, the
frequencies greater than 1360 Hz and 20mm thickness.
respirometric characterization (oxygen uptake rate and
Increasing the thickness can help to improve

lower-frequency sound absorption.

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Water Environment Research, Volume 84, Number 10—Copyright © 2012 Water Environment Federation
respirometric index) could be a significantly more Gall et al. (2011) raised concerns about

reliable parameter. manure used as agricultural fertilizer, which can

Arslan (2011) studied the effect of aeration introduce natural and synthetic hormones to both

rates on agricultural waste composting. In the study, fruit agricultural fields and aquatic ecosystems. In a study in

and vegetable wastes were composted at different rates the Midwestern United States, hormone concentrations

and parameters such as moisture, temperature, pH, in subsurface tile drains were found to increase during

electronic conductivity, C/N, and cellulose were tested. effluent irrigation and storm events. Problems also

He concluded that, because the C/N ratio is an important appeared to persist over winter, with pollutant-releases to

indicator of stabilization in compositing, the optimum drainage ditches after snowmelt increasing hormone

aeration rate for aerobic composting of vegetable-fruit concentrations in the water (87 ng/L for total estrogens

wastes was 0.62 L/min kg VS. and 52 ng/L for natural androgens).

Research conducted by Gassara et al. (2011) in

Quebec showed that solid wastes from fruits may release Reuse and Recycle

greenhouse gases to the atmosphere. Thus, although Chemical Adsorption. Chen et al. (2011)

current management strategies comprising incineration, showed that the maximum Cu (II) and Zn (II) adsorption

landfill, composting, and solid-state fermentation capacities of corn straw-based biochar reached 12.52

produced high value enzymes and animal feed, the mg/g and 11.0mg/g, respectively, indicating that plant

production of greenhouse gases must also be considered. residue-derived biochars can act as very effective

Specifically, treating 16209 t apple pomace with landfill sorbents. Acheampong et al. (2011) investigated the

method resulted in greenhouse gas emissions of 1841 t biosorption of Cu (II) onto coconut shell, coconut husk,

CO2 eq. per year. sawdust and Moring oleifera seeds. Their results

indicated that an exchange of Mg (II) and K (I) for Cu

Agricultural Water Pollution. Li (2011) (II), precipitation, and electrostatic forces were involved

found that long-term exposure to agricultural waste in the sorption process.

water has caused a gradual deterioration in the water Aktas and Morcali (2011) compared the gold

quality of Poyang Lake, the largest fresh-water lake in uptake from dilute gold chloride solutions with 100 ppm

China, with increases in TSS, CODCr, BOD5, TN and gold (Au3+) using Lewatit TP 214 and activated rice

TP. A second study estimated the total waste N released husk. The results showed activation energies of 28.44

to surface water in China at 11.4 kg N in 2008, a figure and 26.41 kJ/ml, and uptake capacities of 93.3 and 109.6

amounting to 40% of the total fertilizer N application to mg Au/g for activated rice husk and Lewatit TP 214,

China’s cropland (Gu, 2011). respectively.

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Water Environment Research, Volume 84, Number 10—Copyright © 2012 Water Environment Federation
 Othman (2011) indicated that Cd (II) can be In contrast, PAC could only remove 69.2 and 77.8% of

removed from aqueous solutions, using Tamrix articulate Cr (VI) and cyanide, respectively, under the same

wastes modified chemically by esterification with maleic conditions (maximum adsorption capacity of 47.6 and

acid. The maximum adsorption capacity of 195.5 mg/g 39.4 mg/g).

was achieved in a pH 4 solution at 30 °C with a contact

time of 120 min, an initial concentration of 400 mg/L, Dye adsorption. Dursun and Tepe (2011)

and an adsorbent dose of 0.3 g/L. The sorption process found that dehydrated beet pulp carbon, an agricultural

was spontaneous, exothermic and was best described by low cost by-product, can be used as an effective

a pseudo-second-order equation. Blázquez et al. (2011) adsorbent to remove Chemazol Reactive Red 195 from

investigated the biosorption of Pb (II) from aqueous aqueous solution. The maximum dye adsorption capacity

solution using olive tree-pruning waste at pH 5 in a batch was obtained as 58.0 mg/g at 50 °C at an optimized pH

system. Spontaneous and exothermic, the process was value (1.0). Adsorption was found to be strongly

best described with the pseudo-second-order kinetic pH-dependent, endothermic and spontaneous.

model, while equilibrium results were best represented Kumar et al. (2011) found methylene blue dye

with the Langmiur and Sips isotherms, with maximum from aqueous solution can be absorbed onto cashew nut

sorption capacities of 26.24, 33.39 and 32.15 mg/g at 25, shell. The process was controlled by both surface and

40 and 60 °C, respectively. Kong et al. (2011) reported pore diffusion, and the external mass transfer was the

that biochar prepared from soybean stalk using rate-determining step. The authors concluded that

oxygen-limited pyrolysis was efficient at removing cashew nut shell is effective for the removal of the

phenanthrene and Hg (II) from aqueous solution. methylene blue dye. Moussavi and Khosravi (2011)

Sorption isotherms were best described by linear and found that cationic dyes (e.g. methylene blue) can be

Toth model isotherms for phenanthrene and Hg (II), removed from aqueous agricultural waste solutions

respectively, and direct competitive sorption was through adsorption to pistachio hull waste. The removal

observed when both phenanthrene and Hg (II) were efficiency of methylene blue reached 99.7 % at 70 min

present in the aqueous solution. Moussavi and Talebi contact time when pH and PHP dosage were 8 and 1.5

(2011) compared the co-adsorption of Cr (VI) and g/L, respectively. Adsorption efficiency increased with

cyanide from electroplating wastewater using powdered increasing temperature. The study concluded that

pistachio hull (PHP) and powdered activated carbon pistachio hull waste could be a very efficient and

(PAC). With 2 g/L of PHP and 60 min of contact, PHP low-cost adsorbent, and thus a promising alternative for

could completely remove Cr (VI) and cyanide dye removal from industrial wastewaters.

(maximum adsorption capacity of 117.6 and 151 mg/g).

