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ကေလာင္စံု ဘာသာျပန္စာေပ PDF
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shade of meaning that attaches to the word in the original.)xkdYaMumifh olwkdYonf *&dwf
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E-book is created by shanyoma
wife, but he knew her not until she had borne a son; and he called his name Jesus [kjyef
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ygonf/ 'kwd,usrf;u he (Joseph) took Mary home to be his wife, but had no inter-
course with her until her son was born. And he named the child Jesus. [kjyefygonf/
wwd,usrf;u (Joseph) married Mary. But he had no sexual relation with her before
she gave birth to her son. And Joseph named him Jesus [kjyefygonf/
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bmomjyef ESD;aESmzvS,fyGJ pmwef;rsm;
But soon after the commitment (of a space-craft) to a lunar trajectory, there
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E-book is created by shanyoma
t&mukdom,lí bmomrjyefxkdufyg/
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Times, Middle Ages, Modern Times ponfht*Fvdyftac:ta0:rsm;udk ]]a&S;a[mif;
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bmomjyef ESD;aESmzvS,fyGJ pmwef;rsm;
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"I have felt inclined to accuse myself of having taken, in some cases, too great
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bmomjyef ESD;aESmzvS,fyGJ pmwef;rsm;
European cannons of taste." (M.Monier - Williams, tr. Sakoontala, Perface to the eighth
edition.)
xkdYaemuf ygarmu© *sKdU0ufu qkdcJhonfrSm atmufygtwkdif; jzpfonf/
''An English translation ought to be idiomatic and interesting not only to the
scholar but to the unlearned reader. Its object should not simply be to render the words
of one language into the words of another or to preserve, the construction and order of
the original....To him the feeling should be more important than the exact word." (B.
Jowett, tr. The Dialogues of Plato, preface to the second and third editions.)
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(1) Three Shan Legends-
(1) Nang Maag Bin, (2) The Silver Oyster, (3) The Story of Argance B.R.Pearn,
Journal of Burma Research Society, Vol. 22. Part I, p.23.
(2) "Shan Short Tales," "Folklore and Legends of Burma, L.F.Taylor, JBRS.
Vol. 10, Pt.3, p.100.
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of metaphor; the original and striking simile seldom occurred to me. Poetic flights and
the great imaginative sweep were beyond my powers. I could admire their far-fetched
tropes and the usual but suggestive language in which they clothed their thoughts, but
my own invention never presented me with such embellishments; and I was tired of
trying to do what did not come easily to me.
-W.Somereset Maungham in
The Summing Up
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t"dygÜ ,ftzGiEhf iS bhf momjyef&if;? eD;pyfaom pum;vk;H rsm;udk wDxiG af y;&ef &Sad yvdrrhf nf/
Dr.Hugh Simpson points out that the samples of the astronaut's urine would
have provided priceless evidence about the biological rythm of the body. But the mate-
rial was dumped into space.
Daily rythms occour not only in the cycle of sleep and waking but also on the
molecular levels in the amounts of various chemicals produced throughout the day.
Little is known about the clock that sets the rythms, and some scientists have supposed
that influences as subtle as the earth's magnetic field may be involved. It is hard to
exclude such influences in the laboratory, which is why Apollo 8...would have pro-
vided unique opportunity to study the origin of biological clocks.
-Nature, Jan 11, 1969.
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From above and from below tactics [laom Xmefu&kdPf;rusonfh t*FvdyftokH;
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írjyifyJ ajrwkdif;pma&;[líyif awmufavQmufokH;pGJcJhavonf/
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wrf;wckwGif sweet potato udk bmomjyefum ]]tmvl;csKd}}[lí azmfjycJhbl;ygonf/
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bmomjyef ESD;aESmzvS,fyGJ pmwef;rsm;
wck}}? idee fixe udk ]]cufcJonfhtMuHtpnf}}? cherchez la femme udk ]]rdef;rudk ajr§mfonf?
&Smonf}}[k bmomjyefxm;onfudk awGY&ygonf/
xkdYtwl *syefacwf jrefrmowif;pmwapmifüvnf; the fleet was sent to Davy
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jyefxm;onfudk zwf&bl;ygonf/
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scape goat uk]d ]"m;pmcH}}[lí¤if;? Early to bed, early to rise, makes a man healthy, wealthy
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bmomjyef ESD;aESmzvS,fyGJ pmwef;rsm;
on the cuff, egg head, grass roots, hot dog, hard liners, hitch hike, hard-sell, play hookey,
jaywalker, leather necks, one-upmanship, pocket book, public address system, screw
ball, snafu, scuba diving, shot in the arm, speakeasy, stuffed shirt, zip codeÄ ponfwkdY
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ESihf frog udk aygif;pyfí smog [k¤if;? motor ESifh hotel udkaygif;pyfí motel [k¤if;? break-
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avsmh&J&Jbmomjyefrsm; ponfwkdYudk azmfxkwfcJhNyD;aemuf? bmomjyefolrsm; pdwfoufom
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(Sir Stanley Unwin) \aqmif;yg;t& od&ygonf/
xdkaqmif;yg;ü "You are kidding" [laoma0g[m&ukd "Your are uncovering
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yourself " [lí¤if;? "I took her word for it" udk "I promised her I would do it" [lí¤if;?
"He has the run of the village" udk He drinks all the village's rum" [lí¤if;? "A patient
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rSm;,Gif;,Gif; bmomjyef wykHwacgif;BuD; &SdaMumif;jzifh *syefygarmu©wauOcsD (Kenji
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Ever as though about to pour,
you should not thunder
from above Myedu Town in the north.
yxr>rufcsufjzpfaom ]]r&GmyJ rrJygeJY}}udk bmomjyefü rrJygeJY r&GmyJ[k jyefqkd
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To constrict this home-dweller
You loom and lour.
[k jyefqkdEkdifygonf/ odkYaomf t*Fvdyf0guspOf trSefudk þuJhodkY ajymif;jyefvSefí a&;om;
jcif; (inversion) rsKd;udk 0dw&dk ,
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wGif tokH;jyKonfhtcg uAsmht&omudk ysufjym;apavonf/
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bmomjyef ESD;aESmzvS,fyGJ pmwef;rsm;
aqmif;aqmif;qkdif;qkdif;? NydKif;&&kdif;wd?
rIdif;rIdif;tkwfaxG? a0a0rkdYrkdY?
