ကေလာင္စံု ဘာသာျပန္စာေပ PDF

E-book is created by shanyoma
0gqkd0
gacgi
f a&a
wGBu
oajy D;vkdY
oD;r
SJU au July
mufp , Au
c&mq dkYuG,
l;csKH [ f/ gus
t-r
dktx L ain
Ju et’s and
go p floo
d-
arQmhe
ufrJBu ick
the
D; wG, Hi! ripe
fww Tak rose
arQmhe
ufq fw ,f/ e care -app
kdwm c ! In le.
sK Tha thor
a>re de JYvm;u t ’s w ns a
1
*g;aw GJU here nd m
mif a big, ud.
Mu Lee blac
wkdYv mufb che k le
s? P ech
pmay
JaMum l;uG, ah! es g
ufay f/ t h rapp
bmomjyef
I’ll e ho
gif t
wlo f i ght r n less le.
tkef;
vu Gm ;pdkY s nak thin
fEGm;a es o gs!
Wh f se
v; x
m;cJhr o’s r pen
oGm;u afra t-ki
G,f/ o ,f/ id? ngs
.
www.burmesesclassic.com
w I’ll Let’
s
w a
Gm;uG,
w f/ just
le
ll go
n
.b ave ow.
ur my
m Com coc
onu
es e on t co
es ! Co w.
cl me
a
bmomjyef ESD;aESmzvS,fyGJ pmwef;rsm;
ss on!
ic
.c
om
E-book is created by shanyoma bmomjyefpmay
2
bmomjyefpmay
w
w
w
.b
ur
m
es
es
cl
ass
ic
.c
om
bmomjyefpmay
OD;0ef(rif;ok0Pf) ocifbaomif;
OD;odef;[ef(aZmf*sD) OD;wif{
OD;xifzwf(armifxif) OD;odef;(Z0e)
OD;xifBuD; OD;0if;az
OD;cifaZmf OD;wifarmif(rSL;wif)
OD;tkef;az(wufwkd;)
bmomjyefpmayESD;aESmzvS,fyGJwGif wifoGif;cJhaom pmwef;rsm;

aqG;aEG;csufrsm;ESifhtpD&ifcHpm
om
pmayAdrmef
.c
ic
ssa
cl
es
es
m
ur
.b
3
w
w
w
bmomjyefpmay www.burmesesclassic.com
1970? tkyfa& 25000

yxrESdyfjcif;
om
.c
pmayAdrmeftkyfcsKyfa&;rSL;OD;xifBuD;(rSwfykHwiftrSwf 0480)u wm0efcHxkwfa0í

ic
ss
a
pmayAdrmefykHESdyfwkduf(rSwfykHwiftrSwf 0032) 361? jynfvrf;? &efukefNrdKUwGif

cl
es
OD;ausmftkH;u &kdufESdyfonf/
es
m
ur
.b
4
w
w
w
rmwdum
trSwfpOf taMumif;t&m pmrsufESm

1 trSm
2 jrefrmEkdifiHa&S;acwfbmomjyeforkdif;tcsKyf- OD;0ef(rif;ok0Pf) 7
3 bmomjyefolwOD;\tawGYtMuKHESifhxifjrifcsufrsm; - ocifbaomif; 16
4 &opmay bmomjyef jyóemtcsKdU - OD;odef;[ef(aZmf*sD) 40
5 wkdif;&if;om;pmayrsm; tjyeftvSef bmomjyefa&; - OD;wif{ 53
6 bmomjyefaqmif;yg; - OD;xifzwf(armifxif) 64
7 bmomjyefowif; - OD;odef;(Z0e) 88
8 qDavsmfonfhbmomjyefESifhrqDavsmfonfhbmomjyefrsm; - OD;xifBuD; 102

9 jrefrmuAsmrS t*FvdyfuAsmodkY jyefqkdjcif; - OD;0if;az 110
10 jrefrmpum;ajyrS t*Fvdyfpum;ajyodkYjyefqkdjcif; - OD;cifaZmf 129
11 bmomjyefvlxkodyÜHpmay - OD;wifarmif(rSL;wif) 148
12 bmomjyefoifwef; - OD;tkH;az(wufwkd;) 164
aemufqufwJG
13 jyefMum;a&;0efBuD;Xme twGif;0efajymMum;zGifhvSpfonfhrdefYcGef; 178
14 ESD;aESmyGJobmywd\tzGifhrdefYcGef; 181
15 ESD;aESmyGJobmywd\ed*kH;csKyfrdefYcGef; 183
16 bmomjyefpmay ESD;aESmzvS,fyGJtpD&ifcHpm 185
om
.c
ic
ss
a
cl
es
es
m
ur
.b
5
w
w
w
trSm
pmayAdrmeftkyfcsKyfa&;tzGJUonf pmayxkwfa0rIESifhpmayavmuwkd;wufzGHYNzKd;
a&;udk a&SU&Ií ES;D aESmzvS,yf rJG sm;udk ESppf Ofqo dk vkd usif;yjyKvkycf yhJ gonf/ ,if;tpDtpOf
t& 1966-ckEpS w f iG f uav;pmayES;D aESmzvS,yf u JG ¤kd if;? 1967-ckEpS w f iG f odypHÜ mayES;D aESm
zvS,yf u JG ¤kd if;? 1968-ckEpS w f iG f pmMunfw h udk vf yk if ef;ES;D aESmzvS,yf u JG ¤kd if;? 1969-ckEpS w f iG f
bmomjyefpmayESD;aESmzvS,fyGJudk¤if; usif;ycJhygonf/
bmomjyefpmayESD;aESmzvS,fyGJudk 1969-ck? pufwifbmv 23-&ufaeYrS 27-
&ufaeYtxd ig;&ufwidk w f idk f &efuek Nf rdKU? ukeo f nfvrf;? *EćD ef;raqmifwiG f usif;yjyKvkycf yhJ g
onf/ bmomjyefpmayvkyfief;ESifhpyfvsOf;aom taMumif;&yfrsm;udk ynm&Sif 11-OD;u
pmwef; 11-apmifa&;om;jyKpkwifoiG ;f cJyh gonf/ þpmtkyrf mS pmwef; 11-apmifEiS hf ,if;

wkdYudk tajcjyKaqG;aEG;wifjycsufrsm;udk aygif;&kH;pkpnf;í xkwfa0jcif; jzpfygonf/
ES;D aESmzvS,yf w JG iG f wifjycJah om pmwef;rsm;tjyif ES;D aESmzvS,yf u JG kd wufa&muf
zGivhf pS af y;onfjh yefMum;a&;0efBuD;Xme? twGi;f 0ef 'k-Akv d rf LS ;BuD;wifxeG ;f \rdecYf eG ;f ? obm
ywdrdefYcGef;rsm;ESifhwuG bmomjyefpmay ESD;aESmzvS,fyGJ tpD&ifcHpmukdyg rSwfwrf;wifap
jcif;tvkYdiSm xnfhoGif; azmfjyvkdufygaMumif;/
&efuek Nf rdKU
pmayAdrmef
1970-jynfhESpf? ZEé0g&Dv?
om
.c
ic
ass
cl
es
es
m
ur
.b
6
w
w
w
jrefrmEkdifiH a&S;acwfbmomjyef orkdif;tcsKyf

(yk*Hacwf tcef;)Ä
wifjyol
OD;0ef(rif;ok0Pf)
acwfNydKifausmufpm? rifpm? tkwcf u G pf mtaxmuftxm;? a&S;a[mif;okawoe

awGU&Sdcsuf taxmuftxm;? bmomaA'taxmuftxm;? &yf&Gmtrnfemr taxmuf
txm;? vlrsKd;pkEidI ;f ,SOyf nmtaxmuftxm;paom ckid rf maom taxmuftxm;rsm;t&
jrefrmwdkYtaMumif;udk pwifawGU&Sd&aomtcgwGif jrefrmwkdYonf rdrdwkdYcsnf;oufouf ae
xkid af eMuonfr[kw/f wjcm;vlrsm;ESiahf xG;a&m,Suw f if qufqaH ygif;oif;aexkid af eMu

NyD/ xkdwjcm;olwkdYrSm (1) u&if? (2)ukvm;? (3)uefwl;? (4)urf;&H? (5)<urf;? (6)csif;?
(7)pMu0f? (*)awmifol? (9)ysL? (10)rGef? (11)v0? (12)o0f? (13)ouf? (14)oQrf; polwkdY
jzpfMuonf/ xkdwjcm;vlwkdYonf oD;jcm;bmompum;rsm;udk ajymqkdolrsm; jzpfMuonf[k
rSw, f &l rnfxifonf/
bmompum;rwlolwkdY axG;a&m,Sufwif qufqHaygif;oif;aexkdifMuaomtcg
bmomjyefrIudpörSm ay:aygufvm&ayrnf/ vlrIa&;? pD;yGm;a&;? tkyfcsKyfa&;? EkdifiHa&;?
ppfa&;rufa&; paomta&;trsKd;rsKd;udk vkyfaqmif&mwGif vufjyajcjyrQjzifh udpöNyD;Ekdif
rnfr[kwf/ wOD;pum;udk wOD;u tawmfBuD;em;vnfrS NyD;Ekdifayrnf/ xkdYaMumifh rsm;pGm
aom jrefrmwkdYonf bmomjcm;avhvmrIESifhbmomjyefrIwkdYudk wrifoufoufjzpfap? c&D;
oGm;[efvTJjzpfap vkyfaqmifae&rnfrSm rvGJ[k xifEkdifonf/
jrefrmwkdY a&maESmqufqHaeaom wjcm;vlwkdYwGif pmayta&;tom;&SdaeNyDjzpf
aom vlrsKd;wkyYd g0ifaeonf/ xko d wl rYdk mS wkid ;f &if;om;wkwYd iG f ysLrsm;ESirhf eG rf sm; jzpfMuonf/
Ekid if jH cm;om;wkw Yd iG f ukvm;trsKd;rsKd;wkjYd zpfMuonf/ (trSerf mS pmayta&;tom;ynmukd
xkdukvm;rsm;xHrSyif wkdif;&if;om;rsm;u oif,lcJhMu&onf/)
xkpd Ofu jrefrmEkid if w H iG f pmayta&;tom;&Sad om bmompum;wku Yd kd pm&if;vkyf
&ygvQif ygVdbmom? ouúwbmom? ysLpum;? rGefpum;wkdY jzpfMuonfudk awGU&onf/
xkdbmompum;wkdYukd a&;om;tu©&mwif&mwGif tu©&mwrsKd;wnf;udkrokH;/ em*&Dtu©
om
.c
Ä jrefrmEkid if aH &S;acwfbmomjyeforkid ;f tcsKyfqadk om pmwef;udk 1962-ck? ZEé0g&Dv 26-&ufaeYwiG uf sif;yaom jrefrmEkid if H

ic
ss
okawoetoif;ESpfywfvnftpnf;ta0;ü OD;0ef zwfMum;wifjycJhonf/ ,if;pmwef;udk jrefrmEkdifiHokawoetoif; *sm

a
cl
es
e,f? 1962-ck? 'DZifbmvxkwf? twGJ 45? tydkif; 2 ESifh 1963-ck? Ekd0ifbmvxkwf aiGwm&Dr*¾Zif;wkdYwGif zwf&IEkdifonf/
es
,ckwifjyonfhpmwef;rSm xkdpmwef;\wpdwfydkif;udk zGifhqkdjznfhpGufaom pmwef;jzpfonf/

m
ur
.b
7
w
w
w
&m? ysLtu©&m? rGeftu©&m [lí tu©&mokH;rsKd;udk okH;aeMuonf/
wzef xkdpOfu jrefrmEkdifiHwGif xGef;um;aeaom bmom0g'wkdYudkMunfhjyefvQif
txift&Sm;tm;jzifh awGU&onfrmS r[m,me? ax&0g'? wÈÅ? jAm[®P0g'wkYd jzpfMuonf/
,if;0g'udk ,kHMunfav;pm;aom&[ef;? ykPÖm;wkdYonf tNidrfaeMurnfr[kwf/ rdrdwkdYavh
vmwwfuRrf;orQjzifh a[mMuajymMu oifMum;ydkYcsvsuf&SdMurnfjzpfonf/ ynm&SdysLt
rsKd;om;rsm;? ynm&SdrGeftrsKd;om;rsm;? ynm&Sdukvm;trsKd;om;rsm;onf {&m0wDjrpf&kd;
wGif pkefumqefum vl;vmvIyf&Sm;vsuf &Sdvdrfhrnf[k ,lrSwf&ef&Sdonf/
jrefrmwko Yd nf txufwiG f azmfjycJah om bmompum;trsKd;rsKd;? bmom0g'trsKd;
rsKd;wkwYd iG f awGUae&NyD/ rdrw d b Ydk mvkyMf urnfenf;/ ukvm;,Ofaus;rI? ysL,Ofaus;rI? rGe, f Of
aus;rIwYdk udk awGUae&NyD/ rdrw d Ydk bmvkyMf urnfenf;/ &mZ0ifrw S w f rf;rsm;t&vnf;aumif;?
tjcm;aomoufaotaxmuftxm;rsm;t&vnf;aumif; ajym&rnfqkdvQif jrefrmwkdY

onf rGew f t Ydk ay:wGif txl;wvnf tm;xm;í rGew f , Ydk MHk unfqnf;uyfaom ax&0g'Ak'¨
bmom? rGefwkdYavhvmvkdufpm;aom ygVdusrf;*ef? rGefwkdYusifhokH;apmifha&Smufaom &kd;&m
,Ofaus;rIponfwu Ydk kd vufc&H ,lvu dk Mf uonf/ þodq Yk jdk cif;jzifh ysL,Ofaus;rI? ukvm;,Of
aus;rIponfwkdY\MoZmukd vkH;0rcH,l[k rqkdvkd/ ,if;,Ofaus;rIwkdYudkvnf; tenf;ESifht
rsm;qko d vkd &,lrnf[k rSwx f ifp&m taMumif;rsm;&So d nf/ odaYk omfvnf; rGew f \ Ydk ,Ofaus;
rIMoZmudk txl;wvnf ta&;ay;cH,lonf[k qkdvkdjcif;jzpfonf/
yk*Hjynf taemf&xmrif;apmvufxuf rwkdifrD anmifOD;apm&[ef;ESifhuGrf;aqmf
ausmif;jzLrif;wkv Yd ufxuf ouú&mZf at? 'D? waxmifqw D iG f jrefrmwko Yd nf Ak'0¨ g'udck ,
H íl
ygVdusrf;*efukd pwifavhvmonf[q k Mkd uonf/ taemf&xmrif;apmvufxufwiG f yifv,f
&yfjcm;EkdifiHrsm;ESifhwkduf&kdufqufoG,frI &Sdonf/ xkdtcg jrefrmwkdYonf topftopfaom
tawG;tac:rsm;? topftopfaom trlt&mrsm;? topftopfaom t&m0w¬Krsm;?
topftopfaomtrnfemrrsm;udk aeYpOfESifhtrQ awGUqkHae&rnfrSm rkcs[kxifonf/ xkd
topftopfaomtjcif;t&mwku Yd kd jrefrmpum;jzifh awG;awmajyma[m avhvmMuHpnfEidk f
atmif olwkdYtm;xkwf&csdrfhrnf/ þwGif bmomjyefqkdrI ta&;BuD;vmonf/
Ak'0¨ g'udk rdrw d cdYk ,H Ml uNyD/ ygVdusrf;*efukd rdrw d aYdk vhvmoif,Ml uNyD/ odaYk omfvnf;
rdrdwkdY\udk,fydkifbmompum;udk tu©&mrwif&ao;/ rGefwkdYrSm pmESifhayESifh/ ysLwkdYrSm pm
ESiahf yESi/hf rdrw d rYdk mS pmayr&Sad o;/ xkaYd Mumifh jrefrmwko Yd nf rdrw d \Ydk pum;udk tu©&mwif&ef
om
.c
tm;xkwMf uonf/
ic
ass
em*&Dtu©&m? ysLtu©&m? rGeftu©&m[lí rdrdwkdYa&SUü tu©&mokH;rsKd;&SdonfwGif

cl
es
rGefpmayESifhtawmf&if;ESD;aeykH&aom jrefrmwkdYonf rGeftu©&mudk ,lMuonf/ wcgzl;rQ

es
m
ur
.b
8
w
w
w
tu©&mrwif&ao;aom jrefrmpum;udk rGefwkdYtokH;jyKaeaom ukvm;tu©&mrsm;jzifh

tu©&mwif&aomtcg jyóemtrsKd;rsKd;ESifh &ifqkdifcJh&ykH&onf/
bmompum;wkdYrnfonf wbmomwnf;wGifyifvnf; toHt&mwGifvnf;
aumif;? o'´gt&mwGiv f nf;aumif;? a0g[m&t&mwGiv f nf;aumif;? wOD;ESiw hf OD;? w&yf
ESiw hf &yf? wacwfEiS w hf acwfrwlyJ uGu J jJG ym;jym; jzpfaewwfonf/ þtuGu J t JG jym;jym;xJrS
pHwckckudkxkwf,lí xkdpHudk rSwfwrf;wif&rnf/ þudpöonf rvG,ful/ >yrf;aomudpöjzpf
onf/ odkYaomfvnf; jrefrmwkdYonf rdrdwkdYpGrf;aqmifEkdiforQ tm;xkwfum rdrdwkdYpum;udk
tu©&mwifcMhJ uonf/ þodt kY u©&mwifMu&mwGif rdrw d \ Ydk a&SUajy;rsm;jzpfMuaom ysKwkx Yd rH S
vnf;aumif;? rGefwkdYxHrSvnf;aumif;? ukvm;wkdYxHrSvnf;aumif; oifhEkd;&m&maom
enf;eme,wkdYudk &,lcJhMuonf[k ,lrSwfp&mtaMumif;&Sdonf/
þodkYpum;ukd tu©&mwifckduf wcsdefwnf;rSmyif ygVdusrf;*ef? ouúwusrf;*ef?

