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1515766960-55-Skripta A2 I Smer Za Studente
1515766960-55-Skripta A2 I Smer Za Studente
Univerzitet u Beogradu
Zlatko Lazovi
10. januar 2018.
verzija 2.1
Sadraj
1 Neodreeni integrali 2
1.1 Metoda smene . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.2 Parcijalna integracija . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
1.3 Integracija racionalnih funkcija . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
1.4 Integracija iracionalnih funkcija . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
1.5 Integracija trigonometrijskih funkcija . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
1.6 Integracija transcendentnih funkcija . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
1.7 Razni zadaci . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
2 Odreeni i nesvojstveni integrali 46
3 Primene integrala 80
4 Numeriqki redovi 82
4.1 Pojam i svojstva brojnog reda . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
4.2 Redovi s pozitivnim qlanovima . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
4.3 Redovi s proizvo nim qlanovima . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
1
Zlatko Lazovi - Analiza 2 I smer - verzija 2.1 10. januar 2018.
1 Neodreeni integrali
Definicija 1.1. Neka je data funkcija f : (a, b) → R. Funkcija ϕ je primitivna
funkcija funkcije f ako je ϕ (x) = f (x) za svako x ∈ (a, b).
0
Teorema 1.1. Ako je ϕ primitivna funkcija funkcije f na intervalu (a, b), onda je
i ϕ + C primitivna funkcija funkcije f na intervalu (a, b), za svako C ∈ R.
Definicija 1.2. Skup svih primitivnih funkcija funkcije f oznaqimo sa R f (x) dx
ili ϕ(x) + C.
Teorema 1.2. Neka je ϕ primitivna funkcija funkcije f na nekom intervalu. Onda
je zadovo eno:
1) Rd f (x) dx = f (x) dx;
R
2) R dϕ(x) = ϕ(x)R+ C ;
3) R kf (x) dx = k f (x)R dx, k ∈ R; R
4) (f (x) ± g(x)) dx = f (x) dx ± g(x) dx.
Tablica neodreenih integrala
1. x dx = αx + 1 + C, α 6= −1
α+1
Z
α
2. x1 dx = ln |x| + C
Z
3. e dx = e + C
Z
x x
4. a dx = lna a + C, a > 0, a 6= 1
x
Z
x
5. sin x dx = − cos x + C
Z
6. cos x dx = sin x + C
Z
7. cos1 x dx = tg x + C
Z
2
8. sin1 x dx = −ctg x + C
Z
2
9. √1 1− x dx = arcsin x + C
Z
2
10.
Z
1
dx = arctg x + C
1 + x2
11. √
Z
1
√ dx = ln |x + x2 ± 1| + C
x2 ± 1
12.
Z
1 1 1 + x
dx = ln +C
1 − x2 2 1 − x
Rexee.
Z
3
√ Z
3
Z √ Z x4 x2 √
(2x + 5x + 3) dx = 2 x dx + 5 x + 3 dx = 2 · +5· + 3x + C
4 2
x4 5 2 √
= + x + 3x + C.
2 2
4
Rexee.
4
√ √
Z Z Z
3 1 − 3x = t 3 dt 1 1 1 t3
1 − 3x dx = = t =− t dt = − 4 + C
3
−3dx = dt −3 3 3 3
1 4
= − (1 − 3x) 3 + C.
4
4
Zadatak 1.9 Izraqunati integral R ch x dx.
.
Rexee.
ex + e−x ex e−x
Z Z Z Z
1 1
ch x dx = dx = dx + dx = (ex − e−x ) + C = sh x + C.
2 2 2 2 2
4
Zadatak 1.10 Izraqunati integral
.
R
sh x dx.
Rexee.
ex − e−x ex e−x
Z Z Z Z
1 1
ch x dx = dx = dx − dx = (ex + e−x ) + C = ch x + C.
2 2 2 2 2
4
Zadatak 1.11 . Izraqunati integral R e dx. R 3x+2
Rexee.
Z Z x Z
1 1 1 =t 1 1
√ dx = dx = 1
a = √ a dt
dx = dt
q
a2 − x2 a x 2
a 1 − t2
1− a a
Z
1 x
= √ dt = arcsin t + C = arcsin + C.
1 − t2 a
gde je C = − ln |a| + C . 1 4
10'.
Z
1 1 x
dx = arctg + C
a2 +x 2 a a
11'. √
Z
1
√ dx = ln |x + x2 ± a2 | + C
x 2 ± a2
12'.
Z
1 1 a + x
dx = ln +C
a2 − x 2 2a a − x
4
Zadatak 1.29 Izraqunati integral
.
R
√x dx .
x2 −2
Z √
√ √
x − 4 = t2 , t ≥ 0
Z Z
I = x3 − 4x2 dx = |x| x − 4 dx = x x − 4 dx =
dx = 2tdt
Z Z
2 2
= 2 (t + 4)t dt = 2 (t4 + 4t2 )dt
2 5 8 3 2 5 8 3
= t + t + C = (x − 4) 2 + (x − 4) 2 + C.
5 3 5 3
4
Rexee.
Z
−dt
Z Z
sin x cos x = t
tg xdx = dx = = = − ln |t| + C
cos x − sin xdx = dt t
= − ln | cos x| + C.
Rexee.
sin2 x sin3 x
Z Z Z
2 cos x = t
tg x sin 2x dx = 2 sin x cos x dx = 2 dx =
cos2 x cos x sin xdx = dt
2 2
(1 − t )(−dt)
Z
t
= 2 = − ln |t| + 2 · + C = −2 ln | cos x| + cos2 x + C.
t 2
4
Rexee.
3
ex − e−x
Z Z Z
1
3
e3x − 3ex + 3e−x − e−3x dx
sh x dx = x dx =
2 8
1 1 3x x −x 1 −3x
= e − 3e − 3e + e + C.
8 3 3
4
Integral tipa
Z Z
sin xdx i
n
cosn xdx, n ∈ {2, 3, 4, 5}.
Rexee.
1 − cos 2x
Z Z Z
2 1 1 1 1 1
sin xdx = dx = x − cos 2xdx = x − · sin 2x + C
2 2 2 2 2 2
1 1
= x − sin 2x + C.
2 4
4
Rexee.
Z 2
1 − cos 2x
Z Z
4 1
sin xdx = dx = (1 − 2 cos 2x + cos2 2x) dx
24
Z
1 1 + cos 4x 1 1 1 1
= x − sin 2x + dx = x − sin 2x + x + sin 4x + C
4 2 4 4 8 32
3 1 1
= x − sin 2x + sin 4x + C.
8 4 32
4
Rexee. 3
8
x + sin 2x + sin 4x + C (sliqan kao zadatak 1.45).
1
4
1
32
4
Rexee.
Z Z Z
5 4 cos x = t
2 2
sin xdx = sin x sin xdx = (1 − cos x) sin xdx =
− sin xdx = dt
Z Z
2 1
= − (1 − t ) dt = − (1 − 2t2 + t4 )dt = −t + t3 − t5 + C
2 2
3 5
2 1
= − cos x + cos3 x − cos5 x + C.
3 5
4
Rexee.
Z Z 2 − 5x3 = t Z
5 3 23 3 3 23 2 2 1 2 dt
x (2 − 5x ) dx = x (2 − 5x ) x dx = −15x dx = dt = (2 − t)t 3
5 −15
x3 = 15 (2 − t)
Z 5 8
1 2 5 2 t3 1 t3
= − (2t 3 − t 3 )dt = − · 5 + · +C
75 75 3 75 83
2 5 1 8
= − · (2 − 5x3 ) 3 + · (2 − 5x3 ) 3 + C.
125 200
4
Integral tipa Z
1
dx
ax2 + bx + c
1 7 − 3x − 1
= √ ln √ + C.
2 7 7 + 3x + 1
4
Integral tipa Z
1
√ dx
ax2 + bx + c
Z √ √
17 − 4x + 3
3x + 2 3 17
dx = ln |2x2 − 3x − 1| + ln √ + C.
2x2 − 3x − 1 4 4 17 + 4x − 3
4
Integral tipa Z
ax + b
√ dx
cx2 + dx + e
−8x − 3 + 3 + 16 −8x − 3
Z Z Z
1 1 dx
= √ dx = √ dx +19 √
4 4
2 2 2
1 − 3x − 4x 1 − 3x − 4x 1 − 3x − 4x
| {z } | {z }
I1 I2
√
−8x − 3 1 − 3x − 4x2 = t
Z Z
dt
I1 = √ dx = = √ =2 t+C
1 − 3x − 4x2 (−8x − 3)dx = dt t
√
= 2 1 − 3x − 4x2 + C,
Z Z
dx 1 dx
I2 = √ = q
1 − 3x − 4x 2 2 1
− 34 x − x2
4
1
− 34 x − x2 = −(x2 + 34 x − 14 ) = − (x + 83 )2 − 64
9
− 14 = 25 3 2
= 4 64
− (x + 8
)
x + 83 = t
Z Z
1 dx 1 dt 1 t
= = = = arcsin 5 + C
dx = dt
q q
2 25
− (x + 3 )2 2 25
− t2 2 8
64 8 64
1 8 1 8x + 3
= arcsin t + C = arcsin + C,
2 5 2 5
√
4 − 2x
Z
1 19 8x + 3
√ dx = 2
2 1 − 3x − 4x + arcsin + C.
1 − 3x − 4x2 4 2 5
4
Integral tipa Z
cos(ax + b)cos(cx + d) dx,
Z
sin(ax + b)cos(cx + d) dx,
Z
sin(ax + b)sin(cx + d) dx
x3 dx
Z
1 3 1
= x arccos x + √ ,
3 3 1 − x2
1 − x2 = t dt
3 (1 − t) −2 1 √
Z Z Z Z
x dx 1 dt
√ = −2xdx = dt = √ =− √ + tdt
1 − x2 t 2 t 2
x2 = 1 − t
√ 1 3 √ 1 3
= − t + t 2 + C = − 1 − x2 + (1 − x2 ) 2 + C,
3 3
1 1√ 1 3
I = x3 arccos x − 1 − x2 + (1 − x2 ) 2 + C.
3 3 9
4
1 − x2 = t2 , t ≥ 0
Z Z
1 xdx
√ dx = √
x 1 − x2 x2 1 − x2 −2xdx = 2tdt
√
−tdt 1 − 1 − x2
Z Z
dt 1 + t 1
= =− = − ln + C = ln
√ + C,
(1 − t2 )t 1 − t2 1 − t 2 1 + 1 − x2
√
arcsin x 1 1 − 1 − x2
I = − + ln √ + C.
x 2 1 + 1 − x2
4
2t3 dt
Z Z 2 Z 2
x = t2 , t ≥ 0 t +1−1
Z
xdx t dt
√ = = =2 =2 dt
x(1 + x) dx = 2tdt 2
t(1 + t ) 1+t 2 1 + t2
√ √
Z
1
= 2 1− 2
dt = 2t − 2arctg t + C = 2 x − 2arctg x + C,
1+t
√ √ √
I = x arctg x − x + arctg x + C.
4
1.62 Izraqunati I =
Z
1
Zadatak . x2 arctg dx.
x
Rexee.
!
u = arctg x1 ⇒ du = 1+1 1 − x12 dx = − x2dx+1
Z
2 1
I = x arctg dx = x2
x3
x 2
dv = x dx ⇒ v= 3
3 Z 3 3
x3 dx x3
Z
x 1 x dx x 1 1 1 1
= · arctg + = · arctg + = · arctg + I1 ,
3 x 3 x2 + 1 3 x 3 2
x +1 3 x 3
x3 dx
x2 + 1 = t (t − 1)dt
Z Z
1 1
I1 = = = = (t − ln |t|) + C
x2 + 1 2xdx = dt 2 t 2
1 2
x + 1 − ln |x2 + 1| + C,
=
2
1 1 1 1
I = x3 arctg + (x2 + 1) − ln(x2 + 1) + C.
3 x 6 6
4
Rexee.
