1. 1.

FLOOD
A flood is submerging of normally dry land by an overflow of
water. It can be localized event affecting a small area of land or a
very big disaster that can have impact on whole island or river
basin. River floods • Most common type of flood event Flash
floods • Extreme version of a river flooding event Area or urban
flooding • Occurs when low lying impenetrable ground becomes
saturated Area or urban flooding • Caused by high sea tidal
surges and waves Weather events • Heavy rainfall • High tide
with storm • Climate change Poor maintenance • Sewer networks
• Insufficient drainage • Inadequate maintenance of water course
Development/ planning issues • Inappropriate development in
flood plains • Rain water runoff • Badly designed flood defence
mechanisms. URBAN FLOODS TYPE OF FLOOD Duration of
flood • Slow-Onset Floods: can last for longer period • Rapid-
Onset Floods: shorter period like one or two days. • Flash
Floods: Flash Floods may occur within minutes or a few hours
after heavy rainfall, tropical storm, failure of dams or levees or
releases of ice dams.
2. 2. FLOODING CAUSES
3. 3. FLOODING CAUSES There are various causes resulting in
flooding :-
4. 4. Collapse of bridgeTrain lines damaged Human Loss Property
Loss Affects the Major Roads Disruption of Air / Train / Bus
services Spread of Water- borne Communicable Diseases
Communication Breakdown Increase in Air / Water Pollution
Electricity Supply Cut off Economic and Social Disruption
FLOODING EFFECTS Heavy damage to property Infrastructure
affected
5. 5. FLOODING issues India Floods cause damage to houses,
industries, public utilities and property resulting in huge
economic losses, apart from loss of lives.
6. 6. •Non-availability of close contour maps and digital elevation
models of flood prone Areas. •Flood plain zoning regulations
have not been enacted and enforced by most of the States
•Implementation of the flood proofing measures such as raising
of villages, constructions of floods shelters is not proper.
•Reservoirs is often carried out disregarding flood moderation
aspects. •Rivers erode a significant amount of land every year.
Conventional anti- erosion measures require high investment.
 Lacks public participation and awareness Flood forecasting and
warning not proper There is no proper documentation about
floods, their impact GAPS IN FLOOD MANAGEMENT DM 2005
guidelines recognize the fact that there is a lack of coordination
The financial aspects for implementation The timelines
proposed for the Implementation- long gestation period.
Institutional related to flooding management National Disaster
Management Authority The Central Flood Control Board (CFCB)
Central Water Commission Ganga Flood Control Board
Brahmaputra Board India Meteorological Department National
Remote Sensing Agency National Centre for Medium Range
Weather Forecasting River Basin Organisations National Flood
Management Institute
7. 7. FLOODING forecasting • long time-series of historical data of
rainfall • Radar estimates of rainfall and general weather
forecasting techniques FLOODING management Use of Remote
Sensing and GIS • Research and Development • Weather /
Rainfall Forecasting • FF Modelling • Capacity Building •
International Cooperation
8. 8. National Disaster Management Guidelines • To minimise
vulnerability to floods and loss of lives, livelihood systems,
property and damage to infrastructure & utilities • Flood damage
assessment be made on a realistic and scientific basis and
recorded basin- /sub-basin-wise. • Performance evaluation of a
large number of FM schemes be carried out and their impact on
the socio economic development of the protected area be
assessed. • The use of flood plains be regulated and a suitable
legislation for flood plain zoning be enacted and enforced. •
Water Resources planning and construction be basin wise and
basin organizations be set up. • Storages and measures for FM
and flood space in reservoirs be provided to the extent feasible
and flood control not relegated to a non- priority activity as
against competing water requirements for hydropower and
Irrigation purposes. • International dimensions of problem of
floods be kept in mind and the GOI should play an important role
in the matter. • Requisite funds be made available for
construction of new and maintenance of existing works.
