DEVELOPMENT OF MATHEMATICAL MODEL FOR CENTRIFUGAL PUMP USED IN TYPICAL COMBAT

AIRCRAFT

Mohammad Raqib - 15BEM0034

Akshay Galgunde - 15BME0621
Ajay Deshpande - 15BME0813
Project ID -B18INOTH014
Second Review Presentation

Prof. Govindha Rasu Date of Presentation:

School of Mechanical Engineering
Project Guide 04/03/2019
 2
CONTENTS

 Types of impeller
 Methodology
 Pump data used for validation
 Simulink models
 Impeller profile equation
 Incidence loss
 Incidence loss layer loss result and discussion
 Boundary layer loss in impeller blades
 Boundary layer loss result and discussion
 Slip factor loss
 Slip factor loss result and discussion
 Results
2
TYPES OF IMPELLER
OPEN IMPELLER
• Structurally weak
• Used in smaller pump
• Easier to clean and repair
• Prone to leakages
• Used for liquid with
suspended solid
• Low cost
SEMI-OPEN IMPELLER
• Average mechanical strength
• Used for water pump
• Easier to clean and repair
• Prone to leakages
• Used for liquid with
small suspended solid
• Reduced efficiency
3
CLOSED IMPELLER
• High mechanical strength
• Used for volatile fluids
• Hard to clean and repair
• Used for liquid without
suspended solid
• High efficiency and High cost
• Used in aerospace application
 4
METHODOLOGY

 First, we derived the basic equations of centrifugal pump.

 Then, Using Simulink, we constructed a model of centrifugal
pump demonstrating the equations of centrifugal pump.
 The impeller profile equation is found out using curve fitting
method, and the profile is used in finding the bounder layer
loss in impeller.
 The incidence loss equation is derived for pump without
inlet vanes.
 The Simulink model for losses is incorporated in ideal
model to found out real performance.
 PUMP DATA USED FOR VALIDATION 5
Pump 1 Pump 2
Number of blades 4 7
Wrap
pu angle 187.5 deg • Pump 2 75 deg
Number of blades = 4
Inlet angle 19.25 deg Number of blades
15 deg= 7
Wrap Angle = 187.5°
Outlet angle 23.76 deg Wrap Angle 31.6
= 75°deg
Inlet angle = 19.25°
Inlet angle = 15°
Outlet angle = 23.76°
Inner radius 18mm
Outlet angle86mm
= 31.6°
Outer Radius = 72mm
Outer radius 72mm Outer Radius209.7mm
= 209.7mm
Inner radius = 18mm
Width Inner radius = 86mm
Width ofofblade
Blade= 10mm 10mm 50mm
Blade Thickness = 5mm
Width of blade = 50mm
Blade thickness 5mm 10mm
Flowrate = 0.001445m³/s Blade Thickness = 10mm
Flow
Speedrate
= 2882rpm .001445m3/s .08m3/s
Flowrate = 0.08m³/s
Head
Speed= 30.62m 282rpm Speed = 1400rpm
1400rpm
Calculated head = 32.79m Head = 70m
Head 30.62m 70m
Calculated head = 64.56m
Calculated head 32.79m 64.56m
 6
Inlet Velocity Triangle :
SIMULINK MODEL OF CENTRIFUGAL PUMP 7
SIMULINK MODEL FOR SPECIFIC WORK 8
 9
SiMULINK MODEL FOR VELOCITY TRIANGLE
 10
IMPELLER PROFILE EQUATION

 The design of impeller profile is done with plotting points on

reference circles with constant increment in increase of circle
radius.
 The angle covered by the impeller arc at origin is called as wrap
angle.
 The wrap angle is divided into equal parts such that there should
be given number of points to draw a spline line through the points.
 Here the wrap angle is divided into 9 equal parts to get 10 points to
draw spline profile of impeller.
 The constant increment in increase of radius is found out by
dividing the difference between outer radius and inner radius by 45
for 10-point plotting.
IMPELLER PROFILE EQUATION 11
 12
IMPELLER PROFILE EQUATION

 To find the generalized equation of impeller profile least square

curve fitting method is used.
 The coordinated are given in the polar form with wrap angle, inner
radius, and outer radius as the parameters for generalized case.
 Here r is radius of impeller at given angle.
 The profile assumed to be in quadratic form with A and B as
constant to be found out.
 13
IMPELLER PROFILE EQUATION