1
u = (arcsin x)2 ⇒ du = 2 arcsin x √1−x
Z
2 2 dx
I = (arcsin x) dx =
dv = dx ⇒ v = x
Z Z
2 1 2 x
= x(arcsin x) − 2 x arcsin x √ dx = x(arcsin x) − arcsin x √ dx
1 − x2 1 − x2
dx
u = arcsin x ⇒ du = √1−x 2
√
= 1 − x2 = t
dv = √xdx
R xdx 1
R dt
⇒ v = √ = = − √ = − 1 − x2
1−x 2 1−x 2
−2xdx = dt 2 t
√
√
1 − x2
Z
= x(arcsin x)2 − 2 − 1 − x2 arcsin x + √ dx
1 − x2
√
= x(arcsin x)2 + 2 1 − x2 arcsin x − 2x + C.
4
Rexee.
u = x2 + 3x − 4 ⇒ du = (2x + 3)dx
Z
2
I = (x + 3x − 4) sin 2xdx =
dv = sin 2xdx ⇒ v = − 21 cos 2x
Z
1 2 1 u = 2x + 3 ⇒ du = 2dx
= − (x + 3x − 4) cos 2x + (2x + 3) cos 2xdx =
2 2 dv = cos 2x ⇒ v = 21 sin 2x
Z
1 1 1
= − (x2 + 3x − 4) cos 2x + (2x + 3) sin 2x − sin 2xdx
2 4 2
1 1 1
= − (x2 + 3x − 4) cos 2x + (2x + 3) sin 2x + cos 2x + C.
2 4 4
4
Zadatak 1.65 Izraqunati integral R e
.
√
x
dx.
Rexee.
x = t2 , t ≥ 0
Z √
Z Z
x u = t ⇒ du = dt
t
e dx = = 2 te dt = = 2te − 2 et dt
t
dx = 2tdt dv = et dt ⇒ v = et
√ √ √ √ √
= 2tet − 2et + C = 2 xe x − 2e x + C = 2e x ( x − 1) + C.
4
Zadatak 1.66 Izraqunati integral
.
R
sin
√
1 + x dx.
Rexee.
√
1 + x = t2 , t ≥ 0
Z Z
sin 1 + x dx = t sin t dt =2
dx = 2tdt
Z
u = t ⇒ du = dt
= = −2t cos t + 2 cos tdt
dv = sin tdt ⇒ v = − cos t
√ √ √
= −2t cos t + 2 sin t + C = −2 1 + x cos 1 + x + 2 sin 1 + x + C
√ √ √
−2((5 − 3x) sin( x) + (x − 5) x cos( x)) + C. 4
Integral tipa Z
f (x)ln(g(x)) dx
Rexee.
u = ln(2x2 ) ⇒ du = 2x12 · 4x dx = 2
Z
2 x
dx
I = ln(2x )dx =
dv = dx ⇒ v = x
Z
2xdx
= x ln(2x2 ) − = x ln(2x2 ) − 2x + C.
x
4
Rexee.
2x
u = ln(1 + x2 ) ⇒ du = 1+x
Z
2 2 dx
x ln(1 + x )dx = x 2
dv = xdx ⇒ v = 2
x3
Z
1 2 2
= x ln(1 + x ) − dx.
2 1 + x2
Vai
x3
Z
x2 = t, t ≥ 0
Z Z
1 tdt 1 1
dx = = = 1− dt
1 + x2 2xdx = dt 2 1+t 2 1+t
1 1 2
x − ln(1 + x2 ) + C,
= (t − ln |1 + t|) + C =
2 2
pa je integral jednak
1 1 2 1 1 1
I = x2 ln(1 + x2 ) − x − ln(1 + x2 ) + C = x2 ln(1 + x2 ) − x2 + ln(1 + x2 ) + C.
2 2 2 2 2
4
√
1.69 Rexiti integral I = x ln(x + 1 + x2 )
.
Z
Zadatak . √ dx
1 + x2
Rexee.
√ √ 1
!
x ln(x + 1 + x2 ) u = ln(x + 1 + x2 ) ⇒ du = √1+x 2 dx
Z
I = √ dx = x
√
1 + x2 dv = √1+x 2 dx ⇒ v = 1 + x2
√ √ Z √ √
= 1 + x ln(x + 1 + x ) − dx = 1 + x2 ln(x + 1 + x2 ) − x + C.
2 2
4
Integral tipa Z Z
n
sin x dx i cosn x dx, n ≥ 2
1
− sinn−1 x cos x + (n − 1)In−2 + C,
In =
n
1
cosn−1 x sin x + (n − 1)Jn−2 + C,
Jn =
n
gde je R n
R
In = sin x dx, Jn = cosn x dx, n ≥ 2 .
Rexee.
u = sinn−1 x ⇒ du = (n − 1) sinn−2 cos x dx
Z
n−1
In = sin x sin x dx =
dv = sin x dx ⇒ v = − cos x
Z
= − sinn−1 x cos x + (n − 1) sinn−2 x cos2 x dx
Z
n−1
= − sin x cos x + (n − 1) sinn−2 x(1 − sin2 x) dx
Z Z
n−1 n−2
= − sin x cos x + (n − 1) sin x dx − (n − 1) sinn x dx
Dobili smo
In = − sinn−1 x cos x + (n − 1)In−2 − (n − 1)In ,
odakle je 1
− sinn−1 x cos x + (n − 1)In−2 + C.
In =
Sliqno dokazujemo i drugu jednakost.
n
u = cosn−1 x ⇒ du = −(n − 1) cosn−2 x sin x dx
Z
n−1
Jn = cos x cos x dx =
dv = cos x dx ⇒ v = sin x
Z
n−1
= cos x sin x + (n − 1) cosn−2 x sin2 x dx
Z
n−1
= cos cosn−2 x(1 − cos2 x) dx
x sin x + (n − 1)
Z Z
n−1 n−2
= cos x sin x + (n − 1) cos x dx − (n − 1) cosn x dx
Dobili smo
Jn = cosn−1 x sin x + (n − 1)Jn−2 − (n − 1)Jn ,
odakle je 1
cosn−1 x sin x + (n − 1)Jn−2 + C.
Jn =
n
4
Rexee.
− cos 2x
Z Z Z Z
2x 2 1
2x 1 2x 1
I = e sin xdx = e dx = e dx − e2x cos 2xdx
2 2 2
= ( zadatak 1 2x 1 e2x (2 cos 2x + 2 sin 2x)
1.71) = e −
4 2 8
1
+ C = e2x (2 − cos 2x − sin 2x) + C.
8
4
2
−√
earctg x
1 + x2
−I , odnosno
1 (x − 1)earctg x
I= √ + C.
2 1 + x2
i
r r
1 1
cos x = ± sin x = ± 2
, 2
1 + tg x 1 + ctg x
pa je s r
1 1 1
cos(arctg x) = ± =± 2
=√
2
,
1 + tg (arctg x) 1+x 1 + x2
s s r
1 1 x2 |x| x
sin(arctg x) = ± 2
= ± 1 = ± 2
= ±√ =√ .
1 + ctg (arctg x) 1 + x2 x +1 1+x 2 1 + x2
Iskoristili smo to da iz − < arctg x < sledi cos(arctg x) > 0, sin(arctg x) > 0 za
π π
1+x2
Rexee.
u = sin(ln x) ⇒ du = cos(ln x)
Z
I1 = sin(ln x)dx = x
dv = dx ⇒ v = x
Z
cos(ln x)
= x sin(ln x) − dx = x sin(ln x) − I2 ,
x
u = cos(ln x) ⇒ du = − sin(ln x)
Z
I2 = cos(ln x)dx = x
dv = dx ⇒ v = x
Z
cos(ln x)
= x cos(ln x) + dx = x cos(ln x) + I1 .
x
Dobili smo I + I
1 2 = x sin(ln x), I2 − I1 = x cos(ln x) , odakle je
x x
I1 = (sin(ln x) − cos(ln x)) + C, I2 = (sin(ln x) + cos(ln x)) + C.
2 2
4
Integral tipa Z √
I= ax2 + c dx
Prema tome, a
r
a2
x x x2 2 √
sin 2 arcsin =2· 1− = 2 x a2 − x 2
i a a a 2 a
a2 x 1 √
I= arcsin + x a2 − x2 + C.
2 a 2
4
Odavde je
1 √ a2 √
I = x x2 − a2 − ln |x + x2 − a2 | + C.
Rexee.
Z √ √ Z
r
1 1
I = 2x2 − x + 1 dx = 2 x2 − x + dx
2 2
s 2
√
Z
2 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 2 7 1 7
= x − 2
x + 2
= (x −
− + = (x −
4
) 16 2
+ 4
) 16
= 2 x− + dx
4 16
√ Z
zadatak
r
x − 14 = t
7
= = 2 t2 + dt = ( 1.76)
dx = dt 16
√ r √ 7 r
2 7 2 · 16
7
= t t2 + + ln t + t2 + + C
2 16 2 16
√ r √ r
2 1 1 1 7 2 1 1 1
= x− x2 − x + + ln x − + x2 − x + + C
2 4 2 2 32 4 2 2
√
1 √ 7 2 √
= 2
(4x − 1) 2x − x + 1 + 2
ln 4x − 1 + 16x − 8x + 8 + C
8 128
4
Integral tipa Z √
I= x2 a2 + x2 dx
Dobili smo
1 3 1 a2 √ a4 √
I = x(a2 + x2 ) 2 − I − x x2 + a2 − ln |x + x2 + a2 |,
3 3 6 6
odakle je
1 3 a2 √ a4 √
I = x(a2 + x2 ) 2 − x x2 + a2 − ln |x + x2 + a2 | + C.
Integral tipa Z
1
In = dx, (n ∈ N, n ≥ 2)
(x2 + a2 )n
1
⇒ du = (x−2xdx x2
Z Z
1 u = x2 +a 2 2 +a2 )2 x
I1 = dx = = + 2 dx
x 2 + a2 dv = dx ⇒ v = x x2 + a2 (x2 + a2 )2
Z 2
x + a2 − a2
Z Z
x x 1 2 1
= 2 + 2 dx = + 2 dx − 2a dx
x + a2 (x2 + a2 )2 x 2 + a2 x 2 + a2 (x2 + a2 )2
x 2 x
= 2 2
+ arctg − 2a2 I2 .
x +a a a
Dobili smo 1 x x 2 x
arctg = 2 2
+ arctg − 2a2 I2 ,
a a x +a a a
odakle je 1
x 1 x
I2 = 2 2 + arctg + C.
2a x + a2 a a
4
Odavde je 1
x
In = + (2n − 3)In−1 .
2(n − 1)a2 (x2 + a2 )n−1
4
Integral tipa Z
1
I= dx
(ax2 + bx + c)n
x2 + x + 2 = t
Z Z
2x + 1 dt 1 1
I1 = dx = = =− +C =− 2 +C
(x + x + 2)2
2 (2x + 1)dx = dt t2 t x +x+2
Z
1
2 1 2
1 1 2
7
I2 = dx = x + x + 2 = x + − + 2 = x + +
(x2 + x + 2)2 2 4 2 4
x + 21 = t
pogledati zadatak 1.83 )
Z Z
1 1
= dx = = dt = (
1 2 7 2 dx = dt (t + 74 )2
2
( x + 2 + 4)
Z
1 t 1 2 t 2 2t
= 7 + dt = + √ arctg √ +C
2
t2 + 47 t2 + 74 7 t2 + 74 7 7
x + 21
2 2 2x + 1
= + √ arctg √ +C
7 x2 + x + 2 7 7
Odavde je
3 5 3 5 2x + 1 10 2x + 1
I = I1 − I2 = − 2
− 2
− √ arctg √ + C.
2 2 2(x + x + 2) 14 x + x + 2 7 7 7
4
gde je stepen polinoma P (x) mai od stepena polinoma Q(x) (d P (x) < d Q(x)).
1
◦
1
◦
qije je rexee A = 2
9
,B = 13 , C = − 29 . Sada integral moemo izraqunati
Z Z 2 1 2
x 9 3 9
I = dx = + − dx
(x − 1)2 (x + 2) x − 1 (x − 1)2 x + 2
2 1 1 2
= ln |x − 1| − · − ln |x + 2| + C.