yd#uwfpmay? aA'ifpmay? rGefpmaywkdYudkvnf; oif,lavhvmum rdrdwkdYpum;jzifh em;
vnfEidk af tmif tm;xkwMf u&onf/ þ0efxyk Bf uD;ESpx f yk u f kd OD;qkid ;f yJq
h idk ;f jzifh xrf;aqmif
um a&SUodkYcsDwufum yk*Hacwfjrefrmonf csD;usL;zG,fjzpfonf/
topftopfaomtawG;tac:? topftopfaomtrlt&m? topftopf
aomt&m0w¬K? topftopfaomtrnfemrwku Yd kd bmomjcm;rS jrefrmbmomodYk yk*aH cwf
jrefrmwkdY,liifoGwfoGif;ykHudk pwifpOf;pm;&avrnf/
tapmqkH; jrefrmpmwdYkwGif jrefrmhtoGif jrefrmhtqifjzifh jrefrmESifhruGJrjym;
rxl;rjcm; a&maESmyg0ifaeaom ukvm;pum;wkdYudk awGU&onf/ Oyrmtm;jzifh qkd&aomf
rD;zkad qmifu jiKwf(aumif;)rSm ouúwbmom r&dprSaomfvnf;aumif;? rGepf um; ajrufrS
wqifah omfvnf;aumif;? ukvm;pum;wckcrk w S qifah omfvnf;aumif; jrefrmpum;wGi;f
odkY 0ifa&mufvmaom pum;jzpf&monf/ xef;yifrSmvnf; ygVd? ouúw wmv wmvrS qif;ouf
vmaompum;jzpf&monf/ tdrfokH;ypönf;wkdYESifhywfoufaom zef(yg? zvdu)? jywm jywm(o?
yg&')? ywfwjrm jrm(o? y'®&m*)? Owf(yg? £ |u)? avmu"mwfESifhywfoufaom uyf(yg?
uyÜ)? urÇm(o? uvÜ)? i&J(yg? o? ed&,)? ouf&Sd avmuESifhywfoufaom wd&dwfqef(yg?
wd&päme)? owå0gg(o? owG)? e*g e*g(yg? em*)? uvkef(yg? *&kV)wkdYrSm ukvm;toGif raysmuf
wwfaomfvnf; jrefrmtoGifaygufaeaompum;wkdY jzpfonf/
jrefrmpum;udk tu©&mrwifcifuyif þa0g[m&wko Yd nf jrefrmwkEYd w I o f Ykd a&muf
om
.c
aeMuNyD[k xifrw S &f ef&odS nf/ þbmomjcm;pum;wku Yd kd jrefrmpum;jzifh zvS,u f m bmom

ic
ass
jyef&ef tm;rxkwaf wmhyJ emrowfenf;jzifh vufcv H udk Mf uonfrmS þt&m0w¬K? þtawG;

cl
es
tac:wkYdonf xkdacwfjrefrmwkdYtzkdY bmomjyef&ef rvG,fulaomaMumifh jzpfwef&monf/

es
m
ur
.b
9
w
w
w
,ckacwfwGifyifvnf; þpum;vkH;wkdYudk jrefrmpum;oufoufjzifh zvS,f&ef vG,fulrnf
rxif/
ygVd? ouúwpum;vkH;wkdYudk emrowfjyef,lvufcH&mwGif pdwf0ifpm;zG,ftcsuf
w&yfukd owdjyKEkid o f nf/ tpOftvmt& ajym&k;d qk&d ;dk &So d nfrmS jrefrmbmompum;ü 0*f
Asnf;tu©&mwkdYwGif wwd,u©&m(toH)ESifhpwkw¬u©&m(toH)r&Sdjcif;? odkYr[kwf r&Sdo
avmufenf;yg;jcif; jzpfonf/ rsufarSmufacwf vufawGUtm;jzifh &ckdif? xm;0,fpaom
toHujJG refrmpum;wkw Yd iG f þtoHwu Ydk kd tok;H enf;onf[o k &d onf/ ygVd? ouúwbmomwkYd
wGif þtoHrsm;&Sdonf/ yk*HacwfjrefrmwkdYonf þtoHrsm;udk yDoatmif &GwfqkdEkdifykH r&
acs/ odkYr[kwf &GwfqkdcsifykH r&acs/ odkYr[kwf &GwfqkdykH r&acs/ tb,fhaMumifhqkdaomf ygVd?
ouúwouf pum;wkt Yd wGuf olwv Ydk ufcaH &;om;cJah om pmvk;H aygif;wku Yd kd oufaotjzpf
awGU&aomaMumifh jzpfonf/ Oyrmtm;jzifh jy&rnfqv dk Qif uvkef(yg? *&kV)? ul(yg? *k[m)?

wóyg&rD(yg? 'oyg&rD)? wkuúp&d smsm(yg? o? 'kuú& p&d,m)? xwfw0f(yg? "mwk)? z0uf(yg?
b0*¾)? zd,f(yg? b,)? oifBudK0f(o? oN*F[)? ocFg(yg? oHC)ponfwkdY jzpfMuonf/
wzef yk*aH cwfjrefrmwko Yd nf pma&;aomtcg(txufu enf;twkid ;f vkyd if) rdrw d Ydk
zwf&w G af jymqko d nfth oHxu G t f wkid ;f a&;vkad omqE´zufoYkd rMumcP,dr;f avh&MdS uonf/
ygVd? ouúwbmomwkw Yd iG f jrefrmrlt& tu©&mwvk;H csif; pmvk;H aygif;xm;aomfvnf; a'G;
abmfoH,kwfoH zwf&aom yk'frsm;&Sdonf/ Oyrmtm;jzifhqkdaomf 0gus 0gusudk 0ufuss[k zwf&
jcif;rsKd; jzpfonf/ a&;awmhtrSef zwfawmhtoHqkdaom a&S;pum;t& a&;jcif; zwfjcif;
jzpfonf/ yk*aH cwfwiG u f m; t csKdUaomt&mwküYd rlva&;xk;H udk *&krjyK/ zwf&w G o
f t
H wkid ;f
a&;onfukd awGU&onf/ Oyrmtm;jzifu h m; p~uú0VmVm(o? pMu0gV)? p~uú0wd,f(o? yg? pMu
0wå)D ? "r®p~uúMw smOD(yg? o? "r®pMu)? ywår&m &m(o? yg? y'®&m*)? &wåemm(o? &wé)? owå0gg(o?
owG)wkdYjzpfMuonf/ uuúKoef? aumuf ukoef(yg? umPm&d|)paom trnfemrwkdYonf
vnf; þoabmrsKd;yif jzpfrnfxifonf/
odkYaomfvnf; rlvbmomwGif a'G;abmfoH,kwfjzifh a&;&if;jzpfí jrefrmbmom
wGifvnf; a'G;abmfoH,kwfoH r&GwfrzwfaomaMumifh a'G;abmfoH,kwfrJha&;onfrsm;udk
vnf; awGU&onf/ Oyrmtm;jzifhqkdaomf pr®c@ @rS qif;oufvmaom jrefrmpum;ukd pr®
cPf[ak &;oifv h suf yk*H o H m;wkoYd nf prcef[o k mvQif &d;k &k;d a&;onfuakd wGU&onf/ (yv’ yv’uFrS
qif;oufvmaompum;vkH;udk ,cktcg yv’if[k vtu©&m a'G;abmfESifhjrefrmwkdY a&;
om
.c
aeMuaomfvnf; yk*Hom;wkdYum; &GwfzwfoHodkY vkdufum yefvif[k a&;cJhMuonf/ þum;

ic
ass
tjriftm;jzifh a'G;abmfoH,kwfrJhykH om"ujzpf&monf/)

cl
es
wzef jrefrmwko Yd nf rGew f \ Ydk enf;eme,udk vku d í f tcsKdUaom ygVd? ouúwpum;

es
m
ur
.b
10
w
w
w
wkdYudk emrowfjyef,lcJhonf[k xifzG,f&Sdaom taxmuftxm;wkdYudkvnf; awGU&onf/

Oyrmtm;jzifhqkdaomf ,ckacwfa&; uxdef(yg? uxde)udk uxdkef? aumPm*kH(yg? aumP
*re)udk a*gem*krd ?f y&dwf(yg? y&dw)å udk y&dw k ?f Asmu&kP;f (yg? Asmu&P)udk Asmu&kP d fponf
wkjdY zpfonf/
xkdYjyifvnf; ukvm;wkdY\MoZmruif;[k xif&aom emrowfjyefenf;wck &Sdao;
onf/ ,if;rSm ygVd? ouúwtrnfemrrsm;wGif y'EÅtu©&mukd towfjyKum jrefrmjyK
enf;jzpfonf/ Oyrmtm;jzifq h &dk aomf c@[mv ykPmÖ ;udk ,ckacwfwiG f &S&d if;ygVdtwkid ;f
jrefrmwkYda&;om;ac:a0:Muonf/ yk*HacwfwGifum; y'EÅvtu©&mudk towfjyKí uE´
[mvfykHemm[ka&;onf/ xkdenf;wlpGm ZmvDurk m&f? aZ,sol&?f "r®*rÇ&D ?f jA[®ygvf? rCa'0f?
&mZukrm&f? t&dr'éyl&f ponfjzifh a&;onfwu Ydk kd awGU&onf/ odaYk omfvnf; jrefrmpum;\
obm0ESifhroifhawmfojzifh xifonf/ þenf;onf tjrpfrwG,fcJhacs/

ESpu f sdy&f pS q
f bl &k m;wk\
Yd bGUJ trnfrsm;udk ,ckacwf ajym&k;d qk&d ;dk a&;om;&k;d ESirhf nD?
edyEæ yé 'k t
f jzpfjzifh Moum&efEiS ahf &;onfrmS vnf; pdw0f ifpm;zG,w f &yf jzpfonf/ Oyrmtm;
jzifhqdk&aomf wPSuFa&m? arxuFa&m? o&PuFa&m? 'DyuFa&m? ruFavm? okraem?
a&0awm? aombdawm? y'karm? em&a'g em&a'gponfwkdY jzpfonf/ þenf;udk ukvm;rsm;xHrS
&avovm;/ oD[kdVfom;rsm;xHrS &avovm;/ ,cktcg plum&Ekd? pl[m&wdkponfjzifh
ouúwouftrnfrsm;udk okH;aeMuaom tif'kdeD;&Sm;wkdY\tavhtvmESifhtquftoG,f
&SdcJhavovm;/ pkHprf;&ef vkdonf/
wcgw&H rGepf um;vk;H rsm;udyk if ,liifjrefrmjyKxm;onfukd awGU&onf/ Oyrmtm;
jzifq h adk omf ,cktcg uGr;f &Gu[ f q k v kd Qif oHo,jzpf&efr&S?d rnfonft h yifu t&Gu[ f íl od
NyD;jzpfaomfvnf; yk*aH cwf jrefrmwku Yd rl oHrL’ [laom rGepf um;vk;H udk ok;H pGaJ &;xk;d Muonfukd
awGU&onf/ ur,f(rkq;kd r)? aoéuf(oefvsuf)qkad omrGepf um;wku Yd vkd nf; yk*aH cwfjrefrm
pum;xJwiG f csyfíawGU&onf/ ra[mfo"mZmwfurÜn;f wGif okcrdeaf v;a,muf rpifwiG ;f ?
bifwiG ;f üusaeonfh taMumif;udk urÜn;f xk;d &mü usifBuD;? acs;? bif[al om yk*aH cwfo;Hk
jrefrmpum;wku Yd rkd oH;k yJ [&kuq f adk oma&S;a[mif;rGepf um;udk ok;H xm;onfrmS bmomjyef
udpör[kwf? ,Ofaus;zG,f&mrIudpöjzpfonf[k xifrSwfp&m &Sdonf/
rGepf um;vk;H udk ,l&rHk Qru rGew f \Ydk pum;vk;H pDpOfyu Hk v
kd nf; ,liifo;Hk pG&J ef MuHpnfyHk
udk awGU&ao;onf/ Oyrmtm;jzifhqkdaomf ykPÖm;jzpfaom au0#fudk au0#fykPÖm;?
om
.c
bDvl;jzpfaom ykPÖuudk ykPÖubDvl;ponfjzifh jrefrmpum;pDpOfxm;odkykH &Sdvifhupm; yk*H

ic
ss
acwf ZmwfurÜnf; tcsKdUwGif qifz’yvvnf? ykHemau0wf? zdvlykEé,uf? rifumodu&pf?

a
cl
es
Ä yvvnf; qifjzL? au0#fykPÖm;? ykPÖu,u©bDvl;? umodu&mZfrif;? plVeDjA[®'wfrif;/ yDVd,u©rif;[lí ,cktcga&;Murnf/

es
m
ur
.b
11
w
w
w
rifpwlvedjAKHrS'wf? rifydv,ufÄ ponfjzifh rGefqHqH a&;xkd;xm;onfudk awGU&onf/
odkYaomf þpepfonfvnf; tjrpfrwG,fcJhacs/
bmomjyefupd w ö iG f teufukd jyef,&l onfu h pd eö nf;wl bmomjcm; trnfa0g[m&
wkdYudk aumuf,larG;pm;&onfhudpöonfvnf; ta&;BuD;ykH? cufcJ&IyfaxG;ykHwkdYudk txufyg
wifjycsufwYdk jzifh odomEkid o
f nf/ rsufarSmufacwf bmompum;wkq Yd idk &f m tbd"mefrsm;udk
avhvmMunfhvQif udwådrarG;pm;pum;vkH;wkdYudk trsm;tjym;awGU&rnf/ <u,f0aom
bmomjzpfav udwådrpum;vkH; t&Sdrsm;av[kqkdvQif rSm;Edkifrnfrxif/ jrefrmtbd"mef
wGifvnf; udwådrpum; tawmfrsm;rsm; awGU&onf/
udwrdå pum; arG;pm;&mwGif tu©&mvS,ef nf;? toHv, S ef nf; ponfwu Ydk kd ok;H avh
&Sd Muonf/ odaYk omfvnf; tpueOD;ü þenf;wko Yd nf ykaH oum;us r&Sw d wfMuacs/ udwrdå
pum;vkH; wvkH;wnf;udkyif [kdokdYa&;vQif oifhEkd;Ekd;? onfodkYa&;vQif oifhEkd;Ekd;ESifh pa0p0g

jzpfaewwfMuonf/ umvMumí ud, k &f nfppfro
S mvQif 0d0g'enf;yg;oGm;&onf/ yk*aH cwf
tcgu þudprö sKd; rsm;pGmay:aygufco hJ nf/ pepfrusao;aom udwrdå pum;a&;xk;H tcsKdU
udk atmufwGif azmfjyxm;onf/
OD;a& ,cka&;ykH yk*Ha&;ykH
1 aumuúoef uuúoef? aumufukoef
2 i&J i&J? i&,f? ji,f
3 pMum pMum? pufMum? p~uúm
4 q&m q& sm? qd& sm? Mq sdm
5 wm0wdefom wm0wdif? wm0wð? wm0wdefom
6 wd&pämef wd&dwfqef? Bwdpäef
7 edAÁmef ae&yef? ed,f&yef? ed&Aef? edAÁef
8 y[dk&f y[kdvf? y[dktf? ayD[&f
9 ywåjrm; ywfwjrm? ywår&m
10 Asm'dwf Asmwdwf? Asma'of? Asma'ó
11 jA[®m jA[®m? jArSm? jAKH[®m
12 &wem &wem? &wåem
13 oH0pä&m oH0apä&f? oH0pf~qld&f
om
.c
14 trwf trwsm? trwå sm? trwf& sm

ic
ss
a
15 t&darawå,s t&d,arwånf? t&drdwåd& sm? r[mrdwå& sm

cl
es
16 t0Dpd t0Dpd? t0dpD,f? t0pd,f

es
m
ur
.b
12
w
w
w
txufwiG f bmomjyefupd \ ö ta&;BuD;aom t*Fgw&yfjzpfonfh udwrdå pum;rsm;

taMumif;udk qkdcJhNyD/ þpum;wkdYonf yd#uwfpmay? aA'ifpmay? rGefpmaywkdYudk avhvm
um jrefrmpum;jzifh jyefvnfazmufonfcs&ef tm;xkwf&mü y#doaE¨wnfae aygufyGm;
cJah ompum;wkYd jzpfonf/ yk*aH cwfjrefrmwko Yd nf bmomjyefvyk if ef;udk tifwu dk t f m;wku d f
vkyfcJh&vdrfhrnf[k xifonf/ rsufjriftaxmuftxm;udk jy&rnfqkdygu yk*Hjynf&Sd ul
ausmif;eH&HwkdYwGif a&;qGJxm;aom aq;a&;yef;csDum;wkdYudk vufnd§K;nTefjy&ef &Sdonf/
Ak'¨0if? r[m0if? 'Dy0if? bkHcef;? i&Jcef;? 550? 0drme0w¬Kpaom tw¬KyÜwådygonfh 0w¬K
aMumif;rsm;udk a&mifpkHa&;cs,fxm;onfrSm ygVdukdzwfí jrefrmrjyefwwfvQif jzpfEkdifp&m
taMumif;r&Sday/ rGefbmom? jrefrmbmomwkdYjzifh yef;csDum taMumif;udk xkwfazmf
xm;onfh ZmwfurÜnf;rsm;uvnf; rGefjrefrmwkdY\bmomjyefvkyfief;udk wpGef;wp wifjy
xm;vsuf&Sdonf/ þurÜnf;rsm;ESifhausmufpmrsm;udk Munfhí jrefrmjyefrI pGrf;&nfudk

oJvGefpxkwfjyEkdifp&m taMumif;&Sdonf/ atmufygZ,m;udk&I/
OD;a& yk*H ,ck
1 aumifavStaF w[f om"k
(aumif;avSifhwnf;)
2 ppfBuDvDyg(ppfBuD;av;yg;) ppft*Fgav;yg;
3 z’pfoqkd0fji,f(jzpfaomqif;&J) Zmwd'ku©? y#doaEäejcif;qif;&J
4 rifw& sm 10 yg rif;usifhw&m;q,fyg;
(rif;w&m; 10 yg;)
5 rd’,fykHavmef(ajrykHvGef) oJvGef
6 &G,fr’wf 9 yg (&GJjrwf 9 yg;) e0&wfukd;yg;
7 odpyfjrifESrftaom oAÁnKw oAÁnKwÓPf
nmef(odpyfjrifESHYaom)
8 twnfr,faomMw sm tedpöw&m;? rNrJaomw&m;
(twnfrJhaomw&m;)
9 trkduf trsuf &Hruf arm[? a'go? avmb
yk*aH cwfjrefrmwko Yd nf tcsKdUaom ygVdouúwpum;vk;H wku Yd kd rdrw
d u
Ydk , dk yf ikd pf um;
vkH;uJhodkY tokH;jyKvsuf &SdMuykHudk txufwGifqkdcJhNyD/ odkYaomfvnf; tcsKdUaom pum;vkH;
om
.c
wkdYudkum; jrefrmyDyDjyefqkda&;om;Muonfudk txufygZ,m;ü awGUEkdifonf/

ic
ss
a
usefppfom;rif;onf om;awmf&mZukrm&f\aumif;rIudk tEkarm'emjyKaom

cl
es
tcg ,ck umvwGiu f o hJ Ykd om"k[í l ygVdpum;udk rok;H yJ aumifavStaF w[f[í l jrefrmyDyD
es
m
ur
.b
13
w
w
w
qkdcJhonf/ odkY aomfvnf; aemifvmaemufom;wkdYum; usefppfom;rif;\aemufodkY rvkduf
cJhacs/ om"k om"k[líom qkdvsuf&SdMuonf/
tedpöoabmw&m;udk ,cktcg rNrJaomw&m;[lí jrefrmjyefqkdajyma[maeMu
aomfvnf; yk*HacwfwGifum; twnfrJhaomw&m; omw&m;[lí a&;Muonfudk awGU&onf/
arm[? a'go? avmbwku Yd kd awGa0jcif;? trsufxu G jf cif;? tvkBd uD;jcif;ponfjzifh
,ckacwfwiG f jyefqrdk nfjzpfaomfvnf; yk*aH cwfq&mwku Yd m; jrefrmyDyD odyo f yd o
f nf;onf;
ESifh trdkuf? trsuf? &Hruf[lí jyefqkdcJhMuonf/ þodkYodyfonf;aom tqdktrdefYrsm;udk
aemufom;wkdYrvkdufem rokH;pGJonfrSm qkH;&IH;jcif;w&yf jzpfonf[k qkdoifhrnfxifonf/
oAÁnKwÓPfawmfuv kd nf; odpyfjrifEaYHS om om[lonf emr0daooeyk'jf zifh txl;jyK
zGifhum a&;om;onfrSm rSwfzG,faumif;onf/
e0&wfudk;yg;uddk &GJjrwf 9 yg; yg;? rif;usifhw&m;q,fyg;udk rif;w&m; 10yg; 10yg;? Zmwd