 Let
 𝑟 = 𝑟1 + 𝐴𝜃 + 𝐵𝜃 2
 Using least square curve fitting method,
 𝑉 = 𝑟1 + 𝐴𝑢 + 𝐵𝑢2
 Table 2.3.1-least square curve fitting method for impeller profile
Sr. 𝑢 𝑉 𝑢𝑉 𝑢2 𝑢2 𝑉 𝑢3
No
0 0є 𝑟1 + 0
є(0) 0є2 0є2 0є3
1 10є 𝑟1 + 𝑑 є(10𝑟1 + 10𝑑 ) 100є2 (100𝑟1 +100𝑑 )є
2
1000є3

2 20є 𝑟1 + 3𝑑 є(20𝑟1 + 60𝑑 ) 400є2 (400𝑟1 +1200𝑑 )є

2
8000є3

3 30є 𝑟1 + 6𝑑 є(30𝑟1 + 180𝑑 ) 900є2 (900𝑟1 +162000𝑑 )є

2
27000є3
4 40є 𝑟1 + 10𝑑 є(40𝑟1 + 400𝑑 ) 1600є2 (1600𝑟1 +640000𝑑 )є 2
64000є3
5 50є 𝑟1 + 15𝑑 є(50𝑟1 + 750𝑑 ) 2500є2 (2500𝑟1 +1875000𝑑 )є
2
125000є3
6 60є 𝑟1 + 21𝑑 є(60𝑟1 + 1260𝑑 ) 3600є2 (3600𝑟1 +4536000𝑑 )є
2
216000є3
7 70є 𝑟1 + 28𝑑 є(70𝑟1 + 1960𝑑 ) 4900є2 (4900𝑟1 +9604000𝑑 )є
2
343000є3
8 80є 𝑟1 + 36𝑑 є(80𝑟1 + 2880𝑑 ) 6400є2 (6400𝑟1 +18432000𝑑 )є 2
512000є3
9 90є 𝑟1 + 45𝑑 є(90𝑟1 + 4050𝑑 ) 8100є2 (8100𝑟1 +32805000𝑑 )є 729000є
2 3

∑𝑢 ∑𝑉 ∑𝑢𝑉 ∑𝑢2 ∑𝑢2 𝑉 ∑𝑢3 =

= 450є = 10𝑟1 = є(450𝑟1 = 28500є2 = (28500𝑟1 2025000є3 7
+ 165 + 11550𝑑 + 68055300)є2
 15
IMPELLER PROFILE EQUATION

 ∑𝑉 = ∑𝑛 + ∑𝑢 + ∑𝑢2
 10𝑟1 + 165𝑑 = 10𝑟1 + 450є𝐵 + 28500є2 𝐶
 ∑𝑢𝑉 = ∑𝑢2 + ∑𝑢3
 є(450𝑟1 + 11550𝑑) = 450є𝑟1 + 28500є2 𝐵 + 2025000є3 𝐶
Using Cramer’s Rule and substituting
𝑟2 −𝑟1
 𝑑=
45
11
 450є𝐵 + 28500є2 𝐶 = (𝑟2 − 𝑟1 )
3
770
 28500є2 𝐵 + 2025000є3 𝐶 = (𝑟2 − 𝑟1 )
3
 16
IMPELLER PROFILE EQUATION

 Cramer’s Rule
450 28500
 𝐷= = 99 × 106 є4
28500 2025000
11
(𝑟2 − 𝑟1 ) 28500
3
 𝐷𝑥 = 770 = 0.11 × 106 (𝑟2 − 𝑟1 )є3
(𝑟2 −𝑟1 ) 2025000
3

11
450 (𝑟2 − 𝑟1 )
3
 𝐷𝑦 = 770 = 0.011 × 106 (𝑟2 − 𝑟1 )є2
28500 (𝑟2 −𝑟1 )
3
 17
IMPELLER PROFILE EQUATION

𝐷𝑥 𝐷𝑦
 𝐴= 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵=
𝐷 𝐷
0.11 0.011
 𝐴= 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵=
99є 99є2
 For generalised Wrap angle
 𝜃 = є(90) , where є – wrap angle ratio
(𝑟2 −𝑟1 )𝜃 (𝑟2 −𝑟1 )𝜃2
 ∴ 𝑟 = 𝑟1 + + here 𝜃 is in degrees.
900є 9000є2
 Blade passage length is determined by integrating the
blade profile equation.
𝜃 (𝑟2 −𝑟1 )𝜃 (𝑟2 −𝑟1 )𝜃2 2 (𝑟2 −𝑟1 ) 2(𝑟2 −𝑟1 )𝜃 2
 𝐿= ‫׬‬0 𝑟1 + + + + 𝑑𝜃
900є 9000є2 900є 9000є2
 18
INCIDENCE LOSS

