Chapter I

INTRODUCTION

Statement of the Problem

The growth of poultry industry in the Philippines has been impressive but its

problem includes the prevalence of foul odor from chicken feces. When chicken excrete,

the resulting manure is rich in nitrogen, especially the uric acid which is the chicken's

equivalent of urine. When manure becomes wet, the nitrogen within decomposes (known

as volatilization), and produces gas called ammonia, which gives off a pungent smell.

Ammonia can pose a direct health issue to backyard chickens, but when it gets out of

hand, it can offend even the most tolerant of human olfactory senses.

This study aims to suppress the ammonia emission from poultry waste and deter

the growth of bacteria with the use of Sodium Bisulfate or Sodium Chloride and

Calamansi (Citrofortunella microcarpa). Also, this study can help the locals of Bayawan

City.
Background of the Study

Poultry generally is referred to all domestic birds raised by man for the production

of eggs, meat and other benefits for human consumption. Poultry is the most progressive

animal enterprise today. It is one of the world’s major and rapid producers of meat while

in the Philippines, it has been a significant contributor to the country’s agriculture sector.

According to the Philippine Statistics Authority (PSA), as of July 2019, the total

inventory of chicken was estimated at 191.70 million birds. The inventory of layer

chicken was recorded at 40.24 million birds or 6.5 per cent higher than the previous

year’s record of 37.77 million birds. Broiler chicken inventory grew by 6.2 per cent, from

64.94 million birds in 2018 to 68.97 million birds in 2019. Native or improved chicken

inventory at 82.49 million birds declined by 1.5 per cent from its previous year’s level of

83.71 million birds.

Pollution from animal manure is a global concern and is much more acute and

serious. Environmental pollution and odor complaints related to poultry production have

increased dramatically. These odors potentially interfere with quality and enjoyment of

life (Mauderly, 2002 and Albert, 200). According to Pfost, Fulhage and Hoehne, 1999,

odor complaints are more common when the humidity is high and the air is still or when

the prevailing breezes carry odors toward populated areas. With this, the researchers

chose to study about the use of Sodium Bisulfate or Sodium Chloride and Calamansi

(Citrofortunella microcarpa) in reducing ammonia emission and bacterial growth that

causes foul odor from chicken manure.

 Salt kills some type of bacteria, effectively by sucking water out of them in a

process known as osmosis, water passes out of a bacterium so as to balance salt

concentrations on each side of its cell membrane (BBC Science Focus Magazine).

Calamansi also known as Citrofortunella microcarpa, a citrus fruit, is native to

the Philippines. Currently t is widely grown in India, throughout southern Asia, and

Malaysia. Calamansi is available year-round in the Philippines. The calamansi tree grows

to about 25 feet tall at maturity. The fruit is small, green when ripe, has a spongy or

leathery rind, is segmented and has small seeds. The pulp is very acidic.

This paper will therefore focus attention on the suppression of ammonia emission

and deter the growth of bacteria with the use of Sodium Bisulfate (NaHSO4) or Sodium

Chloride (NaCl) and Calamansi (Citrofortunella microcarpa) to eliminate the pungent

smell of ammonium gas released from chicken manure.

Theoretical Framework
Conceptual Framework
Significance of the Study

This study will be undertaken to find out the use of Sodium Bisulfate/Sodium
Chloride and Citrofortunella microcarpa in reducing ammonia emissions and bacterial
growth from poultry waste.

The result of the study will merit the following:

Poultry Farmers

The majority of the study will benefit the local farmers who owned a poultry

ranch. Through this research, poultry farmers will have cognizance in lessening

the foul odor from chicken manure.

Locality

The study will be very beneficial to the locals of Bayawan City for it will help

suppress the ammonia emissions from chicken manure and will lessen the

pungent smell from ammonium gas that causes air pollution. Also, it will give

idea to the locals who raised chickens in their little backyard.

Health of the People

Ammonium gas released from chicken manure can cause respiratory diseases.

Through this research, it can lessen the number of people who can get the disease.

Future Researchers

This research could be a reference of some future researchers who probably have

seen the same problem in their community.