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Water Environment Research, Volume 84, Number 10—Copyright © 2012 Water Environment Federation
 Gao et al. (2011) showed that Reactive biologically that can then be chemically converted to a

Brilliant Red K-2G in aqueous solution can be removed wide variety of chemicals and fuels. Agricultural wastes

by chestnut shells, a low-cost adsorbent. Spontaneous or residues with a high lignocellulose content (such as

and exothermic, adsorption followed a pseudo-second paper and bagasse) can be used as feedstock and usually

order process with the adsorption rate governed by have a high yield rate of biological fuel as compared to

external mass transfer. Amine, hydroxyl and phenolic low lignocellulose content agricultural waste. Gautam et

compounds were found to be active binding sites. al. (2011) compared gasification of different biomass

Parvarthi et al. (2011) showed that malachite green can feedstock from agricultural waste. After gasification,

be removed from aqueous solution by cassava peel-based peanut hull pellets were found to have the highest

activated carbon. Effects of the adsorbent dosage, initial heating value of 6.1 MJ/m3, whereas poultry litter

dye concentration, pH and contact time were considered, gasification gave the lowest heating value of 4.8 MJ/m3.

and results indicated that silver nitrate-treated cassava Keskin et al. (2011) reviewed the use of

peel performed better than sulphuric acid treated and raw photosynthetic bacteria to capture solar energy and to

carbons. Safa and Bhatti (2011) indicated that Everdirect drive the nearly complete conversion of substrates to

Orange-3GL and Direct Blue-67 dyes can adsorb directly hydrogen and carbon dioxide. The process, also called

onto rice husk from aqueous solution. The sorption photo-fermentation, can potentially use various industrial

process was associated with hydroxyl functional-group and agricultural waste streams rich in sugars or organic

activity and was influenced more by pH than by either acids as feed stocks to produce the desired amount of

the initial dye concentration or the biosorbent dose. hydrogen.

Malatji et al. (2011) indicated that briquettes

Energy. Cheng and Chang (2011) used made from wood and agricultural waste can be gasified

bagasse for hydrogen production. Because in a down-draft gasifier for electricity generation. Their

cellulases/xylanase produced by Clostridium results showed a gasification performance comparable to

pasteurianum can hydrolyze cellulosic materials solid pine wood.

effectively, they were used to hydrolyze natural Meeuwse (2011) evaluated the potential use of

agricultural waste (i.e., bagasse) for H2 production by lipid-accumulation fungi for the production of biodiesel

using separate hydrolysis and fermentation process. The precursors from agricultural wastes. A model was

hydrogen yield in this study was around 0.96 mol H2/mol developed to describe the growth, lipid accumulation and

glucose. substrate consumption of the oleaginous fungus

Forrest et al. (2011) used the MixAlcoTM Umbelopsis isabellina in submerged chemostat cultures.

process to convert biomass to carboxylate salts However, the approach may not be valid for lower

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Water Environment Research, Volume 84, Number 10—Copyright © 2012 Water Environment Federation
dilution rates because of practical problems with the palm oil empty fruit bunches. Tye et al. (2011) discussed

filamentous fungus. second-generation bioethanol as a renewable energy

Missagia et al. (2011) studied the densification source, in particular in the transportation sector. They

characteristics of Brazilian rice husks by using a estimated that the biomass available from agricultural

laboratory compactor for pellet production. They found waste is 50.9×106 kg/year in Malaysia, with the potential

that rice husk pellets with 17% water content and ground to generate 13.3×106 kg/year of bioenergy –

with 2, 4 and 6 mm sieves were durable and stable. approximately 21.5% of total Malaysia’s energy

Shie et al. (2011) evaluated several energy requirement.

indicators and four potential gasification technologies, El-Zawawy et al. (2011) studied the conversion

through an energy life-cycle assessment using rice straw into glucose of rice straw, banana plant waste and corn

as a bio-fuel source. Results indicated that each of the cobs for ethanol production through acid and enzyme

gasification technologies has a positive energy benefit; hydrolysis. The materials were first pre-treated by

further, major components of the energy life cycle applying the chemical pulping and steam explosion

assessment were the calculation of the energy inputs for method and microwave treatment, and then submitted to

transportation and pre-treatment. acid hydrolysis using 5% sulfuric acid or enzyme

Cuetos et al. (2011) investigated the hydrolysis using Trichoderma reesei cellulases. The

co-digestion of swine manure and three energy crop results showed that glucose concentration and

residues (maize, rapeseed or sunflower residues) to subsequent ethanol production yields varied according to

determine methane yields and reactor behavior. Batch the type of pre-treatment and the hydrolysis method.

experiments were conducted with swine manure having Gu et al. (2011) discussed biofuel production using

25, 50 and 75% volatile solids. Results indicated that the waste nitrogen on untilled or marginal land in China.

addition of crop residues increased the amount of biogas They estimated that in 2008 the total waste nitrogen lost

produced, with the highest yield obtained when to surface water and the total potential biofuel produced

co-digesting rapeseed (3.5L/day). Omar et al. (2011) by waste nitrogen were 11.3×109 kg/year and 16.4×1012

characterized oil palm empty fruit bunches for kJ/year, respectively. The net energy balance of biofuel

microwave-assisted pyrolysis and determined that they production using waste N in China was 5.7×105

have fuel and chemical characteristics similar to other kJ/km2/year – much higher than other major biofuel

biomass types. High water content, high volatile content production systems currently in use. The total maximum

and moderate potassium content were identified. The land requirement for the total energy consumption in

result showed that microwaves were the best heating China was found to be 17.5% of China’s total untilled

source for biomass with above characteristics similar to land resource.

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Water Environment Research, Volume 84, Number 10—Copyright © 2012 Water Environment Federation
 Kahiluoto et al. (2011) reported that energy nitrate losses (152, 145, 145 kg N/ha, respectively)

recovery and nutrient recycling from agrifood waste and compared to the control (50 kg N/ha).

by-product biomass had the potential to mitigate climate Jacinthe et al. (2011) determined that manure

change and eutrophication in two regions in Finland. application to cultivated land not only increased the

They found that energy recovery corresponded to 5-10% nutrients in the soil, but also contributed to soil carbon

of the fossil energy used in the region, and led to a sequestration. They suggested that, in comparison with

one-third reduction of all agriculture-based GHG conventional farming practices, organic farming

emissions. The reduction in fertilizer manufacture with practices increased the size of the soil microbial

efficient recycling contributed to an additional one-fifth community, and organic farming process added carbon

reduction in GHG emissions along with a 14-20% substrate more efficiently as compared with the

reduction in energy use. Nutrient recycling corresponded community present in conventional practice.

to 99% of P and 45-72% of N in the yields harvested. Paradelo et al. (2011) indicated that vineyard

soil amended with grape marc vermicompost could be

Biofertilizers, Cultivation Materials and Soil used in carbon and nitrogen mineralization. They

Amendments. Figueiro and Graciolli (2011) used rice, concluded that 17 kg/km2/year and 21 kg /km2/year of

bean, wheat and sorghum straw, banana leaf and maize bulk vermicompost should be added if the present mean

cobs as the substrate in cultivating Pleurotus florida, an temperature and a 2 °C increment in temperature are

edible mushroom. They found that substrates with a C/N considered, respectively, in order to sustain initial levels

ratio around 45, high ash content and high levels of P, K, of organic matter.