 For maximum performance the relative inlet

velocity angle has to match with the impeller inlet
angle. This condition is called as design condition.
 At off design condition the angles do not match
and incidence head loss is induced. This loss is
equal to head due to velocity difference at
design and off design conditions.
 The velocity diagram used for calculating the loss
is shown below
VELOCITY TRIANGLE FOR INCIDENCE LOSS 19
 20
INCIDENCE LOSS

 From velocity triangle in fig.

𝐶𝑟1
 𝑤1 =
sin 𝛽1

 𝐶𝜃1 = 𝑢1 − 𝑤1 cos(𝛽1 )
 𝐶𝜃1 = 𝑢1 − 𝐶𝑟1 cot(𝛽1 )
 Incidence loss velocity is given by
 𝑉𝑠 = 𝐶1′ cos 𝛽1 − 𝐶𝜃1
 ∴ 𝑉𝑠 = 2𝐶𝑟1 cot 𝛽1 − 𝑢
2𝐶𝑟1 cot 𝛽1 −𝑢1 2
 𝐻𝑠 =
2𝑔
 21
SIMULINK MODEL FOR INCIDENCE LOSS
 22
INCIDENCE LOSS

• The incidence head loss

25

increases as operating
conditions deviate from 20

design conditions. The

Incidence Head loss (m)

maximum loss can be as 15

large as 50 percent of
10
ideal head. To optimize
the performance the 5

pump should run at

design condition. 0
0 0.0005 0.001 0.0015Flowrate
0.002(m3/s)0.0025 0.003 0.0035 0.004
 23
BOUNDARY LAYER LOSS IN IMPELLER BLADES

 Hagen Poiseuille formula for head loss in Newtonian

fluid through circular pipe is given by
8𝜇𝑄𝐿
𝐻𝑓 =
𝐴𝜌𝑔𝑟 2
 Formula for head loss through circular pipe can be
used for rectangular pipe by matching the cross-
sectional area of both pipes. The error due to the
conversion is up to 4 percent in final head loss.
 The length of the impeller (L) can be found out using
impeller profile equation.
 The width of impeller (b) is width for rectangular section
at mean radius. The height is the arc length between
two impellers at mean radius.
 24
BOUNDARY LAYER LOSS IN IMPELLER BLADES

 The length of the impeller (L) can be found out using

impeller profile equation.
 The width of impeller (b) is width for rectangular section
at mean radius. The height is the arc length between
two impellers at mean radius.
 Reynolds number at various radii (ri, ro, rmean)

𝜌𝑣𝑑 𝜌𝑄 4𝑎 4𝜌𝑄
 𝑅𝑒 = = = ….. Generalized equation
µ 𝑛µ𝑎 𝑃 𝑛µ𝑃
 25
BOUNDARY LAYER LOSS IN IMPELLER BLADES

 Finding Re at mean radius :

4𝜌𝑄 4𝜌𝑄
Re= =
𝑛µ𝑃 𝑛µ[2𝑏+2[𝜋 𝑟1+𝑟2 −𝑡]
𝑛
 If Re<2300. Flow will be laminar and head loss is given by
32µ𝑉𝐿 𝑉𝐿𝜋 𝜋𝑄𝐿
ℎ𝑓= = 8µ = 8µ
𝜌𝑔𝑑 2 𝜌𝑔𝜋𝑟 2 𝜌𝑔𝐴.𝐴
𝜋𝑄𝑑𝑙
𝑑ℎ = 8µ 𝜌𝑔𝑛𝐴2
𝜋𝑄𝑑𝑙 𝜋𝑄 (𝑟 2 +(𝑑𝑟/𝑑𝜃)2 )𝑑𝜃
𝑑ℎ = 8µ 𝜋𝑟 2= 8µ 𝜋𝑟 2
𝜌𝑔𝑛 𝑏 −𝑡 𝜌𝑔𝑛 𝑏 −𝑡
𝑛 𝑛
𝜋𝑄 (𝑟 2 +(𝑑𝑟/𝑑𝜃)2 )
ℎ𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠 = 8µ 𝜋𝑟 2 𝑑𝜃
𝜌𝑔𝑛 𝑏 −𝑡
𝑛
 26
BOUNDARY LAYER LOSS IN IMPELLER BLADES

 If Re>2300. Flow will be turbulent. Head loss is given as.

