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Bjtamplifier PDF
Bjtamplifier PDF
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I. I NTRODUCTION
Figure 1. The common emitter amplifier schematics.
T HE bipolar junction transistor was firstly invented in
1948 and revolutionized the world of electronics. A tiny,
mechanically durable, economically beneficial BJT was able
The calculations for gain, lower cut-off frequency and
higher cut-off frequency are as follows:
to achieve technical features that previously were impossible
without large, mechanically fragile, economically costly vac- V 2 ∗ R2
VB = = 5V
uum tubes. Having an ability to act as a switch and amplifier, R1 ∗ R2
the bipolar junction transistors has revolutionized the design
VE = VB − VBE
of todays electronics. One example of it is a common emitter
amplifier, which is considered to be as a very useful and VBE is the base-emitter voltage drop which is 0.6 V for very
simple type of transistor circuit. The paramount purpose of small collector currents as in this BJT. This can be seen in
the device is to enhance the input signal several times and chart from ZTX450 datasheet [2] shown below:
produce amplified output. The concept is applicable in almost
all spheres where it is necessary to get reinforced signal from
the weak. This report aims to characterize the common emitter
amplifier circuit by, firstly, explaining the theoretical basis
of working principle of the device, secondly, by constructing
and simulating the circuit in the LTSpice Simulator; thirdly,
by manufacturing the circuit on the printed circuit board and
taking measurements; and, finally, by comparing these three
perspectives to draw the conclusion.
can be neglected and the collector current is assumed to be so 34.3 kHz 24.4 Hz = 34.3 kHz. The Figure 6 shows Bode
equal to the emitter current which is given by: plot from 20 Hz to 20 kHz range. The mentioned range was
VE not chosen occasionally. It is audible human range, and this
IC = IE = = 4.4 ∗ 10−4 A proves that proposed audio amplifier is capable of amplifying
R4
all frequency range that a human can hear.
The internal resistance re is thermal voltage divided by the
collector current:
VT 26 ∗ 10−3 V
re = = = 59.1Ω
IC 4.4 ∗ 10−4 A
The voltage gain, when C2 bypasses R4, is determined by
the ratio of the resistances R3 and sum of re and R5:
−10000 Figure 4. Lower cutoff frequency
AV = = −144.74
59.1 + 10
Negative sign shows that the output is inverted.
The lower cut-off frequency is determined by C2 and the
sum of re and R5:
1 1
fcl = = = 23Hz
2π(re + R5)C2 2π ∗ 69.1 ∗ 100 ∗ 10−6
The higher cut-off frequency is determined by C3 and R3: Figure 5. Higher cutoff frequency
1 1
fch = = = 33.9kHz
2πR3C2 2π ∗ 10000 ∗ 470 ∗ 10−12
Consequently, the bandwidth of this amplifier is:
fch − fcl = 33.9kHz − 23Hz = 33.9kHz
x = 25.75Hz
V. M EASUREMENT RESULTS
Figure 9. Experimental measurement: Voltage vs. Frequency
After the PCB is ready, its performance is tested in a lab.
It is necessary to obtain amplified signal in oscilloscope and
then further compare it with previous ones. Signal generator VI. D ISCUSSION
is connected as an input, whereas output is connected to During the project, gain of amplifier was calculated by three
oscilloscope. The peak output voltage for 10mVp−p input methods: theoretically, by software and experimentally. All
signal is determined to be 1.44Vp−p . Therefore, the gain is of them were approximately near to -144. However, there
1.44
− 0.01 = −144. were some deviations, and the reason for this may be that
components are not ideal and parameters of transistor in
theory, in software and in lab may quite differ. Moreover, some
rounding errors could also have impact to final values.
Regarding the bandwidth, it covers almost all audio sig-
nals. Calculated bandwidths were similar and had value near
34 kHz. Created prototype can amplify all human hearable
range, and this proves that its performance is quite good.
Furthermore, prototype eliminates any outside noise. This
was achieved by adding capacitor C3. Blue sine wave in
Figure 8 represents output, and it can be observed that there
are no distortions. Therefore, quality of signal will not be
deteriorated.
VII. C ONCLUSION
Figure 8. Oscilloscope readings.
Graph 1 represents frequency versus voltage plot. In a lab To sum, it can be said that the project is quite successful
room, for different frequency magnitudes, output peak-to-peak based on several factors. Firstly, this project achieved the pur-
voltage magnitudes were reported. Then by collected data the pose of construction of amplifier circuit with NPN transistor
graph is plotted. By using the following graph bandwidth will and analyzed its performance. Secondly, circuit amplified to
be calculated. Max. voltage is 1.44V , cut-off comprises 70.7 very high output with gain magnitude of -144. Thirdly, despite
percent of it, which is 1.44 ∗ 0.707 = 1.018V . This voltage the existence of small deviations due to some errors, band-
value intersects with two frequency magnitudes. One of them width of the device covers almost all-audible range without the
is lower and other is higher cut-off frequency. To calculate presence of outside noise. Finally, the experimental, theoretical
required frequencies, linear interpolation method will be used: and simulator measurements of the proposed circuit meet each
other, which confirms the correctness and serviceability of the
30Hz − 1.12V manufactured PCB.
4
R EFERENCES
[1] Basic Electronics Tutorials, Common Emitter Amplifier and Transis-
tor Amplifiers, [Online] Available at: http : //www.electronics −
tutorials.ws/amplif ier/amp2.html
[2] Zetex Semiconductors, NPN silicon planar
medium power transistors, [Online] Available at:
http : //www.diodes.com/f iles/datasheets/ZT X450.pdf
[3] Wikipedia Contributors, Printed Circuit Board, [Online] Available at:
https : //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P rintedcircuitboard
[4] Norplex micarta, Epoxy Resin - Glass Fabric Substrates,
[Online] Available at: http : //www.norplex −
micarta.com/P roducts/SheetP roducts/EpoxyResin −
GlassF abricSubstrates/P roductDetails.aspx
[5] Innovateus, What is a definition of cutoff frequency? , [Online] Available
at: http : //www.innovateus.net/science/what − def inition −
cutof f − f requency