Bifurcation Analysis

For the value of σ = 0.045 and δ = 0.009, our system becomes:

𝑑𝑥 1.131𝑥𝑦
= 0.045 + − 0.00311𝑥𝑦 − 0.009𝑥
𝑑𝜏 20.19 + 𝑦

𝑑𝑦
= 1.636𝑦(1 − 0.002𝑦) − 𝑥𝑦
𝑑𝜏

Our first fixed point becomes (𝜎⁄𝛿, 0). We find the y- values of the remaining fixed points by
obtaining the roots of the third-order polynomial 0.000006𝑦 3 − 0.0052𝑦 2 + 1.0871𝑦 + 0.3736 =
0. Using MATLAB, we have obtained three roots. These roots are 𝑦1 = −0.3431, 𝑦2 =
353.2199, 𝑦3 = 513.7899. Since we are only considering positive values for our y, we discard y1. We
substitute the remaining y-values to our nullcline equations to obtain the x-value of our fixed
points.

𝑥2 = 1.636(1 − 0.002(𝑦2 )) = 1.636(1 − 0.002(353.2199)) = 0.4803

𝑥3 = 1.636(1 − 0.002(𝑦3 )) = 1.636(1 − 0.002(513.7899)) = −0.045

Hence, we have the fixed points (𝜎⁄𝛿, 0), (0.4803,353.2199), (-0.045,513.7899). We analyze the
stability of these fixed points:

1.131(𝑦) 22.83489(𝑥)
− 0.00311(𝑦) − 0.009
𝐽(𝑥, 𝑦) = [20.19 + (𝑦) (20.19 + (𝑦))2 ]
−𝑦 1.636 − 0.0055(𝑦) − 𝑥

For the fixed point (0.045⁄0.009, 0):

−0.009 0.2645
𝐽(0.045⁄0.009, 0) = [ ]
0 −3.364

𝜏 = −0.009 − 3.364 = −3.355

∆ = (−0.009)(−3.364) − 0 = 0.0303

𝜏 2 − 4∆ = (−3.355)2 − 4(0.0303) = 11.1348

𝜆2 − 𝜏𝜆 + ∆ = 𝜆2 + 3.355𝜆 + 0.0303 = 0

Eigenvalues : 𝜆1 = −0.0091, 𝜆2 = −3.3459

For the fixed point (0.4803,353.2199):

−0.0377 −0.0014
𝐽(0.4803,353.2199) = [ ]
−353.2199 −1.1402

𝜏 = −0.0377 − 1.1402 = −1.1779

∆ = (−0.0377)(−1.1402)— (−0.0014)(−353.2199) = −0.4515

𝜏 2 − 4∆ = (−1.1779)2 − 4(−0.4515) = 3.1982

𝜆2 − 𝜏𝜆 + ∆ = 𝜆2 + 1.1779𝜆 − 0.4515 = 0

Eigenvalues : 𝜆1 = 0.3046, 𝜆2 = −1.4825

For the fixed point (−0.045,513.7899):

−0.5187 −0.0001
𝐽(−0.045,513.7899) = [ ]
−513.7899 −1.6812

𝜏 = −0.5187 − 1.6812 = −2.1999

∆ = (−0.5187)(−1.6812)— (−0.0001)(−513.7899) = 0.8207

𝜏 2 − 4∆ = (−2.1999)2 − 4(0.8207) = 1.5568

𝜆2 − 𝜏𝜆 + ∆ = 𝜆2 + 2.1999𝜆 + 0.8207 = 0

Eigenvalues : 𝜆1 = −0.4761, 𝜆2 = −1.7238

For of σ = 0.318 and δ = 0.545, our system becomes:

𝑑𝑥 1.131𝑥𝑦
= 0.318 + − 0.00311𝑥𝑦 − 0.545𝑥
𝑑𝜏 20.19 + 𝑦

𝑑𝑦
= 1.636𝑦(1 − 0.002𝑦) − 𝑥𝑦
𝑑𝜏

The fixed point (𝜎⁄𝛿, 0) becomes (0.318⁄0.545, 0).