1/4 , 𝑓𝐿𝑣 2
𝐹 = 0.316/𝑅𝑒 ℎ=
2𝑔𝐷
0.316𝑄.𝑄
𝑑ℎ𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠 = 1 𝑑𝐿
𝑅𝑒 4 𝐴2 2𝑔𝐷𝑛2

To find diameter, equating areas

𝜋𝑟 2
𝜋𝐷2 𝜋𝑟 2 4𝑏 −𝑡
𝑛
= 𝑏 −𝑡 →𝐷=
4 𝑛 𝜋

0.316𝑄𝑄 (𝑟 2 +(𝑑𝑟/𝑑𝜃)2 )
𝑑ℎ𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠 = 1 1 d𝜃
𝜋𝑟 2 2 𝜋𝑟 2
𝑅𝑒 4. 𝑏 𝑛 −𝑡 𝑛2 2𝑔 𝑏 𝑛 −𝑡
𝜋
 27
BOUNDARY LAYER LOSS IN IMPELLER BLADES

𝟎.𝟑𝟏𝟔𝑸.𝑸 (𝒓𝟐 +(𝒅𝒓/𝒅𝜽)𝟐 )

𝒅𝒉𝒍𝒐𝒔𝒔 = 𝟏 𝟏 𝒅𝜽
𝝅𝒓 𝟐 𝟐 𝝅𝒓 𝟐
𝑹𝒆 𝟒. 𝒃 𝒏 −𝒕 𝒏𝟐 𝟐𝒈 𝒃 𝒏 −𝒕
𝝅

𝟎.𝟑𝟏𝟔𝑸𝟐 (𝒓𝟐 +(𝒅𝒓/𝒅𝜽)𝟐 )

𝒅𝒉𝒍𝒐𝒔𝒔 = 𝟏 𝒅𝜽
𝟒𝝆𝑸 𝟒 𝝅𝒓 𝟓/𝟒 𝟐
𝝅 𝒓
. 𝒃 𝒏 −𝒕 𝒏𝟐 𝟐𝒈
𝒏µ[𝟐𝒃+𝟐[ 𝒏 −𝒕] 𝝅

𝟎.𝟑𝟏𝟔𝑸𝟐 (𝒓𝟐 +(𝒅𝒓/𝒅𝜽)𝟐 )

𝒉𝒍𝒐𝒔𝒔 = ‫׬‬ 𝟏 𝒅𝜽
𝟒𝝆𝑸 𝟒 𝝅𝒓 𝟓/𝟒 𝟐
𝝅 𝒓
. 𝒃 𝒏 −𝒕 𝒏𝟐 𝟐𝒈
𝒏µ[𝟐𝒃+𝟐[ 𝒏 −𝒕] 𝝅
BOUNDARY LAYER LOSS IN IMPELLER BLADES
r1=0.086;
28
r2=0.2047;
theta=75;
limit=theta*pi/180;
Q=0.08;
n=7;
b=0.05;
t=0.01;
u=8.9*0.0001;
den=1000;
w=theta/90;
a=r2-r1;
arc=pi/n;
loss = @(x) 0.01.*Q.*Q.*sqrt((r1+(a.*x)./(5.*pi.*w) + (3.6.*a.*x.*x)./(pi.*pi.*w.*w)).^2 + ((a)./(5.*pi.*w) +
(7.2.*a.*x)./(pi.*pi.*w.*w)).^2).*((b.*(arc*(r1+(a.*x)./(5.*pi.*w) + (3.6.*a.*x.*x)./(pi.*pi.*w.*w))-t)).^(-
1.25)).*((n).^(-2)).*((den.*Q).^(-0.25)).*((2.*u.*n.*(b-t+(arc.*(r1+(a.*x)./(5.*pi.*w) +
(3.6.*a.*x.*x)./(pi.*pi.*w.*w)).^(0.25)))));
headloss = integral(loss,0,limit);
 29
BOUNDARY LAYER LOSS

• The boundary layer loss 7.00E-08

equation, it is clear that it

6.00E-08
depends on viscosity. So, if
the fluid of low viscosity is 5.00E-08

pumped then this boundary

Boundary Layer Loss (m)

