MECHANICS OF DEFORMABLE BODIES

LECTURE NO. 2
MECHANICS OF DEFORMABLE BODIES
LECTURE NOTES # 2
REFERENCE: STRENGTH OF MATERIALS BY ANDREW PYTEL
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS BY R.C. HIBBILER

STRAIN
It is the geometric quantity that measures the deformation of the body. There are two
types of strain: normal strain which characterized dimensional changes and shear strain which
describes distortion (changes in angle).

AXIAL DEFORMATION: STRESS-STRAIN DIAGRAM

NORMAL (AXIAL STRAIN)
The normal strain, ε, is defined as the elongation per unit length.
δ
ε=
L

STRESS-STRAIN DIAGRAM
PROPORTIONAL LIMIT AD HOOKE’S LAW
σ =Eε
where: E is a material property knonw as the modulus of elasticity or Young’s Modulus. For steel
E = 200GPa or 29x10^6 psi

ELASTIC LIMIT
A material is said to be elastic if being loaded the material return ti its original shape
when the load is removed. The elastic limit implies the stress beyond which the material is no
longer elastic. The deformation that remains after removal of the load is called permanent set.
However, elastic limit is slightly larger than the proportional limit.

YIELD POINT
Beyond the yield point there is an appreciable elongation or yielding of the material
without the corresponding increase in load.

ULTIMATE STRESS
The ultimate stress or ultimate strength is often called te highest stress on the stress-strain
curve.

RUPTURE STRESS
The rupture stress or rupture strength is the stress at which failure occurs.

WORKING STRESS AND FACTOR OF SAFETY

The working stress σw also called the allowable stress is the maximum safe axial stress
used in design. In most design, the working stress should be limited to values not exceeding the
proportional limit so that the stress remains in the elastic range.

σ yp σ ult
σ w= =
N N
 MECHANICS OF DEFORMABLE BODIES
LECTURE NO. 2
AXIALLY LOADED BARS
PL σL
δ= =
AE E
SAMPLE PROBLEM
1. The rigid bar is supported by the steel rod AC of cross-sectional area of 0.25 in^2. Find
the vertical displacement of point C caused by the 2000 lb load. Use E = 29 x 10^6 psi
for steel.
2. The steel propeller shaft ABCD carries the axial loads shown. Determine (a) the change
in the length of the shaft caused by these load. Use E = 29x10^6 psi for steel.
GENERAL HOOKE’S LAW
UNIAXIAL LOADING: POISSON’S RATIO
The transverse strain is uniform throughout the cross-section and is the same in any
direction in the plane of the cross-section.

ϵ y =ϵ z =−υ ε x
σ σ
ϵ y = x ϵ y =ϵ z =−υ x
E E

BIAXIAL LOADING
1 1 −υ
ϵ x = ( σ x −vσ y ) ϵ y = ( σ y −vσ x ) ϵ z = ( σ +σ )
E E E x y

( ε x +ν ε y ) E ( ε +ν ε x ) E
ε x= 2
ε y= y
1−ν 1−ν 2

TRIAL AXIAL LOADING

1
ε x= [ σ −υ (σ y + σ z) ]
E x
1
ε y = [ σ y −υ (σ z +σ x ) ]
E
1
ε z= [ σ z−υ (σ x + σ y ) ]
E
SHEAR LOADING
The shear strain, γ, is the measure of the amount of distortion. It is always expressed in
radians.
τ =Gγ

E
G=
2(1+υ)
SAMPLE PROBLEM
1. The 50 mm diameter rubber rod is placed in a hole with rigid, lubricant walls. There is no
clearance between the rod and sides of the hole. Determine the change in the length when
the 8kN load is applied. Use E = 40Mpa and ν = 0.45 for rubber.
 MECHANICS OF DEFORMABLE BODIES
LECTURE NO. 2

STATICALLY INDETERMINATE PROBLEMS

If the number of unknown forces exceeds the number of independent equilibrium
equations, the problem is said to be statically indeterminate.

SAMPLE PROBLEM
1. The concrete post is reinforced axially with four symmetrically placed steel bars, each
cross-section are 900 mm^2. Compute the stress in each material when the 1000 kN axial
loadis applied. Use Esteel = 200GPa and Econcrete = 14 GPa
2. A rigid bar is suppored by a pin A and two rods, one made of steel and the other of
bronze. Neglecting the weight of the bar, compute the stress in each rod caused by the 50
kN load using the following data:

Steel Bronze
Area (mm^2) 600 300
E (GPa) 200 83