'ku©udk jzpfaomqif;&J? ppft*Fgav;yg;udk ppfBuDav;yg; v;yg;? ra[mfo"mZmwfvm ygVdpum;
0gvkua,mwå? oJveG u f kd ajrykv
H eG fponfjzifh jrefrmyDyD jyefqadk &;om;MuonfrmS csD;rGr;f zG,f
jzpfonf/ ,if;yk*aH cwf jyefqcdk sufwu Ydk kd aemifvmaemufom;wku Yd vufco H nfvnf;&So d nf/
vk;H vk;H pGeyfY pfonfvnf; &So d nf/ tenf;tusOf; jyKjyifíjzpfap? pum;vk;H tydjk znfph u G í
f
jzpfap qufvufo;Hk pGaJ eonfvnf; &So d nf/ odaYk omfvnf; yk*aH cwf jrefrmwk\ dY tm;xkwrf I
um; tv[órjzpfay/
trsKd;av;yg; t,l0g' jyif;xefaom ukvm;wk\ Yd ygVdpum; ukvykw?å ukv"dwm
wkdYudk yk*HacwfjrefrmwkdYu trsKd;om;? trsKd;orD; [lí pwifjyefqkdcJhonf/ a'0ykwå ewf
om;? a'0"Dwm ewforD;? &mZykwå rif;om;? &mZ"Dwm rif;orD;qkdonfwkdYonfvnf; yk*H
acwfwGif aygufzGm;cJhEkdifonf/ ygVdbmomudk rSDí þpum;rsm;udk rzefwD;rjyefqkdcJhvQif
,cktcg þyk*K¾ v d w
f t
Ydk wGuf rnfonfph um;vk;H rsm;udk jrefrmwko Yd ;Hk aeygrnfenf;[k pOf;pm;
p&may:onf/ txl;tm;jzifhum; trsKd;om; om;[laompum;vkH; r&SdvQif ,cktcg okcrdef
rsm;pnf;a0;í wkid yf ifzefw;D ae&vdrrhf nf xifro d nf/ yk*aH cwf\bmomjyefpmayvkyif ef;
aqmif&GufrIaMumifh ,ckacwfwGif yd#uwfokH;ykHukdyif jrefrmjyefEkdif&onf[kqkdvQif yk*H
acwf\aus;Zl;udk wpdwfw0uf azmfjy&ma&mufvdrfhrnf[k ,kH Munfrdygonf/ /
jrefrmEkdifiH a&S;acwfbmomjyeforkdif;tcsKyf
yg0ifaqG;aEG;olrsm;/
om
.c
1/ Ekdifyef;vS
ic
ss
a
2/OD;vlaz0if;
cl
es
3/OD;vSjrifh
es
m
ur
.b
14
w
w
w
yg0ifaqG;aEG;csufrsm;/
1/]Zeu}}udk ]]Zeaum}a&;&kd;&SdonfrSm rGefrS,lcJhonf[k wOD;u qkdygonf/ pmwef;&Sif
taejzifh rGeEf iS jhf refrmudk rcGrJ jcm;,lygonf/ tif'ekd ;D &Sm;ESithf quftoG,rf sm; &Scd o
hJ avm
[k odcsifaMumif; pmwef;&Sifu ajzMum;onf/
2/aus;vufrsm;wGif yxru©&mrS wwd,u©&modkY ajymif;zwfonf[k aqG;aEG;ygonf/
xkdtcg þpmwef;ü yk*HacwftaMumif;udk wifjyxm;jcif;rQom jzpfygonf[k ajzMum;yg
onf/
3/jrefrmtbd"mefrsm;udpu ö kd ar;jref;&m OD;wifv(S wuúov kd b f momjyefXmepmwnf;) a&;
aom ]jrefrmtbd"meforkdif;)aqmif;yg;udk zwfMunfh&ef wkdufwGef;aMumif;? xkdYjyif ]ygVd
oufjrefrma0g[m&tbd"mef}ESifh]wuúodkvfa0g[m&tbd"mef}rsm;ukdvnf; Munfhoifh
aMumif; ajzMum;onf/
om
.c
ic
ss
a
cl
es
es
m
ur
.b
15
w
w
w
bmomjyefow
l OD;\tawGUtMuKHEiS x
hf ifjrifcsufrsm;
wifjyol
ocifbaomif;
jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEkdifiHawmf awmfvSefa&;tpkd;&? jyefMum;a&;Xme? pmayAdrmef

tkyfcsKyfa&;tzGJU? bmomjyefpmay ESD;aESmzvS,fyGJusif;ya&;OD;pD;aumfrwDu þbmom
jyefESD;aESmzvS,fyGJudk usif;yay;jcif;onf 0rf;omp&maumif;ygonf/ ESD;aESmzvG,fyGJ
usif;ya&;aumfrwDEiS w hf uG awmfveS af &;tpk;d &jyefMum;a&;Xme pmayAdrmeftyk cf sKyfa&;
tzGJUudkvnf; aus;Zl;wifp&maumif;ygonf/
,ckuJhoYkd bmomjyefESD;aESmzvS,fyGJ usif;yay;jcif;rSm bmomjyeftvkyfonf t
a&;BuD;aomtvkyfwckjzpfaMumif;udk todtrSwfjyK&mvnf; usonf/ xkdYjyif bmomjyef

tvkyfwGif tcuftcJrsm;&SdaMumif;? xkdtcuftcJrsm;onf ESD;aESmzvS,fyGJü wkdifyif
aqG;aEG;MuvQif txkduftavsmuf yaysmufoGm;Ekdifvrf;&SdaMumif;wkdYudk todtrSwfjyK
&mvnf;usonf[k oabm&ygonf/ xkaYd Mumifh 0rf;omjcif; aus;Zl;wifxu dk o
f tl m;vk;H udk
aus;Zl;wifjcif;jzpfygonf/
a&S;OD;pGm bmomjyeftvkyfonf toufarG;rIynm? odkYr[kwf toufarG;rI t
wwfwck jzpfonf[k todtrSwfjyKvQif oifhavsmfvdrfhrnf[k xifygonf/
tu,fí bmomjyeftvkyu f kd toufarG;rItwwf[k todtrSwjf yKrnfqydk gvQif
t oufarG;rItwwfwkYd\vkdtifBuD;wckonf xif&Sm;ay:vmygvdrfhrnf/ xkdvkdtifBuD;rSm
tjcm;r[kwyf g/ toufarG;rItwwfwckcu k kd ausyGepf mG vkyaf qmifEidk &f ef wifBudKoifMum;
ay;rI&&dS jcif;jzpfygonf/ trsm;tm;jzifh toufarG;rItwwfwckcu k kd ausyGepf mG vkyaf qmif
Ekdif&eftwGuf wif BudKoifMum;ay;&pNrJjzpfygonf/ Oyrmqkdaomf a&SUaetwwfudk
vkyEf ifdk &f eftwGuf xkt d wwfjzifh toufarG;vko d wl tYdk m; Oya'ynmudk wifBudKíoifMum;
ay;&ygonf/ aq;uktwwfjzifh toufarG;vko d wl t Ydk m;vnf; aq;ynmudk wifBudKíoif
Mum;ay;&ygonf/ xkduJhodkYaom toufarG;rItwwfrsm;udk t*Fvdyfvkd y&dkzuf,Sif; (Pro-
fession) [kac:onfudk tm;vkH;yifodMuygvdrfhrnf/ a&SUaetwwfESifhaq;uktwwfuJhodkY
aom toufarG;rItwwfrsm;udk tpdk;&u todt rSwfjyKaomausmif;rsm;? tzGJUrsm;u
om oifMum;ay;cGifh&ygonf/ odkY&mwGif tpkd;&u todtrSwfjyKaom ausmif;rsm;? tzGJU
om
.c
rsm;wGif wufa&mufí wifBudKoifMum;jcif;rjyKyJ? tjcm;wenf;wvrf;jzifh wifBudKoif

ic
ss
a
Mum;í vkyfaqmifEkdifaomtoufarG;rItwwfrsm;vnf; &Sdygao;onf/ Oyrmqkdaomf

cl
es
vufa0SYtwwf? vuform;twwf? owif;pma&;jcif;twwf? owif;axmufenf;ESifh

es
m
ur
.b
16
w
w
w
ud, k f wifBudKoifMum;í vkyaf qmifEidk af omtwwfrsm; jzpfygonf/ od&Yk mwGif toufarG;rI

twwfukd ausyGeaf tmif vkyaf qmifEidk &f eftwGuf tpk;d &todtrSwjf yKaom wifBudK oif
Mum;ay; rIjzpfap? tpk;d &todtrSwrf jyKaom wifBudKoifMum;rIjzpfap wifBudKoifMum;rI
&Sd&efvkdtyfonfrSm xif&Sm;ygonf/
rnfonfhtoufarG;rItwwfwGifrqkd olYenf;ESifhol tcuftcJ&Sdoavmuf &dSMu
onfcsnf;jzpfygonf/ odkY&mwGif xkdodkYaom tcuftcJrsm;rSm oufqkdif&mtwwf&SifwkdYu
ckepftrd Mf um; &Spt f rd Mf um; atmf[pfiakd vmufatmif BuD;rm;aom tcuftcJrsm;r[kwyf ?J
wenf;enf;ESihf t&yfrul vlr0dik ;f yJEiS hf ajz&Si;f í &Ekid af om tcuftcJrsm;om jzpfonfukd
awGUEkdifygonf/
bmomjyeftvkyEf iS yhf wfoufí ,ck awGMY uKHaeMu&onfqadk omtcuftcJrsm;rSm
trsm;tm;jzifh bmomjyeftwwfukd wenf;enf;jzifh wifBudKoifMum;xm;rIr&Sjd cif;aMumif?h

okrYd [kwf bmomjyeftvkyu f kd toufarG;rItwwfuo hJ kYd oabmrxm;jcif;aMumif?h odrYk [kwf
vG,fvG,fESifh jzpfuwufqef;vkyfí&aom tysif;ajytvkyf amateurism uJhodkYoabm
xm;í vkyfMujcif;aMumifh awGU&aom tcuftcJrsm;om jzpfonf[kxifygonf/ xkdokdYqkd
ojzifh bmomjyeftvkyfudk toufarG;rItwwftjzpfjzifh vkyfMuaomolrsm;tzkdYwGif bm
omjyeftvkyu f kd vky&f mü tcuftcJv;Hk 0r&S[ d k qkvd o dk nfr[kwaf Mumif;udk owdjyKapvkyd g
onf/
þpmwef;wifjyolonf bmomjyeftvkyw f iG f vkyof uf 45-ESpaf usmf? 50-eD;yg;&Sd
ol jzpfygonf/ odkY&mwGif bmomjyeftvkyfwckckudk vkyf&mwGif ,cktcsdeftxd rnfonfh
bmomjyeftvkyu f rkd Q ]o[mawmh tvG,u f av;yJ}[k oabmrxm;yg/ rnfonfb h mom
jyeftvkyu f rkd Q t*Fvyd t f bd"mefukd tenf;qk;H ESpcf gok;H cg vSeaf vSmrMunfyh EJ iS hf rvkyEf ikd yf g/
rdrdpdwfxJu t"dyÜg,froJuGJaom? odkYr[kwf t"dyÜg,fudk ydkifydkifrodaom pum;vkH;rsm;udk
tbd"mefESifhrn§dEIdif;yJ? udk,fxifovkd jyefaumif;onf[kvnf; r,lqyg/ bmomjyef
tvkyu f kd toufarG;rItwwft jzpfjzifh vkyaf omtcg rdrMd uKHawGU&onft h cuftcJrsm;udk
pdwyf sufp&m[k oabmrxm;awmhyJ xkt d cuftcJrsm;tm; MuHzefajz&Si;f &jcif;udyk if aysmf
arGUzG,faumif;aomtvkyf[k xifvmwwfygonf/
wbmomrS wbmomodkY jyef&mwGif a&SmifvGJr&aomtcuftcJrsm; &SdpNrJjzpfyg
onf/ Oyrmqkdaomf Ak'¨\w&m;rsm;udk ygVdbmomrS t*FvdyfbmomodkYjyef&mwGif [efe&D
om
.c
uvwf0g&if (Henry Clarke Warren:1854-1899) awGU&aom tcuftcJrsKd;rsm;jzpfygonf/

ic
ss
a
ygVd-twåH(ou #-twåref)udk Self [laompum;vkH;jzifh wkduf&kdufjyefavh&dSaomfvnf;

cl
es
0g&ifu xkdpum;udk Self [laompum;ESifhjyefvkdufvQif [dE´Lbmomt& owå0gtm;vkH;

es
m
ur
.b
17
w
w
w
ESifhqkdifaom Universal Self oabmESifh&IyfaxG;oGm;rSmaMumufojzifh Ego qkdaompum;
dk &f onf[ak jymygonf/ xkYd jyif wcgw&H ygVdvdk yk*v
ESijhf yefvu ¾ qkad ompum;ukv d nf; Ego
[kyifjyefaMumif;? xdkYjyif yk*¾vudk Individual [kvnf;jyef&onfhtcg jyef&aMumif; 0g&if
uajymygonf/ þtcsufonfvnf; EkdifiHjcm;bmomwckrS tjcm;bmomwckodkYjyef&mü
pmvk H ; wvk H ; ud k wvk H ; csif ; taoxm;jyef í r&aMumif ; ud k xif & S m ;apaomtcsuf
jzpfygonf/ t*FvdyfbmomrS jrefrmbmomodkYjyef&mwGifvnf; tcsKdUq&mrsm;u pum;
wvkH;udk wvkH;csif; taoxm;jyefí&ovkd xifaeMuonfudk awGUbl;ygonf/ odkY&mwGif
t*Fvyd pf um;wvk;H wGif t"dymÜ ,fwrsKd;wnf;om&So d nf r[kwyf J t"dymÜ ,fav;ig;ajcmuf
rsKd;&Sdwwfygonf/ wcgw&HwGif t*Fvdyfpum;xJwGif aumif;aomt"dyÜm,fESifhraumif;
aomt"dymÜ ,f ESprf sKd;&onfph um;vk;H vnf;&Sw d wfygonf/ Oyrm exploit qkad ompum;vk;H
wGif aumif;aomt"dymÜ ,fvnf;&S?d raumif;aomt"dymÜ ,fvnf; &Syd gonf/ owåKrsm; wl;

azmfjcif;ponfEiS phf yfqidk af omtcg exploit wGif aumif;aomt"dymÜ ,f&ydS gonf/ od&Yk mwGif
Exploitation of man by man qkd&mürl aumif;aomt"dyÜm,fr&yg/ ,cktcgwGif exploit
udk]acgif;ykHjzwfonf}[k jrefrmjyefMuygonf/ xkdokdYjyefjcif;udk rSm;onf[k rqkdEkdifyg/
odkY&mwGif acgif;ykHjzwfonf[kqdkjcif;onf pD;yGg;a&;wckwnf;ESifhom oufqkdifojzifh
t"dyÜm,fusOf;aeygonf/ þae&mwGif exploit ukd }udk,fusKd;twGuf olwyg;udk rw&m;
vkyo f nf}qkad om us,f0ef;aomt"dymÜ ,fay:atmifjyefvQif ydí k oifah vsmfrnfxifygonf/
Exploit wGif acgif;ykjH zwfjcif;t"dymÜ ,fwrsKd;wnf;om &So
d nf[k txifa&mufaeolwOD;u
A certain people did not become a great nation because they had failed to exploit their
historical opportunities qkdaom 0gusrsKd;wGif to exploit their historical opportunities ukd
olw\ Ykd orkid ;f ay;tcGit hf cgrsm;udk acgif;ykrH jzwfcjhJ cif;aMumif}h [k jrefrmjyefvu
dk af omtcg
wGif rSefuefrIESifhtuif;a0;BuD; uif;a0;oGm;ygonf/ þae&mwGif to exploit... ... ...op-
portunities qka d ompum;\t"dymÜ ,frmS tcGit hf cgrsm;udk aumif;pGm tok;H rjyKaomaMumifh
[laom t"dymÜ ,frsKd;&onfukd bmomjyefwwforl eS o f rQ odMuygvdrrhf nf/ pum;vk;H wvk;H
udk pum;vkH;wvkH;csif;t"dyÜm,f taoxm;NyD; bmomjyefír&qkdonfrSm bmomjyefrI
twGuf rSwfom;tyfaom Oya'owckjzpfonfudk owdjyKtyfygonf/
ygVdAk'¨bmomusrf;rsm;udk t*Fvdyfbmomjyef&mwGif 0g&iftzkdY tjyef&cufaom
ygVdpum;ESpv f ;Hk rSm]"r®} (Dhamma) ESi]hf ocFg&} (Sankhara) wkjYd zpfygonf/ 0g&ifu xkpd um;
om
ESpfvkH;\yif&if;t"dyÜm,fudk t*Fvdyfvkd jyefír& (...because their ground meaning is not

.c
ic
ss
translatable into English-p.116 Buddhism in Translation First Ed., 1896.) [kqkdygonf/

a
cl
es
0g&ifu ]"r®}udk pmukd,fyga&SUpum;? aemufpum;t& Elements of being [k jyefonfhtcg

es
m
ur
.b
18
w
w
w
jyefí? NyD;vQif wcgw&H "r® (Dhamma) udkyif ]Ak'¨}\w&m;rsm;ESifhpyfvsOf;aomtcgü

doctrine [kjyefonfhtcgjyefonf[k ajymygonf/ Ak'¨\t,lwGif edAÁmef (Nirvana) ESifhtm
umo(Space)([if;vif;jyif) wkrYd w S yg; usefaom t&mtm;vk;H onf ocFg&csnf;jzpfojzifh
ocFg& (Sankhara) udk 0g&ifu predispositions [k t*Fvdyfvkdjyefvkdufonf[k ajymygonf/
]"r®}qkad om pum;vk;H onf olu Y kd txl;'kua© y;aompum;vk;H jzpfonf[k 0g&ifu nnf;yg
onf/
0g&ifawGUaomtcuftcJrsKd;rSm tawG;tac:csif; rwlaom wbmomrS wbm
omodjYk yef&mwGif jyefow l idk ;f awGU&rnft h cuftcJrsKd;rsm;jzpfygonf/ þtcuftcJrsKd;rsm;
udkawGUvQif bmomjyeftvkyfESifhtoufarG;olwkdYonf rnnf;nLoifhyg/ MuHzefNyD;jyefEkdif
atmif jyef&efom BudK;pm;oifhygonf/
ygVdusrf;rsm;udk tESpf 30 Mumatmif avhvmNyD;rS t*Fvdyfbmomjzifh Ak'üsrf;

(Buddhism) uda k &;aom a'gufwm (Dr.Edward Conze) u ygVdbmomonf pum;vk;H (a0g
[m&)tvGe<f u,f0aom bmomjzpfaomfvnf; xkb d momxJü philosophy qkad om t*Fvyd f
pmvk;H ESithf "dymÜ ,fwal om pum;vk;H wvk;H rQ rawGU&[k qkyd gonf/ xdaYk Mumifh Ak'b ¨ momudk
philosophy [kjyefcsifaomtcg a'gufwmuGefYu a&SUu emr0daooexnfhí Pragmatic
philosophy [kjyefygonf/ 0g&ifuvnf; txufygpum;ESit hf vm;wl teuf&adS om emr0d
aooexnfí h Applied philosophy [kjyefygonf/philosophy qkad ompum;vk;H \t"dymÜ ,f
rSm trSefudk jrwfekd;jcif;? trSefudk &Smjcif;[k t"dyÜm,f&ygonf/ taemufwkdif;u philoso-
phy rSm trSew f &m;udk &SmwGi&f yfí? trSew f &m;twkid ;f usif&h ef rqufawmhyg/ Ak'b ¨ momu
trSefw&m;ukd&Smí trSefw&m;twkdif;usifh&ygonf/ tedpöw&m;udk edpöw&m;uJhodkY r
usifh&yg/
ygVdpum;]twå}udk jrefrmvkjd yef&mwGiv f nf; ,aeYwidk f tcuftcJ awGUae&ao;
yk&H ygonf/ wrsKd;qkad omf t"dymÜ ,f&iS ;f atmifjyefí r&ao;yk&H ygonf/ xko d jYdk zpf&jcif;rSm
jrefrmpum;wGif ]twå}ESifhwlaompum;vkH; r&SdaomaMumifh jzpfygonf/ ]"r®}udk ]"r®}qkd
aom pum;&if;avmuf t"dymÜ ,fus,f0ef;aom w&m; w&m;qkad ompum;ESijhf refrmvkjd yefjcif;rSm
oifah vsmfy&Hk ygonf/ ocFg& (Sankhara) qkad omygVdpum;vk;H udk t*Fvyd jf yef&mwGif 0g&ifü
tcuftcJawGU&aomfvnf; jrefrmjyefq&mwkdYtzkdYwGif tcufawGU&[ef rwlyg/ tb,fh
aMumifq h adk omf jrefrmjyefq&mwku Yd ]ocFg&? ocFg&w&m;wko Yd nf}[k ygVdpum;vk;H onf jrefrm
om
.c
pum;vkH; jzpfouJhodkY jyefEkdifaomaMumifh jzpfygonf/

ic
ss
a
wbmomrS wbmomodYk jyef&mwGif rl&if;bmompmyk'd u f a&;yko

H '´g rrSev f Qifjzpf
cl
es
ap? a&;ykH rwdusvQifjzpfap? pum;aMum&Snfí a0hvnf;a0hvnf&SdaevQifjzpfap?