4.00E-08

layer loss is insignificant but if

the viscosity is high it is 3.00E-08

significant. Also, boundary

2.00E-08

layer loss depends on length

of blade passage which in 1.00E-08

turn depends on the wrap

0.00E+00

angle. 0 0.0005 0.001 0.0015 0.002 0.0025

Flowrate (m3/s)
0.003 0.0035 0.004
 30
SLIP FACTOR

• The slip factor is a measure of the fluid slip in the impeller of a

compressor or a turbine. Fluid slip is the deviation in the angle at
which the fluid leaves the impeller from the impeller's blade angle.
 31
SLIP FACTOR

 Stodola's Equation: According to Stodola, it is the relative eddy

that fills the entire exit session of the impeller passage. For a
given flow geometry, the slip factor increases with the increase
in the number of impeller blades.
 Using Stodola’s equation
𝐶𝑟2
∅2 =
𝑢2
𝜋 sin 𝛽2 𝐶 ′
𝜎 =1− = 𝜃2
𝑛 1−cot 𝛽2 𝐶𝜃2
𝐶2′ = (𝐶𝜃2 )2 + (𝐶𝑟2 )2
𝐶2′ = (𝜎𝐶𝜃2 )2 + (𝐶𝑟2 )2
(𝑤2 ′)2 = 𝑢2 − 𝜎𝐶𝜃2 2 + 𝐶𝑟2 2
 32
SIMULINK MODEL FOR SLIP FACTOR
 33

RESULTS
 34
SIMULINK MODEL
 35
PUMP CHARACHTERSTICS

50

45

Ideal head
40

35 Actual Head

30 Slip factor loss

Head(m)

25 Incidence loss

20 BL loss

15

10

0
0.00025 0.0005 0.001 0.001445 0.002 3/s)
Flowrate(m 0.0025 0.003 0.0035

All the losses and Actual head is shown in the plot. From this we can
conclude that 0.001m³/s is a design head at which the actual head
is maximum and the losses are minimum.
 36
PUMP CHARACTERISTICS

Pump characteristics
80 800

70 700
Head(m)
60 600
NPSH(m)
50 500
hydraulic efficiency(%)

40 400 Power(watt)

30 300

20 200

10 100

0 0
0.00025 0.0005 0.001 0.001445 0.002 0.0025 0.003 0.0035
Flowrate(m3/sec)

From the pump characteristic plot it can be concluded that there exist a flow rate at
which the head is maximum. This flow rate is called as design flow rate. At design flow
rate the losses are minimum and therefore the hydraulic efficiency is maximum. Also
the hydraulic efficiency is maximum at design condition. The Maximum power output
is obtained at off design condition but with lower hydraulic efficiency
 37
HEAD VS FLOWRATE AT VARIOUS OUTLET ANGLES

Head vs Flowrate
41 B2=9

39 B2=11

B2=13
37
B2=15
35
B2=17
Head(m)

33
B2=19
31
B2=21

29 B2=23

27 B2=25

B2=27
25
0.0005 0.001 0.0015 0.002 0.0025 0.003 B2=29
Flowrate(m3/sec)

From above plot between flowrate and head at various outlet angles conclusion can
be drawn as the effect of change in outlet blade angle at high flow rate is less
significant as compared to a low flow rate. Therefore in high flowrate pumps the
effect of outlet angle is less significant.
 38
HEAD VS FLOWRATE AT VARIOUS INLET ANGLES
Head vs Flowrate
41

39

B2=9
37
B2=11

35 B2=13
B2=15
Head(m)

33 B2=17
B2=19
31 B2=21
B2=23
29
B2=25
B2=27
27
B2=29

25
0.0005 0.001 0.0015 0.002 0.0025 0.003
Flowrate(m3/sec)

From above plot between flowrate and head at various inlet angles
conclusion can be drawn as the effect of change in inlet blade angle at
design flow rate is less significant as compared to at off design flow rate.
 39
HEAD VS FLOWRATE FOR NUMBER OF BLADES
40

35

30

25
Head(m)

3 Blades
20
4 Blades

15 5 Blades
6 Blades
10

0
0 0.0005 0.001 0.0015 0.002 0.0025 0.003 0.0035 0.004
Flow rate(m3/s)

From the above plot it can be concluded that at high flow rate the effect of changes in
number of blade is less significant. As the number of blade increases the head also increases
at given flowrate but as number of blade increases the moment of inertia of impeller increases
which increases mechanical losses and transient state power required in startup. When the
number of blade goes beyond limit, the stadola equation cannot be applied and the losses
become more significant.
 40
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