Chapter 2

Review of related literature and studies

This chapter provides an overview of previous research on knowledge sharing of

past research study about the title It is important to set the context of the literature
review work by firts providing:
• An explanation of the purpose of this chapter
• Reflection on the previous study done by the research
•Stating the scope of the work presented in this chapter

The main purpose of literature review work was to evaluate the previouse
research on the effect of the presence of the cellphones. This was to provide
knowledge on choosen topic and to other works (libguide,2019). This was in order to
scope out the key data collection requirements from the primary research to be
conducted, and it formed part It is now regarded as acceptable for researchers in
familianse themselves with existing research prior to collecting their own data (faster
by -smith,thorpe & lowe , 2002), even though this contracdicts the advice of
grounded theory as originally presented (glaser & strauss 1967)

An reflection on the previous work in this are a has a some purpose . Firts
through analyzing the construction of our data collected it will help to build
knowledge about our topic. And another thing ,the findings of work in the previous
literature and studies helps us to have a formal review in sustaining our perspective
about the study lastly, this chapter raised the opportunities for articulating a great
analysis of the actual effect of the presence of cell phones when the data analysis
stages of the research were all completed
 The range of secondary data sources served as the key bibliographic tools for
identifying relevant research for the past years if review . the most significant of
those data are the studies made of the proffesionals like doctor and physiatrist for
the reason of they are the one who has a lot of knowledge in knowing those effect of
the presence of cellphones. All data show are stating how the cellphone affect the
academic performance of a student and how their mental and emotional capability
change thru passage of time , also it will state how the they are being more reliante
of having cellphone and its effect to their human behavior it is some of the following
data will collect the following data collected that is not being stated on this scope will
be analyze and explain to the synthesis of this chapter.
 Foreign Literature

Mobile communication has become mainstream and even omnipresent. It is

arguably the most successful and certainly the most rapidly adopted new technology
in the world: more than one of every three people worldwide possesses a mobile
phone. This volume offers a comprehensive view of the cultural, family, and
interpersonal consequences of mobile communication across the globe. Leading
scholars analyze the effect of mobile communication on all parts of life, from the
relationship between literacy and the textual features of mobile phones to the use of
ringtones as a form of social exchange, from the "aspirational consumption" of
middle class families in India to the belief in parts of Africa and Asia that mobile
phones can communicate with the dead. The contributors explore the ways mobile
communication profoundly affects the tempo, structure, and process of daily life
around the world. They discuss the impact of mobile communication on social
networks, other communication strategies, traditional forms of social organization,
and political activities. They consider how quickly miraculous technologies come to
seem ordinary and even necessary--and how ordinary technology comes to seem
mysterious and even miraculous. The chapters cut across social issues and
geographical regions; they highlight use by the elite and the masses, utilitarian and
expressive functions, and political and operational consequences. Taken together,
the chapters demonstrate how mobile communication has affected the quality of life
in both exotic and humdrum settings, and how it increasingly occupies center stage
in peoples lives around the world. Although much mention has been made of the
importance of ICTs for transnational migrants, we know relatively little about how
these technologies affect or change everyday transnational communications.
Tracing the shift from community phone boxes to individually owned mobile (cell)
phones in rural Jamaica, in this article I focus on the integration of mobile phones in
Jamaican transnational communication. Equipped with a mobile phone, rural
Jamaicans no longer rely on collect phone calls and expensive calling cards to
initiate the connections between their friends and relatives living abroad. For many
Jamaicans without access to a regular or reliable phone service prior to 2001, the
mobile phone is viewed as an unadulterated blessing, transforming the role of
transnational communication from an intermittent event to a part of daily life. For
others, however, the mobile phone remains an object of ambivalence, bringing
unforeseen burdens and obligations.
 Foreign studies