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cyfodrf;awmawmif? ukefatmifywfukH;?
ajrmfrqkH;onf? ESvkH;rsm;bG,f,SdvS\/
The domineering skies darken, overhang,
spill and spread. The forested hills
of hazy brown or glimmering jade,
reach beyond my vision's range
and create occasion for much distress.
jrefrmpmykd'fwGif ygorQaom oabmrsm;udk rdatmifjyefqkd&vQif t*Fvdyfpmykd'f
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vGrf;bG,fursm;
At the sights so full of exciting scenes
vGrf;onf exciting r[kwfwef&may/
vGrf;udk nostalgia, pensiveness ponfjzifh jyefqcdk &hJ mrS jyefqo
dk rl sm;uyif auseyf
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&avonf/
vGrf;vkdufvSao; I am mournful
vGrf;aygifuG,fhav; No distress lingers
vGrf;aygifuG,hfav; Why languish?
vGrf;e,fcsJYrkd; And the rain will sadden us in many ways
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b0ifpdrfhrQ? odrfhodrfh&kdufausmf? AkZGefaqmfí?
the beat of the coming rain's
crustacean drum throbs against the breast
AkZGefaqmfudk crustacean drum [k jyefqkdjcif;jzifh aemufcHteuf&Sdao;aMumif;
t&dyfjyEkdifaomfvnf; uuú#a&TpnftaMumif; odapEkdifrnf r[kwfay/
a'0rmefudk coming rain [k jyefqkdjcif;jzifh aemufcHteuf&SdaMumif; t&dyfrQyif
rjyEkdifacs/
bmomjyef&mwGif teufiyk rf sm; usef&pfwwfjcif;udpo ö nf tBuD;qk;H aom qk;H &I;H
rIyif jzpfavonf/
These four will last through time:
E-book is created by shanyoma
jym;aMumif; awGY&ayonf/
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bmomjyef ESD;aESmzvS,fyGJ pmwef;rsm;
Once a year-
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The family assembles once again
And celebrates a victorious conference
[kjyefqkdvQif usefcJhaomtcsufudk jznfh&ma&mufayrnf/
tzsufjynfh&ef [lorQudkv
twlwuG NzdKvSJawmfvSef
Obstructionists, saboteurs
Our sworn enemies
We'll strike them down
Once for all!
þjyefqdkcsufwGif rl&if;ü rygaom >rufqkdcsufrsm; ygvmonf/
We will together strike down
E-book is created by shanyoma
and remove
the country's destructive enemies.
[kjyefqkdvQif awmfavNyD/
awmifawm&,f om
rmvmu ikHzl;
Ah...beautiful...
The mountains
The forests
The quivering buds
[kjyefqkd&mwGif rl&if;ü rygaom &kyfykHudk xnfhoGif;xm;avonf/ rl&if;wGif tikHtzl;rsm;
u wkefaeaMumif; quivering [krygay/ rl&if;ürygaom &kyfykHudk bmomjyefrlwGif rxnfh
oGif;tyfay/
rl&if;pum; tokH;tEIef;rsm;udk *&krloifhayonf/ yg&rDjznfhprkdY Munfhbk&mhocif
wGif tokH;tEIef;udk *&krrlrdaomaMumifh yg&rDjznfhprkdY Munfhbk&m;ocif[k jyifqifí
Look at Lord Buddha
For the development of virtues
[kjyefqkdcJhvQif rSm;,Gif;avonf/ bk&mhonf eef;wGif;olwkdY okH;avh&Sdaom armif
awmfbk&mhrSvmí ocifonfvnf; ocifudk,fawmfponfwkdYrS vmonf/ eef;wGif;ol\t
om
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bmomjyef ESD;aESmzvS,fyGJ pmwef;rsm;
aqmif&avonf/
bmomjyefqkdonfhtvkyfonf uAsmwyk'füygaom pum;vkH;rsm;udk Munfhí t
bd"mefwGif teuft"dyÜg,fwlonf[k azmfjyaom wjcm;bmompum;rS pum;vkH;rsm;jzifh
uAsmykHoGif;aom tvkyfr[kwfay/ rl&if;uAsmwGifygaom cHpm;rItwGif;odkY 0ifpm;í rdrd
udk,fydkifcHpm;rIjzpfatmif cH,l&onf/ xdkYaemufrS xkdcHpm;rIudk azmfusL;Ekdifonfhwjcm;bm
omrS pum;vkH;rsm;jzifh zGJYqkdjcif;tvkyfjzpfayonf/ jyefqkdolonf rl&if;uAsmudk pdwful;
tm;jzifhvnf;aumif;? cHpm;rItm;jzifhvnf;aumif; ikHrd&ayrnf/
rl&if;uAsm\pdwu f ;l csufcpH m;csufwu Ydk kd jyefqo dk ul rdr\d pdwuf ;l ÓPf rdr\ d tm&kH
wkdYjzifh aumif;pGm cH,lNyD;onfhaemuf0,f rl&if;pdwful;csuf cHpm;csufwkdYudk oP²meftopf
jzifh yko
H iG ;f &avonf/ yko H P²meftpdwt f ykid ;f topfwu Ydk kd wDxiG íf rl&if;pdwuf ;l csuf cHpm;
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though the order was to bring
the robbers back alive,
possessed by the Lord of Death,
the blood, the nat,
the young man could not hold himself.
bmomjyefuAsmonf zwfoltm; xda&mufpGm ajymqkdEkdif&eftwGuf acwfay:
uAsmrsKd;jzifh zGJY&efvkdayonf/ jrefrmuAsmudk t*FvdyfuAsmtjzpfodkYjyefvQif acwfay:
t*Fvyd pf um;vk;H ? acwfay:t*Fvyd zf q YJG edk nf;jzifh jyefqzdk v
Ydk odk nf/ acwfwidk ;f wGif acwf\
toH? acwf\[ef &Sdonf/ acwf\toHESifhacwf\[efudk jynfhjynfhpkHpkH ydkifydkifEkdifEkdifazmf
usL;Ekid rf S xkad cwf&dS zwforl sm;tm; t&om tjynft h 0ay;Ekid rf nfjzpfonf/ t,fvZD buf
bk&ifrvufxuf pmzwfy&dowftm; 0dw&dk , d bk&ifrvufxufu pmayoHaqmifaom bm
omjyefuAsmrsKd; ay;&ef rjzpfawmhay/
E-book is created by shanyoma
cPcsif;wGif? rkd;oufqifu
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bmomjyef ESD;aESmzvS,fyGJ pmwef;rsm;
a&&kd;&IyfayG? rkd;oD;a<uonf
apGapGapmif;apmif;? &GmoGef;avmif;/
Pit-a-pat-pat
The rain spilled:
Ring-a-ling-ling
The ripples rose.
