This document discusses various image enhancement techniques in the spatial domain, including basic spatial filtering using different types of filters. It describes low-pass, high-pass, and band-pass filters and their effects. It also explains averaging/mean filters and weighted average filters, including their benefits. Additionally, it covers order-statistics filters like median filters, and how they can help reduce salt and pepper noise. Examples and applications of various filters like averaging, median, and their effects on images are presented.
This document discusses various image enhancement techniques in the spatial domain, including basic spatial filtering using different types of filters. It describes low-pass, high-pass, and band-pass filters and their effects. It also explains averaging/mean filters and weighted average filters, including their benefits. Additionally, it covers order-statistics filters like median filters, and how they can help reduce salt and pepper noise. Examples and applications of various filters like averaging, median, and their effects on images are presented.
This document discusses various image enhancement techniques in the spatial domain, including basic spatial filtering using different types of filters. It describes low-pass, high-pass, and band-pass filters and their effects. It also explains averaging/mean filters and weighted average filters, including their benefits. Additionally, it covers order-statistics filters like median filters, and how they can help reduce salt and pepper noise. Examples and applications of various filters like averaging, median, and their effects on images are presented.
Lecture # 5 Topics for Today • Basic Spatial Filtering (Mask processing) • Types of filters • Filter-mask or window or kernel • Average filter (also know as Mean filter) • Weighted average filter • Median Filter • Quiz Types of Image Enhancement • Point Processing • Mask Processing Types of filters • Low-pass, high-pass and band-pass filters • A low-pass filter attenuates high frequencies and retains low frequencies unchanged. The result in the spatial domain is equivalent to that of a smoothing filter; as the blocked high frequencies correspond to sharp intensity changes. • A high-pass filter, on the other hand, yields edge enhancement or edge detection in the spatial domain, because edges contain many high frequencies. Areas of rather constant gray-level consist of mainly low frequencies and are therefore suppressed. • A band-pass attenuates very low and very high frequencies, but retains a middle range band of frequencies. Band-pass filtering can be used to enhance edges while reducing the noise at the same time. High frequency Vs Low frequency
In image we have intensity values (low and high)
Basic Idea of Filtering Basic Spatial Filtering • The process consists simply of moving the filter mask from point to point in an image. At each point (x, y), the response of the filter at that point is calculated using a predefined relationship. Filter Mask or Window or Kernel Filter Mask or Kernel or Window Box-filter (Average/Mean filter) Average/Mean Filter • Mean filtering is a simple, intuitive and easy to implement method of smoothing images by reducing the amount of intensity variation between one pixel and the next. It is often used to reduce noise in images. • The idea of mean filtering is simply to replace each pixel value in an image with the mean (`average') value of its neighbors, including itself. This has the effect of eliminating pixel values which are unrepresentative of their surroundings. • A single pixel with a very unrepresentative value can significantly affect the mean value of all the pixels in its neighborhood. • This may be a problem if sharp edges are required in the output. Both of these problems are tackled by the median filter, which is often a better filter for reducing noise than the mean filter, but it takes longer to compute. A simple example for averaging filter Simple averaging filter Averaging Filter application on image Results are Image sharp area is smooth and edges are blended Application of Average Filter MATLAB Session for Average Filter Filter Mask or Kernel or Window Box-filter Weighted average filter (Average/Mean filter) (WAF)
(WAF) That pixels are multiplied by different coefficients, thus
giving more importance (weight) to some pixels at the expense of others. In the mask shown in Fig (b) the pixel at the center of the mask is multiplied by a higher value than any other, thus giving this pixel more importance in the calculation of the average. Benefit of Weighted Average Filter The basic strategy behind weighing the center point the highest and then reducing the value of the coefficients as a function of increasing distance from the origin is simply an attempt to reduce blurring in the smoothing process. Benefit of Average and Weighed Average Filter • An important application of spatial averaging is to blur an image for the purpose getting a gross representation of objects of interest, such that the intensity of smaller objects blends with the background and larger objects become “bloblike” and easy to detect. Example of 15-15 Averaging Mask Order-Statistics Filters (Non-Linear Filter) • Order-statistics filters are nonlinear spatial filters whose response is based on ordering (ranking) the pixels contained in the image area encompassed by the filter, and then replacing the value of the center pixel with the value determined by the ranking result. • The best-known example in this category is the median filter, which, as its name implies, replaces the value of a pixel by the median of the gray levels in the neighborhood of that pixel (the original value of the pixel is included in the computation of the median). • Median filters are quite popular because, for certain types of random noise, they provide excellent noise-reduction capabilities, with considerably less blurring than linear smoothing filters of similar size. Median filters are particularly effective in the presence of impulse noise, also called salt-and-pepper noise because of its appearance as white and black dots superimposed on an image. Salt & Pepper Noise • Salt-and-pepper noise is a form of noise sometimes seen on images. It presents as sparsely occurring white and black pixels. An effective noise reduction method for this type of noise is a median filter or a morphological filter. (Salt=1 and pepper=0) Median filter • The median filter is normally used to reduce noise in an image, somewhat like the mean filter. However, it often does a better job than the mean filter of preserving useful detail in the image. • Median filter considers each pixel in the image in turn and looks at its nearby neighbors to decide whether or not it is representative of its surroundings. Instead of simply replacing the pixel value with the mean of neighboring pixel values, it replaces it with the median of those values. The median is calculated by first sorting all the pixel values from the surrounding neighborhood into numerical order and then replacing the pixel being considered with the middle pixel value. Weighted average vs Median filter • The median is a more robust average than the mean and so a single very unrepresentative pixel in a neighborhood will not affect the median value significantly and it better preserve sharp edges than the WA filter. • One of the major problems with the median filter is that it is relatively expensive and complex to compute as it involves sorting. Working of median filter Working of median filter What will be median for 3*3 area Working of Median Filter Working of Median Filter