New research on college students suggests that the mere presence of a cell
phone can impair learning during a lecture. The study, published in the journal
Computers in Human Behavior, found cell phones tended to reduce attention and
memory — even when they weren’t used.(Ian M. McDonough).“While a surge of
research has suggested that technology generally impairs learning if not used
directly for learning-related activities, cell phones and laptops are likely just going to
become more frequent in the classroom. Thus, we need to understand the factors
that impact learning in the presence of technology rather than to forcibly take away
students’ technology.”(Dr. Seungyeon Lee).“Having mobile technology has multiple
and independent negative effects on Childs emotional capability. The more having
presence of a cell phone can be distracting to the childs focus. not to mention the
obvious distraction on their performance whenever they have it. (even if they're not
using it.),” McDonough explained. “In addition, people’s own emotional state, such
as the need to feel connected to others via their mobile device, has a reliable and
negative impact on attention and learning. This problem will not be easy to fix,
especially as Children become more emotionally reliant on their cell phones or other
mobile devices because of its emerging function and design.
Accordcing to Burns and Lohenry (2010), the students equipped with the cell
phones theyre used to start their day with it. Without realizing the impact of
technology on fellow children with the area of concer. Cell phone etiquette along with
policies regarding cell phone use in the everyday life offer suggested methods for
alleviating the distraction that cell phones currently offer. Improving awareness
regarding cell phone distractions may offer value for healthcare providers bridging
professional behavior in the academia to the healthcare arena.(Dietz and Henrich
(2014)) found that since the increase of technology in the environment (e.g., use of
cell phones), there has been an increased report of a decline in overall performance
and decrease in activity done. Using cell phones has been connected with lower
recall and a decrease in student satisfaction with instruction. Comprehension has
also lessened when students use electronic devices for non-education purposes.
(Chandler-olcott and Mahar (2003)) believe classrooms that integrate technology
within everyday social learning environments will gain potential to promote more
academically related interest within the school.
As outlined learning can be impaired when attention is divided between lecture
materials and distracting activities (e.g.,Baddeley, Lewis, Eldridge, & Thomson,
1984; Craik, Govoni, Naveh-Benjamin, & Anderson, 1996; Dudukovic et al., 2009;
Fernandes &Moscovitch, 2000). Froese et al. (2012) examined the effect of
receiving text messages in lecture settings on the retention of content material. In
this study, some participants put their phone on silent and stored it out of sight and
other participants received texts from researchers during the lecture. Students in the
texting condition were asked to set their phones on vibrate and were permitted to
respond to texts immediately to any text message that they received. After the
lecture, participants completed a quiz for the lecture material. Those who were in the
condition that received text messages had lower quiz scores than those who were
asked to put their phones away (see also, Lee et al., 2017). In contrast to the
research supporting the detrimental effects and relationship between learning and
cellphone use, many students feel that cellphones enhance their learning
environment (Eyyam & Yaratan, 2014; Jan, Ullah, Ali, & Khan, 2016). Research has
indicated that, to some extent, cellphones can be positive pre- dictors for self-
directed learning (Rashid & Asghar, 2016). Cell-phones can benefit students
because of their ease of accessibility and their ability to be used as teaching
instruments. Thornton and Houser (2005) showed that cellphones can be effective
and convenient tools for distributing foreign language material to students and
demonstrated that students can learn the material using their cellphone. Similar
findings suggest that cellphones may be optimal in learning basic concepts for those
who have low verbal and visual abilities (Chen, Hsieh, & Kinshuk, 2008). These
studies differ from the viewpoint discussed earlier that cellphones are always
detrimental to learning and allow for a more balanced perspective on their impact on
attention and learning. However, the mixed findings also raise an important question:
When do cellphones negatively impact attention and learning? This study brings
forth the relationship between attentional decline as it relates to cellphone
dependency. It also aims to understand when individuals are most likely to be
distracted by their cellphones. It has been established in prior research that over
time, students begin to feel worried and show behaviors related to anxiety when they
are not allowed to check their cellphone (Cheever et al., 2014). It is also recognized
that a cellphone ring or notification, regardless of whose phone it is, can serve as a
distractor in classroom settings (End et al., 2010; Shelton et al., 2009). However, the
point during a lecture when individuals are likely to experience attentional decline
has been scarcely studied.
The researchers found that participants who were the most dependent on their
smartphones performed worse compared with their less-dependent peers, but only
when they kept their smartphones on the desk or in their pocket or bag. ( McCombs
School of Business at The University of Texas at Austin (2017))Almost all students
own a cell phone. Of the 4% who did not own a cell phone, it was revealed that they
had either lost theirs a few days ago or were new in the city and would procure one
in due course of time. It is therefore clear that cell phones are a basic requisite. In
the study done it compares with the study done by American Cancer Society,
wherein 87% of the total population possessed a cell phone. (Acharya JP, et al,
p.5)Another common symptom observed in this study was that almost half the
students complained of inability to concentrate on studies and other important
aspects of their daily lives, due to friends’ or others’ phone calls or texting activities
to which they had / wanted to respond, on an instant basis. Jennifer Meckles [8] in
her study reports that “attention” gets affected due to increase in mobile phone
usage. Many students subsequently confessed to lagging behind in academics due
to their cell phone addiction. In the study by Meckles [8] a similar finding on lack in
“performance” has been documented.Lack of sleep or insomnia was one of the most
common symptoms observed among this class of subjects.
 Local Studies