The lake's a quilt
Pattern'd with O's
Sudden the squall
'Cross slant of rain
Hail-fruits fall
The watery plain
Swells to a wave
E-book is created by shanyoma
Leaps to a spire;
March the white horses,
Arch their crests;
Cock-necks strutting,
Their beaks butting,
They twist and twire,
The rock and rave,
The wave-line lost,
Jumbled and tossed.
um&efrsm;aom jrefrmuAsmESin hf aD tmif um&efrsm;aom t*Fvyd u
f Asmudk q&m
BuD;vkpfu pyfqkdonf/ odkYaomf rajr§mfrSef;aom&v'f jzpfxGef;vmonf/ um&efrsm;ykHcsif;
wlaomfvnf; tusKd;oufa&mufykHcsif;um; rwlawmhacs/ q&mrif;ok0Pf\uAsmonf
av;vk;H pyfuAsmwk\ Yd rSewf ef;tvsifjzifh oGm;avonf/ q&mBuD;vkp\ f uAsmonf jrefveG ;f
onf/ q&mrif;ok0PfuAsm\toHonf wnfNidrfonf/ t*FvdyfuAsmonf qlvGef;onf/
em;NiD;aponf/ þodkYjzifh t*FvdyfuAsmjzifh jrefrmuAsm\um&efukd nDatmifwkvQif rvkd
tyfaom tusKd;udk &wwfaMumif; od&avonf/
þenf;udkokH;í jrefrmuAsm trsm;tjym;udk jyefqkdEkdifrnf r[kwfacs/ xkdYtjyif
þjyefqkdonfhenf;rsKd;onf wrifzefwD;,lovkd jzpfaeonf/ obm0 rusay/ xkdYaMumifh
pGJpGJNrJNrJ rokH;oihfay/
omref um&efzGJYykHenf;rsm;udk okH;í jyefqkdEkdifayonf/
om
e,fcsJYawG Ncdrf;acsmufvJ
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zdESdyfrItwefwef &kef;uefvkdY0ifh<um;
'kdYArm owådcJrkdY &JMuonfwum;/
jynfaxmifrSm nDaemifrsm; pnf;&kH;tm; tajccH
vGwv f yfcjhJ yef
vlaerIawmfvSef a&SUquf&ef&Sdao;/
vufwn JG t
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'dkYjynfol 'kdYjynfom;? tm;opfyghav;/
Imperialist threats to shake us;
Repeated suppressions did not make us falter or waver.
Up we rose, and fought and strove,
And, as Burmans, it behove
E-book is created by shanyoma
Us to be braver.
Broad-based unity all over the land,
Brethren with one goal, one solid band,
Sovereign Independence then,
Is Revolution over? No!
Socialism forges right ahead;
Put the best foot forward, all in step;
We, countrymen, have far to go.
bmomjyefrlyxrykd'fonf uAsmajrmufí rl&if;ESifhtawmfyif eD;pyfavonf/
'kwd,ykd'fwGif um&ef&Sm&cufcJrIaMumifh yxrykd'fykHpHudk rvkdufEkdifbJ taMumif;ydkaeav
onf/ rl&if;ESifhvnf; tawmfuGmvmavonf/
um&efykHpHjzifh jyefqkdEkdif&eftwGuf tawmftyifyef;cH&avonf/ um&efukd iJh&
aomaMumifh vSnfhywf>rufqkd&avonf/ tydktvkdjzpfay:&onf/ rl&if;ESifhuif;uGm&av
onf/
jrefrmum&efukd rwkoifah Mumif; azmfjycJah vNyD/ jrefrmuAsm\toHomG ; toHvm
rhythm ESifh toHcsykHpHepf cadence wkdYudk rlrdatmif zGJYqkdEkdifvQif t&omwrsKd; cHpm;&av
onf/
0gqkd0gacgif a&awGBuD;vkdY
oajyoD;rSJY aumufpkdYuG,f/
c&mql;csKH [dktxJu
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bmomjyef ESD;aESmzvS,fyGJ pmwef;rsm;
wdkYvJaMumufaygif twloGm;pdkY
tkef;vufEGm;av; xm;cJhr,f/
oGm;uG,f/ oGm;uG,f/
July, August - rain and flood -
Let's go pick the ripe rose-apple,
Hi! Take car! In thorns and mud,
That's where big, black leeches grapple.
Leeches? pah! the hornless things!
I'll fight snakes or serpent-kings.
Who's afraid? let's all go now.
I'll just leave my coconut cow.
Come on! Come on!
q&mBuD;vkpf\uAsmonf q&mrif;ok0Pf\oajyoD;aumufuAsmwGif&Sdaom
E-book is created by shanyoma
aEGopfavmif;aomf
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toif a,musfm;aumif;wum;/
Dwarf stump-timber,
Ancient Pyinma,
Gnarled and twistened
Knotted, wizened,
Like an aged
Vulure, naked on the mound!
Where the quoining
Roots are joining,
Ants have nested,
Feasted, wasted;
Left a yawning
Ulcer, horning
To a scab.
E-book is created by shanyoma
Sunk in cranny
Near the summit,
Lies a helmet
Wan and scranny,
Dinted, broken
- a sure token
War was here!
Dwarf stump-timber,
Ancient Pyinma!
Battle savage,
Termite's ravage,
Knife-blade notching,
Sun-fire scorching,
Shock of tempest-
All thou bravest,
Head unbow'd!
Soon, when summer
'Stils his humour,
Old leaves casting,
New leaves bursting,
Warm winds wooing,
Thou from ruin
Shalt renew thy
Youth of beauty!
om
Hero! Thou!
