Professional Documents
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Unit1 140616044531 Phpapp01 PDF
Unit1 140616044531 Phpapp01 PDF
Unit1 140616044531 Phpapp01 PDF
CIVIL ENGINEERING
MATERIALS
Conventional Bricks:
The dimensions of conventional bricks vary from 21 to 25 cm in l
ength,10 to 13 cm in width and 7.5 to 10 cm in thickness in
different countries.
But the commonly adopted size of conventional brick is
23x11.4x7.5 cm.
Standard Brick:
In different countries different sizes of bricks are used. Therefore
to uniform size of the brick throughout the country, ISI suggested
a uniform brick size which known as standard brick.
The nominal size of the brick is 20x10x10cm and the actual size
is 19x9x9cm.
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Bricks Type:
There are various types of bricks used in masonry.
1.Common Burnt Clay Bricks
2.Sand Lime Bricks (Calcium Silicate Bricks)
3.Engineering Bricks
4.Cement Bricks
5.Fly ash Clay Bricks
Cement Bricks:
•Burnt bricks are becoming more costly due to increasing fuel cost. Therefore
hollow cement block are increasingly used in construction.
•In this process, cement mortar is pressed in machine mould. The mould is hollow
in the center to reduce weight of the brick and cost.
•These bricks are very strong. They keep the house cool since they are hollow in
between and air is bad conductor of heat.
•They need less material for plaster & less expenses on outdoor colour. Size -
6 12x8x4 inch
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Engineering Bricks:
•Engineering bricks are bricks manufactured at extremely high temperatures, forming
a dense and strong brick, allowing the brick to limit strength and water absorption.
•Some studies have shown that these bricks tend to fail poor produce pop-
outs, when bricks come into contact with moisture and water, causing the
bricks to expand.
•A fire brick is used for lining the interiors of ovens, chimneys and furnaces.
•Broken brick are used as a ballast material for railway tracks, and also as a
road metal.
•Bricks are also used for face-work when artistic effect is required.
(2) Durability:
Durability is the power of stone to resist atmospheric and other external effects.
It depends upon:
Chemical composition,
Physical structure,
Resistance to weathering effects,
Place where it is used
Stone which contain silicates will be durable than those stone which contain
calcareous substances.
Reliability:
When exposed to fire stone should be reliable (good in quality).
Weight:
This is an important characteristic of stone. It depends upon the type of structure
of stone in which we shall use.
E.g. we shall use heavy stones in the construction of the dams, bridges, etc.
Strength:
It is power of stone to sustain pressure or resistance to crushing force.
Average crushing strength of stone is 3 tons per square inch.
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Appearance and color:
Highly colorful stones are preferred for architectural purpose but
those are soft and thus less durable. Therefore, lighter stones are
preferred than to darker ones.
Physical Strength:
Crystalline structures are more durable than non-crystalline
structure stone
Seasoning Qualities:
A good building stone should have good seasoning qualities. All the
stones contain some moisture which is known as quarry sap stones.
The period 3-6 months are enough for seasoning.
Fire resistance:
A good building stone should be fire resistant. Some stones such as
basalt and trap resist fire very well but some varieties of igneous and
metamorphic stones are very weak against fire.
.
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CLASSIFICATION OF ROCKS (STONES) OR
VARIETIES OF STONES:
There are three main classes of rocks.
(1) CHEMICAL CLASSIFICATION:
Chemically stones are stones are classified into three groups.
(i) Argillaceous Rocks:
Argillaceous or clay stones are those stones which contain (alumina Al2O3) (clay) as
principal constituent. These stones are less durable stones. All clay stones belong to this
group.
The examples of argillaceous rocks are Slate, Laterite, etc.
(ii) Silicious Rocks:
The stones which contain (Silica SiO2) as principal constituent are called silicious
rocks. These stones are durable stones.
The examples of silicious rocks are granite, Quartzite and Sand stone etc.
(iii) Calcareous Rocks:
The stones which contain calcareous material (CaCO3) as principal constituent are
called calcareous rocks. They also contain some proportion of siliceous and clay
matter.
The examples of calcareous rocks are marble stone and lime stone, etc.
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(2) PHYSICAL CLASSIFICATION:
Physically rocks are classified as:
(i) Stratified Rocks:
The rocks which are split into thin slabs or layers easily are called stratified rocks. All
sedimentary rocks are essentially stratified and metamorphic rocks may be either
stratified or unstartified depending upon its parent rock.
The examples of stratified rocks are Slate, Sand stone and Lime stone.
(ii) Unstratified Rocks:
These rocks do not show sign of stratification and can not be easily split into thin
slabs or layers are called unstratified rocks. All igneous rocks are essentially
unstratified and metamorphic rocks may be either stratified or unstartified.
The examples of unstratified rocks are Granite, Basalt and Lime Trap.
(iii)Foliated rocks:
These rocks have a tendency to be split up in a definite direction only.
Foliated structure is very common in case of metamorphic rocks.
(4)Practical classification
Practical classification is based on the usage. Practically stones have been
classified as granite, basalt, laterite, marble, limestone, sandstone and slate.
Types of aggregates:
(1) Fine aggregate
It is the aggregate whose particles pass through 4.75mm mesh
sieve but are retained on 0.15 mm mesh sieve completely.
Sand,crushed stones,ashes,etc.are the examples of the fine
aggregate.