9 3 x−1 9
4
1 ≡ A(x + 2)2 (x + 3)3 + B(x + 1)(x + 3)3 + C(x + 1)(x + 3)3 (x + 2) + D(x + 1)(x + 2)2
+ E(x + 1)(x + 2)2 (x + 3) + F (x + 1)(x + 2)2 (x + 3)2 .
Zameujui x redom sa −1, −2, −3, nalazimo da je A = , B = −1, D = − . Zatim, 1 1
0 = A + C + F,
0 = 13A + B + 12C + E + 11F,
0 = 67A + 10B + 56C + D + 8E + 47F.
Iz prve jednaqine je F = −C − . Zamenom u drugu i treu dobijamo
1
8
3
C +E = , 9C + 8E = 8,
4
pa je C = 2, E = − i F = − . Sada moemo izraqunati integral
5
4
17
8
1 1 1 1 5 17
I= ln |x + 1| + + 2 ln |x + 2| + + − ln |x + 3| + C.
8 x+2 4 (x + 3)2 4(x + 3) 8
4
odnosno
x3 (A + C) + x2 (−4C − 6A + D + B) + x(4C − 4D + 13A − 4B) + 4D − 10A + 5B = 1.
imamo
1 1 Ax + B Cx + D
= √ √ = √ + √ .
x4 +1 (x2 + 2x + 1)(x2 − 2x + 1) x2 + 2x + 1 x2 − 2x + 1
Iz identiteta
√ √
1 ≡ (Ax + B)(x2 − x 2 + 1) + (Cx + D)(x2 + x 2 + 1)
x2 + x√ 2 + 1
1 1 √ √
= √ ln √ + √ (arctg (x 2 + 1) + arctg (x 2 − 1)) + C.
4 2 x2 − x 2 + 1 2 2
imamo 1 Ax + B Cx + D Ex + F
= √ + √ + 2 ,
x6 +1 x2 + 3x + 1 x2 − 3x + 1 x +1
odakle dobijamo
√ √ √ √
1 ≡ x5 (A + C + E) + x4 (− 3A + B + 3C + D + F ) + x3 (2A − 3B + 2C + 3D − E)
√ √ √ √
+x2 (− 3A + 2B + 3C + 2D − F ) + x(A − 3B + C + 3D + E) + B + D + F.
Sistem je
A+C +E = 0,
√ √
− 3A + B + 3C + D + F = 0,
√ √
2A − 3B + 2C + 3D − E = 0,
√ √
− 3A + 2B + 3C + 2D − F = 0,
√ √
A − 3B + C + 3D + E = 0,
B+D+F = 1
i ima rexee A = √
6
3
,B = 13 , C = −
√
6
3
,D = 31 , E = 0, F = 13 . Dakle,
√ √
3 1 3 1 1
x + − x +
Z Z Z
6 3 6 3 3
I = √ √
dx + dx + dx
x2 + 3x + 1 x2 − 3x + 1 x2 + 1
√ !
1 √ x2 + 3x + 1 √ √
= 3 ln √ − 2arctg ( 3 − 2x) + 2arctg (2x + 3) + 4arctg x + C.
12 x2 − 3x + 1
Mnoeem izraza
(t − 3)dt (t − 3)dt A B C
= = + +
t(t2 + 3t + 2) t(t + 2)(t + 1) t t+2 t+1
rexavamo smenom ax + b = t , t ≥ 0.
n
sistem
1 = A + B,
−2 = A − B + C,
0 = 2A − C,
qije je rexee A = − , B =
1 5
= − 12 .
Prema tome, 4 4
,C
t2 − 2t t − 25
Z Z Z
3 3 4 3 2 3 dt 15
I = 3 t −t+ 3 dx = 4 t − 2 t − 4 + 4 dt
t −2+t t−1 t2 + t + 2
= − 34 ln |t − 1| + 15
8
ln |t2 + t + 2| − 427
√ arctg 2t+1
7
√ +C
7
3
4
3 2
3
√ 15 2 √
= 4 (2 + x) 3 − 2 (2 + x) 3 − 4 ln | 2 + x − 1| + 8 ln |(2 + x) 3 + 3 2 + x + 2|
3
√
3
√ arctg 2
− 427 2+x+1
√ + C.
7 7
4
Integral tipa r !
Z
n ax + b
R x, dx
cx + d
rexavamo smenom = t , t ≥ 0. Z
ax+b
cx+d
n
4at3 4at3 t2
Z Z Z
= − a dt = − dt = −4 dt
t(1 + t4 )2 at(1 + t4 ) 1 + t4
integral racionalne funkcije
1+t4
= ( )
√
1 t2 − 2t + 1 √ √ √ √
= − √ ln √ + 2arctg (1 − 2t) − 2arctg ( 2t + 1) + C
2 t2 + 2t + 1
q
a−x
√ q
− 2 4 a−x
!
+1 √ √ 4 a−x
r
1 x x
= − √ ln q √ q + 2arctg 1 − 2
2 a−x
+ 2 4 a−x
+ 1 x
x x
!
√ √ 4 a−x
r
− 2arctg 2 +1 +C
x
√ √ p √ !
a − x − 2 4 x(a − x) + x √ √ 4 a−x
r
1
= − √ ln √ √ p √ + 2arctg 1 − 2
2 a − x + 2 4 x(a − x) + x x
!
√ √ 4 a−x
r
− 2arctg 2 + 1 + C.
x
4
Integral tipa Z
Pn (x)
√ dx
ax2 + bx + c
a odavde mnoeem sa √
1 + 2x − x2 imamo
x3 = (2Ax + B)(1 + 2x − x2 ) + (Ax2 + Bx + C)(1 − x) + λ,
dobijamo konstante A = − , B = − , C = −
1
3
5
6
19
3
,λ = 4. Dakle, integral je jednak
x3 √
Z Z
dx
√ dx = − 13 x2 − 5
6
x − 19
3
1 + 2x − x2 + 4 √
1 + 2x − x2 1 + 2x − x2
√ x−1
− 31 x2 − 65 x − 19
= 3
1 + 2x − x2 + 4 arcsin √ + C.
2
4
Integral tipa Z √
R(x, ax2 + bx + c)dx
2) Ako je c > 0, onda emo uzeti drugu Ojlerovu smenu √ax + bx + c = tx ± √c; 2
ax + bx + c = a(x − x )t.
1 2
2
1
Rexee.
2t2 + 2t + 2
Z
= dt.
t(1 + 2t)2
√ =
1 − 2x − x2 = xt − 1
1 + 1 − 2x − x2 2
2(1+t )−(2t−2)2t 2
−2t +4t+2
x = 2t−2
1+t2
, dx = (1+t2 )2
dt = (1+t2 )2
dt
Z −t2 +2t+1
−t2 + 2t + 1
Z
(1+t2 )2
= t−1 dt = 2)
dt.
1+t2 t t(t − 1)(1 + t
1 5 17 3 16
I = − 2
− − ln |t + 1| + ln |t − 1| − ln |t − 2| + C
6(t + 1) 18(t + 1) 108 4 27
√
1 5 17 x2 + 3x + 2
= − √2 − − ln + 1
√
2 +3x+2
6( x+1 + 1)2 18( x+1 + 1) 108
x +3x+2 x x+1
√ √
3 x2 + 3x + 2 16 x2 + 3x + 2
+ ln − 1 − ln − 2 + C.
4 x+1 27 x+1
4
Integral tipa Z
xm (a + bxn )p dx
imenioci brojeva m i n.
2) Ako je ∈ Z, onda se uvodi smena a + bx = t .
m+1
n
n imen(p)
Rexee.
Z √ Z p Z √
x3 + x4 dx = x4 (x−1 + 1) dx = x2 x−1 + 1 dx
m = 2, n = −1, p = 12 , a = 1, b = 1
m+1
∈Z t2
Z
n
= = −2 dt
1 + x1 = t2 , t ≥ 0
(t2 − 1)4
x = t21−1 , dx = (t−2tdt
2 −1)2
1 1 1 1 1 1
t2 − 32 − 32 − 32
16 32 16
= = + + + + +
(t2 − 1)4 t + 1 (t + 1)2 (t + 1)4 t − 1 (t − 1)2 (t − 1)4
Z Z Z Z Z Z
1 dt dt dt dt dt dt
= + −2 − + −2 +C
16 t+1 (t + 1)2 (t + 1)4 t−1 (t − 1)2 (t − 1)4
1 1 2 1 1 2 1
= ln |t + 1| − + − ln |t − 1| − + +C
16 t + 1 3 (t + 1)3 t − 1 3 (t − 1)3
q q
1 1 r 1 2 1 1
= ln 1 + x + 1 − +3 r 3 − ln 1 + x − 1
16
1 1
1+ +1 1+ +1
x x
1
−r + 23 r 1
3 + C
1 1
1+ −1 1+ −1
x x
x = 1t 1√ ax2 + b
Z Z
dx tdt
√ = =− √ =− a + bt2 + C = − + C.
x2 ax2 + bx dx = − t12 a + bt2 b bx
Drugi naqin. Integral se moe uraditi smenom x = b
a
tg t .
4
Zadatak 1.105 Rexiti integral R
. . dx
3
(ax2 +b) 2
Rexee. S obzirom da je R(− sin x, cos x) = −R(sin x, cos x) uvexemo smenu cos x = t i
dobijamo
u = t2
Z Z Z
sin x cos x t t
dx = − dt = − dt =
1 − sin2 x cos2 x 1 − (1 − t2 )t2 1 − t2 + t4 du = 2tdt
Z Z
1 du 1 du
= − 2
=− 2
2 u −u+1 2 u −u+1
2
1 2u − 1 1 2t − 1
= − √ arctg √ + C = − √ arctg √ +C
3 3 3 3
2 cos2 x − 1
1
= − √ arctg √ + C.
3 3
4
Zadatak 1.108 Rexiti integral R
. . dx
sin4 x+cos4 x
tg x2 = t
Z Z 2dt
dx 2dt 1+t2
= dx = 1+t2 = 2
2 sin x − cos x + 5 2t 1−t2
4t
− 1−t +5
sin x = 1+t2 , cos x = 1+t2 1+t2 1+t2
Z Z Z
2dt 2dt dt
= 2 2
= 2
= 2
4t − 1 + t + 5(1 + t ) 6t + 4t + 4 3t + 2t + 2
x
1 3t + 1 1 3tg 2 + 1
= √ arctg √ + C = √ arctg √ + C.
5 5 5 5
4
se radi smenom e = t.
x
Rexee.
ex = t t = u6
Z Z
dx dt
= = √ √ √ =
x x x
1 + e2 + e3 + e6 dx = dtt t(1 + t + 3 t + 6 t) dt = 6u5 du
6u5 du
Z Z
du
= 6 3 2
=6 2
.
u (1 + u + u + u) u(u + 1)(u + 1)
odakle je A = 1
2
,B = 21 , C = − 12 , D = − 21 . Prema tome,
1 1
− 12 u − 12
2 2
I = 6 − + 2
u u+1 u +1
3
= −3arctg u + 6 ln |u| − 3 ln |1 + u| − ln(1 + u2 ) + C
2
√6
√
6 3 √
3
= −3 t + ln |t| − 3 ln |1 + t| − ln(1 + t) + C
2
x x 3 x
= −3arctg e 6 + x − 3 ln |1 + e 6 | − ln(1 + e 3 ) + C.
2
4
Z Z
t u = t ⇒ du = dt
dt = = −t ctg t + ctg tdt
sin2 t dv = sin12 t dt ⇒ v = −ctg t
= −t ctg t + ln | sin t| + C.
t2
Z Z
t
I = tdt + dt = − t ctg t + ln | sin t| + C
sin2 t 2
(arcsin x)2
= − (arcsin x)ctg (arcsin x) + ln |x| + C
2
(arcsin x)2 cos(arcsin x)
= − (arcsin x) ctg (arcsin x) + ln |x| + C
2 sin(arcsin x)
√
(arcsin x)2 1 − x2
= − (arcsin x) + ln |x| + C.