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bmomjyef ESD;aESmzvS,fyGJ pmwef;rsm;
vSrsKd;<u,fom;? qHoG,fjrNrdwfrkdY
qif;a&mifysKdYudk? ewfwkdY qifxkdufwef/
Colour of gold, new-born lotus bud,
Youthful, delicate, lithe and elegant,
Lovely, her hair hanging charmingly,
The gods deserve to wear her liquid glow.
wavQmufv;Hk þenf;ESiEf iS f oGm;rnfqv dk Qif NiD;aiGpY &mjzpfaomaMumifh t*Fvyd f
uAsmwGif ajymif;vJay;&onf/ odkYaomf tcswGif þtoHoGm;udk jyefaumufavonf/
ewf&kyfoGifodkY? jzLoGifa&Ta&mif0if;?
vSrSefuif;udk? ncif;qnf;psmwGif
uREkyf jf rifonf
E-book is created by shanyoma
&,f&TifjyKH;wkYH rjyKH;xkHY/
Face of angel shining golden-white,
Spire of beauty, I have seen her
In the twilight,
She does smile and yet not smile.
um&efrpkH ykHpHjzifh &wktoGm;ESifhwlatmif zGJYqkdEkdifayonf/
pE´jcnf0g? va&mifjzmokdY? omoemxGef;y? MuKHcJ;vS\/ awG;qa&SUaemuf? ÓPf
jzifah xmufí? vufaumufa&TuiG ;f ? aiGajccsif;ESi?hf [ko d if;wkq Yd ?D aemifroDEiS ?hf tusÐuydk pf?
uspfpkHukdy,f? ckrzG,fbl;? ypfy,fOD;avmh? ysKdvl;ouf&G,f? i,fvnf;i,f\? ckES,fcsdefu?
tdraf xmifusrI? ESpcf rG tm;? xGewf ifEmG ;od?Yk r,m;aysmif;EG?YJ rm,mzGv YJ rd ?hf [Jrh wfwwfaqG;?
ab;BuD;oifhom;? vlYtyg;rSm? rrIdifvmESifh? oGm;ygawmhav? aiG&Smacsavmh? om;awGw
&kdif? rarG;Ekdifbl;? om;OD;om;Ek? ykvkauG;av;? rjrifao;vm;? qkdvurl? avmbEkdifiH?
armifrif;MuHvnf;? vkdufvHMuHpm;? aiG&SmoGm;aomf? r,m;vifajr§mif xm;vdrfhrnf/
A faith which illuminates like the moon
is hard to come by. Therefore, consider.
Approach not those who wear bangles and anklets,
throw aside your shirt and shave off your hair,
If you marry now you will be doubly busy
like an ox at the plough. Your wife will weave wiles;
"You there rotting on your feet, son of a man
om
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she will seek pleasure with a lesser husband.
jyefawmhrif;oQifudkvnf; um&efrpkH ykHpHjzifh zGJYqkdxm;onf/
py,fokH;ukH;? nu ukH;
okH;ukH;NyD;atmif? armifrvm/
jyefawmhrif;oQif? rif;ndKpif
vkvifjyefawmh jyefawmhav/
zGJrD;okH;ykH? nu ykH
okH;ykH uRrf;atmif? armifrvm/
jyefawmhrif;oQif? rif;ndKpif
vkvifjyefawmh? jyefawmhav/
oydwfu&m;? xD;,yfrm;ESifh
E-book is created by shanyoma
oQifrsm;qGrf;cH 0ifcJhNyDav/
jyefawmhrif;oQif? rif;ndKpif
vkvifjyefawmh? jyefawmhav/
Last night I threaded three jasmine garlands
Three garlands were threaded but you did not come.
Go back, Great One, Brown-Pure One
Go back Young Man, go on back.
Last night I ignited three heaps of husk.
Three heaps were burnt but you did not come
Go back, Great One, Brown-Pure One
Go back Young Man, go on back.
With bowl, jug, umbrella and upright fan
The monks have entered the village for alms.
Go back, Great One, Brown-Pure One
Go back Young Man, go on back.
toHoGm; toHvmESifh toHcsykHpHepfwkdYudk t&if;cHaom um&efrpkH t*FvdyfuAsm
ykHpHonf jyKjyifvG,fonfjzpfaomaMumifh wjcm;bmompum;rS uAsmrsm;udk jyefqkd&eft
wGuf tvm;tvmtvGeaf umif;aomykpH jH zpfaMumif; t*Fvyd b f momjyefpmqkrd sm;u ajym
qkMd uavonf/
om
vufvw G jf cif;om
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bmomjyef ESD;aESmzvS,fyGJ pmwef;rsm;
jyifay;onf/
rdru
d , dk f rdrpd w d rf S cGx
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k f wjcm;pdwxf J 0ifpm;um jyefqzdk EYJG &YJG aom
aMumifh jyefqo dk nft h vkyo f nf uAsmzG&YJ onft h vkyx f ufyif cJ,Of;avonf/ jyefq&dk mwGif
rl&if;uAsm\cHpm;ykH tpOftwkdif; raoGrzDbJ vkduf&onf/ uAsmzGJY&mwGif zefwD;pma&;
&mwGifrl cHpm;ykHtpOfudk rdrd\0goem rdrd\cHpm;ykH pepfwkdYu aphaqmfovkd jyKjyifzGJYqkdEkdif
avonf/ uAsmoDukH;jcif;tvkyfonf uAsmudk bmomjyefqkdjcif;tvkyfxuf vGwfvyfrI
&Sdavonf/
pmqkw d OD;ESiw hf OD; cHpm;ykpH epfcsif; uGjJ ym;wwfav&m rl&if;uAsm\cHpm;rIEiS hf wl
nDatmif jyefqkd&ef rvG,fulaMumif; odomavonf/ wcgw&H bmomjyefrlonf rl&if;
uAsmxuf aumif;wwfonf/ aumif;onf[k qkdEkdifjim;aomfvnf; omonf[k rqkdom
E-book is created by shanyoma
10/ OD;vSwif(vSordef)
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13/ wuúodkvfpef;
14/ OD;vlaz0if;
yg0ifaqG;aEG;csufrsm;/
1/ uAsmudk bmomjyef&mwGif pum;vk;H tvku d f wdwu
d sus bmomjyefzrYdk vkad Mumif;
cHpm;rIonf wdusaom pum;vk;H rsm;xufyí kd ta&;ygt&ma&mufaMumif; aqG;
aEG;onf/
2/ bmomjyef&mwGif bmomwckEiS w hf ckrwlonfah emufco H bm0rsm; &So d nf/ "avh