 Scope and Limitations

The research does not cover everything about the poultry industry. It focuses mainly on

the reduction of ammonia emission and bacterial growth from chicken manure. The study will be

conducted in a laboratory after having gathered necessary information. In a laboratory since there

are a lot of test to undergo with the chicken feces and the temperature inside the laboratory is

controlled and it does not change.

The major problem that the researchers will encounter is the availability of laboratory in

Bayawan City. Another major problem is the availability of salt which is the Sodium Bisulfate

(NaHSO4) in the locality. Absence of related research in the area is also another challenge of the

study that hinders to compare and refer some relevant information.

Hypotheses

Ho: The Use of Sodium Bisulfate, Sodium Chloride, and Citrofortunella

microcarpa is not effective in reducing Bacterial Growth and Ammonia
Emissions from poultry waste.

Ha: The Use of Sodium Bisulfate, Sodium Chloride, and Citrofortunella

microcarpa is effective in reducing Bacterial Growth and Ammonia Emissions
from poultry waste.

Variables

Independent Variables: Calamansi (Citrofortunella microcarpa) concentration,

Sodium Bisulfate concentration, Sodium Chloride concentration.

Dependent Variables: Bacterial Growth and Ammonia Emission from chicken

feces.

Extraneous Variables: Bacterial strain, Type of chicken feed.

 Chapter II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

In the previous chapter, the researchers discussed in detail the significance of the

problem of present research study, objectives of the study and hypothesis etc. This

chapter presents the literature that has relevance and relationship to the present study.

This gave the researchers outsize perspectives which aid the researchers in

conceptualizing and understanding the study of the Use of Sodium Chloride and

Citrofortunella microcarpa in Reducing Ammonia Emissions and Bacteria Growth

from Poultry Waste. The literature and studies cited will help the researchers in the

interpretation of findings.

Related Studies and Articles

The Philippines has well-attained self-sufficiency in poultry, a prolific producer

of poultry products. About 800 million broilers are produced annually and in spite of

rising population, the country’s supply continues to meet consumer demands. Even

restaurants and those who are in the food business have steady flow (Pe, 2004).

These operations generate numerous types of odors. The reduction of land areas

available for isolation of agricultural and food processing industrial operations from the

public area and the increase in sensitivity and demand of the general public for a clean

and pleasant environment have forced all of these industries to control odor emissions

and toxic air pollutants (Rappert, et al., 2005).

 Ammonia (NH3), volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and greenhouse gases

(GHG) of animal manure origin are produced by microbial activity on the nitrogen and

carbon compounds not utilized by the animals for either maintenance or growth and

excreted in the feces and /or urine (Carey, et al., 2004; Mutlu, et al. 2005). The release of

ammonia from animal manure is dependent upon the amount of ammoniacal nitrogen

present, pH, surface area, temperature, and the amount of urease present (Mutlu, et al.,

2005; Gay and Knowlton, 2005). Therefore, for any emissions intervention to be

effective, it must exploit at least one of these avenues to prevent NH3 release into the

atmosphere (Jongebreur and Monteny, 2001).

Chicken waste is also the source of human pathogens, such as Salmonella,

Campylobacter jejuni, and Listeria monocytogenes, which can potentially contaminate

fresh produce or the environment and are frequently associated with foodborne outbreaks

this is according to Chinivasagam et al. Most bacteria grow best around neutral pH values

(6.5 - 7.0), but some thrive in very acid conditions and some can even tolerate a pH as

low as 1.0. Such acid loving microbes are called acidophiles. Even though they can live

in very acid environments, their internal pH is much closer to neutral values (Blamire,

2000).

Disinfectant efficacy for controlling aerobic bacteria, yeast, mold, and Salmonella

populations on a poultry house largely depends on disinfectant type, application rate and

exposure time (Payne, et al., 2018). Management of broiler litter to reduce ammonia

volatilization is largely a matter of controlling litter moisture and pH .

Control of litter pH over the life of the flock has proven to be a difficult task (Carey, et

al.). Reece et al. demonstrated that Ammonia release began when pH was near 7 and

reached a maximum at pH 8 and above.