Ca, Mg and Mn formed the best cultivation medium. Kunhikrishnan et al. (2011) studied the

Carneiro et al. (2011) evaluated nitrate leaching from the transformation and photoavailability of Cu in Gawler

application of cattle slurry (CS), sewage sludge and and Adelaide Hills (Australia) soils treated with recycled

urban waste compost to a maize and oat double-cropping water and Cu uptake by Indian mustard (Brassica juncea

system. Several treatments were considered, including a var. Varuna) plants. Monitoring of CaCl2 extractable and

nitrification inhibitor with a mineral fertilizer treatment pore water free Cu2+ concentrations indicated that

(MIN) and CS, an organic residue with a high C/N ratio increasing the level of Cu led to elevated concentrations

(pulp mill sludge – PMS) together with mineral fertilizer in plants. However, the presence of organic carbon in the

(PMS+M), and split applications of sewage sludge and recycled water reduced the Cu uptake compared to

urban waste compost. PMS+M, MIN and split Milli-QTM water. Rittmann et al. (2011) reported on P

applications of sewage sludge showed higher annual recovery from animal waste, which required conversion

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Water Environment Research, Volume 84, Number 10—Copyright © 2012 Water Environment Federation
of organic P into inorganic P and can be accomplished could be applied to vast plantations of short rotation

through anaerobic treatment. coppice in Europe, although the use of more P-rich

Zanon et al. (2011) demonstrated the use of residues might be more economical.

tomato crop residues as a soil amendment to control Odlare et al. (2011) investigated the potential

bacterial wilt caused by Ralstonia solanacearum. risks and benefits of using compost and biogas residues

Experiments with tomato growth substrate amended with from source-separated household waste in agriculture as

tomato debris and artificially inoculated with the compared to a traditional mineral fertilizer. They found

pathogen were carried out. Heat treatments at 45 °C that biogas residues produced crop yields almost as high

decreased tomato wilt indices and eradicated the as those obtained using a mineral fertilizer. Biogas

pathogen; in contrast, lower temperature treatments at 25 residues and compost improved substrate-induced

°C did not eradicate the pathogen even after six weeks of respiration, potential ammonium oxidation, and nitrogen

continuous treatment. mineralization with no apparent negative effects.

Carbonell et al. (2011) assessed the effect of Etter et al. (2011) investigated the production

municipal solid waste compost (50 Mg/ha) and NPK of struvite in Nepal (MgNH4PO4∙6H2O) using urine as

(nitrogen, phosphorous, potassium) fertilizer (33 g/plant) fertilizer, as well as means for optimizing the process.

amendments on the concentration of metals in soils and They reported that a reactor with an external filtration

different parts of maize plants. Municipal solid waste system had a higher P-removal capacity (90%),

compost and NPK fertilizer enhanced biomass compared to a reactor based on sedimentation only

production, but the solid waste compost increased the (50%).

concentration of Cu, Pb and Zn in the soil, while NPK Nakatani et al. (2011) examined effects of

fertilizer increased Cd and Ni, and decreased the Hg tannery sludge applications, with total N-content of 0 to

concentration. The concentration of metals was higher in 1200 kg N/ha, on the structure of bacteria and microbial

roots than in above-ground parts of the plant, with no activity in agricultural soil. The first sludge application

significant differences between the two amendments. was found to stimulate biological activity strongly up to

Dimitriou and Rosenqvist (2011) reported that 300 days after application through increases in

the gross margin for short rotation coppice is only inorganic-N and soil pH; enzymatic activities related to

positive if biomass production is greater than 1.442 t N-cycling (asparaginase and urease) were the

GJ/km2, but the use of sewage sludge and wastewater as most-influenced properties. The second application had

fertilizer increases the gross profit margin by 39 and 199 a lower and shorter effect on microbial activity, leading

€/GJ. They estimated that 6000 PJ of renewable energy to no measurable difference between treatments after 666

could be produced annually if all sludge and wastewater days.

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Water Environment Research, Volume 84, Number 10—Copyright © 2012 Water Environment Federation
 Paradelo et al. (2011a) studied the effect of two used in P recovery. The feasibility of its use, in

municipal solid waste composts (at 3% and 6% dry combination with Zr, was investigated for P recovery

weight) as amendments for contaminated agricultural from secondary effluent and side-stream liquid, which

soil on the availability of Cu, Pb and Zn. The results contained 5.9 and 68.2 mg/dm3 P, respectively. After

showed that the composts reduced the solubility of the secondary effluent treatment with Zr-SOW gel, a

metals, in particular Cu and Pb, and reduced the dynamic adsorption capacity of 1.3 mol P/kg was

leachability of the three metals. Rigane and Medhioub attained. Further, the adsorbed P was successfully eluted

(2011) investigated the physicochemical properties of six as a concentrate, using 0.2 M NaOH.

organic soil improvers (almond shell, sesame bark, olive Velmurugan et al. (2011) reported that

cake, olive mill wastewater sludge, poultry manure, and Monascus purpureus KACC 42430 can produce

mixtures of compost-manure) made from agricultural pigments in solid-state fermentation, using corn cob

waste. The application of these treatments as powder as a substrate. They achieved a pigment yield of

components in reconstituted anthropic soils showed 25.42 OD Units/g using 60% (w/w) initial moisture

differences in soil organic matter content, pH and content, incubation at 30 °C, inoculation with 4 ml of

electrical conductivity, with subsequent effects on the spores/gram of dry substrate, and an incubation period of

yield and quality of tomatoes. 7 days. Pigment concentration was higher than those

produced from other agricultural waste substrates and

Chemical generation and recovery. Gopinath was stable at acidic pH, high temperatures, and in salt

et al. (2011) determined that amino acid can be produced solutions.

