Grammar Linking ideas: relative and participle clauses 1 Complete these extracts from Reading and Use of English Part 7 with a word or phrase from the list, based explaining inwhich making played that whare which who. 1 Virtual worlds are online three-dimensional spaces -nucnnn OU CaN interact with other people. 2. The origin of virtual worlds goes back to early games such as Maze War, was developed in the early 1970s, 3 Itwas one of the frst games aman ‘computers. 4 The things that ere important are the ways. these various participants can affect one another. 5 Residents are dispersed throughout the virtual world, it difficult for companies to got their on linked attention. 6 ‘Linden dollars’ are a currency... trade with real dollars. 7 It grabbed the attention of the media and marketers, saw it as a new way of communicating, 8 Business Week ran a story called My Virtual Life, ~nu-nnnnne BFoathlessly that ‘big advertisers are taking notice’. 9 MTV created a range of virtual Words nnn the content of its original television shows. youcan 2 Discuss these questions on the sentences in Exercise 1 41 a Which sentences contain arolative clause? bb Which ofthese are defining clauses (containing ‘essential information)? Which are non-defining clauses (containing additional, non-essential information)? Which sentences contain a participle clause? bb Which of these use a present participle and which use a past participle? € Invwhich sentences does the participle clause | veloc ele clase? 4 Inwhich sentences does the participle clause link | two actions which happen at the same time? | 3 Inuwhich of the sentences could the relative pronoun be | left out? Why? B page 171 Language roerence: Linking ideas Sars 3 Complete these sentences with relative pronouns. Ya may also have to include a preposition. 11 Farmville, ower a popular online game, is usually played through Facebook 2 Players have a ‘home’ farm and several themed farms ranean they Gan grow a range of crops. 23 The mein way a player earns money is by harvesting crops or visiting neighbours. 4 People. | know quite well spend several hours a day playing Farmville, 5 Anyone... has experienced it knows all tog well video game addiction is real 6 There are some people. lives have been changed forever by their addiction to video games. 7 There are many adults and children... Vide games are an escape from the pressures of rea ie 8 self-confessed addict, wnmm-minnu has been hooks ‘on Second Life for years, admits it causes him probl ‘Are there any sentences in which the relative pron can be left out? 4 Choose the correct participles in these sentences, 1 We came out of the cinema quivered / quivering with fright 2 We'd seen a film based / having based on a science fiction short story 3 Reading / Having read the story, | was interested to: how they would turn it into 2 film, 4 twas only the second film made / having been maded this director 5 I'd reada review of the film in a magazine specialising specialised in science fiction stories. Linking ideas: apposition 5 Ttis often possible to link information about someon something by putting two nouns or noun phrases nef to each other, with no relative pronoun. “The next stage was when Lucas Film Games, a publisher, developed Habitat, a more two-dimensional. ‘environment. Join these sentences using phrases in apposition. 1. The Matrix came out in 1999. Itis a science fiction film. 2 Thomas Anderson is the central character. He isa ‘computer pragrammer and a hacker. 3 The star ofthe film is Keanu Reeves. Keanu Reeves isa famous American actor. 4 The film popularised ‘bullet time’ Bullet time isan e which allows actions to be filmed at cifferent speeds.