es
m
ur
.b
19
w
w
w
bmomjyefow l rYdk mS BuD;rm;aom tcuftcJrsm;ESiahf wGU&wwfygonf/ Oyrmqkad omf 0g&if
onf Ak'\ ¨ w&m;rsm;udk ou #bmomrS t*Fvyd jf yef&ef ou#bmomukd yxroifygonf/
od&Yk mwGif ou#bmomonf o'´genf;rusojzifh 0g&ifonf tBuD;tus,f pdwyf sufomG ;NyD;
vQif ygVdbmomukd oifjyefygonf/ ou#bmomo'´gESiyhf gVdbmomo'´grSm txde;f r&Sad om
csnfcifEiS t hf xde;f &Sad omcsnfcifavmuf uGmjcif;&So d nfukd awGU&ojzifh 0g&ifu ou#bm
omudk roifawmhbJ ygVdbmomudkoifNyD; Ak'¨w&m;rsm;udk ygVdbmomrS t*Fvdyfbmom
odjYk yefygonf/ 0g&ifu ou#bmomrSm chaos ESiw hf íl ygVd bmomonf cosmos ESiw hf ol nf
[k oabm&ygonf/
o'´genf;rrSeaf om t*Fvyd pf myd'k w f ckukd jrefrmjyefí rjzpfEidk yf g/ a&;ykrH &Si;f aom
t*Fvdyf pmykd'fudk bmomjyef&jcif;onfvnf; tifrwef 'ku©BuD;ygonf/ rl&if;bmom
pmyk'd \ f o'´grrSejf cif;? zGUJ ykrH &Si;f jcif;wko Yd nfvnf; bmomjyeftwwfEiS t hf oufarG;olwu Ydk kd
pdwfqif;&Japaom taMumif; rsm;jzpfygonf/
ygVdbmomrS jrefrmjyef&mwGif teufrmS ;,Gi;f cRwfacsmf&rdS nfudk pk;d &drí f waMumif;?
jrefrmpmü pum;vkH; rjynfhpkHjcif;aMumifhwaMumifh ygVdpum;vkH;ESifhteufwlaom jrefrm
pum;vkH;&SdygvsufESifh jrefrmpum;vkH;udk okH;&vQif teufayghvdrfhrnf? okdYr[kwf cefYnm;
jcif;&Sdvdrfhrnf r[kwf[kxifíwaMumif; ygVd0guszGJUykHrsKd;vkdufí jrefrmzGJUjcif;? ygVdpum;
ok;H ykrH sKd;udvk u dk í f jrefrmvko d ;Hk jcif;? ygVdpum;udk jrefrmjyef&ef rBudK;pm;awmhyJ ygVdpum;udk
jrefrmpum;jzpfatmif aemufNrD;u towfxnhí f zsufvu dk jf cif;rsm;udk tok;H jyKMuojzifh
ygVdrS jrefrmjyefaomusrf;rsm;udk ynm&Srd [kwaf om &yfx&J mG xJu &k;d &k;d jrefrmrsm; em;vnf
EkdifzkdY cJ,Of;onfudk awGU&ygonf/
Oyrm]owftyfaom &m*&Sad om}qkad ompum;pkrmS ]&m*udk owfxm;NyD;jzpfojzifh
&m*r&Sdawmh}[kqdkvkdaomfvnf; a&SUu owftyf[kqdkNyD;aemuf aemufu &dSaom om[kqkdjyef
ojzifh &m* &Sdao;ovkdvdk xifp&m jzpfaewwfygonf/
ygVdwiG f 89udak c:aom tac:r&Sí d aomf¤if;? &Syd gvsuf tqef;xGicf sifíaomf¤if;
pdwf 89-ckukd pdww f ck,w k u
f ;kd q,f[k jrefrmjyefaomtcg &k;d &k;d vlrsm;tzdYk pdwu f wck? &kyu f
ud;k q,f &So d uJo h Ykd txifa&mufp&m jzpfygonf/ 19-udk ygVdenf;twkid ;f ({ule0Dowd)20-
wck,kwf[k jrefrmjyefjcif;vnf; jrefrmwkdYtzkdY em;&Iyfp&mjzpfygonf/
ygVdpum; r*¾ukd t*Fvyd v f dk way odrYk [kwf path [k ygVdrS t*Fvyd b f momjyefow l u
Ydk
om
.c
jyefMuaomfvnf; jrefrmteufjyefolwkdYurl ]r*¾}udk ]vrf;}[k rjyefcJhMuyg/ ygVdrS r*¾ESifh

ic
ss
wlnaD om jrefrmpum; vrf;onf jrefrmvlrsKd;wkaYd y:OD;tcsdeu

a
f yif &Sad ernfrmS ,krH mS ;zG,f

cl
es
r&Sdyg/ xkdYaMumifh ]r*¾}udk jrefrmvkd]vrf;}[k rjyefjcif;rSm ]vrf vrf;}}[k jyefvQif rcefYnm;rnf

es
m
ur
.b
20
w
w
w
pkd;ívm;? uvufrnfpkd;ívm;? rav;eufrnfpdk;ívm; rajymwwfyg/ vrf;onf ]r*¾}

avmufyif cefYnm;onf? av;eufonf[kqdkcsifygonf/ odkYjzpf&m ]r*¾}udk ]vrf;}[k bm
aMumifh jrefrmvkd rjyefMuonfukd rpOf;pm; wwfavmufatmif jzpfygonf/ od&Yk mwGi]f r*¾}udk
]vrf;}[k rjyefonfhtwGuf omrefpmzwf&olwkYdtzkdYwGif tusKd;,kwfygonf/ r*¾udk vrf;
[kjyefvQif zwf&olwkdYtzkdY wcgwnf; t"dyÜm,fuGuf uGufuGif;uGif; ay:vmEkdifygonf/
vrf;[kqkdvQif vrf;qkdonfrSm tdyfae&rnfhae&mr[kwf? xkdif ae&rnfhae&mr[kwf? oGm;
ae&rnfhae&momjzpfonfudk csufcsif;odEkdifp&m&Sdygonf/ Ak'ü olYw&m;udk vrf;ESifh
OyrmEIid ;f ygonf/ olw Y &m;onf usif&h rnfw h &m;jzpfygonf/ ]r*¾}udk ]vrf;}[k rjyefyJ ]r*f}
odrYk [kw]f r*¾i}f [k jyefaomtcg jrefrmwkt Yd zkYd ]vrf;aysmuf}oGm;ygonf/ ]t|*Øaum ra*¾g}
udk ]r*¾i&f pS yf g;}[k &k;d &d;k vltrsm; em;rvnfEidk af om ygVdysufpum;jzifrh jyefyJ ]tpdwt f ykid ;f
&Spfck&Sdaomvrf;}[k jyefvkdufvQif &kd;&kd;&yfxJ&GmxJu jrefrmrsm;tzkdY ydkí em;vnfEkdifzG,f

&Sdygonf/
&SifAk'äCmo\0dok'¨dr*fudk ]0dok'¨dr*f}[k jrefrmjyefMuygonf/ 0g&ifu The Way
of Purity [kt*Fvdyfvkdjyefygonf/ xkdt*Fvdyfpum;pkukd jrefrmvkd jyefrnfqkdvQif ]pif
Mu,fjcif;} (odkYoGm;&m) vrf;}[k&ygvdrfhrnf/ tcsKdUt*FvdyfbmomjyefolwkdYu r*¾udk way
[krjyefyJ path [k jyefMuygonf/ odkY&mwGif way ESifh path rSmvkH;uGJeufwljzpfí qkdvkd&if;
t"dyÜm,fwGif jcm;em;jcif; r&Sdyg/
,cifu ,cifenf;jzifh jrefrmjyefxm;aom Ak'¨bmomusrf;rsm;tjyif &yfxJ&Gm
xJu vltrsm;em;vnfEkdifap&eftwGuf Ak'¨bmomusrf;rsm;udk rsufarSmufacwfenf;ESifh
aemufxyfí jrefrmjyefay;zkdYvnf; vkdrnfxifygonf/
c&pf,efor®musrf;udk 1611-ckESpfwGif yxrtBudrf t*FvdyfvkdjyefNyD;aemuf
1881-ckESpfrS 1885-ckESpftwGif;ü wBudrf? 1901-ckESpfwGif wBudrf? 1952-ckESpfwGif
wBudrf or®musrf;pmtoif;rsm;u t*Fvdyfbmomjyefcsufudk jyifqifí bmomjyefMu
ygonf/ þokdY or®musrf;udk tBudrfBudrfjyefvnfí jyifqifbmomjyefcJh&jcif;udk axmuf
ojzifh usrf;BuD;usrf;ckid rf sm;udk bmomjyef&mwGif wBudrw f nf;ESit
hf rSm;t,Gi;f r&Sad tmif
jyefírjzpfEkdifaMumif; od&ygonf/
bmomjyefrw I iG f av;av;eufeuf pdw0f ifpm;olwo Ydk nf or®musrf;pmudk tBudrf
Budrt f cgcg jyifqifí t*Fvyd b f momjyefjcif;orkid ;f udk tao;pdwf zwfMunfoh ifoh nf xifyg
om
.c
onf/
ic
ss
a
t*Fvdyfbmomonf pum;aMum&Snfaom bmomjzpfNyD;vQif *&dwfbmomonf

cl
es
wkdwdkwkwfwkwfESifh qkdvkd&if;udk wefqmrqifyJqkdaombmomjzpfojzifh *&dwfbmomrS

es
m
ur
.b
21
w
w
w
t*Fvyd b f m omodjYk yef&mwGiv
f nf; wbmomESiw hf bmom t,ltqcsif; rwlonft h wGuf
awGYMuKH&aom tcuftcJrsm;ESifh awGYMuKH&onf[k ajymMuygonf/
*&dwfbmomrS t*FvdyfbmomodkYjyefaom emrnfausmf bmomjyefq&mBuD;
t*Fvyd yf garmu©*pf
*pfvAwfrma&; (professor Gilbert Murray) u t*Fvyd b f momonf &Snf
&Snaf rsmarsmESiw
hf efqmqifíajymwwfaombmomjzpfNyD; *&dwb f momrSm &k;d &k;d &Si;f &Si;f ESihf
pum;vkH; a>cwmokH;pGJí ajymwwfaombmomjzpfaomaMumifh *&dwfbmomudk wkduf&kduf
wkdwkdwkwfwkwf t*FvdyfvkdjyefvkdufvQif ikH;wdwdBuD;jzpfNyD; rl&if;*&dwfpmESifh t"dyÜm,fvkH;
vkH;rwlbJ jzpfoGm;onfudk awGU&aMumif;? xkdYaMumifh olu *&dwfbmomudk t*Fvdyfjyef&m
wGif t*Fvdyfbmom\p&kduftwkdif; zGJUzGJUEGJUEGJUESifh &Snf&Snfvsm;vsm; jyefaMumif; 0efcHyg
onf/
ygarmu©rma&;u ''I have often used a more elaborate diction than Euripides
did because I found that Greek being a very simple and austere language and English
an ornate one, a direct translation produced an effect of baldness which was quite
unlike the original'' [kajymygonf/
wkdwkdwkwfwkwf *&dwfpmykd'frsm;udk &Snf&Snfvsm;vsm; jzpfatmif t*Fvdyfbmom
jyefjcif;taMumif;ESiyhf wfoufí *&dwb f momudk ajymifajrmufpmG wwfaom t*Fvyd u f srf;
jyKq&mrBuD; tuf'pf[r®dvwef (Edith Hamilton, author of The Greek Way to Wester
Civilization) u ygarmu©rma&; ma&;\qifajcudk vufrcHyg/
[r®dvwefu *&dwfbmomudk t*Fvdyfbmomjyef&mwGif tcuftcJ&SdaMumif;udk
0efcHygonf/ odkY&mwGif olYoabmt&qkdvQif *&dwfbmompmykd'frsm;udk xkdpmykd'fwkdY t&Sd
twkid ;f rydrk vkd t*Fvyd b
f momrjyefvQif t*Fvyd w f o
Ydk nf *&dwpf m\t&omudk cHpm;Ekid Mf u
vdrrhf nfr[kw/f tu,fí *&dwpf mukd t*Fvyd pf ma&;ykt H wkid ;f a&;vQif *&dwpf monf *&dwf
pmr[kwaf wmhyJ t*Fvyd pf mjzpfíoGm;vdrrhf nf/ *&dwpf mudk rcsJUrxGiyf J olt Y &Std wkid ;f wkwd dk
wkwfwkwf t*FvdyfbmomjyefrSomvQif zwf&olwkdYu *&dwfpmtaMumif;ESifh *&dwfvlrsKd;
wkdYp&kdufpm*ukd trSeftwkdif; odEkdifMuvdrfhrnf[k [r®dvwefu oabm&[ef wlygonf/
*&dwfuAsmq&mwkdYu t*FvdyfuAsmq&mrsm;uJhodkY pnf;vGwf0g;vGwf a&;EkdifcGifh
(Poetic license) tok;H rjyKMu/ pnf;vGw0 f g;vGwaf &;Ekid cf iG &hf jdS cif;qkod nfh pum;\t"dymÜ ,f
rsKd;udyk if *&dwuf Asmq&mwku Yd em;rvnfMu/ *&dwu f Asmq&mwko Yd nf olw\ Ydk pdwu f ;l rsm;
om
udk tNrJwrf; ZufcsKyfí pmzGJYMuonf[k [r®dvwefu qkdygonf/

.c
ic
ZufrcsKyfyJ uAsmpyfaeusjzpfaom t*Fvyd u f Asmq&m Akid &f eG f (Byron) u jrifrh m;

ss
a
cl
aom awmifBuD;wawmiftaMumif;udk atmufygtwkdif; uAsmpyfygonf/

es
es
-the monarch of mountains. They crowned him long ago.

m
ur
.b
22
w
w
w
On a throne of rocks, in a robe of clouds, With a diadem of snow.

*&dwu f Asmq&m tufpuDvyf (Aeschylus) u awmifBuD;wawmiftaMumif; pm
pyfcsifaomtcg (the mighty summit, neighbour to the stars) [k awmifBuD;\*kPfyk'f
wckwnf;ukdom tus,frcsJUyJ azmfygonf/
[r®dvwefu tufpuD;vyf\wkdwkdwkwfwkwf *&dwfbmomawmifbGJUudk Akdif&Gef\
awmifbGJUrsKd;uJhodkY &Snf&Snfvsm;vsm; t*FvdyfbmomjyefvQif roifh[k oabm&[ef
wlygonf/
t*Fvyd u f Asmq&m aumvm&pf (Coleridge) u armifAh vefY (Mount Blanc) awmif
xdyuf kd pmzGUJ &mwGif rsufpEd iS Mhf unfí
h rzGUJ yJ em;ESiphf iG í
hf zGUJ yk&H ygonf/ olpmzGUJ yku
H kd atmufwiG f
&Iygavmh/
like some sweet beguiling melody,
So sweet, We know not we are listening to it.

odkY&mwGif *&dwfuAsmq&m yif'g (Pinder) url t*FvdyfuAsmq&m Akdif&GefuJhodkY
pum;aMumr&Snyf J tufwem (Aetna) awmifudk pmzGUJ &mü *&dwpf &ku
d t
f wkid ;f tvGe*f &kpu
dk f
í atmufygtwkdif; wduspGm zGJUxm;onf[k [r®dvwefu qkdygonf/
Frost-white Aetna, nurse all year long of the sharp-biting snow.
tcsKyfwiG f *&dwb f momrS t*Fvyd b f momodYk jyef&mwGif *&dww f Ydk pdwaf epdwxf m;
tusifph &ku
d tf & wkw d w dk w
k wf w k f wdwu d sus t*Fvyd b f momjyefoifo h nf/ t*Fvyd pf w d af e
pdwxf m;? t*Fvyd t f usifph &ku d Ef iS n
hf aD tmif &Sn&f n S v
f sm;vsm; tpmoGi;f í rjyefoif/h xko d Ykd
jyefvQif *&dwvf rl sKd;wk\
Yd p&du k u f kd rSeo f nfth wkid ;f odEidk v
f rd rhf nfr[kw[f k [r®v d wefu qkv d dk
[ef wlygonf/
þtcsufonf wbmomrS wbmomodkYjyefolwkdYpOf;pm;oifhaomtcsuf jzpfyg
onf/
þpmwef;a&;ol\oabmt&qkdvQif bmomjyefolwkdYonf rdrdwkdY bmomjyef
aompmrlwGifygaom tcsuftvufrsm;ukd csefvSyfívnf; rxm;xkduf? rygaom tcsuf
tvufrsm;udkvnf; tydkxnfhí rjyefxkdufyg/ bmomjyefpm[k0efcHvQif r,kwfrvGef? rydk
rvk?d twdtusom jzpfoifyh gonf/ Ekwyf ,fcsifonfukd Ekwyf ,f? jznfph u G cf sifonfukd jznfh
pGufíjyefrnfqkdvQif bmomjyef[k 0efrcHoifhyg/
om
wkdwkdwkwfwkwf wdwdusus azmfjyxm;aom pmrlwapmifudk zwfraumif;rnfpkd;