from rice straw and wheat bran hydrolysates by Khanifar et al. (2011) reported that tryptophan

recombinant pentose-utilizing Corynebacterium can be produced from microbial protein of

glutamicum. The ethambutol-triggered production of lignocelluloses waste. Wheat straw was treated with heat

l-glutamate was up to 93 +/- 4 mM by the wild at 100 °C under alkaline conditions and Pleurotus

type-derived recombinant, while l-lysine production was floridas was cultivated using solid-state fermentation.

up to 42 +/- 2 mM by the recombinant lysine. By Tryptophan was analyzed using alkaline hydrolyses with

providing carbon and energy sources, the result revealed Ba(OH)2, 4 Normal at 110 °C for 48 hours of the

that acid hydrolysates of agricultural waste materials extracted protein. Tryptophan was 0.96 g/100 g of the

may provide an alternative feedstock for large-scale extracted protein as detected by an A-200 amino nova

amino acid production. analyzer. The study determined the nutritional benefit

Ohura et al. (2011) indicated that orange waste, that could make this single cell protein an appropriate

an available and inexpensive agricultural waste, could be animal feed.

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Water Environment Research, Volume 84, Number 10—Copyright © 2012 Water Environment Federation
 Bajwa et al. (2011) evaluated the properties Kim (2011) reviewed techniques to recover

and suitability of residual plant fibers as reinforcement in salts from rejected brine from desalination plants,

thermoplastic composites. Five fiber filler treatments agricultural drainage and other industries, including

were investigated: control (oak wood fiber filler - OWF), hybrid systems that combine two or more techniques. He

cotton burr and sticks (CBS), CBS with 2% (by weight) also conducted economic analysis comparing, using and

second cut linters (CBL), CBS with 30% (by weight) disposing of the concentrate.

guayule whole plant (GCP), and CBS with 30% (by Liou and Yang (2011) reported nanosilica can

weight) guayule bagasse (CGB). The results showed that be produced from rice husk by using a

although the physical and mechanical properties of the dissolution-precipitation technique. They indicated that

composites varied, all exhibited potential for use as fiber hydrochloric acid produced silica with a higher surface

fillers. area than sulfuric, oxalic, and citric acids. Results

Tuan et al. (2011) investigated the preparation showed the highest surface area of 634 m2/g, the highest

and properties of silver nanoparticles (4-30 nm) loaded pore volume of 0.811 cm3/g, pore diameters from 3 to 9

in coconut husk-based activated carbon, and their nm, and uniform particle size of 5-30 nm.

application in the treatment of microbial infection. The Min et al. (2011) compared the characteristics

nanoparticle-loaded activated carbon had a surface area of pectins prepared from apple pomace using

of 890 m2/g and showed similar morphology and water-based extraction combined with physical and

methylene adsorption ability compared to non-loaded enzymatic treatments, and chemically-extracted pectins.

activated carbon, with the added advantages of a low Pectins produced by physical/enzymatic treatments had

minimal-inhibitory concentration of Escherichia coli and lower galacturonic acid and yield, a higher degree of

strong As (V) adsorption. esterification, decreased viscosity and less elastic

Sarangi et al. (2011) studied the effect of properties under high shear-rate conditions than those

temperature on nano-crystalline silica and carbon produced through chemical extraction. However, pectins

composite powder produced from pyrolysing rice-husk extracted by both methods showed shear-thinning

ash. The phase transition and crystallite sizes of silica properties when subjected to steady shear.

and carbon, as a function of heat treatment at

temperatures ranging from 400 to 1200 °C over two Construction material. A study conducted by

hours, were examined through X-ray diffractometry, Khorami et al. (2011) compared bagasse, wheat and

scanning electron microscopy and Fourier transform eucalyptus fiber to produce fiber cement boards. The

infra-red spectroscopy. results showed that the flexural behavior of fiber cement

boards depends on the type, length, diameter, aspect ratio

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Water Environment Research, Volume 84, Number 10—Copyright © 2012 Water Environment Federation
and texture of the fibers. It also showed that increasing sawdust showed the lowest reduced sugar yield (1.12

fiber content from 2% to 4% of the cement weight can mg/ml) when treated with enzyme, and the lowest

increase flexural strength. saccharification rate (5.92%) when treated with alkaline.

Karademir et al. (2011) indicated that luffa Chan (2011) showed that rice husks can be

fibers and yarn waste could be used in combination with used as a catalyst in the preparation of phenols from

recycled cellulose fibers for insulation and packaging CsOH and aryl iodides using CuO on mesoporous silica.

materials. The brightness of the control sheets, sound Further, the loading of the catalyst was found to be as

absorption, air permeability, thermal stabilities, print low as 1 mol-%, which makes rice husk a very attractive

density and tone values were all improved; however, green catalyst.

luffa fibers and yarn waste also significantly reduced the

burst and tensile indexes. Treatment

Anaerobic Treatment. Govasmark et al.

Enzyme and Catalyst. Khan et al. (2011) (2011) found low chemical and microbiological risks

investigated the production of amylase from industrial from the anaerobically digested residue (ADR) produced

and agricultural waste by microbial action using in three Norwegian full-scale biogas plants (BGP), and

thermophilic actinomycetes. They studied six strains of intended for agricultural use. The ADR showed high

actinomycetes (AH-I to AH-VI) and determined that the concentrations of Zn and Cu in the solid fraction, and

strain AH-II was the best for the production of amylases. high concentrations of Cd in the liquid fraction, which

The effect of metal ions and optimal conditions for classifies it as a quality 1 organic fertilizer according to

maximum amylase production were also assessed. Norway standards. Two pollutants, diethylhexylphthalate

Begum and Alimon (2011) investigated the and PAH 16, were found in high concentrations, while

induction of cellulose enzyme by Aspergillus oryzae only two out of eleven pesticides detected, imazalil

ITCC-4857.01, and the potential of the induced enzyme (<0.30-5.77 mg/kg) and thiabendazol (<0.14-0.73

to saccharify three lignocellulosic substrates. After alkali mg/kg), were found frequently.

treatment for 96 hours, sugarcane bagasse exhibited the Madsen et al. (2011) reviewed monitoring

maximum degree of conversion of substrate (0.415%), methods for anaerobic digestion processes. In particular,

improved specific substrate consumption (0.99 g they focused on the potential application of Process

substrate/g dry biomass), and reduced sugar yield Analytical Technologies (PAT), Theory of Sampling

(7.53mg/ml) and saccharification rate (9.03%). Water (TOS) and chemometrics, and discussed Danish

hyacinth pre-treated with alkali and enzyme showed the co-digestion of agricultural manure, biomass and

maximum endoglucanase activity of 11.42U/ml, while industrial organic waste as a case study.