xk;H wrf;rsm;udk wygwnf;o,faqmifí jyefqadk y;bdYk rjzpfEidk yf g[k aqG;aEG;onf/
3/ urÇmu h Asmrsm;udk jrefrmwkYd od&t
dS &omcHEidk af tmif jyefqadk y;oifo h nf[k aqG;aEG;
E-book is created by shanyoma
onf/
4/ jrefrmbmomrS t*Fvyd b f momodYk jyefq&dk mwGit f ok;H jyK&ef acwfrjD refrm-t*Fvyd f
tbd"mefwck &Sdoifhonf[k aqG;aEG;onf/
5/ jrefrmuAsmudk jyeforl sm;onf a&S;OD;pGm jrefrmpmayESiphf um;wku Yd kd wwfuRrf;oifh
onf[k aqG;aEG;onf/
6/ jrefrmrS t*Fvyd o f Ykd jyefaom uAsmrsm;twGuf wkid ;f jcm;pmzwfy&dowfwYdk t&om
cHEidk Mf uap&ef jrefrmhtaMumif;aemufcEH iS jhf refrmhval erIp&ku d w
f u
Ydk kd ed'gef;wkt
d jzpf
azmfjyoifhonf[k aqG;aEG;&m oabmwlonf[k ajzonf/
om
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bmomjyef ESD;aESmzvS,fyGJ pmwef;rsm;
u oufjyif;cs,if;? aighvkdufonfh]]av;}}jzpfygonf/
es
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þuJo h Ykd t"dygÜ ,fav;eufonf]h ]av;}}\xl;jcm;csufukd bmomjyefoo
l nf rl&if;
jrefrmuAsmudk zwfMunfh&kHESifhjrif&rnf/ bmomjyefonfhtcgrSmvnf; xl;jcm;atmif bm
omjyef&rnf/ 'gwGifbJvm;? r[kwfao;yg/ bmomjyefxm;onfht*FvdyfuAsmudk zwfol
rsm;uvnf; xl;jcm;aMumif; odNyD; t&om,lwwfygrS atmifjrifxda&mufrSmjzpfygonf/
Oyrm - Last eve her ladyship fancied some flowers,
She saw on the wild wood way.
I risked myself to get them for her
Those forest flowers...
But to-day,
In her hair are roses, Roses!
Very pretty she looks with roses!
tckvkd &kd;&kd;BuD; zwfvkdufvQif t&om ysufygvdrfhrnf/
E-book is created by shanyoma
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bmomjyef ESD;aESmzvS,fyGJ pmwef;rsm;
xuf aumif;atmif rGr;f rHvydk gonf/ olwaYdk wGo Y rQudk rrGr;f rHyJ raeEkid Mf uyg/ olwu Ydk kd tpk;d
&pmawmfjyefcefYvQif MumMumcHrnfr[kwfyg/ Oyrm wifjy&ygrl rif;ok0Pf\uAsmwyk'f
rSm onfvkdqkdxm;ygonf/
yifv,foaYkd 0
ylrsKd;axGí
jyefavausmif;rS
tdro f u Ykd saomf
rmwEIwfcsKd
wcGef;qkdu
xkx d ydk ifv,f
avQmownf;/
When, engulfed in seas of trouble,
I fled the college and sought refuge at home,
One word from Mother's sweetest lips
And seas of trouble seemed as naught
rqkd;ao;yg/ aemufwykd'frSm-
umvaemufaemif
avmuabmif0,f
om
avaqmifwdrfom;
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[dkonfvsm;odkY
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vmoGm;rwnf
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pdwMf unf&iT af Mumif;
rnfolacsmif;í
aysmhaysmif;csKdom
azsmfrnfenf;/
When, in times to come,
A whirl in the whirligig of life,
Adrift like a wind-worried cloud,
My need be sore...
Who will there be to give me succour,
Ambush cares, and on fretting brows
Lay the leaves of love?
pvmygNyD/ (pdwMf unf&iT af Mumif;? rnfoal csmif;í)udk ambush cares vkjYd yefvu
dk yf g
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As if in answer to my question,
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bmomjyef ESD;aESmzvS,fyGJ pmwef;rsm;
odyftm;udk;írjzpfyg/
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ay;&rnfqkdvQif jyifwwfygonf/
txl;ojzifh pum;ykHrsm;udk bmomrjyefbJ wkdufqkdifonfhpum;ykHudk &SmonfrSm
taumif;qkH;jzpfygonf/ Oyrm Make hay while the sun shines udk]]aeylwkef; jrufajcmuf
vSef;yg}}[kqkdrnfhtpm; ]]vomwkef; Akdif;iif}}qkdvQif omNyD; reD;uyfygvm;/ wcku ae ae/
wcku jrufvSef;/ wcku csnfiif/ udpör&Sdyg/ olY[mESifhol tHudkufaeygonf/
t*Fvdyfpum;ajyodkY jyefqkdjcif;[lonf e,fus,fvSygonf/ b,fbmomrS b,f
bmomodkYyJjzpfjzpf? bmomjyeforkdif;rSm av;pm;xkdufqkH;yk*¾Kdvf? csD;usL;xkdufqkH;yk*¾Kdvf
wa,muf&Sdygonf/ olYtrnfrSm John Tyndale jzpfygonf/ olonf c&pfouú&mZf 1523
-ckEpS rf pS í c&pf,mefor®musrf;pmudk bmomjyefygonf/ 14-&mpkEpS u f wnf;u C. Wyclif
\nTeMf um;csuft& or®musrf;pmukd bmomjyefpjyKMuaomfvnf; t*Fvyd b f momjyefor®m
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oGm;onfyh *k K¾ v
d jf zpfygonf/ or®musrf;pmbmomjyefjcif;onf a,bk,stm;jzifh pum;ajy
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lillies of the field. They toil not, neither do they spin. Yet Solomon in all his glory is not
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bmomjyef ESD;aESmzvS,fyGJ pmwef;rsm;
Christopher Columbus
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ork'´&mudk pGefYpGefYpm;pm;xGufcGgcgp oabFmESifhurÇmudk wywfrywfrdao;yg/ ypdzdwf