.c
ic
ss
ojzifh pum;acsmatmif tpmxkd;í &Snfvsm;pGmjyefvQif rl&if;pmykd'f\tmabmf aysmuf

a
cl
es
uG,foGm;Edkifygonf/ odkYr[kwf rl&if;pmykd'fu rqkdvkdaomt"dyÜm,fodkY oufa&mufoGm;

es
m
apEkdifaom tjypf&Sdonf[k xifygonf/

ur
.b
23
w
w
w
Oyrm t*Fvyd v f rl sKd;ESpaf ,mufu olwpYdk &ku d ?f olw"Ydk avhtwkid ;f pum;ajym[efukd
azmfjyxm;aom t*Fvdyfpmrlwckudk jrefrmbmomjyef&mwGif xkdt*FvdyfvlrsKd; ESpfa,muf
onf t*FvdyfvlrsKd;rsm; jzpfMuonfhtavsmuf wa,mufESifhwa,muf olwkdY"avhxkH;pH
tusifhp&kduftwkdif; ]eif}ESifh]ig}ESifhajymMuonfukd twdtusrjyefyJ xkdt*Fvdyf ESpf
a,mufonf jrefrmESpfa,mufjzpfMuav[ef oabmxm;NyD; olwkdYESpfa,mufonf jrefrm
ajymykH jrefrm[efjzifh wa,mufEiS w hf a,muf cifAsm;eSiu hf RefawmfEiS hf ajymaeMu[ef jrefrm
vkdjyefvQif xkdt*FvdyfvlrsKd;ESpfa,muf\p&kduftppftrSef aysmufoGm;EkdifNyD;vQif xkd
t*Fvyd v f rl sKd;ESpaf ,mufonf jrefrmvlrsKd;rsm;avmufyif tcsif;csif; pum;ajym&mü ,Of
aus;Muonf/ odrYk [kwf jrefrmvlrsKd;avmufyif pum;ajym&m ü t,Ofaus;vGeMf uonf[k
xifEdkifzG,f&m&dSygonf/
cifAsm;
«cif sm;onf ocifbk&m; m;\twkdaumuf? emra,m* (third person) jzpfí? uRef
awmfonf bk&if\uRef? emra,m* (third person) jzpfonfukd owdjyKoifyh gonf/» txuf
Oyrmay;pmyk'd u f kd olpY m&S&d if;twkid ;f twdtus eif (you) ESihf ig (I) ESiahf jymMu[eftwkid ;f
trSeu f kd jrefrmjyefrnfqv dk Qif xdt k *Fvyd v f rl sKd;ESpaf ,mufonf olwt Ykd csif;csif; pum;ajym
&mwGif jrefrmvlrsKd;rsm;avmuf r,Ofaus;bl;? odkYr[kwf jrefrmvlrsKd;rsm;avmuf t,Of
aus;rvGefbl;[k t"dyÜm,f&Ekdifygonf/ odkY&mwGif xkdt"dyÜm,fonf rSefaomt"dyÜm,fom
jzpfojzifh t*Fvyd v f rl sKd;wk\ Yd "avhx;Hk pHukd pmzwforl sm;u trSet f wkid ;f tydtk vkrd &Sd odEidk f
ygvdrrhf nf/ okrdY [kwv f Qif t*Fvyd w f \ Ydk p&ku
d of nf jrefrmwk\ Yd p&ku
d Ef iS thf wlwyl [
J k t"dymÜ ,f
taumufrSm;Ekdifp&m &Sdygvdrfhrnf/
wbmomrS wbmomodkYjyef&mwGif BuD;rm;aom tcuftcJrsm;udk awGU&wwf
aMumif;ESifhywfoufí c&pf,ef"r®opfusrf;udk 1946-ckESpfupí tptqkH; topfwzef
bmomjyefMuaom ynm&Sdrsm;tzGJUu "No one who has not tried it (translation) can
know how impossible an art translation is." The New English Bible-New Testament,
Published by the British and Foreign Bible Society, Introduction p.XI. [k0efcx
H m;ygonf/
"r®opfusrf;udk *&dwfbmomrS t*FvdyfbmomodkY jyefMuaom or®musrf;ynm&Sd
rsm;tzGUJ onf bmomrjyefrD a&S;tzkw Yd iG f *&dwpf mrl&if;\t"dymÜ ,fukd twwfEidk q
f ;Hk wdus
pGm em;vnfatmif BudK;pm;Mu&onf[k qkdygonf/ xkdbmomjyefynm&SdtzGJUu wbmom
wGi&f adS om pum;vk;H wvk;H onf wjcm;wbmomwGi&f adS om pum;vk;H wvk;H ESihf xyfwx l yfrQ
om
t"dyÜm,frwlonfudk awGYMu&ygonf/ A word, indeed, in one language is seldom the

.c
ic
ss
exact equivalent of a word in different language. rl&if;bmompum;vkH;wvkH;\t"dyÜm,f

a
cl
es
tukeftpifudk tjcm;bmompum;vkH;wvkH;jzifh azmfjyí rjzpfaumif;onfudkvnf; olwkYd

es
m
awGYMu&ygonf/ (The translator can hardly hope to convey in another language every
ur
.b
24
w
w
w
shade of meaning that attaches to the word in the original.)xkdYaMumifh olwkdYonf *&dwf
pum;wvkH;vkH;udk t*Fvdyfpum;wvkH;vkH;jzifh taobmomrjyefMuyg/ a&SUaemuf pum;
yk'frsm;tvkduf qDavsmfrnfxifaom t*Fvdyfpum;vkH;rsm;udk ajymif;í okH;Muygonf/
"r®opfusrf;udk *&dwfbmomrS t*FvdyfbmomokdYjyef&mwGif bmomjyefynm&Sd
tzGJU\&nfrSef;csufrSm teufukd wduspGmESifhrSefuefpGm ,ckrsufarSmufacwfokH; t*Fvdyf
pum;jzifh jyef&efjzpfonf[k qkdygonf/ olwkdY\tjcm;t"du &nfrSef;csufrsm;rSm olwkdY\
t*FvdyfbmomjyefcsufwGif wdusrIESifh &Sif;vif;rI&Sdap&ef jzpfonf[k qkdygonf/
(But always the overridings aims were accuracy and clarity.)
bmomjyef&mwGif teufukd rSeaf tmif jyefzYdk ta&;BuD;ygonf/ od&Yk mwGif xkt
d euf
udk pum;wrsKd;wnf;jzifh azmfjy&rnf[k rqkdEkdifyg/ teufwckudk pum;trsKd;rsKd;jzifh azmf
jyí&aumif;ygonf/ Oyrm a,&Ic&pf\tw¬KyÜwådudk azmfjy&mwGifjzpfaom &SifrmoJ

(St.Mathew) usrf;udk t*Fvdyfvkd jyef&mwGif The Bible Societies u 1952-ckESpfwGifxkwf
aom "r®opfusrf;wGif The book of the Genealogy of Jesus Christ [kjyefygonf/ od&Yk mwGif
The British and Froreign Bible Society u 1964-ckESpfxkwfaom "r®opfusrf;url The
Table of the descent of Jesus Christ [kjyefygonf/ wzef 1966-ckESpfwGif The Bible
Society uxkwfaom "r®opfusrf;url This is the birth record of Jesus Christ [kjyefyg
onf/ þwGif pum;trsKd;rsKd; tokH;jyKMuonfudk owdjyKoifhygonf/
a,&Ic&pfzGm;jrifykHESifh ywfoufívnf; The Bible Societies \"r®opfusrf;u
Now the birth of Jesus Christ took place in this way. When his mother Mary had been
betrothed to Joseph, before they came together she was found to be with child of the
Holy Spirit. [kjyefygonf/ The British and Foreign Bible Society "r®opfusrf;url This
is the story of the birth of the Messiah. Mary his mother was betrothed to Joseph; before
their marriage she found that she was with child by the Holy Spirit.[kjyefygonf/ wzef
The Bible Society xkwf "r®opfusrf;u This was the way that Jesus Christ was born.
Mary his mother was engaged to Joseph, but before they were married she found out
that she was going to have a baby by the Holy Spirit. [kjyefygonf/
"r®opfusrf; okH;usrf;onf jyefykHcsif; wckESifhwck rwlMuyg/ odkY&mwGif qkdvkdonfh
teufwGif jcm;em;jcif;r&Sdyg/
xkdYjyif a,&Ic&pfudk rzGm;rDwGif *sKd;quf (Joseph) ESifhar&DwkdY umrpyf,SufrI r&Sd
om
.c
aMumif;ESiyhf wfoufí azmfjyMuykrH mS vnf; tqkyd gusrf;ok;H usrf;\bmomjyefcsufrsm;onf

ic
ss
wckESifhwck jyefykHcsif; rwlMuonfukd awGU&ygonf/ yxrusrf;u he (Joseph) took his

a
cl
es
wife, but he knew her not until she had borne a son; and he called his name Jesus [kjyef
es
m
ur
.b
25
w
w
w
ygonf/ 'kwd,usrf;u he (Joseph) took Mary home to be his wife, but had no inter-
course with her until her son was born. And he named the child Jesus. [kjyefygonf/
wwd,usrf;u (Joseph) married Mary. But he had no sexual relation with her before
she gave birth to her son. And Joseph named him Jesus [kjyefygonf/
yxrusrf;u but knew her not... ...qkdaom t*Fvdyfpum;pk\t"dyÜm,frSm t*F
vdyfvlrsKd;r[kwfaom olwkdYtzkdYwGif t"dyÜm,f &kwfw&uf xifEkdifrnfr[kwfyg/ (know ukd
the Concise Oxford Dictionary u be on intimate terms with [k teufay;ygonf/) 'kwd
,usrf;u but had no intercourse with her [kjyefjcif;ESifh wwd,usrf;u But he had no
sexual relation with her [kjyefjcif;wkdYudk zwf&aomtcg t"dyÜm,fr&Sif;p&m r&Sdawmhyg/
þusrf;ok;H usrf;\t*Fvyd b f mom jyefycHk sif; rwlaMumif;ukd EIid ;f ,SOí
f jyjcif;rSm
wbmomrS wbmomodYk jyef&mwGif jyefyw Hk rsKd;wnf; enf;taor&Syd J uk, d Bf udKufovkjd yef

Edik cf iG hf &Sad Mumif;udk xif&mS ;apvkí d jzpfygonf/ xkjYd yif tjcm;taMumif;wckvnf; &Syd gao;
onf/ xkt d aMumif;rSm t*Fvyd b f momjzifh a&;xm;aom "r®opfusrf;ukd jrefrmjyef&efavh
vmvko d w l o Ydk nf t*Fvyd b f momjyefusrf; wusrf;wnf;udk ravhvmyJ ok;H usrf;udk EIid ;f ,SOf
í avhvmvQif ydkít"dyÜm,fudkem;vnfNyD;? ydkít"dyÜm,frSefatmif jyefEkdifvrf;&Sdvdrfhrnf
jzpfaMumif;udk odomapvko d nft h wGuf jzpfygonf/ bmomjyef&mwGif pmrl&if;\qkv d adk om
t"dyÜm,fudk rSefonfhtwkdif; twdtusem;vnfzkdY ta&;BuD;ygonf/ odkYrSmom rSefatmif
bmomjyefEidk yf gvdrrhf nf/ ud, k uhf , dk w
f idk u
f t"dymÜ ,fukd &Si;f atmif em;rvnfvQif rSeaf tmif
bmomjyefí jzpfEkdifvdrfhrnf r[kwfyg/
,cktcgwGif t*FvdyfbmomrS jrefrmbmomodkY jyef&mwGif rdrdudk,fwkdif awGUMuKH
&aom tcsuftenf;i,fukd wifjyygrnf/
t*Fvyd bf momjzifh a&;xm;aom ynm&yftrsKd;rsKd;udk jrefrmbmomodjYk yef&ef t
vGEfta&;BuD;aMumif;ESifhywfoufí þpmwef;a&;olonf vGefcJhonfh ESpf 40-ausmfcefY
u aqmif;yg;rsm; a&;om;cJb h ;l aMumif;udk aqmif;yg;&Siaf usmfneG rYf ;dk u 18-3-69-&ufpJG
xkwv f yk o f m;aeYpOfowif;pmrSaeí azmfaumifvyk o f jzifh od&ygonf/ ausmfneG rYf ;dk udk azmf
aumifvkyfonf[k pGyfpGJ&atmif udk,fh[mudk,f bmomjyefjcif;ESifhywfoufí bmaqmif;
yg;a&;cJo h nfukd rrSwrf b d ;l vm;[k ar;p&m&Syd gonf/ tESpf 40-ausmfu a&;cJah omaqmif;
yg;jzpfí rrSwrf &d ;dk trSeyf ifjzpfygonf/ þaqmif;yg;wckwnf;omr[kwyf g/ tjcm;aqmif;
om
.c
yg; trsm;udv k nf; rrSwrf ad wmhyg/ ausmfneG rYf ;dk azmfcsuft&qkv d Qif ]ocifbaomif;onf
ic
ass
bmomjyefvkyfief;udk txl;tm;ay;vIHYaqmfcJhygonf/}ocifbaomif;u olYbmomjyef

cl
es
aqmif;yg;udk ]bmomjyefrIjzifh ynmrsufpd&SmMuukeftHh}[k acgif;pOfwyfxm;onf[k qkdyg

es
m
ur
.b
26
w
w
w
onf/ ausmfneG rYf ;dk u ]vIaYH qmfcyhJ gonf}[k qkjd cif;rSm qDavsmf[efwyl gonf/ tb,fah Mumifh
qdak omf xkt d cgwke;f u aqmif;yg;&Sif armifbaomif;\avoHrmS vIaYH qmforH sm; ygaeaom
aMumifh jzpfygonf/ atmufyg armifbaomif;\pmykd'fudk Munfhygavmh/
]]tcsif;wkdY? trsKd;om;wkdY? udkjrefrmwkdY? igwkdYonf þavmuppfyGJBuD;udk tb,f
odw Yk udk Mf uygrnfenf;/ igwko Yd nf igwkEYd idk if uH kd vk;H 0vGwv
f yfciG Ehf iS ahf epGr;f Ekid af tmif aqmif
&GuMf uuket f /hH ynmrsufpu
d kd &SmMuuket f /hH bmomjyefa&;udk aumif;pGmBudK;yrf;í aqmif
&GufMuukeftHh/}}
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
ynmrsufpdudkay;rnfh bmomjyeftvkyfudk aumif;pGm vkyfaqmifMuavmh/
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
bmomjyefa&;onf igwkEYd iS t hf m;rwefatmif BuD;aomta&;BuD;jzpfonf([k¤if;)

igwkdY rvkyfaumif;[k(¤if;)rxiftyf/
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
bmomjyefa&;onf rkd;ay:u Mu,frkdY cuf&rnfavm/ vmMuavmh? ,ckyif igwkdY
qGwMf uuket f /hH
,ck tESpf 40-ausmfMumrS txufyg bmomjyefrt I wGuf vIaYH qmfay;csufujdk yef
ízwf&aomtcg bmomjyefa&;onf [if;oD;[if;&Gufyifrsm;uJhodkY pdkufNyD;aemuf rsm;r
MumrDwGif toD;t&Gufpm;&aomtyifrsKd;ESifhrwlyJ uRef;yifrsm;uJhodkY tESpfig;q,fw&m
MumrS ckwf,lokH;pGJEkdifaom tzkd;wefopfyifBuD;rsKd;ESifhwlonfudk awGU&ygonf/
bmomjyeftvkyo f nf ru©&mrif;om;BuD;acwfuvnf; ta&;BuD;cJo h nf/ (ru©
&mrif;om;BuD;onf rsufarSmufacwf odyÜHynmaqmif;yg;rsm;udk t*FvdyfpG,fpkHusrf;BuD;
wckrS xkwfEkwfbmomjyefcJhonf[k rSwfwrf;&Sdygonf/)a,mtwGif;0efOD;bkd;vIdifacwfu
vnf; ta&;BuD;cJhonf/ vGefcJhonfh tESpf 40-ausmf t*FvdyfwkdY tkyfpkd;cJhaom acwfu
vnf; ta&;BuD;cJhonf/ ,ck 1969-ckESpfwGifvnf; qufvufta&;BuD;vsuf &Sdonf/
aemifwiG f rsufarSmufacwfynm&yftrsKd;rsKd;udk jrefrmpmjzifh a&;om;xm;jcif; r&Sad o;o
rQumvywfvkH; qufí ta&;BuD;aevdrfhOD;rnf/
]]bmomjyefrIjzifh ynmrsufpdudk &SmMuukeftHh}}aqmif;yg;udk b,fvkdoabm&NyD;
a&;ygovJ/ ajymjyprf;yg[k rdwfaqGynm&Sdwa,muf ar;ygonf/ þtar;udktus,fw
om
.c
0ifv h yd yf wfvnfatmif ajz&ygvQif xkt d ajzonf ,ckpmwef;a&;ol\ud, k &f nfaoG;tw¬K

ic
ass
yÜwådjzpfoGm;rnf pkd;&ygonf/ odkY&mwGif xkdtar;udk vkH;vkH;rajzvQifvnf; oifhvdrfhrnfr

cl
es
[kwfyg/ xkdYaMumifh usOf;EdkiforQ usOf;atmif tusOf;csKH;íajzygrnf/

es
m
ur
.b
27
w
w
w
þpmwef;a&;olonf 1928-ckESpfqDavmufwGif rpöwmzmeDA,fOD;aqmifwnf
axmifaom jrefrmjynf pmtkyt f oif;ac:aom Burma Book Club pmtkyq f idk u
f t*Fvyd f
pmtkyf tukev f ;Hk teuf zwfcsif&mudk tcrJzh wfcsifovkd pdraf jyeajyzwfciG &hf cJyh gonf/ xkd
pmtkyq f idk wf iG f r&Sad ompmtkyrf sm;udv k nf; pmtkyzf ;dk wifBudKray;&yJ Ekid if jH cm;rS trSmckid ;f
NyD; ta<u;0,fí zwfEkdifcGifh&cJhygonf/ uif;0efrif;BuD; tcrJhyd#uwfwkdufrSpmtkyfrsm;
ESifh Bernard Free Library upmtkyfrsm;udkvnf; zwfcsifwkdif; zwfcGifh&cJhygonf/ (uif;0ef
rif;BuD;yd#uwfwu dk f vufaxmufwu dk rf LS ;vnf; vkycf b
hJ ;l ygonf/)txl;ojzifh jrefrmjynf
pmtkyftoif;qkdifwGif&Sdaom Home University Library Series pmtkyfrsm;ukd pdrfajyeajy
zwfcGifh&í zwfaomtcg taemufEkdifiHom;rsm; BuD;yGm;aeMujcif;rSm xkduJhodkYpmtkyfrsm;
udk vIid vf idI zf wfciG hf &MuaomaMumifh jzpfonf[k oabmaygufvmygonf/ xkaYd emuf jrefrm
jynfom;rsm;onf taemufEidk if o H m;rsm;ESihf &ifaygifwef;vdu k í

f BuD;yGm;vkv d Qif xkpd mtkyf
rsKd;udk zwfEkdifcGifh &MurSjzpfvdrfhrnf[k pGJpGJNrJNrJ oabmaygufvmygonf/ odkY&mwGif jrefrm
jynfom;trsm;rSm t*Fvdyfpmjzifh a&;xm;aompmtkyfrsm;udk zwfEkdifMuvdrfhrnf r[kwf/
xkdpmtkyfrsm;udk jrefrmbmomjyefay;rSom jrefrmjynfom;trsm;u zwfEkdifMuvdrfhrnf/
xkaYd Mumifh bmomjyeftvkyo f nf ta&;tBuD;qk;H tvkyrf sm;teuf wcktygt0ifjzpfonf
[k ]]bmomjyefrIjzifh ynmrsufpd&SmMuukeftHh}}aqmif;yg;&Sifu rSwf,lcJhygonf/ xkdYaMumifh
xkdaqmif;yg;udk pdwfygvufygESifh yGifhyGifhBuD; a&;cJhjcif;jzpfygonf[k ajzvkdygonf/
xkdaqmif;yg;udk 28-ESpft&G,fu a&;cJhNyD; ,ck 69-ESpft&G,fusrS jyefízwf&
aomtcg ]]ynmrsufpd}}qkdaom pum;vkH;a&SUu ]]avmuD}}qkdaom pum;wvkH;xnfhay;
vQif ydkíwdusrnf[k oabm&ygonf/ xkdodkYxnhfay;vQif ]]bmomjyefrIjzifh avmuDynm
rsufpdzGifhay;MuukeftHh}}[k &ygvdrfhrnf/
t*FvdyfbmomrS jrefrmbmomodkYjyef&mwGif a&S;OD;pGm awGU&Sd&aom tcuftcJ
rSm a&S;jrefrmpma&;enf;t& 0gusrsm;udk wefqmqifí &Snfvsm;pGm a&;aomenf;jzpf
onf[k xifygonf/ *E¦avmur*¾Zif; (The World of Books) u Francis Bacon \''Of
Studies" tprf;pmrS xkwfEkwfaom Some books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed,
and some few to be chewed and digested.
Reading maketh a full man; conference ready man; writing an exact man.
pmyk'd u
f kd jrefrmbmomjyef&ef NydKifyv
JG yk af omtcg þpmwef;a&;olu jrefrmpma&;&k;d a&;
om
pOftwkdif; 0gus&Snf&Snf pum;vkH;<u,f<u,fjzifh jrefrmjyefí NydKifyGJ0ifvkdufygonf/ Ba-