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Water Environment Research, Volume 84, Number 10—Copyright © 2012 Water Environment Federation
 the potential of three magnetic biochars, MOP250,

Thermal Treatment. Roy et al. (2011) MOP400, and MOP700, to remove organic pollutants

reviewed current biosolids management options and and phosphate simultaneously from water. MOP250,

determined that gaseous and metal emissions from MOP400 and MOP700 were prepared by chemical

incineration were lower than existing regulations or co-precipitation of Fe3+/Fe2+ on orange peel powder and

could be met with existing technologies, making the consequent formation of iron oxide magnetite

incineration a promising technology. Additionally, they through pyrolyzation at 250, 400 and 700 °C. MOP400

reported successful results from pilot scale combustion demonstrated the highest sorption capability for organic

tests of co-incineration of biosolids (10%) with wood pollutants, while the magnetic biochars showed much

pellets (90%) in a conventional wood pellet stove higher sorption capability for phosphates than

without significant degradation of efficiency and non-magnetic biochars.

emissions.

Cusidó and Soriano (2011) indicated that Composting. Sabrina et al. (2011) compared

transformation of dehydrated sewage sludge pellets the effects of P-enriched empty oil palm fruit bunches

through a ceramization process into a lightweight clay applied as fresh, composted or vermicomposted media in

material has potential uses in the building and agriculture supplying nutrients to Setaria spendida L. grass. Soil

industries. The resulting material showed a treated with vermicomposted and composted media

microstructure with open porosity, low thermal resulted in a greater positive effect on growth and

conductivity and undetectable levels of hazardous nutrient uptake, and greater root volume compared to the

metals. The process produced similar emission factors control, while soil treated with vermicomposted empty

compared to the production of conventional clay oil palm fruit bunches produced significantly higher

ceramics, but higher organic emissions that would increases in grass dry-matter yield compared to other

require an air-depuration system. soils due to readily available P and other nutrients. The

results also showed that the total K concentration in the

Adsorption Treatment. Zolgharnein et al. control (242.0 mg/kg) was higher than in the composted-

(2011) reviewed the literature on pesticide-removal and vermicomposted- empty oil palm fruit bunches (173

through conventional and low-cost sorbents, including and 167 mg/kg, respectively). Gallo et al. (2011)

biosorbents obtained from agricultural by products. They studied chicken manure plus duck manure, kitchen

discussed the effect of pH, contact time, sorbent dosage, wastes and agricultural wastes as N amendments in

initial pesticide concentration and optimization of bench-scale composting of recycled paper mill sludge.

biosorption conditions. Chen et al. (2011) demonstrated Total NPK in feedstock amended with manure satisfied

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Water Environment Research, Volume 84, Number 10—Copyright © 2012 Water Environment Federation
the requirements, but pathogen concentrations exceeded integrated constructed wetlands over a 13-month period

United States Environmental Protection Agency using four treatments: standard (T1), effluent recycling

standards. Manure-amended feedstock performed better (T2), high nutrient loading (T3), and high flow rate (T4).

than feedstock amended with kitchen wastes and T3 and T4 showed higher mean counts of yeasts and

agricultural wastes at a C/N of 30. Kitchen moulds and spore-forming bacteria than T1 and T2.

waste-amended feedstock exhibited high ammonia Counts were further affected by season and flow through

emissions, while agricultural waste-amended feedstock the cells.

showed significantly decreased free air space in the early Si et al. (2011) reported that constructed

stages of composting. wetlands can effectively reduce heavy metal

Liu et al. (2011) described changes in concentrations in irrigation water from the Yellow River

biochemical and microbiological parameters during the in Northwest China. They determined that the

period of rapid composting of dairy manure with rice consumption of wheat grain irrigated with untreated

chaff. The rapid compositing method was found to be water poses a potential health risk to the residents and

feasible for treating agricultural wastes, where a dairy that constructed wetlands could decrease the

manure/rice chaff ratio (V/V) at 75/25 produced the most concentrations of heavy metals by up to about 35 %.

rapid temperature increase, the highest microbial

population and enzymatic activities, and hence the Other Technologies and assessments. Akbari

highest compositing rate. The C/N ratio was observed to et al. (2011) conducted an evaluation of fuel- and air

be below 20% on day 28 of the experiment. mixing in a methane and hydrogen combustion system

and assessed its performance with biomass- or

Bioreactor. Stephan et al. (2011) modeled the agricultural waste-derived fuels. Their computational

degradation of metolachlor and chlortoluron in a falling fluid dynamics models included steady turbulence

film, closed-loop photoreactor as a step in removing (variants of Reynolds Average Navier-Stokes, RANS),

pesticides from agricultural wastewater. They reported unsteady-RANS and large eddy models. They concluded

satisfactory results in describing the degradation kinetics that although hydrogen and methane have different

but noted the need to improve the description of the densities and diffusivity, they penetrated and dispersed

mineralization. in a similar fashion for a fixed momentum flux ratio.

Rehl and Müller (2011) conducted an

Wetland Treatment. McCarthy et al. (2011) environmental life-cycle assessment of seven treatment

investigated microbial removal from the liquid fraction options for biogas digestate. From analysis of the

of anaerobically digested pig manure in meso-scale primary energy demand, global warming potential and

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Water Environment Research, Volume 84, Number 10—Copyright © 2012 Water Environment Federation
acidification potential, they concluded that solar drying, well as the use of excess heat for biomass pre-treatment,

composting and physical-chemical treatment used fewer were beneficial.

resources and had a lower environmental impact than Hara et al. (2011) investigated current organic

conventional management. N emissions, the amount and waste recycling in the Philippines, and the potential for

type of fuel used as heat supply, and the allocation of local recycling through urban agriculture. Results

heat and power were identified as important factors indicated that, at present, securing buyers for compost is

influencing the environmental impact of the management difficult and that most compost is distributed to large

options. neighboring farm villages; however, establishment of a

Love et al. (2011) investigated ozonated local compost recycling system may be feasible.