2 x
U posledoj jednakosti smo iskoristili − ≤ arcsin x ≤ , pa je cos(arcsin x) nenega-
π π
u = t ⇒ du = dt
Z
2
t tg tdt = R sin2 t R 1−cos2 t
dv = tg2 tdt ⇒ v = cos 2 t dt = cos2 t
dt = tg t − t
t2
Z
= t (tg t − t) − (tg t − t)dt = t tg t − t2 + ln | cos t| + + C,
2
at2 bt2
I = at tg t − at2 + a ln | cos t| + + +C
2 2
(b − a)(arctg x)2
= ax arctg x + a ln | cos(arctg x)| + +C
2
a (b − a)(arctg x)2
= ax arctg x − ln |1 + x2 | + + C.
2 2
4
Rexee.
√
x = 2tg t, t ∈ (− π2 , π2 )
Z
2
I = (2x + 3x + 1) 4 + dx = x2
2dt
dx = cos 2
Z Z 2 Zt Z
2 4dt tg tdt tg tdt dt
= (4tg t + 6tg t + 1) 3 = 16 3
+ 24 3
+4
cos t cos t cos t cos3 t
sin2 tdt
Z Z Z
sin tdt dt
= 8 +12 +2 .
cos5 t cos4 t cos3 t
| {z } | {z } | {z }
I1 I2 I3
Rexee. Z 2 Z Z x Z x
2 x x e e
I= 1− e dx = e dx − 4 dx + 4 dx.
x x x2
Parcijalnom integracijom u drugom integralu dobijamo
ex u = x1 ⇒ du = − x12 dx ex ex
Z Z
= = + dx
x dv = ex dx ⇒ v = ex x x2
i zamenom u prvoj jednakosti imamo
ex ex ex 4ex
Z Z
x x x 4
I = e −4 + dx dx + 4 dx = e − +C =e 1− + C.
x x2 x2 x x
Rexee.
Z Z Z
2 x2 x2 2
(1 + 2x )e dx = e dx + 2x2 ex dx .
| {z } | {z }
I1 I2
Z Z
2 x2 x2 2 2
I2 = 2x e dx = xe − ex dx = xex − I1 .
Prema tome, Z
2 2
(1 + 2x2 )ex dx = xex + C.
1
e
Rexee.
Ze Z1 Ze Z1 Ze
| ln x|dx = | ln x|dx + | ln x|dx = − ln xdx + ln xdx
1 1 1 1 1
e e e
1 Z1 e Z e
u = ln x ⇒ du = x1 dx
= = −x ln x 1 + dx + x ln x − dx
dv = dx ⇒ v = x e
1
1 1
e
1 1 2
= − + 1− + e − (e − 1) = 2 − .
e e e
4
√
Rexee.
√
Z3 dx
u = arctg x ⇒ du = 1+x x2 √3 1 Z √3 x2 dx
2
xarctg xdx = = arctg x −
x2
dv = xdx ⇒ v = 2 2 0 2 0 1 + x2
0
Z √3 √3
3 π 1 1 π 1
= · − 1− dx = − (x − arctg x)
2 3 2 0 1 + x2 2 2 0
√ √
π 1 √ π π 3 π 2π 3
= − 3− = − + = − .
2 2 3 2 2 6 3 2
4
Zadatak 2.3 Izraqunati graniqnu vrednost
.
n n n n
lim + + + . . . + .
n→∞ n2 + 1 n2 + 22 n2 + 32 n2 + n2
Rexee. Vai
n
n n n n X n
lim 2
+ 2 2
+ 2 2
+ ... + 2 = lim
n→∞ n +1 n +2 n +3 n + n2 n→∞
k=1
n2 + k2
n n
X 1 1 X k 1
= lim 2 = lim f
n→∞
k=1
1 + nk 2 n n→∞ k=1 n n
1, 2, ..., n, pa je
f (x) = 1+x2 0 1 n k n k n
Z1
n n n n dx 1 π
lim + 2 + 2 + ... + 2 = = arctg x = .
n→∞ 2
n +1 n +2 2 n +3 2 n + n2 1+x 2 0 4
0
4
n+1
Rexee.
n+1
Z Z2 Z3 n+1
Z
In = ln[x]dx = ln[x]dx + ln[x]dx + ... + ln[x]dx
1 1 2 n
Z2 Z3 n+1
Z
= ln 1 dx + ln 2 dx + ... + ln n dx = ln 1 + ln 2 + ... + ln n = ln n!.
1 2 n
4
π
Rexee.
π
Z8 Z π Z π
2x = t 1 4 1 4 sin t 1 π
tg 2x dx = = tg t dt = dt = − ln | cos t||04
2dx = dt 2 0 2 0 cos t 2
0
√ !
1 2 1 √ ln 2
= − ln −0 = ln 2 = .
2 2 2 4
4
Ze
Zadatak 2.6 Izraqunati integral
.
ex + 1
ex + x
dx.
0
Rexee.
Ze eZe +e
x
x
e +1 e +x=t dt e
dx = = = ln |t||e1 +e = ln(ee + 1).
ex + x (ex + 1)dx = dt t
0 1
4
Z1
Zadatak 2.7 Izraqunati
. √
2x2
dx
+ 4x + 3
.
0
4
Z4
2.8 Izraqunati integral √
q
Zadatak . arctg x − 1 dx.
1
Rexee.
p√
Z4 u = arctg x − 1 ⇒ du = √1 · √1
1+ x−1 2 √x−1
· dx
√
2 x
√
q
arctg x − 1 dx =
du = 1
· √dx
2x 2 √x−1
1 dv = dx ⇒ v = x
√ 1 4 1 4
Z Z
dx dx
q
4
= xarctg x − 1|1 − p√ = 4arctg 1 − p√
4 1 x−1 4 1 x−1
Z 4 √ 2
Z 1 2
π 1 dx x−1=t 1 4t(t + 1)dt
= 4 − p√ = dx
√ = 2tdt
= π −
4 4 1 x−1 2 x 4 0 t
Z 1
1 1 4
= π− (t2 + 1) = π − t3 |10 − t|10 = π − − 1 = π − .
0 3 3 3
4
Z3
Zadatak 2.9 Izraqunati integral
. ln(x2 + 2) dx.
0
Rexee.
Z3 Z3
u = ln(x2 + 2) ⇒ du = x22x+2 dx x2
2 2
ln(x + 2) dx = = x ln(x + 2)|30 −2 dx
dv = dx ⇒ v = x x2 + 2
0 0
Z3 3 !
2 2 x
= 3 ln(11) − 2 dx = 3 ln(11) − 2 3 − √ arctg √
1− 2
x +2 2 2 0
0
√ √
3 3
= 3 ln(11) − 2 3 − 2arctg √ = 3 ln(11) − 6 + 2 2arctg √ .
2 2
4
Rexee.
Z1 1 Z1 4
u = arctg x1 ⇒ du = − x2dx+1 x4
3 1 1 1 x dx
x arctg dx = 4 = arctg +
x dv = x3 dx ⇒ v = x4 4 x 0 4 x2 + 1
0 0
Z1 Z1
x4 dx
1 π 1 π 1 2 1
= ·1· −0+ = + x −1+ 2 dx
4 4 4 x2 + 1 16 4 x +1
0 0
!
3 1
π 1 x 1 1 π 1 1 π
= + − x|0 + arctg x|0 = + −1+
16 4 3 0 16 4 3 4
π 1 1 π π 1
= + − + = − .
16 12 4 16 8 6
4
Z2
Zadatak 2.11 Izraqunati integral
.
dx
2x(x2 + 1)
dx.
1
Rexee.
Z2 Z2 2 Z4 Z4
dx xdx x = t, t ≥ 0 dt 1 dt
dx = dx = = =
2x(x2 + 1) 2x2 (x2 + 1) 2xdx = dt 4t(t + 1) 4 t(t + 1)
1 1 1 1
4
Z Z4
1 dt dt 1 1 8
= − = (ln 4 − (ln 5 − ln 2)) = ln .
4 t t+1 4 4 5
1 1
4
Z3
Zadatak 2.12 Izraqunati I =
.
x3
dx
+ x2 − 2
.
2
Rexee.
Z3 Z3
dx dx
= ,
x + x2 − 2
3 (x − 1)(x2 + 2x + 2)
2 2
Mnoeem jednakosti
1 1 A Bx + C
= = + 2
x3 2
+x −2 2
(x − 1)(x + 2x + 2) x − 1 x + 2x + 2
A + B = 0, 2A − B + C = 0, 2A − C = 1
Z3
dx
I1 = = ln(x − 1)|32 = ln 2,
x−1
2
Z3 Z3 Z3 Z3
x+3 1 2x + 6 1 2x + 2 1 4
I2 = dx = dx = dx + dx
x2 + 2x + 2 2 x2 + 2x + 2 2 x2 + 2x + 2 2 x2 + 2x + 2
2 2 2 2
Z 3
1 dx 1 17
= ln(x2 + 2x + 2)|32 + 2 2
= ln + 2arctg(x + 1)|32
2 2 (x + 1) + 1 2 10
1 17
= ln + 2arctg 4 − 2arctg 3.
2 10
Dobili smo
1 1 1 1 17 2 2
I = I1 − I2 = ln 2 − ln − arctg 4 + arctg 3.
5 5 5 10 10 5 5
4
Zln 5 x √ x
Zadatak 2.13 Izraqunati integral
.
e e −1
ex + 3
dx.
0
Rexee.
Zln 5 x √ x
x
e − 1 = t2 , t ≥ 0
Z2 2 Z2 2
e e −1 (t + 1)t 2tdt t dt
x
dx = ex dx = 2tdt =
2
· 2
=2 2
e +3 2tdt
dx = 1+t t +4 1+t t +4
0 2 0 0
2
Z Z2 2 !
dt 1 t
= 2 dt − 4 = 2 2 − 4 · arctg
t2 + 4 4 2 0
0 0
π
= 2(2 − arctg 1) = 2 2 − 2 · = 4 − π.
4
4
Z2
Zadatak 2.14 Izraqunati integral
. |xex | dx.
−1
Rexee.
Z2 Z0 Z2 Z0 Z 2
x x x x
I= |xe | dx = |xe | dx + |xe | dx = − xe dx + xex dx.
0
−1 −1 0 −1
Z0 Z 2
x
I = − xe dx + xex dx = −(xex − ex )|0−1 + (xex − ex )|20
0
−1
2 2
= −(0 − 1 + e−1 + e−1 ) + (2e2 − e2 + 1) = 1 − + e2 + 1 = e2 − + 2.
e e
4
Za
Zadatak 2.15 Dokazati da za neparnu funkciju f vai
. f (x)dx = 0 .
−a
Za Za
Zadatak 2.16 Dokazati da za parnu funkciju f vai
. f (x)dx = 2 f (x)dx .
−a 0
Zπ
Zadatak 2.17 Izraqunati integral
.
sin3 x cos x
1 + cos2 x
dx.
0
Rexee.
π
Zπ 3 Z2
π cos3 t sin t
sin x cos x x− =t
dx = 2 =− dt = 0.
1 + cos2 x dx = dt 1 + sin2 t
0 − π2
2.18 Izraqunati
Z4
13 + arctg x + ex cos2 x
Zadatak . dx.
cos x
− π4
Rexee. Vai
π π
Z4 x 2 Z4
13 + arctg x + e cos x 13 arctg x
I = dx = + + ex cos x dx
cos x cos x cos x
− π4 − π4
π π π
Z4 Z4 Z 4
dx arctg x
= 13 + dx + ex cos x dx = I1 + I2 + I3 ,
cos x cos x
− π4 − π4 − π4
pri qemu je
√
π π 2
Z4 Z4 Z2 √2
dx cos xdx sin x = t dt 13 1 + x 2
I1 = 13 = 13 = = 13 = ln
cos x cos2 x cos xdx = dt √
1 − t2 2 1 − x − √2
− π4 − π4 − 2 2
2
√
2
√
2
! √ √ ! √
13 1+ 2
1− 2 13 2+ 2 2− 2 2+ 2
= ln √ − ln √ = ln √ − ln √ = 13 ln √ ,
2 1− 2
1+ 2 2 2− 2 2+ 2 2− 2
2 2
Dobili smo da je 1
I3 = ex (cos x + sin x) + C,
odakle je
2
π √ √ ! √
1 x 4 1 π 2 2 2 π
I3 = e (cos x + sin x) = e 4 + = e4 .
