CCNA 2

Chapter 1

A router connects multiple networks and has multiple interfaces that each belong to a different IP
network. The router determines which interface to use to forward the packet onto its destination. Each
network that a router connects to typically requires separate interfaces, which are used to connect a
combination of both LAN’s and WAN’s. LAN’s connect via Ethernet, where-as WAN’s connect to the ISP
or via Serial.

Name the router: Hostname name: R1

Set the Password: enable secret password

Line console 0

Password password

Login

Line vty 0 4

Password password

Login

Config Int: Config t: int xx (xx=interface)

Config Banner: Banner motd # message #

Save Changes: copy running-config startup-config

Verify Config and Oper: Use the show command line.

When a router has multiple paths to a destination network and the value of that metric (hop count,
bandwidth, etc.) is the same, this is known as an equal cost metric, and the router will perform equal
cost load balancing. The routing table will contain the single destination network but will have multiple
exit interfaces, one for each equal cost path. The router will forward packets using the multiple exit
interfaces listed in the routing table.
What does a router do with a packet received from one network and destined for another network? The
router performs the following three major steps:

1. Decapsulates the Layer 3 packet by removing the Layer 2 frame header and trailer.

2. Examines the destination IP address of the IP packet to find the best path in the routing table.

3. Encapsulates Layer 3 packet into a new Layer 2 frame and forwards the frame out the exit interface.

Chapter 2

Static routes do not require the same amount of processing and overhead. A router is a special-purpose
computer.

Routers are primarily responsible for interconnecting networks by:

 Determining the best path to send packets

 Forwarding packets toward their destination

Routers perform packet forwarding by:

 learning about remote networks

 maintaining routing information

A router is the junction or intersection that connects multiple IP networks. A routers primary forwarding
decision is based on Layer 3 information, the destination address.

The router's routing table is used to find the best match between:

 the destination IP of a packet

 a network address in the routing table
The routing table determines the:

 exit interface to forward the packet

 encapsulates the packet in the appropriated data link frame for the outgoing interface

Interfaces on routers may vary from each other, determined by:

 the brand
 the model
 the capabilities

A router has a DB-60 port that can support five different cabling standards. (AKA: five-in-one serial port).

Newer routers support the smart serial interface that allows for more data to be forwarded across fewer
cable pins. The serial end of the smart serial cable is a 26-pin connector.

It is much smaller than the DB-60 connector used to connect to a five-in-one serial port. These
transition cables support the same five serial standards and are available in either DTE or DCE
configurations.

An Ethernet-based LAN environment consists of an RJ-45 connector for the unshielded twisted-pair
(UTP) cable is the most common connector used for most LANs.

An Ethernet cable uses pins 1, 2, 3, and 6 for transmitting and receiving data.

Two types of cables can be used with Ethernet LAN interfaces:

 A straight-through, or patch cable, with the order of the colored pins the same on each end of
the cable
 A crossover cable, with pin 1 connected to pin 3, and pin 2 connected to pin 6

Straight-through cables are used for:

 Switch-to-router
 Switch-to-PC
 Hub-to-PC
 Hub-to-server
Crossover cables are used for:

 Switch-to-switch
 PC-to-PC
 Switch-to-hub
 Hub-to-hub
 Router-to-router
 Router-to-server

Static routes and dynamic routes will not be added to the routing table until the local exit interfaces
have been configured.

Routing tables have routes for network addresses rather than individual host addresses.

One entry in the table represents a "family" of devices that all share the same network or address space.
The fewer the entries in the routing table, the faster the lookup process. To keep routing tables smaller,
network addresses with subnet masks are listed instead of individual host IP addresses.

Occasionally, a "host route" is entered in the routing table, which represents an individual host IP
address. It is listed with the device's host IP address and a /32 (255.255.255.255) subnet mask.

A router cannot have multiple interfaces that have the same network IP and subnet mask. Each interface
must belong to a separate network and subnet.

The router's Ethernet or FastEthernet interface will be the default gateway IP address for any devices on
that LAN. A router's Ethernet or FastEthernet interface will also participate in the ARP process as a
member of that Ethernet network.

A router's Ethernet interface participates in a LAN network just like any other device on a network. This
means that these interfaces have a Layer 2 MAC address.

The IOS routing table process checks to see if the 24 left-most bits of the packet's destination IP address
match the network address.

CDP is an information-gathering tool used by network administrators to get information about directly
connected Cisco devices. CDP is a proprietary tool that enables you to access a summary of protocol and
address information about Cisco devices that are directly connected.

Each Cisco device sends periodic messages, which are known as CDP advertisements, to directly
connected Cisco devices. These advertisements contain information such as the types of devices that are
connected, the router interfaces they are connected to, and the interfaces used to make the
connections, and the model numbers of the devices.

CDP can be used as a network discovery tool, helping you to build a logical topology of a network when
such documentation is missing or lacking in detail.
CDP operates at Layer 2 only. Therefore, CDP neighbors are Cisco devices that are directly connected
physically and share the same data link.

CDP runs at the Data Link layer connecting the physical media to the upper-layer protocols (ULPs).
Because CDP operates at the Data Link layer, two or more Cisco network devices, such as routers that
support different Network layer protocols (for example, IP and Novell IPX), can learn about each other.

CDP provides the following information about each CDP neighbor device:

 Device identifiers - For example, the configured host name of a switch

 Address list - Up to one Network layer address for each protocol supported
 Port identifier - The name of the local and remote port-in the form of an ASCII character string
such as ethernet0
 Capabilities list - For example, whether this device is a router or a switch
 Platform - The hardware platform of the device; for example, a Cisco 7200 series router

show cdp neighbors: For each CDP neighbor, the following information is displayed:

 Neighbor device ID
 Local interface
 Holdtime value, in seconds
 Neighbor device capability code
 Neighbor hardware platform
 Neighbor remote port ID

To distinguish DTE from DCE by looking at the connector between the two cables.

 DTE has a male connector

 DCE cable has a female connector