granular activated carbon as an ammonia adsorbent in Hiskakis et al. (2011) produced a

aqueous systems. The results suggested that activated biodegradable drip irrigation system, using an irrigation

carbon could be chemically modified to enhance the pipe made from a grade of Mater-BiTM, and embedded

adsorption of ammonia from aqueous systems. However, cylindrical drippers made from a separate Mater-Bi

the presence of volatile organic compounds such as grade. It provided a possible way to eliminate

p-cresol and acetic acid inhibited adsorption of the non-biodegradable waste from irrigation system.

ammonia. Meyer et al. (2011) investigated the

concentration of dissolved herbicides and

Waste management and minimization pharmaceuticals in a small river in Luxembourg. They

Gassara et al. (2011) state that, of all the measured the concentration of diuron at 7.41 parts per

current GHG management methods (incineration, million in a flood event, which was over 4 times the

landfill, compositing, and solid-state fermentation), allowable concentration. More serious problems could

solid-state fermentation to produce enzymes was the arise in catchments smaller than 50 km2. Further, the

most effective method for reducing emissions, whereas measurements proved that the influence of kinematic

the landfill method doubled GHG emissions. wave effects on the relationship between hydrograph and

Chiew et al. (2011) proposed an analytical tool chemograph should not be neglected in smaller basins.

that integrates cost, energy savings and CO2 emissions to

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Kinetic, Equilibrium and Thermodynamic Studies of nutrient concentrations of rivers discharging in European

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cotton and guayule biomass residues as fiber fillers, Ind. system fertilized with organic residues under

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Sanchez, A. (2011) Respirometric screening of several (2011) Green Catalysts Derived from Agricultural and

types of manure and mixtures intended for composting, Industrial Waste Products: The Preparation of Phenols

Bioresour. Technol., 102 (2), 1367-1377. from CsOH and Aryl Iodides using CuO on Mesoporous

Begum, M. F., and Alimon, A. R. (2011) Bioconversion and Silica, Eur. J. Org. Chem., (36), 7288-7293.

saccharification of some lignocellulosic wastes by Chen, X.; Chen, G.; Chen, L.; Chen, Y.; Lehmann, J.; McBride,

Aspergillus oryzae ITCC-4857.01 for fermentable sugar M. B., and Hay, A. G. (2011) Adsorption of copper and

production, Electron. J. Biotechnol., 14 (5). zinc by biochars produced from pyrolysis of hardwood

Bermudez, G. M. A.; Jasan, R.; Pla, R., and Luisa Pignata, M. and corn straw in aqueous solution, Bioresour. Technol.,

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health hazard through their consumption, J. Hazard. efficiently sorbs organic pollutants and phosphate,

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Blazquez, G.; Martin-Lara, M. A.; Tenorio, G., and Calero, M. Cheng, C.-L., and Chang, J.-S. (2011) Hydrolysis of

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solutions by olive tree pruning waste: Equilibrium,

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Water Environment Research, Volume 84, Number 10—Copyright © 2012 Water Environment Federation
 from Pseudomonas sp CL3 for fermentative hydrogen Forrest, A. K.; Wales, M. E., and Holtzapple, M. T. (2011)

production, Bioresour. Technol., 102 (18), 8628-8634. Thermodynamic prediction of hydrogen production from

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Biomass Bioenergy, 35 (7), 2925-2935. Gall, H. E.; Sassman, S. A.; Lee, L. S., and Jafvert, C. T. (2011)

Cocozza, C.; Parente, A.; Zaccone, C.; Mininni, C.; Santamaria, Hormone Discharges from a Midwest Tile-Drained

P., and Miano, T. (2011) Chemical, physical and Agroecosystem Receiving Animal Wastes, Environ. Sci.

spectroscopic characterization of Posidonia oceanica (L.) Technol., 45 (20), 8755-8764.

Del. residues and their possible recycle, Biomass Gallo, J.; Naraval, J., Jr., and Gallardo, S. (2011) Bench-Scale

Bioenergy, 35 (2), 799-807. Composting of Recycled Paper Mill Sludge Using

Cusido, J. A., and Soriano, C. (2011) Valorization of pellets from Chicken Manure plus Duck Manure, Kitchen Wastes and

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Dimitriou, I., and Rosenqvist, H. (2011) Sewage sludge and Gao, J. F.; Wang, J. H.; Yuan, Q.; Yang, C.; Wang, S. Y., and Peng,

wastewater fertilisation of Short Rotation Coppice (SRC) Y. Z. (2011) Utilization of agricultural waste chestnut shell

for increased bioenergy production-biological and for the removal of Reactive Brilliant Red K-2G from

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beet pulp carbon, J. Hazard. Mater., 194, 303-311. Tyagi, R. D. (2011) Pomace waste management scenarios

El-Zawawy, W. K.; Ibrahim, M. M.; Abdel-Fattah, Y. R.; in Quebec-Impact on greenhouse gas emissions, J. Hazard.

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enzyme hydrolysis to convert pretreated lignocellulosic Gautam, G.; Adhikari, S.; Brodbeck, C.; Bhavnani, S.; Fasina, O.,

materials into glucose for ethanol production, Carbohydr. and Taylor, S. (2011) Gasification of Wood Chips,

Polym., 84 (3), 865-871. Agricultural Residues, and Waste in a Commercial

Etter, B.; Tilley, E.; Khadka, R., and Udert, K. M. (2011) Downdraft Gasifier, Trans. ASABE, 54 (5), 1801-1807.

Low-cost struvite production using source-separated urine Gopinath, V.; Meiswinkel, T. M.; Wendisch, V. F., and

in Nepal, Water Res., 45 (2), 852-862. Nampoothiri, K. M. (2011) Amino acid production from

Faraco, V., and Hadar, Y. (2011) The potential of lignocellulosic rice straw and wheat bran hydrolysates by recombinant

ethanol production in the Mediterranean Basin, pentose-utilizing Corynebacterium glutamicum, Appl.

Renewable Sustainable Energy Rev., 15 (1), 252-266. Microbiol. Biotechnol., 92 (5), 985-996.

Figueiro, G. G., and Graciolli, L. A. (2011) Influence of the Govasmark, E.; Staeb, J.; Holen, B.; Hoornstra, D.; Nesbakk, T.,

chemical composition of the substrate in the cultivation of and Salkinoja-Salonen, M. (2011) Chemical and

Pleurotus florida, Cienc. Agrotecnol., 35 (5), 924-930. microbiological hazards associated with recycling of

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Water Environment Research, Volume 84, Number 10—Copyright © 2012 Water Environment Federation
 anaerobic digested residue intended for agricultural use, Crop Residues, Biotechnol. Bioprocess Eng., 16 (5),

Waste Manage., 31 (12), 2577-2583. 1044-1052.

