Depression

4 December 2019

 ‫العربية‬
 中文
 Français
 Русский
 Español

Key facts
 Depression is a common mental disorder. Globally, more than 264 million
people of all ages suffer from depression.
 Depression is a leading cause of disability worldwide and is a major
contributor to the overall global burden of disease.
 More women are affected by depression than men.
 Depression can lead to suicide.
 There are effective psychological and pharmacological treatments for
moderate and severe depression.

Overview
Depression is a common illness worldwide, with more than 264 million people
affected(1). Depression is different from usual mood fluctuations and short-lived
emotional responses to challenges in everyday life. Especially when long-lasting and
with moderate or severe intensity, depression may become a serious health
condition. It can cause the affected person to suffer greatly and function poorly at
work, at school and in the family. At its worst, depression can lead to suicide. Close
to 800 000 people die due to suicide every year. Suicide is the second leading cause
of death in 15-29-year-olds.

Although there are known, effective treatments for mental disorders, between 76%
and 85% of people in low- and middle-income countries receive no treatment for
their disorder(2). Barriers to effective care include a lack of resources, lack of trained
health-care providers and social stigma associated with mental disorders. Another
barrier to effective care is inaccurate assessment. In countries of all income levels,
people who are depressed are often not correctly diagnosed, and others who do not
have the disorder are too often misdiagnosed and prescribed antidepressants.

The burden of depression and other mental health conditions is on the rise globally.
A World Health Assembly resolution passed in May 2013 has called for a
comprehensive, coordinated response to mental disorders at the country level.

Types and symptoms

Depending on the number and severity of symptoms, a depressive episode can be
categorized as mild, moderate or severe.

A key distinction is also made between depression in people who have or do not
have a history of manic episodes. Both types of depression can be chronic (i.e. over
an extended period) with relapses, especially if they go untreated.

Recurrent depressive disorder: this disorder involves repeated depressive

episodes. During these episodes, the person experiences depressed mood, loss of
interest and enjoyment, and reduced energy leading to diminished activity for at least
two weeks. Many people with depression also suffer from anxiety symptoms,
disturbed sleep and appetite, and may have feelings of guilt or low self-worth, poor
concentration and even symptoms that cannot be explained by a medical diagnosis.

Depending on the number and severity of symptoms, a depressive episode can be

categorized as mild, moderate or severe. An individual with a mild depressive
episode will have some difficulty in continuing with ordinary work and social activities
but will probably not cease to function completely. During a severe depressive
episode, it is unlikely that the sufferer will be able to continue with social, work or
domestic activities, except to a limited extent.

Bipolar affective disorder: this type of depression typically consists of both manic
and depressive episodes separated by periods of normal mood. Manic episodes
involve elevated or irritable mood, over-activity, pressure of speech, inflated self-
esteem and a decreased need for sleep.
Contributing factors and prevention
Depression results from a complex interaction of social, psychological and biological
factors. People who have gone through adverse life events (unemployment,
bereavement, psychological trauma) are more likely to develop depression.
Depression can, in turn, lead to more stress and dysfunction and worsen the affected
person’s life situation and depression itself.

There are interrelationships between depression and physical health. For example,
cardiovascular disease can lead to depression and vice versa.

Prevention programmes have been shown to reduce depression. Effective

community approaches to prevent depression include school-based programmes to
enhance a pattern of positive thinking in children and adolescents. Interventions for
parents of children with behavioural problems may reduce parental depressive
symptoms and improve outcomes for their children. Exercise programmes for the
elderly can also be effective in depression prevention.

Diagnosis and treatment

There are effective treatments for moderate and severe depression. Health-care
providers may offer psychological treatments such as behavioural activation,
cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) and interpersonal psychotherapy (IPT), or
antidepressant medication such as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)
and tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs). Health-care providers should keep in mind the
possible adverse effects associated with antidepressant medication, the ability to
deliver either intervention (in terms of expertise, and/or treatment availability), and
individual preferences. Different psychological treatment formats for consideration
include individual and/or group face-to-face psychological treatments delivered by
professionals and supervised lay therapists.

Psychosocial treatments are also effective for mild depression. Antidepressants can
be an effective form of treatment for moderate-severe depression but are not the first
line of treatment for cases of mild depression. They should not be used for treating
depression in children and are not the first line of treatment in adolescents, among
whom they should be used with extra caution.

WHO response
Depression is one of the priority conditions covered by WHO’s mental health Gap
Action Programme (mhGAP). The Programme aims to help countries increase
services for people with mental, neurological and substance use disorders through
care provided by health workers who are not specialists in mental health. WHO has
developed brief psychological intervention manuals for depression that may be
delivered by lay workers. An example is Problem Management Plus, which describes
the use of behavioural activation, relaxation training, problem solving treatment and
strengthening social support. Moreover, the manual Group Interpersonal Therapy
(IPT) for Depression describes group treatment of depression. Finally, Thinking
Healthy covers the use of cognitive-behavioural therapy for perinatal depression.

References
1. GBD 2017 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence Collaborators. (2018).
Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability
for 354 diseases and injuries for 195 countries and territories, 1990–2017: a
systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. The Lancet. DOI.

2. Wang et al. Use of mental health services for anxiety, mood, and substance
disorders in 17 countries in the WHO world mental health surveys. The
Lancet. 2007; 370(9590):841-50.