9. 9. 2012 BRAHAMAPUTRAFLOOD In July 2012, Brahmaputra
flooded since it was natural but it grabs a spot at number 2 and
eye-catching event because the main area which was affected
 included Kaziranga National Park, a park which is the natural
habitat of Rhinos. It cause a death of 540 animals including 13
Rhinos. The main reasons behind this calamity is the
deforestation
10. 10. Embankments/Banks, Flood Walls, Flood Levees Dams,
Reservoirs and other Water Storages Channel Improvement
Desilting/Dredging of Rivers Drainage Improvement Diversion of
Flood Water Catchment Area Treatment/Afforestation Anti-
erosion Works Sea Walls/Coastal Protection Works Alignment,
Location, Design and Provision of Waterway i.e. Vents, Culverts,
Bridges and Causeways in highways etc. MEASURES Mitigation
by medical preparedness and evacuation plan
11. 11. Shifting of storage and hazardous units from
residential areas • Increasing Adaptive capacity of the
construction sector which means repair the damaged quickly as
possible • Reducing indirect losses from flooding by provision
of insurance. MITIGATION •Upgraded Emergency Control Room/
early warning system as message alerts from rain guage •Bores
along with the storm water drains to increase ground water
table, Percolation tanks •Search and Rescue Teams/ emergency
parking •Equipment upgradation/ rain gauge installation Hospital
arrangements Planting and preserving of mangroves •Fire
Brigade Control Rooms Cleaning of Mithi river Control on land
reclamation  Decongestion  Improvement and protection of
landfill sites  Enforcing on site fire fighting capability in
hazardous industries Land use policies  Upgrading emergency
services  Increasing the capacity of s.w.d  Improving
sanitation  Minimum access roads for clumsy settlements
Service Infrastructure  Improving the condition of informal
settlements  Recommendations on Retrofitting and renovation
of buildings Housing Infrastructure
12. 12. EXISTING STRATEGIES Report drafted in 2004 provides
broad guidelines to exercise mitigation strategies: • Every
department should have appropriate funds for preparedness. •
The projects incorporating mitigation measures, in their plans,
should be given priority over the other projects to be approved. •
Involvement of the general public and generation of awareness •
A close interaction should be established between the
“corporate sector, non-governmental organizations and the
 media,” • disaster managers at different levels of the
government should be appropriately “trained. • during the
emergencies, arrangements should be made to share resources
such as power, food and funds amongst the states. • All the vital
buildings in flood prone zones they should be strengthened or
remodeled to deal with the expected disasters in the future.
Major recommendations in the BRIMSTOWAD report, 1993 •
Removal of obstructions, to rehabilitate old/dilapidated SWD
system in City and augmentation of SWD in certain stretches, to
remove encroachments. • To change the design criteria from 25
mm/hr to 50 mm/hr rainfall intensity and coefficient of runoff as
1.00 from earlier value of 0.50. • To augment the SWD system
with tidal effects and widen. • To augment railway culverts at
various flood prone areas • To provide pumping stations at the
city outfalls at Haji Ali, Love Grove and Worli. Role of the
Government Decentralizing the decision-making process to the
local level to ensure prompt action. Reframing existing
framework The Role of the Private Sector: Public private
partnership in mitigation Non governmental organization.
13. 13. National Disaster Management Guidelines. Structure of
Guidelines Chapter 1 provides an introductory review about how
urban flooding is different from riverine flooding, factors
contributing to urban flooding, different weather systems in
India, variability of rainfall, different city scenarios and genesis
of the Guidelines. Chapter 2 provides present status of the
institutional framework at the national, state and the local levels,
role of central ministries and departments, states and urban
local bodies and other local authorities/organizations. Chapter 3
discusses present status of flood forecasting, warning and
communication system. The gaps are identified and
recommendations have been made for enhancing capabilities,
using state-of-the-art equipment. Chapter 4 reviews the existing
international and national status, practices for the design and
maintenance of urban drainage systems. Gaps have been
identified and recommendations made to develop efficient
drainage systems with improved operations and maintenance
actions. Chapter 5 covers urban flood risk management issues,
vulnerability analysis, risk assessment and hazard mapping,
damage assessment and data generation options, etc. Chapter 6
looks at town planning concepts, central and state legislations
 and a gist of relevant provisions under layout approvals and
building permissions. Chapter 7 deals with response actions
including putting in place an incident response system. Chapter
8 deals with capacity development at institutional and
community levels, awareness generation and the role of
different stakeholders and the need for proper documentation of
events and actions. GUIDELINES Chapter 9 deals with
implementation strategies, mainstreaming of DM into
development planning, role of nodal ministry, mobilization of
financial resources and implementation methodology, etc.
Chapter 10 provides the chapter-wise summary of action points.
2.Under AMRUT mission Urban Flooding Standard Operating
Procedure(SOP) document has been prepared.
14. 14. LANDSLIDE • A landslide is a downward or outward
movement of soil, rock or vegetation, under the influence of
gravity. • Three distinct physical events occur during a
landslide: the initial slope failure, the subsequent transport, and
the final deposition of the slide materials. TYPES OF
LANDSLIDES a) Rotational slides: move along a surface of
rupture that is curved and concave b) Translational slides
occurs when the failure surface is approximately flat c) Rock
Fall: Free falling of detached bodies of bedrock (boulders) from
a cliff. d) Rock toppling occurs when one or more rock units
rotate about their base. e) Lateral spreading occurs when the
soil mass spreads laterally and crack happen. f) Debris Flow:
Down slope movement
15. 15. • Landslides are a natural hazard that affect at least 15
per cent of the land area of our country, covering an area of
more than 0.49 million sq. km,. • There are more than 25 river
dam projects on the river Ganga and its tributaries in the hills
alone. A number of tunnels and towers have inflicted heavy
damages to the slopes Landslide Hazard Zonation Mapping
LANDSLIDE
16. 16. EFFECTS AND LOSSES DUE TO LANDSLIDES A) Direct
Effects: Physical Damage-Debris may block roads, supply lines
(telecommunication, electricity, water, etc.) and waterways.