ork'&´ mudk pydeaf &wyf\Akv d f Cortez acwfusrS jrifb;l Muygonf/ Darien jynf awmifxyd f
wckay:rSaeNyD; Cortez \rsufvkH;tpkHonf {&mrypdzdwfork'´&mBuD;udk yxrqkH;tBudrf
jrif&ouJhodkY? odkYr[kwf eu©wåaA'q&monf aumif;uif&IaepOf N*dK[fopfwvkH;ay:xGuf
vmbdouJhodkY jzpfygonf[k qkdxm;ygonf/ uRefawmfawmh bmomrjyefwwfyg/
t*Fvdyfpum;ajybmomjyefwkdYonf t*FvdyfvufatmufcHjzpfcJhonfhwkdif;jynf
rsm;rS t*Fvyd b f momwckwnf; wwfuRrf;NyD; wjcm;Oa&mybmomawG rwwfonfyh *k K¾ v d f
rsm;tzkdY tvGeftokH;0ifygonf/ 0dZÆmynm&yf? odyÜHynm&yf? pmya'om? 0w¬K? aqmif;yg;
pmEk? pm,Ofru *&dESifhvufwifpmay? aZmf*sD\yav;wkd;ed'gef;txd us,fjyefYonfhpm;
usufBuD;rSm uRefawmfwkdY usufpm;EkdifcJhygonf/ jyifopfpmayrS Balzac, Maupassant,
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raowJhvljzpfaeNyD}}[k a&;om;xm;ygonf/
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bmomjyef ESD;aESmzvS,fyGJ pmwef;rsm;
side, the well ordered procession of births and deaths, out of the swim, like a non-
participator in this meaningful process of nature. He was weary unto death and longed
to die. Curse his own arrangement, he could not die."
þonfrmS oufoufbmomjyefuavmifaqmhjcif;jzpfygonf/ bk&ifBuD;vnf; r
aoaq;udk ajzEkdifonfhtajzqkd; Antidote to immortality t&SmxGuf&ygawmhonf/
pum;ajybmomjyef,if; [mooGif;onfhae&mrSm oGif;&apumrl [moazsmuf
oifhonfhae&rSm azsmuf&ygao;onf/ aomfwmaqGa&;onfh ]]bmoma&;eJY"e&Sif0g'}}
(Buddhism and Capitalism) udkjyefqkdonfhtcgrSm rl&if;twkdfif;jyefí rjzpfonfudk awGY&
ygonf/ taMumif;t&mu tvGefw&m emusnf;p&maumif;onfhuRefawmfwkYd awmifol
v,form;rsm;tay: cspfw;D rsm;u &uf&ufpufpuf rw&m; aoG;pkwí f e,fv;Hk uRwfqif;
&JwGif;euf? a<u;vnfyif;cdkuf? arQmfvifhcsuf urf;ukefonfh'ku©ZmwfBuD;jzpfygonf/ uRef
awmfvnf; awmom;b0u vmoljzpfí onf'ku©ZmwfBuD;udk rsufjrifudk,fawGYrkdY a'gre
ójzpfcJh&ygonf/ pma&;oludk,fwkdifvnf; a&;,if; rsuf&nfusonf[k od&ygonf/ odkY
ayrifh [mo0w¬Ka&;onf0h oDu rukeaf o;onft h wGuf t&Te;f taomhuav;rsm;? aemuf
ydk;cef;uav;rsm; rqDrqkdifyg0ifaeygonf/ 0w¬KzGJYykHrSmudk xdckdufygonf/ odkYjzpfí av;
yifonfhtaMumif;t&mudk av;yifonfhtrlt&mESifhbmomjyef&ygonf/ rsOf;abmift
wGif;uaeNyD; atmufygtwkdif; BudKwifawmif;yef&ygonf/ ''This story has been chosen
as the most important and 'telling' vignette of the Burma scene. Written in a period of
om
translation from humorous writing to serious writing his old habits still lingered. Lev-
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ity still obtruded on serious statement. The translator apologises for the liberties taken
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jzpfojzifh uRefawmft h zdYk tvGeaf useyftm;&rdygonf/ awmifov l ,form;wk\ Yd &efol cspf
wD;ESifhtm;EGJYonfhrdef;uav;rsm;udk &uf&ufpufpuf zsufqD;ydkufqH&Smcdkif;onfhacgif;awG
udk i,fpOfuyif tcJrausjzpfcJh&ojzifh oif;wkdY\,kwfuef;rIawGudk ykdrkdus,fjyefYatmif
azmfxkwfvkduf&onfhtwGuf &mZ0ifa<u; ausonf[k tm;&rdygonf/
jrefrmpum;wGif Usage t& pum;av;ig;vkH;ESifhav;eufonfht"dyÜg,faqmif
oGm;csufrsKd; tawmfrsm;rsm; &Syd gonf/ Oyrm ]]ppfNyD;p axmifwcH g;0}}xJrS ]]tarhtwGu}f
0w¬KxJrSm ]]a&pkefarQm&SmNyD}}qkdonfhpum;pk qkdMuygpdkY/ OD;vSa&;xm;onfu ]]tarckdif;
csifwmom cdik ;f ygawmh}}[k wcgrS rjrifb;l onfth arudk yktH yfvu dk jf cif; jzpfygonf/ rlr\ l
b0Zmwfvrf;uawmh a&pkerf mS arQmygaeonhrf ed ;f uav;wa,muf jzpfaeygNyDw/hJ a&pkef
arQmonfh&lyutvuFmonf jrefrmbmomajymonfhvlwkdif;vkdvkd odNyD;om; jzpfygonf/
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bmomjyeforl sm;tm;vk;H ? tm;vk;H oabmxm;BuD;Muyg/ apwema&SUxm;Muyg/ BudK;yrf;
Mu,if; ,kdif;yif;ulnDMuyg[k wkdufwGef;,if; ed8kH;csKyfygonf/ /
author is free to let his fancy wander unrestrained, to build up his own construction and
to express it in his own way; the translator is cramped and hampered. He, poor devil,
has no freedom of construction and very little of expression. The author may choose his
own subject; for the translator the subject is provided. The author is responsible to one
public only ---to his readers; the translator is responsible to two----to his readers, but
first and foremost to the author himself. The author reveals in a blaze of publicity; the
translators sinks into oblivion.