Greene, S.; Taylor, D.; McElarney, Y. R.; Foy, R. H., and Jordan, Kahiluoto, H.; Kuisma, M.; Havukainen, J.; Luoranen, M.;

P. (2011) An evaluation of catchment-scale phosphorus Karttunen, P.; Lehtonen, E., and Horttanainen, M. (2011)

mitigation using load apportionment modelling, Sci. Total Potential of agrifood wastes in mitigation of climate

Environ., 409 (11), 2211-2221. change and eutrophication - Two case regions, Biomass

Gu, B. J.; Liu, D.; Wu, X.; Ge, Y.; Min, Y.; Jiang, H., and Chang, Bioenergy, 35 (5), 1983-1994.

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production in China, Renewable Sustainable Energy Rev., absorption and print density properties of recycled sheets

15 (9), 4910-4916. made from waste paper and agricultural plant fibres, Afr. J.

Hara, Y.; Furutani, T.; Murakami, A.; Palijon, A. M., and Agric. Res., 6(28), 6073-6081.

Yokohari, M. (2011) Current organic waste recycling and Keskin, T.; Abo-Hashesh, M., and Hallenbeck, P. C. (2011)

the potential for local recycling through urban agriculture Photofermentative hydrogen production from wastes,

in Metro Manila, Waste Manage. Res., 29 (11), Bioresour. Technol., 102 (18), 8557-8568.

1213-1221. Khan, M. A.; Shah, M.; Qurashi, M. Z.; Tanzeel ur, R., and Riaz,

Hiskakis, M.; Babou, E., and Briassoulis, D. (2011) S. (2011) Production of Amylase from Agro-Industrial

Experimental Processing of Biodegradable Drip Irrigation Wastes by Using Thermophilic Actinomycetes, Asian J.

Systems-Possibilities and Limitations, J. Polym. Environ., Chem., 23 (11), 4947-4954.

19 (4), 887-907. Khanifar, J.; Ghoorchian, H.; Ahmadi, A. R., and Hajihosaini, R.

Hosseini Fouladi, M.; Ayub, M., and Jailani Mohd Nor, M. (2011) Determination of the amount of tryptophan from

Analysis of coir fiber acoustical characteristics, Appl. single cell protein (SCP) of the lignocelluloses wastes, Afr.

Acoust., 72 (1), 35-42. J. Agric. Res., 6 (24), 5434-5437.

Huang, X.; Li, M.; Friedli, H. R.; Song, Y.; Chang, D., and Zhu, L. Khorami, M., and Ganjian, E. (2011) Comparing flexural

(2011) Mercury Emissions from Biomass Burning in behaviour of fibre-cement composites reinforced bagasse:

China, Environ. Sci. Technol., 45 (21), 9442-9448. Wheat and eucalyptus, Construction and Building

Iglinski, B.; Iglinska, A.; Kujawski, W.; Buczkowski, R., and Materials, 25 (9), 3661-3667.

Cichosz, M. (2011) Bioenergy in Poland, Renewable Kim, D. H. (2011) A review of desalting process techniques and

Sustainable Energy Rev., 15(6), 2999-3007. economic analysis of the recovery of salts from retentates,

Jacinthe, P. A.; Shukla, M. K., and Ikemura, Y. (2011) Carbon Desalination, 270 (1-3), 1-8.

pools and soil biochemical properties in manure-based Kong, H.; He, J.; Gao, Y.; Wu, H., and Zhu, X. (2011) Cosorption

organic farming systems of semi-arid New Mexico, Soil of Phenanthrene and Mercury(II) from Aqueous Solution

Use Manage., 27 (4), 453-463. by Soybean Stalk-Based Biochar, J. Agric. Food Chem.,

Jose Cuetos, M.; Fernandez, C.; Gomez, X., and Moran, A. (2011) 59 (22), 12116-12123.

Anaerobic Co-digestion of Swine Manure with Energy Kuan, C.-Y.; Yuen, K.-H.; Bhat, R., and Liong, M.-T. (2011)

Physicochemical characterization of alkali treated

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Water Environment Research, Volume 84, Number 10—Copyright © 2012 Water Environment Federation
 fractions from corncob and wheat straw and the Malatji, P.; Mamphweli, N. S., and Meincken, M. (2011) The

production of nanofibres, Food Res. Int., 44 (9), technical pre-feasibility to use briquettes made from wood

2822-2829. and agricultural waste for gasification in a downdraft

Kumar, P. S.; Abhinaya, R. V.; Lashmi, K. G.; Arthi, V.; Pavithra, gasifier for electricity generation, J. Energy South. Afr., 22

R.; Sathyaselvabala, V.; Kirupha, S. D., and Sivanesan, S. (4), 2-7.

(2011) Adsorption of methylene blue dye from aqueous McCarthy, G.; Lawlor, P. G.; Harrington, C., and Gardiner, G. E.

solution by agricultural waste: Equilibrium, (2011) Microbial removal from the separated liquid

thermodynamics, kinetics, mechanism and process design, fraction of anaerobically digested pig manure in

Colloid J., 73 (5), 651-661. meso-scale integrated constructed wetlands, Bioresour.

Kunhikrishnan, A.; Bolan, N. S., and Naidu, R. (2011) Technol., 102 (20), 9425-9431.

Phytoavailability of copper in the presence of recycled Meeuwse, P.; Tramper, J., and Rinzema, A. (2011) Modeling

water sources, plant Soil, 348 (1-2), 425-438. lipid accumulation in oleaginous fungi in chemostat

Lancelot, C.; Thieu, V.; Polard, A.; Garnier, J.; Billen, G.; Hecq, cultures: I. Development and validation of a chemostat

W., and Gypens, N. (2011) Cost assessment and ecological model for Umbelopsis isabellina, Bioprocess Biosyst. Eng.,

effectiveness of nutrient reduction options for mitigating 34 (8), 939-949.

Phaeocystis colony blooms in the Southern North Sea: An Meyer, B.; Pailler, J.-Y.; Guignard, C.; Hoffmann, L., and Krein,

integrated modeling approach, Sci. Total Environ., 409 A. (2011) Concentrations of dissolved herbicides and

(11), 2179-2191. pharmaceuticals in a small river in Luxembourg, Environ.