Causalities- deaths and injuries to people and animals. B)
Indirect Effects: Influence of landslides in dam safety- failure of
the slopes bordering the reservoir, Flooding caused by
movements of large masses of soil into the reservoir. 13
 Landslides and flooding- Debris flow can cause flooding by
blocking valleys and stream channels, C) Direct losses: Loss of
life, property, infrastructure and lifeline facilities, etc. D) Indirect
losses: Loss in productivity of agricultural or forest lands,
Reduced property values, Loss of revenue, Increased cost,
Adverse effect on water quality and Loss of human productivity,
LANDSLIDE FOCUS AREA FOR LANDSLIDE Hazard Zonation
Mapping. Response. Geological and Geotechnical Investigation.
Landslide Risk Treatment. Regulation and Enforcement.
Research and Development. Preparation of Landslide
Management Plans. Monitoring and Forecasting of Landslides.
Awareness and Preparedness. Capacity Development.
17. 17. LANDSLIDE EARLY WARNING SYSTEM FOR
LANDSLIDE The system consists in 13 wire extensometers, 1
thermometer, 1 rain gauge and 3 cameras. An early warning
system was set up on a rock wedge of 182,000 m3 menacing a
street. ► It includes a wireless sensor network with 13
extensometers and other sensors. ► Alarm levels and
thresholds based on the characteristics of the site were
selected. ► The system is simple and flexible and some ideas
can be used for similar cases.
18. 18. Restricting Development in Landslide-Prone Areas
Codes for Excavation, Construction, and Grading Protecting
Existing Developments Monitoring and Warning Systems
Landmass Improvement Techniques Strengthening of Buildings
and Safety of Critical Facilities from Slides Mitigation Measures
for Landslide Dams Protection of Heritage Structures Technical
Audits and Monitoring Creation of Public Awareness on
Landslide Risk Reduction Landslide Preparedness Medical
Preparedness LANDSLIDE GUIDELINES
19. 19. Highlights of important recommendations in guidelines
• Developing and continuously updating the inventory of
landslide incidences affecting the country. • landslide hazard
zonation mapping in macro and meso scales after identification
and prioritization of the areas • Taking up pilot projects in
different regions of the country with a view to carry out detailed
studies and monitoring of selected landslides to assess their
stability status and estimate risk. setting pace setter examples
for stabilisation of slides and also setting up early warning
systems • Complete site specific studies of major landslides and
 plan treatment measures, and encourage state governments to
continue these measures. • Setting up of institutional
mechanisms for generating awareness and preparedness about
landslide hazard among various stakeholders. • Enhancing
landslide education, training of professionals and capacity
development of organisations working in the field of landslide
management. Capacity development and training to make the
response regime more Strategies for landslide risk treatment
landslide risk treatment is the ultimate objective of the risk
management process which aims to mitigate the effects of the
hazard. This encompasses a five-pronged strategy comprising: •
Treating vulnerable slopes and existing hazardous landslides. •
Restricting development in landslide-prone areas. • Preparing
codes for excavation, construction and grading. • Protecting
existing developments. • Monitoring and warning systems. •
Putting in place arrangements for landslide insurance and
compensation for losses LANDSLIDE GUIDELINES
20. 20. REGULATION AND ENFORCEMENT The state
governments/SDMAs in consultation with the NDMA will
establish the necessary techno-legal and techno-financial
mechanisms Model Town Planning and Land Use Bye-Laws
Indian Standard Codes: i)The BIS will place all Indian standards
ii) A periodic revision of the codes and standards Techno-Legal
Regime land use zoning and landslide safety issues in all
development activities Licensing and Certification The NDMA
and the nodal agency for techno-legal framework for making the
licensing of professionals mandatory CAPACITY
DEVELOPMENT • The target groups identified for capacity
development will include scientific and technical institutions,
elected representatives, government officials, professionals in
the electronic and print media, town/urban planners in hilly
regions, infrastructure development companies, engineers,
architects • Self-education programmes by the effective use of
multi-media • Training of capacity developement
ENFORCEMENTAND CAPACITYDEVELOPEMENT