Nowadays, smartphone is the most commonly used device for studying

purposes. An application that has all resources they need on a single device. The
purpose of this study are making an educational Android app that will allow College
of Sciences students in Palawan State University to access Thesis/Research
Studies of their College. De La Salle University-Taft, Manila, Philippines has an
Android Application Thesis Database v1.0 developed by Kevin Jeff T. Cepria that
was currently available on Google Play Store and it initially displays the information
of ongoing and completed theses by CPE and ECE students of De La Salle
University-Taft, Manila, Philippines from year 2010 to 2015 (Cepria, 2016) The
Thesis Database allows user (1) add, edit, and delete thesis when logged in as
administrator, (2) view details of thesis such as authors, panelists, chair of panelists,
status adviser, academic, and etc., (3) view ongoing and completed theses by CPE
and ECE students of De La Salle University-Taft, Manila, Philippines, (4) view
SQLite database of Thesis (TOTAL OF 161 THESES) and (5) search option to focus
on each element of a thesis. In the Philip- pines and Mongolia, there has been
considerable work done with the use of SMS (short message service)/ text
messaging to expand access to education and informal learning (Libero, Ranga, &
Lambert, 2007). The adoption of cell phones, which have a huge market presence in
these coun- tries at a low cost of entry, is expanding the reach of education in the
same way as radio did in the past. The mobile phone has fundamentally affected our
society, accessibility, safety, security, and coordination of social and business
activities. It has become part of the culture of every region in the world. The uses of
mobile phones are numerous and this includes keeping contact with friends,
members of the family, conducting business and others.Local Studies
In the Philippines, records from the National Statistics Coordination Board (NSCB)
show that in 2006, cell phone use while driving ranked as the 12th most common
cause of traffic accidents. From 2001 to 2006, traffic accidents caused by cell phone
use while driving increased more than five times in the Philippines, the highest
increase among causes of traffic accidents. There are now 40 countries worldwide
restricting or banning the use of cell phones while driving. Sadly, the Philippines is
not one of them. Many appear unaware, however, that the MMDA has an existing
ban, issued since 2007, on the use of cell phones and hand-held radios while
operating or driving motor vehicles in Metro Manila. The cities of Makati and Cebu
have also imposed the same ban. Hopefully, our congressmen and senators will find
time to finally enact a law that will effectively make the ban nationwide. Many appear
unaware, however, that the MMDA has an existing ban, issued since 2007, on the
use of cell phones and hand-held radios while operating or driving motor vehicles in
Metro Manila. The cities of Makati and Cebu have also imposed the same ban.

According to the studied conducted by Cecilia Alessandra S. Uy-Tioco of New

School University(2004), cellphone technology has broken through class divisions.
Because of pre-paid numbers, people without credit history, reasonable incomes, or
permanent addresses have been able to obtain cellphones. For a country that is
socially stratified, this is very empowering. Having the capability of owning and using
a technology that the rich use is very empowering for the lower and lower-middle
classes.
 Cellphones in the Philippines are not age-specific nor are they gender-specific.
While countries like Japan and Finland attribute text messaging as a phenomenon
dominated by the youth, in the Philippines, young and old alike send and receive text
messages on a regular basis. The young may tend to use their cellphones more to
make friends, for idle chat, or to make plans with friends; and older people tend to
use it for work, to keep in touch with family members, and for keeping up with what
is going on in the country. The youth may be the quickest to learn a new technology,
but in the Philippines, it is not unusual to see grandmothers, society ladies, or priests
and nuns tapping away at their cellphones.
While there is no study that measures the cellphone uses between the sexes,
Pertierra, et al believe that is neutral about gender.92 Men may text more sexually
explicit messages, and women more gossip, but the frequency seems to be similar.
Because the medium has allowed non-confrontational communication, men and
women can pursue normally tabooed topics such as sexuality. Certainly this small
Southeast Asian nation has been a major test site for new cellphones. To many, this
is a sign of modernity, of being not too far behind the developed nations. The ability
to communicate with others across the world in real time through text messaging
gives a sense that the Filipino is present in the global stage.
Widespread cellphone use has resulted in the blurring of the private and public
spheres. While the cellphone is a private technology in that it is communication
between two people at a time, it also is a public one because we receive the calls
outside the privacy of our offices, our homes, or phone booths. It has become
acceptable for Philippine society to take cellphone calls or to check text messages
while eating or in a meeting. Visit the Makati nightspots and one will notice the
proliferation of cellphones on the tables in restaurants. Or you will notice that not
everyone in the table is engaging in conversation. Instead, some are distracted by
the constant beeping and ringing of their cellphones. Movie theaters, banks, gas
stations, and places of worship have been actively campaigning for the silencing of
cellphones in their premises. Countries like Germany have banned cellphone use
inside restaurants. But in the Philippines, it is part of daily life.<br />With the
popularity of text messaging as the main use of the cellphone, many have become
concerned on its effects on language. Already many have begun using text
shorthand in their email messages.
Paul Anthony Villegas (2000), a teacher at the Ateneo de Manila High School
noticed that his students have been using shortcuts in their compositions. In
addition, text messaging has become the new way of cheating. Students send
questions and answers to each other during exams. To combat these, elementary
and high schools have prohibited the use of cellphones during and in-between class
hours.