.c
ic
con \t*FvdyfpmrSm wkdwkdwkwfwkwfESifhtom;ygaompm jzpfojzifh 0gus&Snf&SnfESifhpum;

ss
a
cl
vk;H <u,f<u,fEiS hf jrefrmbmomjyefjcif;twGuf qkray;xku d [f k bmomjyefNydKifyJG tuJjzwf

es
es
yk*¾Kdvfrsm;u qkH;jzwfcsuf csvkdufMuygonf/ xkdqkH;jzwfcsufonf t*wdvkdufpm;aomqkH;

m
ur
.b
28
w
w
w
jzwfcsuf[k rqkdEkdifyg/
a&S;jrefrmpma&;ykH\&Snfvsm;[efESifhywfoufí uG,fvGefol a*s? tufpf? zmeD
A,f \(J.S.Furnivall) xifjrifcsufudk zwf&vQif bmomjyefolwkdYtzkdY tusKd;&Sdrnfxifo
jzifh atmufwGif xkwfEkwfazmfjyvkdufygonf/
jrefrmjynfonf rdrd&mZ0ifwavQmufvkH; b,fwkdif;b,fjynfESifhrQ rqufqefbJ
xD;xD;aecJhNyD;aemuf pdwf"mwftopf0ifí tjcm;tjcm;aom wkdif;jynfBuD;rsm;ESifh&if
abmifwef;vkdufvkdaomqE´rsm; ay:vmonfudk vGefcJhaom tESpftpdwfcefYu uREkfyfwkdY
av;ig;a,muf pdwftm;xufoefpGmjzifh apmifhíMunfhcJhMuonf/ xkdpOftcgu acwfpm;
aom pum;vkH;<u,f<u,fESifhwefqmqifía&;aom jrefrmpma&;enf;rsKd;rSm a&S;jrefrm
rif;wkdY acwftwGuf aumif;aomfvnf; acwfopfjrefrmjynftzkdY rvkHavmufawmhojzifh
,ckacwfay: a&mif;0,frIynm&yfrsm;ESifhavmu"mwf(odyÜH)ynm&yfrsm;udk jrefrmvlrsKd;

wkdY zwf&IEkdifap&ef ynmjzefYcsda&;twGuf jrefrmpma&;enf;topf &SmMuHzkdY vkdtyfonfrSm
xif&Sm;aeonf/
a*s? tufp? zmeDA,f
1949-ck? Ekd0ifbm 21 &uf
(ocifbaomif;\waxmifhwntwGuf rpöwmzmeDA,fa&;aom ed'gef;rS xkwf
Ekwfcsuf/)
Some twenty-five years ago a few of us were watching with keen interest the
birth of a new Burma, a Burma aspiring after centuries of seclusion to take a place
among the nations of the modern world. The elaborate and ornamental style then re-
garded as a mark of good Burmese was better suited to a mediaeval Court than to a
modern people, and one obvious need for new Burma was a style of writing more con-
venient for diffusion among Burmans, a knowledge of the modern world of Business
and Science.
21st November, 1949. J.S.Furnivall
(From Mr.J.S.Furnivall's Introduction to Thakhin Ba Thoung's A Thousand
and One Nights)
txufwu G f azmfjycJo h nft h wkid ;f acwfEiS ahf vsmfnaD tmif ]]jrefrmpma&;enf;t
opf&mS MuHbYdk vkt
d yfaecsdew
f iG }f } ]]armifbaomif;}}u *E¦avmur*¾Zif;rS vpOfjyKvkyaf om
bmomjyefNydKifyGJrsm;wGif ig;cgqufí qk&ojzifh ]]armifbaomif;}}udk *E¦avmur*¾Zif;
om
jrefrmydkif;twGuf pmwnf;cefYvkdufygonf/ wkdYArmtpnf;t&kH; EkdifiHjyKpmpktrSwf(2) Ekd;

.c
ic
ss
Mum;a&;pmwef;&Spaf pmifrmS ]]armifbaomif;}}ociftrnfcí H wkAYd rmtpnf;t&k;H rwnf

a
cl
es
axmifru D *E¦avmur*¾Zif;wGi]f ]armifbaomif;}}a&;cJah om acgif;BuD;tcsKdU jzpfygonf/

es
m
ur
.b
29
w
w
w
t*FvdyfbmomrS jrefrmbmomodkYjyef&mwGif wkdwkdwkwfwkwfESifhvkd&if;udk azmfjy
onfh ]]jrefrmpma&;enf;topf}}&SmMuHbdkY vkdtyfonf[k oabm&onfhtcsdefpí rpöwm
zmeDA,fEiS yhf garmu©BuD;azarmifwifwYdk ur®uxjyKaom *E¦avmu (The World of Books)
r*¾Zif;jrefrmydik ;f t,f'w
D marmifbaomif;u *E¦avmujrefrmydik ;f acgif;BuD;rsm;udk wwf
EkdiforQ jrefrmpma&;enf;topfjzifh a&;&efBudK;yrf;cJhygonf/ wcgaomf jrefrmpmukd xkd
uJhodkYra&;oifhaMumif;ESifha0zefolwa,mufu xdkacwf jrefrmaeYpOfowif;pmwapmifrS
aeí uefYuGufygonf/ uHtm;avsmfpGm olYuefYuGufcsufrSm jyefíajz&Sif;&ef rvkdonfudk
awGU&ygonf/ tb,faMumifq h adk omf xku
d efu
Y uG af omaqmif;yg;&Siu
f ]]jrefrmpma&;enf;
topf}}ESifhywfoufaom olYaqmif;yg;udk ed*kH;csKyf&mwGif ]]jrefrmpma&;enf;topf}}t&
a&;jcif;onf]]bwfvkdYawmh aumif;onf}}[k olYa0zefcsufudk olY[mol umjyefvkdufaom
aMumifh jzpfygonf/ jrefrmpma&;enf;topft& a&;aomtcg ]]'Dvkdqkdawmh Armpm[m

vJ zwfvkdYtaumif;om;yJ}}[k tcsKdUu rSwfcsufcsMuygonf/
bmomjyefjcif;tvkyfudk taxmuftul jzpfaprnfh]]jrefrmpma&;enf;topf}}
xGuf&ef qkdif;qifhay;aom jrefrmjynfynmjyefYyGm;a&;toif; (The Burma Education
Extension Asssciation) \tmabmftjzpfxw k af om *E¦avmur*¾Zif; jrefrmpmykid ;f udk xkwf
a0&mwGif txku d tf avsmuf atmifjrifrI &onf[k rpöwmzmeDA,fu ,lqygonf/ tb,f
aMumifq h adk omf rpöwmzmeDA,fu ola&;aom txufyged'gef;wGif ]]*E¦avmur*¾Zif; jref
rmpmykdif;onf armifbaomif;\pdwftm; xufoefrIaMumifh tawmfuav; ausmfMum;
vmNyD;vQif jrefrmvli,fpma&;q&muav;rsm; aygufymG ;&m ysKd;cif;tjzpfoaYdk &mufí *E¦
avmuysKd;cif;rSxGufaom jrefrmvli,fpma&;q&muav;rsm;teuf aemiftzkdYwGif jref
rmpmavmuü ausmfMum;vmol renf;ay/}}[k qkdaomaMumifh jzpfygonf/
[Under his (Maung Ba Thoung's) inspiration the Burmese section of the peri-
odical achieved some distinction as a nursery of young Burmese writers, of whom not a
few have subsequently become well-known in the world of letters.]
tu,fí rpöwmzmeDA,f\xifjrifcsufonf rSeí f ,ciftESpf 40-ausmfcefw Y iG f
jrefrmvli,fpma&;q&muav;rsm;twGuf *E¦avmutrnf&adS om ]]ysKd;cif;}}uav;wck
&SdcJhbl;onf[k qkdygvQif ,cktcgwGif xkd]]ysKd;cif;}}uav;rSm twdwforkdif;odkY0ifíoGm;yg
NyD/ xk]d ]ysKd;cif;}}rSxu
G af om jrefrmpma&;q&mrsm;teuf tcsKdUrSm uG,v f eG Mf uNyD; aemuf
om
usefaompma&;q&mrsm;teuf tcsKdUrSm uG,v f eG Mf uNyD; aemufusefaom pma&;q&mrsm;

.c
ic
ss
vnf; tkdrif;í oZD0oabmrS edZD0oabmodkY a&mufMu&ef eD;íaeMuygNyD/ ,ckpmwef;

a
cl
es
wifjyoludk,fwkdifyif toufckepfq,feD;eD;&SdaeNyD; ]],aeYvm; eufjzef &ufrSefrSef rod}}

es
m
jzpfaeygNyD/
ur
.b
30
w
w
w
xkaYd Mumifh t*Fvyd b f momrS jrefrmbmomodYk rSeu f efpmG jyefEidk af om jrefrmpma&;

q&mrsm; tqufjywfí qdwfokOf;roGm;ap&eftwGuf ,cktcgwGif bmomjyefysKd;cif;u
av;wck zefwD;ay;vQif oifhavsmfrnf roifhavsmfrnfudk pOf;pm;oifhMuygonf/
jrefrmbmomonf ta&SUwkdif;bmomwck jzpfNyD;vQif Ak'¨\,Ofaus;rIt&Sdeft
apmfEiS rhf uif;aom bmomjzpfí t*Fvyd b f momonf taemufwidk ;f bmomwckjzpfojzifh
c&pf,ef,Ofaus;rIt&Sed t f apmfEiS rhf uif;aom bmomjzpfygonf/ xkaYd Mumifh jrefrmbmom
ESifht*FvdyfbmomwkdYonf wbmomESifhwbmom trsm;tm;jzifh ta&SUESifhtaemuf jcm;
em;ouJo h yYkd if jcm;em;Muygonf/ 0guszGUJ ykcH sif;vnf; zDvmMuygonf/ t*Fvyd b f mom0gus
tpOfu (Subject) uwåm; (Predicate)0gpu (Object) uH jzpfygonf/ jrefrmbmom0gus
tpOfu uwåm;? uH? 0gpujzpfygonf/ Oyrm? t*Fvdyfbmomu The boy beats the dog
udk edosenf;ESifhteufjyefvQif ]]vluav;? &kdufonf acG;}} odkYr[kwf ]]vluav;u &kduf

onf acG;udk}}[k &ygvdrfhrnf/ xkdodkYedosjyefvQif jrefrmpum;ESifhwlawmhrnfr[kwfyg/ xkdY
aMumifh jrefrmpum;ESiv hf nf;wlatmif olt Y *Fvyd 0f gus\qkv d &dk if;vnf; rSeaf tmif ]]vlu
av;u acG;udk &kdufonf}}[k uwåm;ukd a&SUqkH;u xm;? uHudk tvnfu xm;NyD;vQif 0gpu
udk aemufqkH;uxm;í jyefMu&ygonf/ þOyrmonf t*Fvdyfpmudk aumif;pGmwwfNyD;ol
rsm;tzkYd pum;xJxnfah jymavmufonft h cuf r[kwaf omfvnf; t*Fvyd pf moifcgpolrsm;
tzkYdwGif ao;i,faomtcuf r[kwfonfudk awGU&ygonf/ (þum; udk,fawGU/)
t*Fvyd b f momrS jrefrmbmomodYk jyef&mwGif tajccHtcuftcJrmS 0guszGUJ ykcH sif;
rwlrIjzpfygonf/ xkdYaMumifh bmomjyef&ef&nf&G,fcsufESifht*Fvdyfpmudk oifMuolwkdYonf
a&S;OD;pGm t*Fvdyf0guszGJYykHwkdYudk odp&mrusefavmufatmif avhvmxkdufygonf/ t*Fvdyf
0guszJGYykHtrsKd;rsKd;udk ]]xkH;vkdacs a&vkdaESmuf}}EkdifolwkdYtzkdYwGif bmomjyeftvkyfonf t
jcm;tvkyfrsm;xuf xl;í cufcJhp&m &Sdvdrfhrnf r[kwfyg/ t*Fvdyfpmudk ayghayghqq oif
xm;olwt Ydk zkw
Yd iG f bmomjyeftvkyo f nf ud,k rf Ekid af om0efukd xrf;&aom tvkyEf iS w hf Nl yD;
vQif tBuD;tus,f pdwfyifyef;p&m jzpfygvdrfhrnf/
'kwd,tcuftcJrSm t*Fvdyfpum;vkH; wvkH;pDwkdY\t"dyÜm,fudk em;vnfatmif
vkyf&rnfhtcuftcJ jzpfygonf/ xkdpum;vkH;wkdYwGif jrefrmpum;wGif t"dyÜm,fwlr&dSaom
pum;vk;H rsm;ESijhf refrmpum;wGif t"dymÜ ,f&ydS gvsuf ud, k uf em;vnfatmif avhvmrxm;
aom pum;vkH;rsm; ygygonf/ jrefrmpum;wGif&Sdaom pum;vkH;jzpfygvsuf udk,fu em;
om
.c
vnfatmif vkyfrxm;í em;rvnfaompum;vkH;rsKd;rSm ]]uefpGef;O}}ukd t*Fvdyf sweet

ic
ss
a
potato ac:aompum;vkH;rsKd; jzpfygonf/ t*Fvdyfvkd sweet potato udk uefpGef;O[k jrefrm

cl
es
vkdac:rSef;roddí sweet csKdaom? potato tmvl;/ csKdaomtmvl; odkYr[kwf ]]tmvl;csKd}}[k

es
m
ur
.b
31
w
w
w
jrefrmjyefvu dk v
f Qif Mum;&olwu Ydk ]]jzpfrjS zpf&yav}}[k tmar#dwo f aH y;p&m jzpfomG ;wwf
ygonf/
wwd,tcuftcJrSm t*Fvdyfpum;vkH; ESpfvkH;okH;vkH; pkaygif;vkdufonfhtcgwGif
rlvpum;vk;H wk\ Yd t"dymÜ ,fEiS rhf wlaom t"dymÜ ,ftopfjzpfvmaom ]]aygif;vk;H eufopf}}
pum;pkrsm;\t"dyÜm,fudk aumif;pGm avhvmzkdY vkdjcif;jzpfygonf/ Oyrm put qkdaom p
um;vkH;\rlvt"dyÜm,frSm xnfhonf[k jzpfaomfvnf; put off, put out, put on [kpaom
pum;pkwkdYwGif rlvt"dyÜm,f r&SdawmhyJ t"dyÜm,ftopfrsm; jzpfay:vmMuygonf/ xkYdjyif
1) the majority ESifh 2) join the majority wkdYwGif majority \rlvt"dyÜm,fr&SdyJ 1)]]aooGm;
olrsm;ESihf 2)]]aoonf}}[k t"dymÜ ,fopfrsm; ay:vmygonf/ he attains his majority qkjd yef
awmh olt&G,fa&mufvmonf[k t"dyÜm,f&jyefygonf/ xkduJhodkY pkaygif;pum;vkH;rsm;udk
idiom [kac:Muygonf/ pkaygif;pum;vkH;rsm;\t"dyÜm,fudk rodvQif bmomjyef&mwGif

t"dyÜm,ftBuD;tus,f vGJoGm;Ekdifygonf/
t*Fvyd b f momrS jrefrmbmomodjYk yef&mwGif t*Fvyd pf um;vk;H rsm;\t"dymÜ ,fukd
odxm;&ef vkad omfvnf; t*Fvyd pf um;vk;H wckc?k odrYk [kwf pum;vk;H pkwckc\ k t"dymÜ ,fukd
tvGew f w d u d susBuD; jrefrmbmom jyefírjzpfonfuv kd nf; awGUonft h cg awGU&ygonf/
Oyrmqkdaomf Instruction in schools should be through the medium of Burmese
qkod nf0h guswGif medium udk enf;vrf;ESin hf rD Qonf[k xm;Ekid af omfvnf; jrefrmpum;ajym
xk;H ? odrYk [kwf jrefrmpma&;xk;H udk xnfí h wGuzf v Ydk nf; vkw d wfygonf/ xkadY Mumifh txufyg
t*Fvdyfpmydk'fudk t*FvdyfpmvkH;wkdif;\t"dyÜm,fudk twdtus pkHvifpGm azmfrjyyJ ouf
a&mufaomt"dyÜm,fudk,lí ]]pmoifausmif;rsm;wGif ynm&yfrsm;udk jrefrmpum;ESifh(eYJ)
odkYr[kwf jrefrmpum;jzifh oifMum;ay;oifhonf}}[k jrefrmjyefvQif olYqkdvdk&if;t"dyÜm,f
udk ay:ap&eftwGuf vkHavmufEkdifonf[k ,lqygonf/ þae&mwGif medium onf jref
rmpum; ]]ESifh(eJY)}} odkYr[kwf ]]jzifh}}ESifhnDronfudk awGUEkdifygonf/ t"dyÜm,fay:rIudk t
"durxm;yJ ydkí pum;wdusjynfhpkHvkdí ]]pmoifausmif;rsm;wGif ynm&yfrsm;udk jrefrm
pum;enf;vrf;jzifh oifMum;ay;oifhonf}}[k jrefrmjyefvQif o'´genf;t& rSefonf[kqkd
csifqkdEkdifygvdrfhrnf/ odkY&mwGif xkdodkYjyefjcif;onf jrefrmpum;ajymxkH;? odkYr[kwf jrefrmpm
a&;xkH;ESifhudkufnDvdrfhrnf r[kwfonfhjyif jrefrmpum;yif [kwfrS[kwfygavp[k oHo,
jzpfp&myif jzpfEkdifvrf; &Sdygonf/
om
.c
NyD;awmh point qkdaomt*Fvdyfpum;vkH;ESifhywfoufí jrefrmjyefykHtaMumif;udk

ic
ss
a
tenf;i,f pum;&Snv f ydk gonf/ (v)oGm; tykv d (dk 11)'k;H ,mOftaMumif; azmfjyaompmyk'd f
cl
es
wckwGif -
es
m
ur
.b
32
w
w
w
But soon after the commitment (of a space-craft) to a lunar trajectory, there
comes a point at which the immediate return to earth cannot be made; [kygygonf/ þ
t*Fvdyfpmykd'fudk wdusatmif jrefrmbmomjyefvQif o'´genf;t& rSefcsifrSefrnfjzpfaomf
vnf; olw Y yk'd vf ;Hk \oufa&mufonft h "dymÜ ,fukd ,lí jrefrmjyefjcif;u ykíd jrefrmrsm;em;
vnfEkdifvrf;&Sdygonf/ pum;vkH;rsm;udk twdtusjyefvQif commitment wkdY trajectory
wkdYtwGuf qDavsmfaom jrefrmpum;vkH;rsm; &Smí&onfxm;OD;? jrefrmwkdYtzkdY t"dyÜm,f
xifzv Ydk rf; enf;ygonf/ xkaYd Mumifh xkpd myk'd u f kd ]](v)oGm;'k;H ,mOfwckonf (v)bufoo Ykd mG ;
aomvrf;aMumif;odkY a&mufoGm;onfESifhwNydKifeuf urÇmajray:okdY csufcsif; jyefíqif;
vmEkdifvrf; r&Sdawmh}}[k jyefrnfqkdvQif t*Fvdyfpmykd'f\qkdvkd&if;t"dyÜm,f ay:EkdifzG,f&Sd
onf[k oabm&ygonf/ xko d jYkd yefvQif point qkad ompum;vk;H \t"dymÜ ,fukd woD;wjcm;
pOf;pm;ae&ef vkdawmhrnfr[kwfyg/ þuJhodkYaom t*Fvdyfpmykd'frsKd;udk jrefrmjyefrnfqkd
vQif xkdpmykd'f\t"dyÜm,f &Sif;vif;pGm ay:vmap&eftwGuf xkdpmykd'frsKd;udk t*Fvdyfvkd