(2)coarse aggregate
It is the aggregate whose particles completely pass through
75mm mesh sieve and are entirely retained on 4.75 mm mesh sieve.
Broken rocks ,ballast,brick bats,gravels,etc are the examples of
the coarse aggregate
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Qualities(Properties) Aggregate:
Aggregates are insoluble in water.
They are of moderate weight.
They are not affected by weathering effect.
They are strong and durable.
They have resistance to corrosion.
They have resistance to scratches.
The aggregate should not contain any organic substances.
The aggregate should not be porous.
The aggregate should be well graded
The surface texture of the aggregate should be rough.
The particles of aggregate should be hard, strong,and durable.
Uses of Aggregates:
•As a base material underneath highways,walkways,airport,runways,parking lots and
railroads.
•As a raw material used in combination with other resources to construct many of the
items we rely on to sustain our quality of living. These include:
•Houses and apartments;Roads,bridges and parking lots; schools and hospitals;
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commercial buildings, airports and runways.
CEMENT
The natural cement is obtained by burning and crushing the stones containing
clay,carbonate of lime and some amount of carbonate of magnesia.
The natural cement is brown in color and its best variety is known as the
roman cement.
Ingredients of cement:
Advantages
•Ability to be cast
•Economical
•Durable
•Fire resistant
•Energy efficient
•On-site fabrication
Constituents:
Mixture of aggregate and paste
paste 30 to 40%
portland cement 7% to 15% by Vol.
water 14% to 21% by Vol.
Aggregates 60% to 70%
carse aggregates
Fine aggregates
0 Admixtures
Water
•Needed for two purposes:
•chemical reaction with cement
•workability
•Only 1/3 of the water is needed for chemical reaction
•Extra water remains in pores and holes
•Results in porosity
•Good for preventing plastic shrinkage cracking and workability
•Bad for permeability, strength, durability.
Admixtures
•Chemical
•set retarders
•set accelerators
•water reducing
•air entraining
•Mineral
•fly ash
•silica fume
•slags
Workability
Consistency
Segregation
Bleeding
Setting Time
Unit Weight
Uniformity
% Moisture Situation
Content
22-20% Limit of air seasoned wood
20% Limit for the occurrence of dry rot
16% Outdoor furniture
12-14% Occasionally heated areas
11-13% Heated areas
9-11% Very heated areas
(I) Natural/Air seasoning: In this method, the seasoning of timber is carried out by
natural air and hence it is also sometimes referred to as air seasoning.
Flexible materials like butyl rubber, hot bitumen, plastic sheets, bituminous
felts, sheets of lead, copper, etc.
Semi-rigid materials like mastic asphalt
Rigid materials like impervious bricks, stones, slates, cement mortar or cement
concrete painted with bitumen, etc.
Stones
Mortar with waterproofing compounds
Coarse sand layers under floors
Continuous plastic sheets under floors
Asphalt
•Asphalt is a sticky, black and highly viscous liquid or semi-solid form of petroleum.
•Until the 20th century, the term asphaltum was also used.
•The terms asphalt and bitumen are often used interchangeably to mean both natural and
manufactured forms of the substance
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Asphalt
•The terms bitumen and asphalt are mostly interchangeable, except where
asphalt is used as an abbreviation for asphalt concrete.
•This article uses "asphalt/bitumen" where either term is acceptable.
•The terms asphalt and bitumen are often used interchangeably to mean both
natural and manufactured forms of the substance.
•In American English, asphalt (or asphalt cement) is the carefully refined
residue from the distillation process of selected crude oils.
• Outside the United States, the product is often called bitumen.
•Geological terminology often prefers the term bitumen.
•Common usage often refers to various forms of asphalt/bitumen as "tar",
such as at the La Brea Tar Pits.
•Another term, mostly archaic, refers to asphalt/bitumen as "pitch".
•The pitch used in this mixture is sometimes found in natural deposits but
usually made by the distillation of crude oil.
Modern usage
In British English, the word 'asphalt' is used to refer to a mixture of mineral
aggregate and asphalt/bitumen (also called tarmac in common parlance).
The earlier word 'asphaltum' is now archaic and not commonly used.
Is a type of asphalt which differs from dense graded asphalt (asphalt concrete) in that it has a higher
asphalt/bitumen (binder) content, usually around 7–10% of the whole aggregate mix, as opposed to
rolled asphalt concrete, which has only around 5% added asphalt/bitumen.
This thermoplastic substance is widely used in the building industry for waterproofing flat roofs and
tanking underground.
Mastic asphalt is heated to a temperature of 210 °C (410 °F) and is spread in layers to form an
impervious barrier about 20 millimeters (0.8 in) thick.
Asphalt Emulsion
Slurry seal involves the creation of a mixture of asphalt emulsion and fine crushed
aggregate that is spread on the surface of a road.
Cold-mixed asphalt can also be made from asphalt emulsion to create pavements
similar to hot-mixed asphalt, several inches in depth and asphalt emulsions are also
blended into recycled hot-mix asphalt to create low-cost pavements.
Lacquer
In a general sense, lacquer is a somewhat imprecise term for a clear or
coloured wood finish that dries by solvent evaporation.
It is also often a curing process as well that produces a hard, durable
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Modern Use
Petroleum production, alternatives and
bioasphalt