2 −π 2 2 2 2
Prema tome,
4
√ √
2+ 2 2 π
I = 13 ln √ + e4 .
2− 2 2
4
Zπ
Zadatak 2.19 Izraqunati integral I =
.
arctg x + x5 + 3
1 + |x|
dx.
−π
integral R π
−π
dx jednak 0. Prema tome,
arctg x+x5
1+|x|
Zπ Zπ
arctg x + x5 + 3 3
I= dx = dx.
1 + |x| 1 + |x|
−π −π
Funkcija f (x) = 3
1+|x|
je parna na (−π, π), pa je
Zπ Zπ
3 1
I=2 dx = 6 dx = 6 ln(1 + x)|π0 = 6 ln(1 + π).
1 + |x| 1+x
0 0
4
π
π π π
Z2 Z2 Z2
x + cos x x cos x
I = dx = dx + dx
3| sin x| + 2 cos2 x 3| sin x| + 2 cos2 x 3| sin x| + 2 cos2 x
− π2 − π2 − π2
π
Z2 Z1
cos x sin x = t dt
= 0+6 dx = =6
3 sin x + 2 cos2 x cos dx = dt 3t + 2(1 − t2 )
− π2 0
Z1 Z1 Z1
dt dt dt
= 6 2
= −6 2
= −6
−2t + 3t + 2 2t − 3t − 2 (2t + 1)(t − 2)
0 0 0
Z1
− 52 1
12 1 6 6 6
= −6 + 5 dt = · ln(2t + 1)|10 − ln |t − 2||10 = ln 3 + ln 2
2t + 1 t − 2 5 2 5 5 5
0
6
= ln 6.
5
4
2.21 Neka je f neprekidna i periodiqna funkcija na (−∞, +∞) sa periodom
T . Tada vai:
Zadatak .
a+T ZT b+T
a) , za svako a, b ∈ R;
Z Z
f (x)dx = f (x)dx = f (x)dx
a 0 b
a+kT a+T
b) za svako a ∈ R, k ∈ Z;
Z Z
f (x)dx = k f (x)dx,
a a
Zb b+kT
v) za svako a, b ∈ R, k ∈ Z.
Z
f (x)dx = f (x)dx
a a+kT
a+T
Z ZT Za ZT Za ZT
f (x)dx = f (x)dx + f (t + T )dt = f (x)dx + f (t)dt = f (x)dx.
a a 0 a 0 0
v)
Zb b+kT
Z b+kT
Z b+kT
Z
t = x + kT
f (x)dx = = f (t − kT )dt = f (t)dt = f (x)dx.
dx = dt
a a+kT a+kT a+kT
4
Z2π
Zadatak 2.22 Izraqunati integral (2 + cos x)(3
.
dx
+ cos x)
.
0
0
2π
π
x
na [0, 2π], pa je i Riman integrabilna na [0, 2π]. Funkcija f (x) je periodiqna (period (2+cos x)(3+cos x)
2.23 Izraqunati √
Z
Zadatak . 1 − cos 2x dx.
0
4
Z+∞
Zadatak 2.24 Izraqunati integral (x + 1)(x
.
dx
+ 2)
.
0
4
Z2π
Zadatak 2.25 Izraqunati integral
.
4
dx
sin x + cos4 x
.
0
0 π 3π
2 2
na [0, 2π], pa je i Riman integrabilna na [0, 2π]. Funkcija f (x) zadovo ava sledeu
sin4 x+cos4 x
jednakost f (x + ) = π
2 π
1
= π
sin4 (x+ )+cos4 (x+ )
2 2
= f (x), odakle zak uqujemo da je
1
cos4 x+sin4 x
Z1 Z0 Z1
t2 + 1 1 + t2 1 + t2
= 4 dt = 4 dt + 4 dt
t4 + 1 1 + t4 1 + t4
−1 −1 0
2
4 t − 1 0 4 t2 − 1 1
= √ arctg √ + √ arctg √
2 2t −1 2 2t 0
2
4 t −1 4 t2 − 1
= lim √ arctg √ − 0 + 0 − lim √ arctg √
t→0− 2 2t t→0+ 2 2t
4π 4π 4π
= √ + √ =√ .
2 2 2 2 2
4
Zadatak 2.26 Ako je f neprekidna funkcija na [0, 1], onda je
.
π π
0 0
Zπ Zπ
b) xf (sin x)dx =
π
2
f (sin x)dx .
a)
0 0
Rexee.
π π
Z2 π
Z0 Z2
t= −x
f (sin x)dx = 2 =− f (sin( π2 − t))dt = f (cos t)dt.
dx = −dt
0 π 0
b)
2
Zπ Z0 Zπ
t=π−x
I= xf (sin x)dx = =− (π − t)f (sin(π − t))dt = (π − t)f (sin t)dt
dx = −dt
0 π 0
Zπ Zπ Zπ
= π f (sin t)dt − tf (sin t)dx = π f (sin t)dt − I,
0 0 0
odakle je 2I = π Rπ
0
f (sin t)dt, odnosno
Zπ
π
I= f (sin x)dx.
2
0
Rexee.
Zπ Z0 Z0
x sin x t=π−x (π − t) sin(π − t) (π − t) sin t
I= dx = =− dt = − dt
1 + cos2 x dx = −dt 1 + cos2 (π − t) 1 + cos2 t
0 π π
Zπ Zπ Zπ
(π − t) sin t sin t t sin t
= dt = π dt − dt.
1 + cos2 t 1 + cos2 t 1 + cos2 t
0 0 0
Odavde je
Zπ Z1
π2
sin t cos t = u du 1
2I = π dt = =π du = πarctg u|−1 = .
1 + cos2 t − sin tdt = du 1 + u2 2
0 −1
Dobili smo da je I = . π2
4
4
π
Rexee.
Zπ Zπ Zπ
xdx t=π−x (π − t)dt (π − t)dt
I= = = =
2 + 3 sin x dx = −dt 2 + 3 sin(π − t) 2 + 3 sin t
0 0 0
Zπ Zπ
dt tdt
= π − .
2 + 3 sin t 2 + 3 sin t
0 0
Odavde je
tg 2t = u Z∞ Z∞
Zπ 2du
dt 2du 1+u 2 2du
2I = π = dt = 1+u2 = π 2u = π
2 + 3 sin t 2u 2 + 3 1+u2 2 + 2u2 + 6u
0 sin t = 1+u 2 0 0
Z∞ Z∞ Z∞
u + 23 = z
du du du
= π = π 2 = = π
u2 + 3u + 1 u + 32 − 45 du = dz z 2 − 45
0 0 3
2
3 + √5
√ +∞ √
z − 5 3 − 5
π 2 π π
= √ ln = − √ ln 2 2
√ = √ ln √ .
√
5 z + 5 5 32 + 5 5 3 − 5
2 3 2
2
Dobili smo da je .
√
π 3+√5
I = 2√ 5
ln 3− 5 4
π
odakle je
2
π π π π
Z2 m Z2 m Z2 m m Z2
sin xdx cos tdt sin x + cos x π
2I = I + I = m + = dx = dx = .
sin x + cosm x cosm t + sinm t sinm x + cosm x 2
Prema tome, I =
0 0 0 0
π
. 4
2.30 Neka je f neprekidno diferencijabilna funkcija na [0, 1] i f (1) −
4
Zadatak .
Imamo 0
Z1 Z1 Z1 Z1
2 2
(f 0 (x)) dx − 1 = (f 0 (x)) dx − 2 f 0 (x)dx + 2 f 0 (x)dx − 1
0 0 0 0
Z1 Z1
2
= (f 0 (x)) dx − 2 f 0 (x)dx + 2(f (1) − f (0)) − 1
0 0
Z1 Z1 Z1
2 2
= (f 0 (x)) dx − 2 f 0 (x)dx + 1 = (f 0 (x) − 1) dx ≥ 0.
0 0 0
1 A Bx + C
2
= + 2
(x + 1)(x + 7) x+1 x +7
dobijamo sistem
A + B = 0, B + C = 0, 7A + C = 1,
qije je rexee A = 1
8
,B = − 18 , C = 1
8
. Odatle je
Z1 1 Z 1 − 1 + 1 1 1 x−1
Z
dx 1 8 8 1
= ln(x + 1) + dx = ln 2 − dx
x3 + x2 + 7x + 7 8 0 2
0 x +7 8 8 0 x2 + 7
0
Z 1
1 1 dx
Z
1 1 2x
= ln 2 − dx +
8 16 0 x2 + 7 8 0 x2 + 7
Z 1 1
1 1 dt 1 1 x
= ln 2 − + √ arctg √
8 16 0 t 8 7 7 0
ln 2 1 8 1 1
= − ln + √ arctg √ .
8 16 7 8 7 7
4
Z2
Zadatak 2.33 Izraqunati integral
. x arctg
2x
x2 − 1
dx .
1
1
dx
x(x+1)(x+2)
dobijamo 2 2 2
1 ≡ A(x + 3x + 2) + B(x + 2x) + C(x + x),
odakle imamo sistem
A + B + C = 0, 3A + 2B + C = 0, 2A = 1,
qije je rexee A = 1
2
,B = −1, C = 1
2
.
Z Z 1 1
dx 2 1 1 1
= − + 2 dx = ln |x| − ln |x + 1| + ln |x + 2| + C
x(x + 1)(x + 2) x x+1 x+2 2 2
p p
|x| |x + 2|
= ln + C.
|x + 1|
Odavde imamo
Z1 Z1 Z1 Z1
dt et dt (1 + et )dt dt
I +I = + = =
(1 + t2 )(1 + et ) (1 + t2 )(1 + et ) (1 + t2 )(1 + et ) 1 + t2
−1 −1 −1 −1
1 π
= arctg t = .
−1 2
Prema tome, I = . π
4
4
Rexee.
π
Z4 π
Z0 π
−x=t
I = ln (1 + tg x) dx = 4 =− ln 1 + tg − t dt
dt = −dx 4
0 π
4
π π
Z4 ! Z4 √ √ !
π 2 2
sin 4
−t 2
cos t − 2
sin t
= ln 1 + π
dt = ln 1 + √ √ dt
cos 4
−t 2
cos t + 2
sin t
0 0 2 2
π π
4 Z4
cos t − sin t
Z
2 cos t
= ln 1 + dt = ln dt
cos t + sin t cos t + sin t
0 0
π π
Z 4 Z 4
π ln 2
= ln 2 dt − ln (1 + tg t) dt = − I.
4
0 0
Odavde I = . π ln 2
8
4
Z1 Z1 Z1
ln(1 + x) x = tg t ln(1 + tg t) dt
dx = = = ln(1 + tg t)dt
1 + x2 dx = cosdt2 t 1 + tg2 t cos2 t
0 0 0
1
Za Za Za Za
| ln 1t | 1
| ln x| | ln t| 1 1
I = dx = − · dt = dt = | ln t| · − dt
1+x 1 + 1t t2 t(1 + t) t t+1
1 a 1 1
a a a
Za Za Za
| ln t| | ln t| | ln t|
= − dt = dt − I,
t t+1 t
1 1 1
a odatle
a a a
Za Zln a
1 | ln t| u = ln t 1
I = dt = = |u|du.
2 t du = dtt 2
1 − ln a
a
Z0 Zln a
Ako je a > 1, onda je I=
1
2
udu +
1
2
u2 0
(−u)du =
2 − ln a
u2 ln a ln2 a
− =
2 0 2
.