paraphrase vkyfMunfh&ef vkdwwfygonf/ xkdYaMumifh But soon after the commitment (of a
space-craft) to a lunar trajectory udk paraphrase vkyfvQif But as soon as a space-craft
has embarked upon a lunar route [kqkdouJhodkY &ygvdrfhrnf/ paraphrase vkyfxm;aompm
ykd'fonf rl&if;avmuf qDavsmfcsifrS qDavsmfrnfjzpfaomfvnf; omrefvlrsm;tzkdY rl&if;
pmyk'd x f uf ydí k t"dymÜ ,fay:zG,&f ydS gonf/ xko d t Ykd "dymÜ ,fay:vmaomtcg jrefrmbmom
jyef&rIonf tcuftcJavsmhí oGm;zG,f&Sdygonf/
&k&Sm;pma&;q&m Kuznetsov u olt*FvefjynfodkYvmí ckdvIH&jcif;taMumif;ESifh
ywfoufí ''I came to the point where I could no longer write, no longer sleep, no
longer breathe." [konf[k 1969-ck Mo*kwfv 8-&ufaeYxkwf Time r*¾Zif;uqkdygonf/
xkdpmydk'fwGif point qkdaom t*Fvdyfpum;vkH;\t"dyÜm,frSm jrefrmvkd ]]tajct
ae}}[laom t"dyÜm,frsKd;&rnfxifygonf/ xkdYaMumifh xkdpmykd'fudk ]]ig[m pma&;ívnf;
r&? tdyí f vnf;r&? touf&LS ívnf; r&awmhonft h ajctaeodYk a&mufomG ;ygonf}}[l
ouJhodkY jyefvQif t"dyÜm,f vGwfrnfrxifyg/
txufyg OyrmESpcf u k kd azmfjyjcif;rSm t*Fvyd pf um;vk;H u point [kqo dk nft
h wGuf
point qkdonfrSm that which has position but no magnitude qkdaomt"dyÜm,fwckwnf;udk
om pdwx f u J Oyg'fraeyJ tjcm;qDavsmfrnft h "dymÜ ,fukd MuHpnfrad p&eftwGuf jzpfygonf/
om
The Concise Oxford Dictionary t&qkdvQif point qkdaompum;vkH;wGif t"dyÜm,f 23rsKd;

.c
ic
ss
&Sdygonf/ xkdYaMumifh point qkdaompum;vkH;awGUvQif ae&mom&Sdí teHtvsm;r&Sdaom

a
cl
es
t&mukdom,lí bmomrjyefxkdufyg/
es
m
ur
.b
33
w
w
w
t*FvdyfbmomrS jrefrmbmomodkYjyef&mwGif wcgw&H pmwrsufESm wrsufESmcGJ
avmuf &Snfvsm;aom t*Fvdyf0gusrsm;ESifhawGU&wwfygonf/ xkd0gusrsKd;udk olY0gust
a&twGuf &Sdoifhoavmuf &Sdatmif paraphrase vkyfMunfhNyD;aemufrS jrefrmvkd jyefvQif ydk
ívG,fwwfygonf/ paraphrase vkyfaejcif;onf tcsdefukefonf tvkyfudk aESmifhaES;ap
onf[k trSwfwrJh xif&aomfvnf; paraphrase vkyfonfhtwGuf t"dyÜm,fydkí&Sif;vmNyD;
ydkí bmomjyef&ef vG,fulvmwwfojzifh paraphrase vkyfonfhtwGuf ydkítvkyfwGifEkdif
vrf;&Sdygonf/ okdY&mwGif tNrJwrf; paraphrase csnf;vkyfMunfhae&rnf[k rqkdvkdyg/ cuf
aom pmydk'f? udk,ft"dyÜm,f r&Sif;aompmydk'frsm;udkom tcgtm;avsmfpGm paraphrase
vkyMf unfzh v
Ydk odk nfukd awGU&ygonf/ bmomjyef&rnfph myk'd w f ckonf bmomjyefot l zk]Yd ]t
uGif;tuGif; rkHYwD[if;odkY}}&Sif;íaeygvQif xkdpmykd'fudk paraphrase vkyf&ef rnfolrQowd&
vdrfhrnf r[kwfyg/ jrefrmbmomjyef&rnfh t*Fvdyfpmykd'ftwkdif;onf trsm;tm;jzifh zwf

&olwkdYtwGuf &Sif;atmif wvkHYwva&;xm;aompmykd'frsm; r[kwfyg/ a&;olwkdYu olwkdY
wwfovkd odkYr[kwf olwkdYrwwfovkd a&;xm;aompmykd'frsm;om jzpfygonf/ xkdYaMumifh
olw\ Ydk t*Fvyd pf ma&;ykrH sm;udk ydí k t"dymÜ ,f&iS ;f ? ydík vG,u f al om t*Fvyd pf ma&;enf;jzifh
ydkívG,fulaom pum;vkH;rsm;jzifh jyefí paraphrase vkyfí&aumif;ygonf/ paraphrase
vkyf&mwGif pmjzifh a&;írvkyfyJ pdwfjzifh vkyfívnf; &Ekdifygonf/
t*Fvyd pf mu He is taking a bath [kqv kd Qif olt Y wkid ;f wku
d &f u
dk jf refrmjyefí
f r&yg/
wkduf&kdufjrefrmjyefvQif ]]olonf a&csKd;jcif;wckudk ,laeonf}}[kqkd&ygvdrfhrnf/ jrefrm
tokH;tEIef;wGif a&csKd;jcif;udk ,lír&yg/ xkdtcgrsKd;wGif tqkdygt*Fvdyf0gusudk pdwfxJ
u paraphrase vkyfíMunfhEdkifygonf/ xkduJhodkY paraphrase vkyfMunfhvQif "He is bathing"
[k &ygvdrrhf nf/ xkt d cg t*Fvyd t f ok;H tEIe;f ESijhf refrmtok;H tEIe;f csif;eD;pyfvmojzifh ]]ol
onf a&csKd;aeonf}}[k jyefí&ygvdrfhrnf/ He has given a new coat of paint to his car
udk He has painted his car recently [kk paraphrase vkyfMunfhNyD; jrefrmvkdjyefvQif cufcJ
p&mtaMumif; &Sdvdrfhrnfr[kwfyg/ t*Fvdyfbmomu abstract noun rsm;ukd verb wckESifh
wGJí okH;avhrsm;ygonf/ jrefrmpmu pdwåZemrfudk ud&d,mESifhwGJokH;jcif;enf;ygonf/ jref
rmqHaompmu ]]ol xrif;pm;onf}}[komqkdí ]]olonf xrif;pm;jcif;trIudk jyKonf}}
[k rqkyd g/ xkt d ok;H tEIe;f rsKd;udk ygVd[efukd ,la&;aomtcgrsKd;wGio f m awGU&wwfygonf/
t*FvdyfbmomrS jrefrmbmomodkYjyefrnfholonf t*Fvdyfpmudk uRrf;usifo
om
.c
avmuf jrefrmpmudk uRrf;usif&EHk iS hf rvkaH vmufyg/ rdrjd refrmjyef,rl nfjh refrmpmudk ydí k uRrf;
ic
ss
a
usifoifo h nf[k ajymMuygonf/ xko d aYdk jymjcif;onf rSeyf &Hk ygonf/ tb,faMumifq h adk omf
cl
es
t*Fvyd pf mtok;H tEIe;f rsm;udk jrefrmjyef&mwGif wku d &f u

dk jf yefí r&aomtcgrsm;wGif wrsKd;
es
m
ur
.b
34
w
w
w
wrnfvSnfhí jyef&aomaMumifh jzpfygonf/

t*FvdyfrS jrefrmjyefrnfholwkdYonf t*FvdyftokH;tEIef;ESifhjrefrmtokH;tEIef;
uGmjcm;onfhtcsufrsm;udkvnf; avhvmxm;zkdYvkdygonf/ Oyrm t*Fvdyfpmu 2nd floor
[kqkdaomtcg jrefrmpmjzifh ]'kwd,Murf;jyif}}[kjyefír&yg/ ]]'kwd,txyf}}[kyif jyefí
r&yg/ wwd,txyf[k jyef&ygvdrfhrnf/ t*Fvdyfu tdrftxyfudk a&wGuf&mwGif atmuf
qkH;txyf ground floor udkxnfhí ra&wGufyJ? jrefrmtac: 'kwd,txyfupí yxrxyf
[k a&wGuyf gonf/ xkaYd Mumifh t*Fvyd Ef iS jhf refrm wxyfumG íaeygonf/ tar&duefwt Ydk rd f
txyf a&wGuyf EHk iS jhf refrmtdrtf xyf a&wGuyf cHk sif; wlygonf/ 2nd floor udk jrefrmu wwd
,txyf[kac:onfhenf;wl tar&duefwkdYuvnf; third storey [kac:Muygonf/
,ckacwfwGif t*FvdyfbmomrS jrefrmbmomodkY rSefatmifjyefEkdifolrsm; okOf;o
avmufjzpfaeNyD[k ajymMuygonf/ xkdokYdjzpf&jcif;rSm ,ckacwfwGif ,cifacwfuavmuf

t*Fvyd pf mudk wwfatmif oifMum;&aumif;rSe;f rodjcif;? wwfatmifoifbYkd vko d nfrxif
jcif;? oifMum;ay;rIpHcsdef rrSDjcif;wkdYaMumifhjzpf[efwlygonf/ ,ckacwfwGif t*Fvdyfpmudk
wu,fwwfolenf;oGm;&kHomruyJ jrefrmpmudk rSefatmif a&;Ekdifol? jrefrmpum;udk rSef
atmifajymEkdifolrsm;\OD;a&yifvQif ,kwfavsmhvsuf&Sdonf[k xifygonf/ ]]þtqkdukd
igu jyifqifaxmufcHygonf}}[k tpnf;ta0;wGif xí ajymaomolwa,mufudk jrefrm
pum;rSefrSefajymwwfol[k rSwf,lEkdfifzkdY cufygonf/ tb,faMumifhqkdaomf tpnf;ta0;
wGif tqkdwckudk axmufcHjcif; (supporting) ESifh jyifqifjcif; (amending) wkdYrSm t"dyÜm,f
csif; tvGefjcm;em;aomaMumifh jzpfygonf/ vlwa,mufonf tqkdwckckudk ]]axmufcH}}
csifvQif ]]axmufcH}}Ekdifygonf/ ]]jyifqif}}csifvQif ]]jyifqif}}Ekdifygonf/ xdkolonf t
qkdwckckudk wNydKifeufwnf; ]]jyifqifjcif;? axmufcHjcif;}}rvkyfEkdifyg/ ]]þtqkdudk igu
jyifqifaxmufcHygonf}}qkdaom pum;ykd'fudk t*Fvdyfbmomjyef&vQif I beg to amend
and support this proposal [louJhodkY &ygvdrfhrnf/ xkdt*Fvdyfpmykd'fudk rnfonfht*Fvdyfpm
wwfolurQ em;vnfEkdifvdrfhrnfr[kwfyg/ tb,faMumifhqkdaomf amend ESifh support wkdY
onf Nidr;f csrf;pGm twlwzJG ufaexkid í f jzpfEidk af ompum;vk;H rsm; r[kwaf omaMumifjh zpfyg
onf/
t*Fvyd tf ac:ta0:rsm;udk jrefrmjyef&mwGif rSm;onf[k rqkEd idk o f nfw h idk af tmif
xkjd refrmjyefcsufrsm;udk t*Fvyd pf mrwwfaom? odrYk [kwf t*Fvyd pf mjzifah &;xm;aom Oa&m
om
.c
y&mZ0ifuJhodkYaom ynmukd roifbl;olwkdYu em;rvnfEkdifonfudk awGU&bl;ygonf/

ic
ss
a
*E¦avmur*¾Zif; jrefrmpmykdif;t,f'DwmvkyfaepOfwGif rpöwmzmeDA,fu urÇmh

cl
es
&mZ0ifudk twkdcsKyft*Fvdyfvkd a&;ay;NyD; þpmwef;a&;olu jrefrmjyefygonf/ Ancient

es
m
ur
.b
35
w
w
w
Times, Middle Ages, Modern Times ponfht*Fvdyftac:ta0:rsm;udk ]]a&S;a[mif;
acwf}}? ]]tv,facwfrsm;}}? ]]rsufarSmufacwf}}pojzifh þolu jrefrmjyefvu dk af omtcg
rpöwmzmeDA,fu wuúokdvf&Sd jrefrmq&mBuD;rsm;udk oGm;íjyygonf/ waeYwGif rpöwm
zmeDA,fu avSmifjyKH;jyKH;í ]]a[h baomif;? rif; jrefrmjyefonfha&S;a[mif;acwfwkdY? t
v,facwfwYdk rsufarSmufacwfwq Ydk o
dk nfh pum;awGukd jrefrmq&mBuD;awGu em;rvnfb;l
vkdYqkdygvm;}}[kajymygonf/ þolu ]]olwkdYajymwmrSefygonf}}[kajymonf/ rpöwmzmeD
A,fu ]]bmvkv Yd }J }[kar;ygonf/ ]]olw[ Ydk m taemufwidk ;f &mZ0ifrsm;udk rzwfz;l awmh þ
tac:ta0:rsm;udk olwkdYem;vnfEkdifMurnfr[kwfygbl;}}[k ajzvkdufrS rpöwmzmeDA,f
vnf; oabmaygufoGm;ygonf/ tcsKdUtac:ta0:rsm;rSm oufqkdif&mynm&yfrsm;ukd
avhvmzl;rSom em;vnfEkdifvdrfhrnf/ ,ckwuúokdvfu Philosophy udk 'óeduaA'?
stronomy udk eu©wåaA'[k jrefrmjyefay;jcif;rsm;udkvnf; t*FvdyfpmwwfNyD;aom q&m

rsm;ESifhausmif;om;rsm;omvQif ,cktcgwGif em;vnfEkdfifMuygvdrfhrnf/ tcsKdUu eu©wå
aA'qko d nfrmS eu©wu f kd wGuí
f a[maomaA'ifusrf;wrsKd;jzpfonf[yk if xifaumif;xif
MubG,f&Sdonf/ t*FvdyfbmomrS jrefrmbmomodkYjyef&mwGif rSefatmifjyefbdkYvkdonf/ odkY
&mwGif rSefwkdif;vnf; t*Fvdyfpmrwwfaom jrefrmrsm;u em;vnfMuvdrfhrnfr[kwfyg/
oufqidk &f mynm&yfrsm;udk jrefrmjyefNyD; zwf&onft h cgusrSom em;vnfvmMuygvdrrhf nf/
rdrd t"dyÜm,frodaom t*Fvdyfpum;vkH;rsm;udk t"dyÜm,fodatmif a&S;OD;pGm t
bd"mefuMkd unfNh yD;rS jrefrmbmomjyefEidk yf gvdrrhf nf/ tbd"mefuMkd unf&h mwGif þolzY w Ydk iG f t
*Fvdyftbd"mefuydkít"dyÜm,fay:ygonf/ þolonf t*FvdyfbmomrS jrefrmbmomodkY
jyef&mwGif jrefrmtbd"mefrsm;udk rMunfhyg/ jrefrmtbd"mefwGif t*Fvdyfpum;vkH;wkdY\
t"dyÜm,frsm;udk pkHvifatmif azmfjyrxm;aomaMumifh jzpfygonf/ (,ckaemufqkH;ay:
tbd"mefwGifawmh rajymwwfyg/)t*Fvdyftbd"mefudk Munfh&mwGif cufcJaompum;vkH;
rsm;twGuf tenf;qkH; t*Fvdyftbd"mefESpfrsKd;avmufudk Munfhygonf/ xkdokYdMunfhvQif
trsm;tm;jzifh udk,ft"dyÜm,frodaom roJuGJaom t*Fvdyfpum;vkH;rsm;\t"dyÜm,fudk
em;vnfvmygonf/ xkdokYdem;vnfvmaomtcgusrSom xdkpum;vkH;rsm;\t"dyÜm,fESifh
wlaom odkYr[kwf t"dyÜm,fESifhqifaom jrefrmpum;vkH;rsm;udk&Smí okH;ygonf/
t*Fvyd pf um;vk;H wvk;H vk;H \t"dymÜ ,fonf rdrt d zkYd roJuv
JG Qif? odrYk [kwf xkpd um;
vk;H wvk;H vk;H \t"dymÜ ,fukd rdrrd odvQif þolonf t*Fvyd t f bd"mefwckcu k kd tNrJqnf;uyf
om
.c
ygonf/ Oyrmqkdaomf txufwGif azmfjycJhaom "r®opfusrf; t*FvdyfbmomjyefrS a,&I

ic
ss
a
c&pfarG;zGm;[efESifhywfoufí ''he(joseph) knew her not..." qkdaompum;ykd'fwGif knew

cl
es
\t"dyÜm,fudk þol aumif;aumif; em;rvnfyg/ xkdYaMumifh knew \t"dyÜm,fudk The

es
m
ur
.b
36
w
w
w
concise Oxford Dictionary wGif þol &Smygonf/ xkdtcg knew \t"dyÜm,fwrsKd;rSm be

on intimate terms with jzpfonfudk awGU&ygonf/ odkY&mwGif C.O.D uay;aomt"dyÜm,f
jzifh þol rauseyfao;yg/ xkdYaMumifh Chamber's Twentieth Century Dictionary udkMunfh
jyefygonf/ xkdtcg know \t"dyÜm,fudk C.T.C.D u to have sexual commerce with [k
ay;onfudk awGU&ygonf/ þwGif commerce \t"dyÜm,fudk twdtusodatmifvkyfzkdYvkd
vmjyefygonf/ commerce \t"dyÜm,fudk qufí&Smjyefawmh C.T.C.D u intercourse
[kay;ygonf/ C.O.D uawmh intercourse(esp.sexual) [kay;ygonf/ wcg intercouse \
t"dyÜm,fudk&Smjyefawmh C.T.C.D u coition [kay;ygonf/ C.O.D uawmh sexual con-
nection [kay;ygonf/ wcg coition \t"dyÜm,fudk &Smjyefawmh C.T.C.D u sexual inter-
course [k oHo&mvnfoGm;ygonf/ C.O.D u coition ukd sexual copulation [kt"dyÜm,f
ay;ygonf/ wcg copulation \t"dyÜm,fudk&Smjyefawmh C.O.D u sexual union