Liou, T.-H., and Yang, C.-C. (2011) Synthesis and surface Monit. Assess., 180 (1-4), 127-146.

characteristics of nanosilica produced from Min, F.; Zhang, M.; Zhang, Y.; Cao, Y., and Pan, W.P. (2011) An

alkali-extracted rice husk ash, Mater. Sci. Eng.: B, 176 (7), experimental investigation into the gasification reactivity

521-529. and structure of agricultural waste chars, J. Anal. Appl.

Liu, D.; Zhang, R.; Wu, H.; Xu, D.; Tang, Z.; Yu, G.; Xu, Z., and Pyrolysis, 92 (1), 250-257.

Shen, Q. (2011) Changes in biochemical and Min, B.; Lim, J.; Ko, S.; Lee, K.-G.; Lee, S. H., and Lee, S. (2011)

microbiological parameters during the period of rapid Environmentally friendly preparation of pectins from

composting of dairy manure with rice chaff, Bioresour. agricultural byproducts and their structural/rheological

Technol., 102 (19), 9040-9049. characterization, Bioresour. Technol., 102 (4), 3855-3860.

Love, C. D.; Kolar, P.; Classen, J. J., and Das, L. (2011) Minghui, L.; Wen, Z.; Yu, X., and Yongsheng, G. (2011) Study

Adsorption of Ammonia on Ozonated Activate Carbon, on Removal Efficiencies of pollutant from Constructed

Trans. ASABE, 54 (5), 1931-1940. Wetland in Aquiculture Waste Water around Poyang Lake,

Madsen, M.; Holm-Nielsen, J. B., and Esbensen, K. H. (2011) Procedia Environ. Sci., 10 Part C, 2444-2448.

Monitoring of anaerobic digestion processes: A review Missagia, B.; Guerrero, C.; Narra, S.; Sun, Y.; Ay, P., and Krautz,

perspective, Renewable Sustainable Energy Rev., 15 (6), H. J. (2011) Physicomechanical Properties of Rice Husk

3141-3155. Pellets for Energy Generation, Energy Fuels, 25 (12),

5786-5790.

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Water Environment Research, Volume 84, Number 10—Copyright © 2012 Water Environment Federation
Mouri, G.; Takizawa, S., and Oki, T. (2011) Spatial and temporal Omar, R.; Idris, A.; Yunus, R.; Khalid, K., and Aida Isma, M. I.

variation in nutrient parameters in stream water in a (2011) Characterization of empty fruit bunch for

rural-urban catchment, Shikoku, Japan: Effects of land microwave-assisted pyrolysis, Fuel, 90 (4), 1536-1544.

cover and human impact, J. Environ. Manage., 92 (7), Oswald, S. U. Aquatic systems and water security in the

1837-1848. Metropolitan Valley of Mexico City, Current Opinion in

Moussavi, G., and Khosravi, R. (2011a) The removal of cationic Environmental Sustainability, 3 (6), 497-505.

dyes from aqueous solutions by adsorption onto pistachio Paradelo, R.; Belen Moldes, A., and Teresa Barral, M. (2011a)

hull waste, Chem. Eng. Res. Des., 89 (10A), 2182-2189. Carbon and nitrogen mineralization in a vineyard soil

Moussavi, G., and Talebi, S. (2011b) Comparing the efficacy of a amended with grape marc vermicompost, Waste Manage.

novel waste-based adsorbent with PAC for the Res., 29 (11), 1177-1184.

simultaneous removal of chromium (VI) and cyanide from Paradelo, R.; Villada, A., and Barral, M. T. (2011b) Reduction of

electroplating wastewater, Chem. Eng. Res. Des. (0). the short-term availability of copper, lead and zinc in a

Nagle, M.; Habasimbi, K.; Mahayothee, B.; Haewsungcharern, contaminated soil amended with municipal solid waste

M.; Janjai, S., and Muller, J. (2011) Fruit processing compost, J. Hazard. Mater., 188 (1-3), 98-104.

residues as an alternative fuel for drying in Northern Parvathi, C.; Maruthavanan, T.; Sivamani, S., and Prakash, C.

Thailand, Fuel, 90(2), 818-823. (2011) Biosorption Studies for the Removal of Malachite

Naik, A. P., and Hammerschmidt, C. R. (2011) Mercury and trace Green from its Aqueous Solution by Activated Carbon

metal partitioning and fluxes in suburban Southwest Ohio Prepared from Cassava Peel, E-J. Chem., 8, 61-66.

watersheds, Water Res., 45 (16), 5151-5160. Pereira Bento Casaril, K. B.; Megumi Kasuya, M. C., and Dantas

Nakatani, A. S.; Martines, A. M.; Nogueira, M. A.; Fagotti, D. S. Vanetti, M. C. (2011) Antimicrobial Activity and Mineral

L.; Oliveira, A. G.; Bini, D.; Sousa, J. P., and Cardoso, E. J. Composition of Shiitake Mushrooms Cultivated on

B. N. (2011) Changes in the genetic structure of Bacteria Agricultural Waste, Braz. Arch. Biol. Technol., 54 (5),

and microbial activity in an agricultural soil amended with 991-1002.

tannery sludge, Soil Biol. Biochem., 43 (1), 106-114. Piemonte, V., and Gironi, F. (2011) Land-use change emissions:

Odlare, M.; Arthurson, V.; Pell, M.; Svensson, K.; Nehrenheim, How green are the bioplastics?, Environ. Prog.

E., and Abubaker, J. (2011)Land application of organic Sustainable Energy, 30 (4), 685-691.

waste - Effects on the soil ecosystem, Appl. Energy, 88 (6), Rafiee, E.; Khodayari, M.; Shahebrahimi, S., and Joshaghani, M.

2210-2218. (2011) 12-Tungstophosphoric acid supported on nano

Ohura, S.; Harada, H.; Biswas, B. K.; Kondo, M.; Ishikawa, S.; silica from rice husk ash as an efficient catalyst for direct

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recovery from secondary effluent and side-stream liquid in condition, J. Mol. Catal. A: Chem., 351, 204-209.

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 Batch Experimental Study, Environ. Eng. Manage. J., 10 Saleh, K. A., and Alshehri, M. A. (2011) The intensity of

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