Similarities

With the above mentioned studies, both studies used Sodium Bisulfate in their

methodology. The paper of the researchers J. B. Payne, S. E. Watkins, S. Beitia and G. K.

Phillips (2018) used both Sodium Chloride and Sodium Bisulfate in their methodology

and used ANOVA statistical tool to get the p-value of their null hypothesis. These

researchers also studied the growth of the bacteria Escherichia Coli as a part of their

laboratory experiments. The research study by LPELC Admin (2019) chose poultry

houses as one of their subjects of research to find the effects of Sodium Bisulfate on the

Ammonia emissions from the waste matter of poultry.

Differences

The research paper of J. B. Payne, S. E. Watkins, S. Beitia and G. K. Phillips

(2018) focused on the bacterial growth and did not study on the ammonia emissions of

the bacteria. They not only focused on bacteria as their subjects, they also focused on

fungal growth of yeast and molds on the fecal matter of poultry. They used Petri films to

culture their bacteria and fungi subjects. The researchers are planning on using petri

dishes instead of petri films. The research of LPELC Admin (2019) focused only on one

type of salt and used percentage to show the ammonia emission reduction and did not use

ANOVA statistical tool. The researchers will not only use Sodium Chloride and Sodium
Bisulfate as factors for growth and ammonia emissions of bacteria but will also use

Citrofortunella microcarpa extracts also known as Calamansi.

Sodium Bisulfate

Ammonia emission from animal housing is calculated by multiplying ammonia

concentration by airflow. Research and extensive commercial application show that the

use of Sodium Bisulfate reduces ammonia emissions two ways: by reducing ammonia

flux from the surface of the poultry litter and by reducing ventilation rates. The amount of

emissions reduction can be tailored to a specific location by varying the rate, timing, and

surface area of SBS application (Johnson, et al.). Sodium bisulfate (SBS) is a dry,

granular acid salt that has been used for many years. The use of SBS reduces ammonia

emissions two ways: by reducing ammonia flux from the surface of the poultry litter and

by reducing ventilation rates. Sodium bisulfate is hygroscopic. As water is adsorbed into

the SBS bead from the humidity in the air, the SBS is dissolved into its Na+ , H+, and

SO4 = constituents (Johnson, et al.).

The hydrogen ion reduces the pH of the litter and protonates the ammonia

molecule. The resulting ammonium is then bound by the sulfate component. This

formation of ammonium sulfate is non-reversible therefore the nitrogen in the litter is not

released as the pH increases (Ullman, et al., 2004). The sodium and hydrogen ions of

SBS exert negative pressure on the bacterial populations of the litter; decreasing total

aerobic population counts 2-3 logs (Pope and Cherry, 2000).

Sodium Chloride

Salt kills some type of bacteria, effectively by sucking water out of them. In a

process known as osmosis, water passes out of a bacterium so as to balance salt

concentrations on each side of its cell membrane (BBC Science Focus Magazine).

Calamansi (Citrofortunella microcarpa)

Citrofortunella microcarpa or Citrus mitis, also known as ‘calamansi’ is an edible

plant from Rutaceae family which has skin orange colour with a very thin green coloured

peel and have potential as antibacterial agent. The antibacterial effect of calamansi peels

extract was evaluated on Gram-positive bacteria like Bacillus subtilisand Streptococcus

spp., and Gram-negative bacteria such as Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp. (Rubiatul,

et al., 2016). The Salmonella bacterium is commonly found within the gastrointestinal

tract of chickens (Bailey, et al., Braden, et al., Zhao, et al.).

Calamansi has a pH level of 2.5 it shall not be less than 2.0 according to the Drafts

Standards for Philippine Citrus Beverage Product. Since most bacteria grow best around

neutral pH values 6.5 - 7.0 the use of Calamansi is suitable in reducing bacteria growth

because of low level of acidity.

Acetic acid is found in calamansi and other citrus fruits (Tacio, 2019). Acetic

acid and ascorbic acid are said to have strong antibacterial activities against different

microorganisms ( Monirul, et al., 2019).