Ako je a = 1, onda je I = 0. − ln a 0
a) Izraqunati I . 0
b) Dokazati lim I = 0.
n→∞
n
Dakle, vai 1 e
≤ In ≤ ,
n+1 n+1
odakle pomou Teoreme o dva policajca sledi da je lim In = 0.
v) n→∞
Z1 Z1
n
√
x x = t2 , t ≥ 0
In = x e dx = =2 t2n+1 et dt
dx = 2tdt
0 0
Z1 Z1
1
= 2 t2n+1 et 0 − (2n + 1) t2n et dt = 2e − 2(2n + 1) t2n et dt
0 0
2n 2n−1
Z1
u = t ⇒ du = 2nt dt 1
= t t = 2e − 2(2n + 1) t2n et 0 − 2n t2n−1 et dt
dv = e dt ⇒ v = e
0
= 2e − 2(2n + 1)(e − nIn−1 ) = −4ne + 2n(2n + 1)In−1 .
Z1
2.41 Izraqunati
d 1
Zadatak . 1 .
dx 1 + 2x
−1
Rx
Teorema 2.2. Neka je f Riman integrabilna na [a, b] i ϕ(x) = f (t)dt, x ∈ [a, b].
a
Rexee.
cos x
Z
d
cos πt2 dt = cos(π cos2 x) · (− sin x) − cos(π sin2 x) · cos x.
dx
sin x
4
x 2
t2
R
e dt
Zadatak 2.43 Nai graniqnu vrednost
.
x→+∞
lim 0
Rx .
e2t2 dt
0
2 Rx 2 2 Rx 2
et dt · ex 2 et dt
R
x t2 2
lim
x→+∞
0
e dt
Rx 2
e2t dt
= ( Lopitalovo pravilo) = x→+∞
lim 0
e2x2
= lim
x→+∞
0
ex2
0
(Lopitalovo pravilo) =
2
2ex
= lim x2 =0
x→+∞ e · 2x
4
na (1, +∞). x
Imamo (x−1)(x+1)2
> 1 akko p(x) = x + x − x − 10 > 0. Nula polinoma je x = 2, pa se
3 2
moe rastaviti p(x) = (x − 2)(x + 3x + 5), odakle je p(x) > 0 za x ∈ (2, +∞), a p(x) < 0
9
2
za x ∈ (1, 2). Prema tome, funkcija F (x) je opadajua na (1, 2) i rastua na (2, +∞) i
x = 2 je taqka globalnog minimuma. 4
Definicija 2.1. Neka je funkcija f definisana u intervalu [a, b) i integrabilna
na svakom segmentu [a, β] ⊂ [a, b). Ako postoji limes
Zβ
lim f (x)dx,
β→b−
Zb
f (x)dx.
gira. a
parametra α. 0
Ako je α 6= 1 vai
β
Z1 Z1 1
x−α+1 β 1−α
1 −α 1
lim dx = lim x dx = lim = lim −
β→0+ xα β→0+ β→0+ −α + 1
β
β→0+ 1−α 1−α
β β
1
1−α
,
α<1
=
+∞, α > 1.
0
1
xα
dx konvergira ako i samo ako α < 1. 4
Zb
Zadatak 2.46 Ispitati konvergenciju integrala (x −dxa) , a < b, u zavisnosti od
.
α
realnog parametra α. a
realnog parametra α. a
Z+∞
Zadatak 2.48 Ispitati konvergenciju integrala
.
1
xα
dx , u zavisnosti od realnog
parametra α. 1
Ako je α 6= 1 vai
Zβ Zβ β
x−α+1
1−α
1 −α β 1
lim dx = lim x dx = lim = lim −
β→+∞ xα β→+∞ β→+∞ −α + 1
1
β→+∞ 1−α 1−α
1 1
1
α−1
,
α>1
=
+∞, α < 1.
1
1
xα
dx konvergira ako i samo ako α > 1. 4
Z+∞
Zadatak 2.49 Ispitati konvergenciju integrala
.
dx
1 + x2
dx .
0
Rexee. Iz sledeeg
Zβ
dx π
lim dx = lim arctg x|β0 = lim arctg β =
β→+∞ 1 + x2 β→+∞ β→+∞ 2
0
Rexee. Iz sledeeg
Z0
lim ex dx = lim ex |0β = lim (1 − eβ ) = 1
β→−∞ β→−∞ β→−∞
β
Definicija 2.3. Neka je a < c < b. Tada integral f (x)dx konvergira ako i samo
R b
a c
b
Zb Zc Zb
f (x)dx = f (x)dx + f (x)dx.
a a c
Z1 Z+∞
I1 =
1
xα
dx i I2 =
1
xα
dx.
0 1
divergira za svako α.
xα
0
4
Rexee. Integral R 1
−1
√ dx
1−x2
dx konvergira ako i samo ako konvergiraju integrali
Z0 Z1
I1 = √
dx
1 − x2
dx i I2 = √
dx
1 − x2
dx.
−1 0
Z0 Z0
dx dx π
I1 = √ = lim √ = lim arcsin x|0β = lim − arcsin β = ,
1 − x2 β→−1+ 1−x 2 β→−1+ β→−1+ 2
−1 β
Z1 Zβ
dx dx π
I2 = √ = lim √ = lim arcsin x|β0 = lim arcsin β = .
1 − x2 β→1− 1−x 2 β→1− β→1− 2
0 0
Odavde, R −1
1
√ dx
1−x2
dx konvergira i ima vrednost π. 4
Rb Rb
Teorema 2.3. Neka su f (x)dx i g(x)dx nesvojstveni integrali sa singularitetom
a a
u taqki b. Tada vai:
1◦ Ako integrali konvergiraju, onda vai jednakost
Zb Zb Zb
(αf (x) + βg(x))dx = αf (x)dx + βg(x)dx.
a a a
Rb
2◦ Ako su f i g glatke funkcije i postoji konaqan x→b
lim f (x)g(x), onda (f (x)g 0 (x))dx
a
Rb
konvergira akko konvergira (f 0 (x)g(x))dx. U tom sluqaju vai jednakost
a
Zb b Z b
(f (x)g (x))dx = f (x)g(x) − (f 0 (x)g(x))dx.
0
a
a a
gira integral Rb
a
|f (x)|dx.
Rb
Teorema 2.5. Ako f (x)dx apsolutno konvergira, onda on i konvergira.
a
Rb Rb
Teorema 2.6. Neka su f (x)dx i g(x)dx nesvojstveni integrali sa singularitetom
a a
u taqki b, pri qemu je f (x) ≤ g(x) na x ∈ [a, b).
Rb Rb
1◦ Ako g(x)dx konvergira, onda konvergira i integral f (x)dx.
a a
Rb Rb
2◦ Ako f (x)dx divergira, onda divergira i integral g(x)dx.
a a
Rb Rb
3◦ Ako postoji x→b
lim fg(x)
(x)
= C, 0 < C < +∞, onda su integrali f (x)dx i g(x)dx
a a
ekvikonvergentni, odnosno jedan konvergira akko drugi konvergira.
Z+∞
Zadatak 2.53 Ispitati konvergenciju integrala
.
cos x
x2
dx .
1
1
dx
x2
Rb Rb
2◦ Ako je C = +∞ i g(x)dx divergira, onda divergira i integral f (x)dx.
a a
1
−x
Dakle, e dx konvergira.
R +∞
0
−x2
4
Z+∞
Zadatak 2.55 Ispitati konvergenciju integrala
. √
dx
x 1 + x2
dx .
1
Rexee. Iz nejednakosti √1
x 1+x2
≤ 1
za x ≥ 1 i iz konvergencije integrala
x2
+∞
R
1
dx
x2
1
√1
x 1+x2
dx konvergira (Teorema 2.6). 4
Z+∞
Zadatak 2.56 Ispitati konvergenciju integrala ln(1x+ x) dx u zavisnosti od re-
.
n
alnog parametra n. 0
divergira. n→+∞ xn
kao ln(1 + x) x 1
1 xn
∼ ∼ ,
xn xn xn−1
ln(1 + x) ln x 1
∼ ∼ .
xn xn xn (ln x)−1
Integral R +∞
konvergira akko n > 1, pa i integral I konvergira kada n > 1.
1
2
alnih parametara a i b. 0
dx i I =
Z Z
arctg ax arctg ax
I = 1 dx. b 2 b
x x
0 1
∼ ∼ ,
xb xb xb−1
arctg ax π 1
b
∼ sgn a · · b .
x 2 x
alnog parametra n. 0
xn
√ n
∼ xn ,
1−x
x2 1
4 2
∼ 2,
x −x +1 x
1
dx
x2
+∞
0
x2 dx
x4 −x2 +1
konvergira. 4
Z+∞
Zadatak 2.60 Ispitati konvergenciju integrala x√xdx+ 1 .
.
3 2
1
pa iz konvergencije integrala R +∞
1
dx
x3
5 sledi i konvergencija integrala R +∞
1
√dx
x 3 x2 +1
. 4
Z+∞
Zadatak 2.61 Ispitati konvergenciju integrala √xdx+ x .
.
3
0
1 1 1
√ =√ q ∼ 3 ,
x3 +x x3 1 + 1 x2
x3
1
dx
3
x2
+∞
1
√dx
x 3 x2 +1
.
Prema tome, integral R+∞
0
konvergira.
√ dx
x3 +x
4
Z+∞
Zadatak 2.62 Ispitati konvergenciju integrala I =
. p
dx
u zavis-
nosti od realnog parametra a.
(x2 − a2 )(x − 1)
1
Z+∞
dx
Teorema 2.8. a) Integral xα (ln x)β
konvergira akko α > 1 ili (α = 1, β > 1).
e
Ze
dx
b) Integral xα (ln x)β
konvergira akko β < 1.
1
Z+∞
dx
v) Integral xα (ln x)β
konvergira akko α > 1, β < 1.
1
Z+∞
Γ(x) = tx−1 e−t dt
odakle na osnovu zadatka 2.8 (deo pod v)) sledi da integral konvergira akko 1 − x < 1,
0 1
odnosno x > 0.
b)
Z+∞
x−1 −t u = tx−1 ⇒ du = (x − 1)tx−2 dt
Γ(x) = t e dt =
dv = e−t dt ⇒ v = −e−t
0
Z+∞
= −e−t tx−1 |+∞
0 + (x − 1) tx−2 e−t dt = (x − 1) (x − 1). G
0
0
−t −t +∞
|0 =1 i
Γ(n) = (n − 1)Γ(n − 1) = ... = (n − 1)(n − 2) · ... · 1 · Γ(1) = (n − 1)!
za svako n ∈ N. 4
Zadatak 2.65 Ispitati konvergenciju integrala (beta funkcija)
.
Z1 Z+∞
tx−1
B(x, y) = tx−1 (1 − t)y−1 dt = dt
(1 + t)x+y
x > 0, y > 0.
(1−t)1−y
4
Navedimo bez dokaza osobine beta i gama funkcije koje emo koristiti.
a) Γ(x)G(1 − x) = za svako x ∈ (0, 1).
π
sin(πx)
Z+∞
Zadatak 2.66 Ispitati konvergenciju integrala
. sin xdx.
0
lim I(β) 4
β→+∞
Zn
Zadatak 2.67 Neka su dati integrali I = sin √1x dx, n ∈ N.
. n
0
b) Nai lim I .
n→∞
n
v) Nai lim .
n→∞
In
√
n
π π
iJ=
Z2 Z2
√ √
I= ctg x dx tg x dx.
0 0
Zadatak .
π π
iJ=
Z2 Z2
I= ln(sin x) dx ln(cos x) dx.
0 0
Z1
Zadatak 2.70 Izraqunati integral x√arcsin
.
1−x
x
dx.
2
2
0
4
Z1
Zadatak 2.71 Izraqunati integral
.
arcsin x
√
1 − x2
dx.
0
Rexee.
π
Z1 Z2 π
t2 2 π2
arcsin x arcsin x = t
√ dx = √ 1
= tdt = = .
1 − x2 1−x2
dx = dt 2 0 8
0 0
4
Z+∞
Zadatak 2.72 Izraqunati integral
.
arctg x
1 + x2
dx.
0
Rexee.
π
Z1 Z2 π
t2 2 π2
arctg x arctg x = t
dx = 1 = tdt = = .
1 + x2 1+x2
dx = dt 2 0 8
0 0
Z2
a) dx
x ln x
;
1
Z1
b) ln
x+1
x
dx;
0
Z+∞
v) x2
dx
+x−2
.