That cellphones have deeply affected the lives of Filipinos should by now be
evident. The Knowledge Institute of SGV & Co, Ernst & Young’s Philippine partner,
credits the growth of the cellphone industry to its mass-market appeal, its
affordability, and the convenience of a pre-paid service. Despite the fact that 40% of
the population lives on less than $1 a day, cellphones have had remarkable market
penetration at 25%. This paper has shown that the cellphone has made an
enormous impact on Philippine culture and society. But more than that, research has
revealed that there are cultural reasons unique to Philippine society that have
allowed cellphones to take root in the country. The success of any medium, certainly
the enormous success of the cellphone, means it has survived a human test.
One social impact of widespread cellphone use is that the technology has crossed
boundaries of class, gender, and age. Filipinos of all sizes, shapes, and background
have adopted this technology. Unlike other nations where the youth dominate the
text messaging phenomenon, in the Philippines, both young and old, male and
female use this technology extensively.

Cellphone technology has also allowed a developing nation like the Philippines
to participate in the global village. Not only is the Philippines up to speed in
cellphone technology, it is even ahead of some developed nations.
 Local literature

Smartphones are an integral part of people’s life. In this article, we will use the
terms “smartphone” and “mobile” interchangeably. What we have in mind whenever
we say mobile is a phone with access to the Internet. They are mobile phones highly
advanced in terms of technology, computing capabilities, and connectivity, with
functions similar to those of computers. In fact, people prefer their smartphones to
computers while surfing online (Ofcom, 2015). In 2016, the number of smartphone
users was estimated at reach 2.08 billion (Statista, 2015). The digital divide between
less advanced economies and developed economies was 31 points in 2015 for
smartphone ownership. In Poland, 41% of respondents declared owning a
smartphone; 75% of them were young people aged 18-34.

According to Pew Research Center (2015), 15% of Americans aged 18-29 are
dependent on a smartphone for Internet access. Beside calling, texting, and basic
Internet browsing, smartphones are used for online banking, seeking information
about jobs, obtaining class materials or educational contents, obtaining driving
directions in public transport, and many other purposes. When asked, smartphone
owners described their devices as “helpful” rather than “annoying,” “connecting”
rather than “distracting,” and representing “freedom” rather than functioning as a
“leash.” According to a study done on students, using smartphones during classes
hampers the ability to concentrate and makes academic
performanceworse(Samaha&Hawi,2016). With the increasing number of
smartphones, not only the benefits of using them but also the side effects should be
discussed. A new phenomenon is emerging, called phubbing. The word “phubbing”
is derived from two words: “phone” and “snubbing.” It means looking at one’s mobile
during real conversation with another person (Karadağ et al., 2015). Phubbing is
also defined as an act of snubbing the interlocutor in a social setting by looking at
one’s phone instead of paying attention (see http://stopphubbing.com/). Karadağ and
colleagues (2015) indicated that phubbing is associated with mobile addiction and
with deprivation in situations of being far from one’s phone; they also indicated that
the mobilephone is used as a tool helping in situations of loneliness, anxiety, and
worry. They distinguished two factors of phubbing: communication disturbance and
phone obsession.
 Synthesis of the study

Cellphones has a highly demand in our society and increased the usage of
cellphones to people specially teenagers who are students. Though it is useful but it
has bad factor that can affect their body and their health. And because of cellphones
it can distract the students focus on class which might lead him to bad performance
in school. There are also different kind of negative effect of too much usage of
cellphones some of bad effect is the radiation to our body and it will severe damagr
our eyesight. And according to research we need to understand the factors that
impact learning in the presence of technology rather than to forcibly take away
students’ technology.”(Dr. Seungyeon Lee).“Having mobile technology has multiple
and independent negative effects on Childs emotional capability. The more having
presence of a cell phone can be distracting to the childs focus. not to mention the
obvious distraction on their performance whenever they have it. Well it does not only
hapoen in school it also can happen outside the school to be precise anywhere. The
revolution of cellphones highly affected our society it change so much. Accordcing to
Burns and Lohenry (2010), the students equipped with the cell phones theyre used
to start their day with it. Without realizing the impact of technology on fellow children
with the area of concer. Cell phone etiquette along with policies regarding cell phone
use in the everyday life offer suggested methods for alleviating the distraction that
cell phones currently offer.
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