In spite of all these diffculties, which are general, these are the diffculties
which are special, inherent in each separate ask.
Now what are the duties of the translator? The first, clearly, is to understand
his author; for unless he has really mastered his brief, how can he be an advocate before
the public which is his court? He must understand more than the mere words the author
provides; he must understand his author's mentalily, his inner thoughts and his ulti-
mate object.
To fulfil his duty, the translator must possess qualifications of the highest
order, including literary talent approaching, or even equal to, that of the author him-
self, and far greater knowledge, with delicate judgment, not only in the choice of words,
but degree of freedom desirable in the rendering.
When he has really understood his author---and it is by no means easy to
understand some authors---his duty is to render him accurately his word or his thought,
into the language and understanding of his new audience. It is in the fine judgment of
the balance between thought and word that lies the whole secret of his craft.
At times it is necessary to explain allusions or expressions that would be in-
comprehensible to his readers. For instance, in a Siberian fable, when a crazy man
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English reader that the Siberian peasant knows perfectly well that wild raspberries are
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forest fire. Similarly, the mention of a grove of aspens in the description of a house of
gloom conveys little to the English reader, unless he knows, as does every Russian
peasant, that the aspen quivers for shame because it was upon that tree that Judas
Iscariot hanged himself. To meet such cases, all that is necessary is to add a few ex-
planatory words, "as everybody knows."
Here is another instance which, of its very nature, is diffcult to understand,
and requires a somewhat elaborate explanation. But it is illuminating. Once in a busi-
ness document that was submitted to me for examination, the Articles of Association of
a company limited by shares, the text stated that the share certificates should glase na
donosioca. That was rendered "should be to the name of the bearer." Poor man, the
translator could not find the English for the very useful Serbo-Croaian glasiti, for we
have none. But to anyone who knew the language there was no doubt whatever about
the meaning, which was that the share certificates should be bearer warrants, as is
customary on the Continent. Na donosioca means "to the bearer", the nearest we can
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approach to the exact wording is "should read to the bearer." It was extremely unfortu-
nate that the poor devil of a translator had dragged in the very word that was excluded
by the sense, the world name, for by so doing he actually inverted the meaning of the
article, so that the London directors understood it to mean that the company in question
should use the form of share certificate customary in this country, registered with the
name and address of the owner, transferable only by deed. It was a case where the
translator's duty was to give the meaning of the sentence. not the exact words. The
correct translation was; "The shares shall be in the form of bearer warrants."
Another duty of the translator is to find a suitable paraphrase for expressions
that are untranslatable. For every language has conception peculiar to itself which can-
not be rendered exactly into any foreign tongue, and in such cases the translator must
abandon the words, but yet convey the thought. Try as he will, there are many things
that cannot even be paraphraseed, especially puns, and inevitably a big proportion of
the value is lost. I have regretted never to have had the occasion to read Alice Through
Looking Glass in any other language, but I cannot believe that translators could have
conveyed more than seventy-five per cent of the original. And how much of Dickens, or
Kipling, and of Surtees must have fallen by the wayside?
There are three rules which every translator has to observe. The first is that he
shall know thoroughly well the language from which he is translating, and it is surpris-
ing how many otherwise well-infromed people, many publishers, for instance, think
this is the only qualification.
The second rule is even more important, for what if the translator is not per-
fect in the language into which he is translating? This is generally taken for granted,
but it is the most important rule of all. The meaning of an unfamiliar foreign word may
be sought in the dictionary, provided that dangerous instrument is used with discrimi-
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nation and care, but of his own tongue the translator should not feel in doubt. Yet how
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many writers refer to weasels as "little rodents," and those who confuse vultures and
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eagles reveal ignorance of more than mere ornithology. I venture to quote the following
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from a recent issue of the Times Literary Supplement: "Herr Emil Ludwig writes to say
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that the lapses in English, to which attention was drawn, are the responsibility of the
translator."
The third rule, without which even a profound knowledge of the two lan-
guages involed is unavailing, is this, that the translator must have some knowledge of
the subject in question, of the milieu in which the book is cast, of the atmosphere with
which it is enveloped, of the phraseology which is part of its technique. That legal
document to which I have alluded was a translation from the Croatian, sworn as accu-
rate by a notary who did not know the language. The translator was a Croat who had
lived eleven years in the United States, where he had learnt, no doubt, good colloquial
English, but the very heading betrayed him. He called the document "Fundamental
Rules." Now it may be argued that that was the correct rendering of the Croatian words
Temel jna Pravila, which is a fact, but that is not what an Englishman calls that par-
ticular kind of document. He calls it Articles of Association. Such a mistake could not
have been made by an Englishman with some knowledge of a Croatian, but seems
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dren of the English-speaking world, none of whom are likely to know any more than
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Slovenly work is the unforgivable sin, and yet so many translators apparently
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feel that they are not called upon to make an effort to understand a diffcult word. No
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man can have universal knowledge, and there is nothing to be ashamed of in igno-
rance of technical expression, even in one's own tongue. It is seldom indeed that a
translator's task is so straight forward that it involves no research.
Some years back I read with enjoyment a translation from the German of a
book on Mogolia. A distinguished literary authority gave it his blessing in a special
introduction, in which he stated that he could not praise the translation too highly as a
work of great literary merit. Yet when I was reading the book, I was held up several
times by the word jurt. As it was neither in inverted commas nor italics, I was obvi-
ously expected to understand it, and threw the blame upon my own ignorance, until
the context reveal the truth. It meant the portable dwelling of the nomads of Central
Asia, familiar to all readers of travel books upon that part of the world in the form in
which the Russian have adopted it from the Tartar. yurta. In our English books it is
generally spelt yurt, in italics. Evidently the Austrian author had spelt it in the Ger-
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man way, jurt which had so puzzled the translator, who clearly had no knowledge
either of Russian or Tartar, that he shirked the diffculty. That was slovenly work,
betraying not only his own ignorance but also his sloth for very little research would
have made the point clear to him. His style may have been the purest English, but he
was a bad translator for leaving a diffcult word untranslated and deliberately trying to
deceive his readers by not indicating that it was a strange and foregin word that was
beyond his powers. He made other grave faults, too, which show that he had not the
second essential of his craft, a complete knowledge of his own language for he used
gazelle, antelope and deer as synonymous terms.