0
= ln 2 − 0 + ln |x + 1||10 = 2 ln 2.
v) Kada x → +∞ imamo 1
x2 +x−2
∼ 1
x2
, odakle na osnovu zadatka 2.48 integral divergira.
4
Z+∞
Zadatak 2.74 Dokazati da integral
.
(1 +
dx
x2 )(1 + xp )
konvergira za svako p ∈ R i
da egova vrednost ne zavisi od p. 0
Rexee.
Z+∞ Z1 Z+∞
dx dx dx
I = = +
(1 + x )(1 + xp )
2 (1 + x )(1 + xp )
2
(1 + + xp ) x2 )(1
0 0 1
Rexee.
Z1 √ x = cos 2t
√
ln 1 + x − 1 − x dx = dx = −2 sin 2tdt
2 2
0 1 − cos 2t = 2 sin t, 1 + cos 2t = 2 cos t
π π
Z4 √ p Z 4 √ √
2
= 2 ln 2 cos2 t − 2 sin t sin 2tdt = 2 ln 2| cos t| − 2| sin t| sin 2tdt
0 0
π π
Z 4 Z 4 π4
1
= ln 2 sin 2tdt + 2 ln (cos t − sin t) sin 2tdt = ln 2 − cos 2t + 2I1
2 0
0 0
ln 2
= + 2I1 ,
2
π
Z4
u = ln (cos t − sin t) ⇒ du = −cos
sin t−cos t
t−sin t
dt
I1 = ln (cos t − sin t) sin 2tdt = 1
dv = sin 2tdt ⇒ v = − 2 cos 2t
0
π
π4 Z4
1 1 sin t + cos t
= ln (cos t − sin t) − cos 2t − cos 2t dt
2 0 2 cos t − sin t
0
π π
Z 4 Z 4
1 sin t + cos t 1 tgt + 1 2
= − cos 2t dt = − − 1 dt
2 cos t − sin t 2 1 − tgt 1 + tg2 t
0 0
Z1 Z1
(u + 1)2
1 u+1 2 du 1
= − −1 = − du
2 1−u 1 + u2 1 + u2 2 (1 + u2 )2
0 0
Z1 1 !
1 1 2u 1 1 1 1 π 1
= − + 2 du = − arctgu|0 − 2 =− +
2 u + 1 (u + 1)2
2 2 u + 1 0 2 4 2
0
π 1
= − − .
8 4
Prema tome, ln 2 ln 2
π 1
ln 2 π 1
I= + 2I1 = +2 − − = − − .
2 2 8 4 2 4 2
4
Zx
b) kada x → +∞.
2
2 ex
et dt ∼
2x
0
Rexee. a)
Rx
x
d
2
R 2
cos t dt dx
cos t dt
0 0 cos x2
lim = lim d
= lim = 1.
x→0 x x→0
dx
(x) x→0 1
b)
Rx
x
t2 d t2
R
e dt dx
e dt 2
0 0 ex x2 1
lim x2
= lim x2
= 2 lim x2 x2
= 2 lim 2
= 2 · = 1.
x→+∞ e x→+∞ d e x→+∞ e 2x2 −e x→+∞ 2x − 1 2
2x
(
dx 2x
) x2
4
Zadatak 2.78 Za n ∈ N izraqunati sledee integrale:
.
a)
Z +∞
2
x2n e−x dx;
0
b)
Z +∞
2
x2n+1 e−x dx.
a)
0
Rexee.
Z+∞ √ Z+∞ Z+∞
2n −x2 x = t n −t dt 1 n− 12 −t 1 1
x e dx = = t e √ = t e dt = Γ n +
dx = 2dt
√
t 2 t 2 2 2
0 0 0
1 1 1 1 1 3 1 1
= · n− Γ n− = ... = · n − · n− · ... · Γ
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
√
1 1 1
= n+1 · (2n − 1)!Γ = n+1 · (2n − 1)! π
2 2 2
b)
Z+∞ √ Z+∞
2n+1 −x2 x= t 1 n −t u = tn ⇒ du = ntn−1 dt
x e dx = = t e dt =
dx = 2dt
√
t 2 dv = e−t dt ⇒ v = −e−t
0 0
+∞ Z+∞ Z+∞
1 n −t 1 n−1 −t 1
= − t e + n t e dt = n tn−1 e−t dt
2 0 2 2
0 0
Z+∞
1 n!
= ... = n(n − 1) · ... · 1 · e−t dt = .
2 2
0
Rexee.
Z1 p Z+∞
ln x1 = t
1
ln dx = = tp e−t dtdx = Γ(p + 1).
x dx = −e−t dt
0 0
4
Z+∞
Zadatak 2.80 Nai prirodne brojeve m i n za koje integral
.
xm−1
1 + xn
dx konvergira
i za takve vrednosti m i n izraqunati integral. 0
m 1 Γ m Γ 1− m
1 m n n
= B ,1 − =
n n n n Γ(1)
1 m m π
= Γ Γ 1− = .
n n n n sin πmn
Rexee.
Z π
2
sin x = t
1 1
sinp x cosq xdx = cos x = (1 − sin2 x) 2 = (1 − t2 ) 2
0 1
− sin xdx = 12 (1 − t2 )− 2 (−2tdt)
Z 1 Z 1 √
p 2 2q 2 − 21 p 2 q−1 t= u
= t (1 − t ) (1 − t ) dt = t (1 − t ) 2 dt =
0 0
dt = 2du
√
u
Z 1 Z 1
p q−1 du 1 p−1 q−1 1 p+1 q+1
= u (1 − u)
2 2 √ = u (1 − u) du = B
2 2 , .
0 2 u 2 0 2 2 2
pravom y = −x.
Zadatak .
R2 2
Rexee. P = (2 − x2 + x)dx = (2x − x3
3
+ x2
)
2
−1
= 29 . 4
−1
3.2 Nai zapreminu tela dobijenog rotacijom oblasti izmeu x-ose i krive
y = x − 2x oko: a) x-ose; b) prave y = −1; v) y -ose; g) prave x = 2; d) prave y = 2.
Zadatak .
2
Rexee. a) V = π (x − 2x) dx = π (x − 2x + 4x ) dx = π − + ;
2 2 2
x5 x4 4x3 16π
R R 2 2 4 3 2
=
5 2 3 15
0 0 0
b) V = π R (1 − (x − 2x + 1) ) dx = ;
2
0
2 2 8π
5
v) V = π R ((1 + √1 + y) − (1 − √1 + y) ) dy = 4π R √1 + y dy = ;
0
2 2
0
8π
3
g) V = ;
−1 −1
8π
3
d) V = π R ((x − 2x − 2) − (−2) ) dx = .
2
0
2 2 2
4 32π
5
r
R4 p R4 √ 2 R4
Rexee.
1 x 1 x+1 10
L= 1 + [f 0 (x)]2 dx = 1+ √
2 2
− 2
dx = 2
√
x
dx = 3
. 4
1 1 1
Rexee.
Z3 3
√ Z3
√ √
Z r
p
0 2
1
P = 2π f (x) 1 + [f (x)] dx = 2π 2x + 1 1+ dx = 2π 2 x + 1 dx
2x + 1
0 0 0
√
28π 2
= .
3
4
3.5 Neka su A(−a, a ) i B(a, a ) taqke na paraboli y = x , neka je O(0, 0)
2 2 2
= .
a
Rexee. P (4ABO) = a , P (x , a ) = (a − x ) dx = , lim 4a3 P (4ABO) 3
R 3 2 2 2 2
4 3 2 2
−a a→0 P (x ,a ) 4
π π 1 5√3 2π
√
3 5 3
√
2π
√
3
= 2 − + − + = − + = + .
6 2 2 6 3 2 6 3 3
√ √ !2
v
u
2 3 u √ 2 3
O = O1 + O2 + O3 + O4 = 2 + + t(0 − 1)2 + 3− + O4
3 3
√ √ √
2 3 2 3 4 3
= 2+ + + O4 = 2 + + O4 ,
3 3 3
Z0 p Z0
s
p 0 2
O4 = 0 2
1 + [y (x)] dx = 1+ 4 − (x − 1) 2 dx
−1 −1
v
Z0 u " #2 Z0 s
t1 + p−2(x − 1)
u (x2 − 2x + 1)
= dx = 1+ dx
2 4 − (x − 1)2 4 − (x − 1)2
−1 −1
0 s Z0
4 − x2 + 2x − 1 + x2 − 2x + 1
Z
1 t=x−1
= dx = 2 p dx
4 − (x − 1)2 4 − (x − 1)2 dt = dx
−1 −1
Z−1 −1
1 t π π 2π
= 2 √ dt = 2 arcsin = 2 − + = ,
4 − t2 2 −2 6 2 3
−2
√ √
4 3 4 3 2π
O =2+ + O4 = 2 + + .
3 3 3
Z0 p Z1 √ !2
2 √ 3
V = V1 + V2 = π 4 − (x − 1)2 dx + π 3− x dx
3
−1 0
Z0 Z1
2 1
= π (3 + 2x − x ) dx + π 3 − 2x + x2 dx
3
−1 0
0 3
1
x3
2 x 2 1 1
= π 3x + x − + π 3x − x − =π 3−1− +π 3−1−
3 −1 9 0 3 9
34
= π.
9
Rexee. V = 2π 2 a2 b, P = 4π 2 ab. 4
4 Numeriqki redovi
4.1 Pojam i svojstva brojnog reda
Neke je a , a , ..., a , ... niz realnih brojeva. Izraz
1 2 n
∞
X
an = a1 + a2 + ... + an + ... ,
n=1
naziva se beskonaqnim realnim redom s opxtim qlanom a , ili krae realnim redom.
Zbirovi n
s 1 = a1 ,
s 2 = a1 + a2 ,
s 3 = a1 + a2 + a3 ,
.............
sn = a1 + a2 + ... + an ,
.............
n=1
n
Definicija 4.1. Ako postoji konaqan limes lim s = s niza (s ) parcijalnih n n n∈N
suma reda P a , onda se kae da taj red konvergira i da mu je zbir jednak s. U tom
n→∞
∞
n
sluqaju se pixe s = P a . Taj zapis se koristi i kada je lim s = ±∞. Za red koji ne
n=1
∞
n n
∞ ∞
Teorema 4.1. Ako red konvergira, onda konvergira i red can , c ∈ R. Pri
P P
an
n=1 n=1
∞ ∞
tome je
P P
can = c an .
n=1 n=1
∞ ∞ ∞
Ako redovi i konvergiraju, onda konvergira i red (an +bn ). Pri tome
P P P
an bn
n=1 n=1 n=1
∞ ∞ ∞
je
P P P
(an + bn ) = an + bn .
n=1 n=1 n=1
∞
Teorema 4.2. Ako red konvergira, onda je n→∞
P
an lim an = 0.
n=1
n=1
; g)
3
P √ √
n−2 n+1+ n+2 .
3
∞
n=1
2n+1
n2 (n+1)2
∞
n=1
√
3
√
3
√
3
√
3
√ √ √
Sn = 2− 1 + 3 − 2 + ... + 3 n + 1 − 3 n = 3 n + 1 − 1,
pa red konvergira.
= −
n2 (n+1)2 n2 (n+1)2 n (n+1)2 n =1
n→∞
( m 1−q m+1
X
n 1−q
, q=6 1;
Sm = q =
n=1
m, q = 1.
n=1
n
Sn = q + 2q 2 + 3q 3 + ... + nq n
qSn = q 2 + 2q 3 + 3q 4 + ... + nq n+1 .
Oduzimaem druge jednaqine od prve dobijamo
(1 − q)Sn = q + q 2 + q 3 + ... + q n − nq n+1 ,
odakle je
1 q
Sn = (q + q 2 + q 3 + ... + q n − nq n+1 ) = (1 + q + q 2 + q 3 + ... + q n−1 − nq n )
1−q 1−q
1 − qn
q n
= − nq .
1−q 1−q
Odavde je
n
q 1−q n q
lim Sn = lim 1−q 1−q − nq = (1−q) 2.