 Chapter III

METHODOLOGY

Research Design

The quantitative and true experimental study aims to show how the use of

Sodium bisulfate and Citrofortunella microcarpa in reducing ammonia emissions and

bacterial growth from poultry waste.

Research Environment

The study will be conducted in a laboratory since we the researchers need to

culture the growth of bacteria and it needs a constant temperature thus, the laboratory

possess a controlled room temperature. The collection of chicken waste will happen in

Milagrosa, Nangka, Bayawan City where a poultry farm is found in the area.

Research Instruments

Through observation, online researches, and data analysis from the

laboratory, the researchers could find solutions in which of the different suppressors

could successfully obstruct the growth of bacteria and development of ammonia

emissions.
Statistical Tool

For data analysis, the researchers used ANOVA to differentiate the results and

data of the growth of bacteria and ammonia emissions from the experiment different

treatments. The data will be placed in a tabular form and a line graph to clearly know the

difference and analyze the data well.

ANOVA is used to analyzed statistical data and determine if the means or

averages of two categories of data are statically significant. To really differentiate the

data, researchers will use Bivariate Analysis as a type of statistical data analysis that is

used to analyze two variables (dependent and independent).

Data Gathering Procedure

Materials

1. Calamansi (Citrofortunella microcarpa)

2. Sodium Chloride

3. Sodium Bisulfate- a dry, granular acid salt that has been used for many years as a

pH reducer in a variety of agricultural, industrial, and food applications

4. Chicken waste

5. Cotton swab

Equipment

1. pH meter

2. rotating platform
General Procedure

Fecal samples will be taken from a poultry farm and will be thoroughly mixed

so that there is an even distribution of the bacteria. The samples will be divided in to 6 set

up with different treatments. Set up A will have no treatment, Set up B will be added with

10mL of purely Citrofortunella microcarpa extracts, Set up C will be added with 10mL

solution of water with a 5% NaCl, Set up D will be added with 10mL solution of water

with a 0.1% NaHSO4 concentration, Set up E will be added with a 10mL mixture of 95%

Citrofortunella microcarpa extracts and 5% NaCl. Set up F will be added with a 10mL

mixture of 99.9% Citrofortunella microcarp extracts and 0.1% NaHSO4. We the

researchers will first find the initial bacterial population and the initial ammonia

emissions of the samples before adding the treatment. After 2 days of treatment, the

samples will be sent to the laboratory to get the final bacterial population and ammonia

emission in the set ups. The data will be analyzed using analysis of variance or ANOVA

to determine the relationship of the 6 set ups.

Definition of Terms

Poultry- feathered animals reared for the purpose of providing meat or eggs for human
beings

Ammonia- a colorless inorganic compound of nitrogen and hydrogen with the

formula NH3, usually in gaseous form with a characteristic pungent odor. Ammonia is

irritating to the skin, eyes, nose, throat, and lungs.

Sodium Bisulfate (NaHSO4) - a dry, granular acid salt that has been used for many

years as a pH reducer in a variety of agricultural, industrial, and food applications

Sodium Chloride (NaCl)- also known as salt, an inorganic compound that is made when

Na (sodium) and Cl (chloride) come together to form white, crystalline cubes.

Calamansi ( Citrofortunella microcarpa)- is an edible plant from Rutaceae family which

has skin orange colour with a very thin green coloured peel and have potential as

antibacterial agent

Flavonoids – phenolic groups of plants that is responsible on antimicrobial activity

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 Use of Sodium Chloride, Sodium Bisulfate and Calamansi (Citrofortunella
microcarpa) in Reducing Ammonia Emissions and Bacterial Growth from Poultry
Waste

A Research Paper Presented

To Research 12

By:

JAY MICHAEL L. FERRATER

KRISTAN JAY T. GABAY

KEYTH ABEGAIL T. RENDON

ANGELA L. QUISAY

KAYE ANGEL F. TAN

KAREN MAE M. TELMO

Bayawan City Science and Technology Education Center

2020