When translators try to be clever they often fall into the pit.
Once I had occasion to review a purely literary translation in which there was
a whole string of incomprehensible words presumably intended for English. I did not
wish to do injustice to what was really a skilled piece of work form from the point of
view of pure literature and took great pains to elucidate thes mysterious passage. I
found eventually that in order to give a "scientific" aspect to the book the translator
has used a dictionary as a source of technical words and not corrected the proof, with
incredible results. Dictionaries are seldom accurate in technical expression, and the
wrong words were chosen and then distorted beyond recognition. Yet that translation
enjoyed a paean of praise at the hands of the critics (save one), who swallowed the
gibberish without question.
This is a terrible lesson, for dictionaries are dangerous things that need great
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caution in use. In the standard Russian dictionary, for instance, the names of plants
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and animals are almost without exception wrong, and include a mass of provincial-
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isms that would puzzle any reader. I have had to use a Portuguese dictionary in which
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instance, the word "fine" would have two Portuguese words at least, but without indi-
cation which meant thin, i.e. "fine like a thread," or fat, "fine like a fine woman," as a
foreign student of English once expressed it to me.
The culture of Russia is largely based upon translations, and yet many schol-
arly interpreters of foreign literatures have made serious mistakes owing to ignorance
of the milieu. Thus , I have seen the expression "Many happy returns" put into Russian
as "Many happy returns from the other side." and another translator describes the
Speaker of the House of Commons as the man with the loudest voice in the assembly.
Vvedensky made another quaint mistake. I have not had the opportunity of
collating his translation with the original, but the meaning is clear enough. He makes
a Society hostess ask the footman in the presence of a guest:
"Where is Miss Dombey now?"
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when, for some reason during my absence, the reader put into the mouth of a young
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bmomjyef ESD;aESmzvS,fyGJ pmwef;rsm;
When Bernard Shaw telegraphed Maxim Gorky comparing his heroes very
favourably with the half-demented creatures of the Cherry Orchard, the Russian pa-
pers with common accord fell unmercifully upon this new English bourgeois writer,
Mr. Ch. Orchard, and it was some time before one journalist more penetrating than
the others point out "Cherry Orchard" is the English translation of the title of the well
known play "Vishnyevy Sad."
It is not inconceivable that a translator may produce a work of art that is an
improvement on the original. Fitzgerald's version of Omar Khayyam springs at once
to the mind.
And if you ask me what are the ideal conditions for the work of a translator,
I will tell you.
He must know the foreign language really well, but not necessarily perfectly.
He must have lived in the country, or in the atmosphere described in the work, and he
must know the current technical phraseology. He must be unhurried in his work and
be sufficiently remunerated, so that he can devote time to research, without which no
translation can be perfect.
Those conditions are essential for the production of good translations.
To make those conditions ideal, what factor is still missing?
The personal friendship of the author, for every translation is, in more or less
degree, a collaboration.
The translator is not without his reward. He is not denied the joy of creation.
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There is an exquisite pleasure in turning out a neat rendering that preserves not only
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the exact meaning, but the atmosphere and perhaps even the music, of the original.
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But the highest reward of all is a spiritual one, for the aoptheosis of the trans-
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jrefrmpum;ajyrS t*Fvdyfpum;ajyodkYjyefqkdjcif;
yg0ifaqG;aEG;olrsm;/
1/ OD;jrifhodef; (MMT)
2/ OD;baomf(armifaomfu)
3/ Arkd;
4/ oxkHwifxGef;
5/ OD;ombef;(aMu;rkH)
6/ aZmfjrifhodef; (ZMT)
7/ a'gufwmarmifjzL;
8/ a':cifrsKd;cspf
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9/ OD;armifarmif(orm"d)
10/ OD;vlaz0if;
yg0ifaqG;aEG;csufrsm;/
1/ jrefrmrS t*Fvyd o f Ykd jyefqadk omtcg tcsKdaY 0g[m&rsm;udk wku d &f u dk jf yefqí
dk r&yg/
t"dygÜ ,fazmfoifo h nfukd azmf&onf/ odt Yk wGuf t"dygÜ ,fazmfveG ;f vQifvnf; &o
ysufEkdifaMumif; aqG;aEG;onf/
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wifjyonfudk aqG;aEG;olu axmufcHonf/
4/ *syfqifjrefrmtbd"mefudk ydkrkdjynfhpkHap&ef jyefvnfjyifqifoifhonf[k aqG;aEG;
onf/
5/ wuúodkvfjrefrmtbd"mef qufvufxkwfa0Ekdifa&;udk BudK;yrf;oifhonf[k aqG;
aEG;onf/
6/ jrefrmrS t*Fvyd of Ykd jyefqadk om bmomjyefpmayrsm;udk NydKifyu JG sif;yay;oifo h nf
[k aqG;aEG;onf/
7/ bmomjyef&mwGif rlvpma&;q&m\tmabmfudk rdatmif BudK;pm;&onf/ txl;
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OD;wifarmif (rSL;wif)
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rnfonfhpum;vkH;udk rnfokdYjyefrnf? rnfodkYtrnfwGifaprnf ponfjzifh rvGJraoG ay:
aygufvmwwf&m uRefawmht f ,ltqü vlxo k yd pHÜ may bmomjyef&mwGif a0g[m&jyóem
onf vkH;0tcuftcJ r&Sdoifh? tjiif;ryGm;oifh[k oabm&ygonf/ wdusaoma0g[m&
onf ausmif;om;rsm; ynm&Sifrsm; yg&*lrsm;tbkdYomjzpfNyD; vlxktbdkY rsm;pGm ta&;r
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udk &Snfvkdu &Snfap ajyjypfem;vnfonfom y"mexm;um pum;ajyESifh&Sif;vif;ajymjy
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