∞
n=1nx . n
4
n=1
2n +(−1)n
. 3n
imamo ∞ n
X 2
∞ n
X 2 1
= −1=
2 − 1 = 2,
n=1
3 n=1
3 3
1−
∞
X −1 n ∞
X −1 n
1 1
= −1= 1 −1 = − ,
3 3 1+ 3 4
odakle je
n=1 n=1
∞
X 2n + (−1)n 1 7
=2− = .
n=1
3n 4 4
4
n=1
n
3n
. 4
n=1
1
(4n−3)(4n+1)
.
Rexee.
∞ ∞
X 1 X1 1 1
= −
n=1
(4n − 3)(4n + 1) n=1 4 4n − 3 4n + 1
odakle je 1
lim Sm = .
m→∞ 4
4
n=1
n
arcsin √ n
(n+1)(n+2)
.
dolazimo do zak uqka da opxti qlan ne konvergira nuli, pa red divergira na osnovu
Teoreme 4.2. 4
∞
Teorema 4.3. Red s pozitivnim qlanovima konvergira ako i samo ako je niz
P
an
n=1
(sn ) egovih parcijalnih suma ograniqen.
∞ ∞
Teorema 4.4. Neka su dati redovi i s pozitivnim qlanovima, pri qemu
P P
an bn
n=1 n=1
postoji n0 ∈ N tako da je an ≤ bn za n ≥ n0.
∞ ∞
a) Ako red konvergira, onda i red konvergira.
P P
bn an
n=1 n=1
∞ ∞
b) Ako red divergira, onda i red divergira.
P P
an bn
n=1 n=1
∞ ∞
Teorema 4.5. Neka su dati redovi i s pozitivnim qlanovima, pri qemu
P P
an bn
n=1 n=1
lim an = K, 0 ≤ K ≤ +∞.
n→∞ bn
∞ ∞
a) Ako je K = +∞ i red divergira, onda i red divergira.
P P
bn an
n=1 n=1
∞ ∞
b) Ako je K = 0 i red konvergira, onda i red konvergira.
P P
bn an
n=1 n=1
∞ ∞
v) Ako je 0 < K < +∞, onda su redovi an i bn ekvikonvergentni. Specijalan
P P
n=1 n=1
lim ab = 1 (kaemo da se an ponaxa kao bn i pixemo an ∼ bn , n →
sluqaj, ako je n→∞ n
n
n=1
1
nα
1
dx
xα
α > 1. 4
n=1
√
n n
1
cos n
cos n1 1
an = √ ∼ 3,
n n n2
red konvergira na osnovu Teoreme 4.5 (deo pod v)) i zadatka 4.8. 4
n+4 1
an = ∼ ,
n2 + 2n n
red divergira na osnovu Teoreme 4.5 (deo pod v)) i zadatka 4.8. 4
Rexee. Na osnovu integralnog kriterijuma vai da red konvergira ako i samo ako
n=2
konvergira integral R∞
2
, a on na osnovu Teoreme 2.8 konvergira za α > 1 i za
dx
xα (ln x)β
α = 1, β > 1 4
n=1
1
n3
Rexee. Opxti qlan ne tei nuli (lim cos = 1), pa red divergira.
n→∞
1
n3
4
n=1
1
n+sin n
1 1 1
an = 1 − e n2 ∼ 1 − 1 + ∼− ,
n2 n2
red konvergira na osnovu Teoreme 4.5 (deo pod v)) i zadatka 4.8. 4
1 1 1 1 1 1
an = e n − 1 − ∼ 1 + − 2 − 1 − ∼ − 2,
n n 2n n 2n
red konvergira na osnovu Teoreme 4.5 (deo pod v)) i zadatka 4.8. 4
1 1
an = ln 1 + √ ∼√ ,
n n
red divergira na osnovu Teoreme 4.5 (deo pod v)) i na osnovu divergencije reda P ∞
√1
red konvergira na osnovu Teoreme 4.5 (deo pod v)) i na osnovu konvergencije reda P ∞
1
pri qemu smo iskoristili lim = 0, red konvergira na osnovu Teoreme 4.5 (deo pod
n2
n→∞ 2
n
n=1
a 1
nb
n+1
n
a < b. Na osnovu Teoreme 4.5 (deo pod v)) sledi da red konvergira ako
n=1
∞
a 1 n+1
P
n sin ln
je a < b.
nb n
n=1
4
a) P a b ; b) P (a − b ) ; v) P .
n=1 n=1
∞ ∞ ∞
2 an
n n n n n
n=1 n=1 n=1
a) P sin a ;
n=1
∞
n b) P a ; n=1
∞
α
n v) P (e − 1). ∞
n=1
an
red a konvergira.
n n 0
∞
α
n=1
(2n)!
n!n!
i na osnovu Dalamberovog kriterijuma (Teorema 4.6, deo pod b)) sledi da red divergira
(4 > 1). 4
n=1
n2
2n
n=1
(ln n)n
nn
i na osnovu Koxijevog kriterijuma (Teorema 4.7, deo pod b)) sledi da red konvergira
(0 < 1). 4
n=1
3n (n!)2
(2n)!
i na osnovu Dalamberovog kriterijuma (Teorema 4.6, deo pod b)) sledi da red konver-
gira ( < 1).
3
4
4
i
X2 n X 5n∞ n ∞
. n n
3 3
n=1 n=1
Iz graniqnih vrednosti
r √
√ n 2n n 2nn 2
lim n an = lim n
= lim = ,
n→∞ n→∞ 3 n→∞ 3 3
r √
n
√
√ n 5n 5nn 1
lim n
an = lim = lim = ,
n→∞ n→∞ 3n n→∞ 3 3
i na osnovu Koxijevog kriterijuma (Teorema 4.7,Pdeo pod b)) sledi da redovi konver-
giraju ( < 1, < 1), a odatle konvergira i red
1 2
kao zbir dva konvergentna
∞
(2n +5)n
reda.
3 3 3n
n=1
4
i
Xn X2 ∞ 2 ∞ n
. n n
e e
n=1 n=1
Iz graniqnih vrednosti
r √
√ n n2 ( n n)2 1
lim n
an = lim = lim = ,
n→∞ n→∞ en n→∞ e e
r
√ n 2n 2
lim n
an = lim = ,
n→∞ n→∞ en e
i na osnovu Koxijevog kriterijuma (Teorema 4.7, deo pod b)) sledi da redovi konver-
giraju ( < 1, < 1), a odatle konvergira i red
1 2
P
kao zbir dva konvergentna
∞
n2 +2n
reda.
e e en
n=1
4
( e > 1).
1 2
2
4
s
√ n
1 1
lim n
an = lim n
= lim =0
n→∞ n→∞ (ln n) n→∞ ln n
i na osnovu Koxijevog kriterijuma (Teorema 4.7, deo pod b)) sledi da red konvergira
(0 < 1). 4
(3(n+1))!
an+1 (n+1)!(n+2)!(n+3)! (3n + 3)!n!(n + 1)!(n + 2)!
lim = lim (3n)!
= lim
n→∞ an n→∞ n→∞ (n + 1)!(n + 2)!(n + 3)!(3n)!
n!(n+1)!(n+2)!
(3n + 3)(3n + 2)(3n + 1)
= lim = 27
n→∞ (n + 1)(n + 2)(n + 3)
i na osnovu Dalamberovog kriterijuma (Teorema 4.6, deo pod b)) sledi da red divergira
(27 > 1). 4
((n+1)!)2 2
an+1 (n+1)2 ((n + 1)!)2 2n (n + 1)2 n2 + 2n + 1
lim = lim 2 (n!)2 = lim 2 = lim = lim =0
n→∞ an n→∞ n→∞ 2(n+1) (n!)2 n→∞ 22n+1 n→∞ 22n+1
2
i na osnovu Dalamberovog kriterijuma (Teorema 4.6, deo pod b)) sledi da red divergira
2n
(0 < 1). 4
s 2 2 ln n
√ n nn n n2 e2· n2 e0 1
lim n an = lim 1 n
= lim 1 = lim 1 = =
n→∞ n→∞ 2+ n n→∞ 2 + n→∞ 2 + 2 2
i na osnovu Koxijevog kriterijuma (Teorema 4.7, deo pod b)) sledi da red konvergira
n n
( < 1).
1
2
4
n=1
sin 1
n
n=1
n!
(2+12 )·(2+22 )·...·(2+n2
n=1
23 ·34 ·...·nn+1
24 ·35 ·...·(n−1)n+1
n=1
n
n+1
n2
n=1
nn+3
(3n+1)n
n=1
n
1
sin n
∞
X
|an |
n=1
Teorema 4.10. Ako red apsolutno konvergira, onda on i konvergira (qesto se kae
obiqno konvergira).
Definicija 4.4. Ako red konvergira (obiqno), a ne konvergira apsolutno, onda
kaemo da uslovno konvergira.
Definicija 4.5. Red (−1) a , gde su realni brojevi a , n ∈ N, svi istog znaka,
∞
n
P
n n
∞
Teorema 4.11. (Lajbnicov kriterijum) Neka je znakopromen ivi red i (−1)n an
P
n=1
neka niz an monotono tei nuli, pri qemu je monoton posle nekog n0−qlana. Tada
taj red konvergira.
Zadatak 4.40 Za koje p ∈ R red P
.
∞
n=1
(−1)n
np
konvergira apsolutno, a za koje uslovno?
Matematiqki fakultet 92 Univerzitet u Beogradu
Zlatko Lazovi - Analiza 2 I smer - verzija 2.1 10. januar 2018.
Rexee. Red ∞
konvergira za p > 1, pa red P ∞
apsolutno konvergira
P (−1)n 1 (−1)n
np =
za p > 1.
np np
n=1 n=1
Ostalo je da se ispita konvergencija za p ∈ (0, 1]. Dokazali smo da tada red ne kon-
np np
n=1
n=1
(−1)n
n
n=1
n arctg n
n2 +1
.
i konvergencije reda P ∞
(opxti qlana se ponaxa kao , C = ) sledi da red
π
2(n2 +1)
C
n2
π
2
∞ √
X
n
√
(−1) n2 +n− n2 +1 .
n=1
moemo zak uqiti da opxti qlan reda ne tei nuli, pa red divergira. 4
n=1
n
√
n
4n−1
.
Rexee. Red √ √
∞ ‘∞
X
(−1)n n X n
=
4n − 1 4n − 1
ne konvergira jer se opxti qlan ponaxa kao
n=1 n=1
√
n 1
∼ √ ,
4n − 1 4 n
√ 0 1 √
0 x √
2 x
(4x − 1) − 4 x (4x − 1) − 8x −1 − 4x
f (x) = = = √ = √ <0
4x − 1 (4x − 1)2 2 x(4x − 1) 2 2 x(4x − 1)2
pueni su uslovi za Lajbnicov kriterijum (Teorema 4.11), pa poqetni red konvergira. n→∞ 4n−1
n=1
n √ 2n
n3 +1
Rexee. Red ∞ ∞
(−1)n √ 2n = 2n
X X
√
n3 + 1 n3 + 1
ne konvergira jer se opxti qlan ponaxa kao
n=1 n=1
2n 2
√ ∼ 1,
n3 + 1 n2
a red P divergira (videti zadatak 4.8). Prema tome poqetni red ne konvergira
∞
2
apsolutno.
1
n=1 n 2
√ 2
x3 + 1 − x 2√3x
0
2x3 + 2 − 3x3 2 − x3
2x 3
x +1
f 0 (x) = √ =2· =2· 3 =2· 3 <0
x3 + 1 x3 + 1 2(x3 + 1) 2 2(x3 + 1) 2
za x > √2, pa je niz f (n) monotono opadajui za n ≥ 2. Takoe vai lim = 0. Is-
3
√ 2n
pueni su uslovi za Lajbnicov kriterijum (Teorema 4.11), pa poqetni red konvergira. n→∞ n3 +1
n=1
n2 +n+π
n2 +π
∞ 2 ∞
n2 + n + π
X
X
(−1)n ln n + n + π
= ln
n=1
n2 + π n2 + πn=1
n=1
(−1)n n
n2 +1
n=1
(−1)n
n−ln n
n=1
n
1
cos n