[kay;ygonf/ C.T.C.D awmh to copulate udk to unite in sexual intercourse [kt"dyÜm,f
ay;ygonf/ þuJhodkY know \t"dyÜm,fudk odp&mrusefavmufatmif avhvmaomtcg
The Holy Bible - Revised Standard Version "r®opfusrf;tpwGifygaom "he(Joseph)
took his wife (Mary), but knew her not until she had borne a child" qkdaompum;ykd'f\
t"dyÜm,fudk ]]atmf-onfvkdudk;}}[koabmaygufvmygonf/ tqkdygpmydk'fudk The New
English Bible - New Testament wGift*Fvdyfjyefxm;jcif;rSm þoltzkdY em;vnf&ef ydkí
vG,fygonf/ tb,faMumifhqkdaomf "r®opfusrf;u "he (Joseph) took Mary home to be
his wife, but had no intercourse with her until her son was born" [kodvG,faompum;
jzifh t*Fvdyfjyefxm;aomaMumifh jzpfygonf/ ,ckacwf bmomjyef The New Testament
\t*Fvdyfbmomjyefcsufvnf; t"dyÜm,fay:vGifygonf/ xkd"r®opfusrf;wGif "and (Jo-
seph) married Mary. But he had no sexual relations with her before she gave birth to
her son. [kt*Fvy
d v
f dk jyefxm;ygonf/ "r®opfusrf;ESpu
f srf;u t*Fvyd b
f momjyefcsufonf
t"dyÜm,f&Sif;aeygvsufESifh ]]bmvkdY eifu The Holy Bible - The Revised Standard Ver-
sion ubmomjyefcsuf\t"dymÜ ,fukd tbd"mefawGxMJ unfNh yD; t"dymÜ ,f&mS ae&ao;ovJ}}
[kar;p&m&Syd gonf/ xko d adYk r;vQif ]]'guawmh 'Dvydk g[,f/ ighpw
d x
f u
J oHo,&Si;f Ekid o f rQ
&Sif;oGm;apcsifvkdYyg}}[k ruG,fraxmifhyJ ajz&ygvdrfhrnf/ xkduJhodkY rdrdtzkdY t"dyÜm,fikyfae
aom t*Fvdyfpum;wvkH;\t"dyÜm,fudk tvkyfBuD;wckvkyfí &SmazGvkdufaomtcg þol
om
onf tqkdygpmykd'fukd jrefrmbmomjyef&rnfqkdvQif t"dyÜm,frrSm;atmif jyefEkdifaomt

.c
ic
ss
ajcodkY a&mufvmygonf/
a
cl
es
þolonf jrefrmbmomjyef&eftwGuf odyÜHynmESifhywfoufí t"dyÜm,fr&Sif;

es
m
ur
.b
37
w
w
w
vif;aompmykd'frsm;? tac:ta0:rsm;udk awGU&vQifvnf; odyÜHtbd"mefokH;av;tkyfudk
Munfhí þodkYyif t"dyÜm,fodatmif vkyfygonf/ t"dyÜm,frrSm;atmif bmomjyefEkdif&ef
twGuf tvsifvdk vrf;tkv d u dk af om tqkyd genf;rSwyg; tjcm;jzwfvrf;enf;rsm;udk þol
rawGUbl;yg/ know qkdaomt*Fvdyfpum;vkH;uJhodkY pum;wvkH;\t"dyÜm,fudk rD;ckd;<uuf
avQmuf avhvmvkdufaomtcg þolonf ,cifuxuf t*FvdyfpmwGif todwkd;vmvdrfh
rnf trSeyf ifjzpfygonf/ þodt Yk odw;dk vmjcif;onf tusKd;vnf;r,kwyf g/ aysmfp&mvnf;
aumif;ygonf/ bmomjyef&mwGiv f nf; wenf;wvrf;tm;jzifh taxmuftuljyKygonf/
,cktcg bmomjyefolwa,muf\tawGUtMuKHudkomr[kwfyJ bmomjyefjcif;
ESifhywfoufaom þol\xifjrifcsuf(twåaemrwd)rsm;udkyg awmfawmfrsm;rsm; wifjy
NyD;jzpfojzifh þpmwef;udk tqkH;owfyk'fr xkd;&ef tcsdefa&mufygNyD/
odkY&mwGif þpmwef;udk tqkH;owfyk'fr rxkd;rDwGif þpmwef;wGifazmfjycJhaom

tcsuftvufrsm;teuf ta&;BuD;onf[kxifaom tcsuftvuftcsKdUudk aumufEkwf
í tusOf;csKyfazmfjycGifh jyKapvkdygonf/ xkdtcsuftvufrsm;rSm tjcm;r[kwfyg/
(1) bmomjyeftvkyfonf tjcm;tjcm;aomtoufarG;rItwwfrsm;uJhodkY wifBudKoif
Mum;ay;jcif;? odkYr[kwf wifBudKoifMum;xm;jcif;&SdrSom vuf&maumif;aumif;ESifhvkyf
aqmifEkdifrnfhtvkyfjzpfjcif;/
(2) bmomjyeftwwfwiG f tjcm;tjcm;aom toufarG;rItwwfrsm;wGif MuKHawGU&aom
tcuftcJrsKd;rsm;&Sdaomfvnf; xkdtcuftcJrsKd;rsm;rSm wifBudKoifMum;xm;jcif;&SdvQif
rajzjzwfEkdifavmufatmif BuD;rm;aomtcuftcJBuD;rsm; r[kwfEkdifjcif;/
(3) bmomjyeftvkyo f nf ayghayghqq tysif;ajyvkyí f &aom tvkyrf sKd;r[kwyf J xm0pOf
eufeufeJeJ avhvmí vkyf&aom tvkyfjzpfjcif;/
(4) bmomjyeftvkyu f kd ydik yf ikd Ef idk Ef idk vf yk Ef idk &f eftwGuf bmomjyefvo dk rl sm;udk yd;k arG;ouJh
odkY arG;íay;zkdYvkdjcif;? odkYrSom bmomjyefwwfolwkdY qdwfokOf;oGm;vdrfhrnfr[kwfjcif; o
abmrsKd;wkdYjzpfygonf/
tcsKyfwGif toD;ESHaumif;rsm; pm;okH;vkdvQif tavhusaygufaomtyifrsm;ukd
csnf; tm;udk;aeí rjzpfonfhenf;wl bmomjyefaumif;olrsm;udk ckdif;aptokH;jyKvkdvQif
tavhusay:vmaom bmomjyefol wa,mufaumif; ESpfa,mufaumif;ukdomtm;udk;
íraeyJ a0a0qmqm azmazmvIid v f idI f oD;rnfh yGirhf nfh bmomjyefpu
dk cf if;ysKd;cif;BuD;wck
om
.c
udk tcsdefraESmif;rD wnfaxmifay;&ef tcsdefwefygNyD[k pkHq,fjzm yPmoí *g&0jyKum

ic
ass
tMuHay;vkdygonf/
cl
es
þpmwef;wGif azmfjyxm;aom tcsuftvufrsm;rSm rnfolYudkrQ tjypfwifbdkY

es
m
ur
.b
38
w
w
w
r[kwfyg/ bmomjyefvkyfief; BuD;yGm;vmrItwGuf pOf;pm;xkdufaom? pOf;pm;oifhaom?

pOf;pm;&efaumif;aom tcsuftvufrsm;om jzpfygonf/ tckid t f rmrjyKrjyif olwt Ydk &Sd
twkdif; twkH;vkduf tpdkiftcJvkduf tokH;jyK&eft[kwfaMumif;jzifh ed*kH;owfvkdufygonf
ynm&Sdy&dowftaygif; olawmfaumif;wkdY/ /
bmomjyefolwOD;\tawGUtMuKHESifhxifjrifcsufrsm;
yg0ifaqG;aEG;olrsm;/ /1/OD;armifarmifajy? 2/a':cifrsKd;cspf? 3/OD;jrwfpdk;? 4/OD;
cspfodrf;? 5/OD;wifat;? 6/wuúodkvfjrwfol? 7/OD;vlaz0if;? 8/OD;boef;("r®du)? 9/OD;
tkef;cif(vef'ef ysHYoif;) 10/OD;baomf(armifaomfu)? 11/a'gufwmarmifjzL;? 12/OD;
ausmf0if;(&efukefwuúokdvf) 13/rsKd;jrifhapm? 14/atmifoef;(rEÅav;)/
1/ acwfvli,frsm;onf t*Fvdyfpmukd rEkdifaomaMumifh jrefrmrS t*FvdyfodkYjyef&m
wGif tqifhtwef; edrfhusaeonf[k aqG;aEG;&m pifppfrSm ESpfbmompvkH;EkdifrS
om jzpfEkdifonf[k ajzygonf/
2/ &opmayrsm;udk bmomjyef&mwGif orkid ;f qkid &f m aemufct H csufrsm;? bef;pum;
rsm;ESifht&yfokH;pum;rsm;udk avhvmod&Sdxm;oifhaMumif;/
3/ bmomjyef&mwGif rl&if;tavhtx? rl&if;,Ofaus;rI[efygatmif jyefqkdEkdifrS
aumif;aMumif;?
4/ bmomjyeform;rsm;twGuf tbd"mefrsm;? udk;um;&nfnTef;usrf;rsm; jynfhpkHbkdY
vkdaMumif;?
5/ jrefrm Thesaurus jzpfajrmufatmif tm;xkwo f ifah Mumif;[laom tMuHay;csuf
rsm;udk pmwef;&Sif oabmwlygonf[k ajzonf/
6/ odypHÜ mayudk bmomjyef&mwGif tcsKdUae&mrsm;wGif pum;vk;H racRwmbJ a&;oifh
NyD;? tcsKdUae&mrsm;wGif vk&d if;udk rdatmif a&;oifah Mumif; aqG;aEG;&m? oabm
wlygonf[k ajzonf/
om
.c
ic
ss
a
cl
es
es
m
ur
.b
39
w
w
w
&opmay bmomjyefjyóemwcsKdU
wifjyol
OD;odef;[ef (aZmf*sD)
&opmayonf ,aeYjrefrmbmomjyefolrsm;tzkYdrSm txl;ojzifh 0w¬KESifhjyZmwf

rsm;jzpfygonf/ pifppfrSm 0w¬Kukd bmomjyefjcif;u rsm;ygonf/ þpmwef;wGif bmom
jyefykHjyefenf;wkdYudk wifjy&ef r&nf&G,fyg/ r&nf&G,fjcif;rSm bmomjyefykHjyefenf;ESifhpyfí
enf;edosMo0g'csay;aom pmtkyaf umif;rsm; &SNd yD;jzpfí tcsKdUonf xkpd mtkyrf sm;udk zwf
&IavhvmNyD;jzpfEidk af omaMumifh jzpfygonf/ zwf&aI vhvmjcif; rjyKMu&ao;vQifvnf; bm
omjyef0goemygolyDyD avhvmMurnf[k xifygonf/
,aeY wifjycsifonfrSm rdrd\bmomjyef tawGUtMuKHESifhjyóemtcsKdUjzpfyg

onf/ rdrb d momjyefco hJ nfrmS rrsm;vSyg/ av;ig;tkyrf Qom jzpfonf/ xkpd mtkyrf sm;onf
&opmay*kdPf;0ifrsm; jzpfonf/ pmtkyf\ta&twGuf rrsm;cJhaomfvnf; wwufpm;
vnf; MuufoGef? ESpfwufpm;vnf; MuufoGefqkdouJhodkY MuufoGef oabmavmufudk ajym
Ekdifrnfxifygonf/
rdrb d momjyefco hJ nfwu Ydk kd jyefíqifjcifMunfah omtcg &opmay bmomjyefow l Ydk
onf a&S;OD;pGm &opmay\oabmudk odxm;zkdYvkdayonf[k qifjcifrdvmygonf/ &opm
ay\oabmudk rsm;vSpmG aomq&mhq&mrsm;onf acwftqufqufwiG f zGiq hf cdk MhJ uonf/
olt Y jrifEiS o
hf ?l wrsKd;wzkpH D zGiq
hf cdk MhJ uonf/ wrsKd;wzkpH v
D nf; jzpfí taumif;csnf;vnf;
jzpfMuojzifh ra&G;wwfatmif jzpf&onf/ xkaYd Mumifh q&mhq&mrsm;\tzGit hf qkw d u Ydk kd av;
pm;jcif;&Sdygaomfvnf; olwdkY\tzGifhtqkdrsm;ESifhpyfí rdrdoabmaygufcJhorQudk tajccH
vsuf rdrdawG;rdí rdrdodovkdvkd jzpfcJhonfudkom ajymcsifygonf/ &opmay\oabmudk
twefi,f odNyD;jzpfygrS &opmay bmomjyefoltzkdY vrf;yGifhvmrnf[k xifaomaMumifh
jzpfygonf/
rdrdzwf&IcJhaom0w¬K? jyZmwf? uAsmwkdYudk jyefíqifjcifMunfhaomtcg &opmay
onf av,mOfysH tcsdefpm&if;uJhodkYaompmrsKd; r[kwf[k awGUvmonf/ xkdenf;wlpGm &m
xl;cefYtrdefYpmuJhodkYaompmrsKd;r[kwf[k¤if;? tavmif;rif;w&m;onf ouú&mZf 1122
ckESpfü ewf&GmpHaMumif; rSwfom;xm;onfhpmrsKd; r[kwf[k¤if;? a&ywfvnf 0dkif;vsuf&Sd
om
.c
aom ukef;ajrudk uRef;ac:aMumif; t"dyÜm,fay;xm;onfhpmrsKd;r[kwf[k¤if;? t0gESifht

ic
ss
a
jympyfvQif tpdrf;a&mif&aMumif; yef;csDq&mrSwfxm;onfhpmrsKd; r[kwf[k¤if; awGUvm

cl
es
onf/ vlysif;vkHYv? wcPom[laom qkH;rpmrsKd;onfyif olYcsnf;oufouf jrif&Mum;&

es
m
ur
.b
40
w
w
w
od&ygu &opmay r[kwfao;[k awGUvmonf/ þwGif xkdpmrsKd;wkdYonf taMumif;wck

ud?k tcsufwckcu k ?kd oabmwckcu k kd tajcmufwu dk f odzrYkd w
S zf Ykd oufoufjzpfonf[k ,lqrd
onf/ wenf;qk&d aomf xkpd mrsKd;wko Yd nf todw&m;oufoufuo kd m (0g)A[kow k oufouf
udkom ay;EkdifpGrf;&Sdonf[k qkdEkdifonf/ xkdYaMumifh xkdpmrsKd;wkdYudk okwpmay[k owfrSwf
vku d of nf/
xkdpmrsKd;wkdYudk &opmay[k rac:csifvQif rnfonfhpmayrsKd;udk &opmay[kac:
csifoenf;/ þar;cGef;twGuf tajzudk qufí pOf;pm;zdkYtaMumif; ay:vmawmhonf/
txufu qkdcJhaom vlysif;vkHYv? wcPom qkH;rpmudk jyefaumufí xkdpmudk tajccHjyK
vsuf tajz &SmMunfhcsifonf/ pifppfrSm xkdpmonf trsm;olig odMuaom ,kefESifhvdyf t
ajy;NydKifjcif; ykHjyifrS ÓPfrsufpd&Sdol o[',yk*¾KdvfwkdYu jrifí aumuf,lcJhaom qkH;rpm
(0g)ykjH yifq&m\b0todtjrifjzpfonfrmS txift&Sm; jzpfonf/ ykjH yifü xkq d ;Hk rpmonf

tEko,oabmtjzpfjzifh ude;f 0yfvsuf &Sad eygonf/ a&jyifü azmhay:aeouJo h kYd aygavm
ay:raejcif;omjzpfonf/ ,kefESifhvdyfwkdY tajy;NydKifMuaom trlt&mwkdYuom aygavm
ay:aeonfukd awGUEkid o f nf/ wenf;qk&d aomf ykjH yifzwfoo l nf ykjH yifukd zwfae&if; tajy;
NydKifMuaom ,kefESifhvdyfwkdYaemufodkYvkdufí olwkdYESpfaumifudk ykHjyiftqkH;txd jrifa,mif
a,mif Mum;a,mifa,mif jzpfaeonf[k qkdEkdifonf/
xkdodkYjrifa,mifa,mif Mum;a,mifa,mif &SdvmonfESifhwNydKifeuf pdwfvIyf&Sm;rI?
cHpm;rIwkdY &SdvmEkdifygonf/ (0g)ESpfoufjcif; &SdvmEkdifonf/ ESpfoufjcif; &SdvmonfESifhw
NydKifeuf ykHjyifzwfolonf ,kefESifhvdyfwkdY\uHokH;yg; trlt&mwkdY aemufodkY¤if;? tajy;NydKif
yGüJ ay:aygufvmaom tjzpftysufwaYdk emufo¤Ykd if;? qufívku d cf sifpw
d f ay:vmEkid o f nf/
xkdtcg ykHjyif\Zmwfvrf; tjzpftysufwkdYudk rSDvsuf? Zmwfaqmif ,kefESifhvdyfwkdY\trlt
&mwku Yd rkd v
DS suf oem;pdwjf zpfí ESpo f ufjcif;? tHMh o0rf;ajrmufpw d f jzpfí ESpo f ufjcif;ponf
jzifh &oESpfoufjcif;rsm;udk jzwfoef;NyD;aemuf ykHjyifqkH;onfESifh wNydKifeuf aemufqkH;jzpf
aom &oESpfoufjcif;wckudk &vkdufEkdifonf/ ,kefESifhvdyfykHjyifudk zwfaepOf tpueOD;ü
toGm;aES;vdyfudk oem;ovkdvkd jzpfEkdifonf/ xkdaemuf tajy;NydKifMu&mwGif ,kefu vrf;
ckvwfü tdyfvkdufaomtcg vdyftwGuf tm;wufjcif;jzpfvmEkdifonf/ xkdaemuf vdyfu
wa&GUa&GU wufvmí ,kefudk ausmfawmhrnfjyKaomtcg ,kefrEkd;ygapESifh[k qkawmif;í
vdyfudk tm;ay;csifovkdvkd jzpfvmEkdifonf/ aemufqkH;ü vdyfu yef;wkdifodkYa&mufí ,kef
om
.c
u tdyf&mrS vefYEkd;um uref;uwef; trDvdkufaomtcg vdyftwGuf 0rf;ajrmufí ,kefukd

ic
ass
oa&mfcsifovkv d dk jzpfvmEkid o
f nf/ xkEd iS w
hf ygwnf;üyif vdy\ f trlt&mwküYd tusKd;udjk rif
cl
es
vmí ,kef\trlt&mwkdYü tjypfudk jrifvmEkdfifonf/ þwGif xkdpmrsKd;onf avmutjzpf

es
m
ur
.b
41
w
w
w
tysufu¤kd if;? vlw\ Ydk trlt&mwku Yd ¤kd if; pmzwfow l \
Ydk pdwüf jrifa,mifa,mif Mum;a,mif
a,mif jzpfatmifjyKí &oESpfoufjcif;trsKd;rsKd;udk ay;í pma&;ol\b0todtjrifudk
xkdpmrsKd;zwfol\pdwfoEÅmefü olYtvkdtavsmuf ay:vmatmif xifvmatmif jyKwwf
onf[k ,lygonf/ wenf;qkd&aomf xkdpmrsKd;onf &oESpfoufjcif;trsKd;rsKd;udk ay;&if;
vlYavmuESifhpyfí 0rf;ajrmufxkdufonfudk 0rf;ajrmufwwfatmif? 0rf;enf;xkdufonfudk
0rf;enf;wwfatmif? csD;usL;xku d o f nfukd csD;usL;wwfatmif? &Iwcf sxku d of u
l kd &Iwcf swwf
atmifjyKí udk,fydkifb0tawG;tac:ESifh udk,fydkifb0todÓPfwkdYudk tm;ay;&ef pma&;
q&m\y#dbmef ÓPfpGrf;jzifh zefwD;aompmrsKd; jzpfonf[k qkdEkdifonf/ xkdYaMumifh xkdpm
rsKd;udk &opmay[k owfrSwfvkdfufonf/
&opmayudk bmomjyefaomolonf &opmay\xdrk Qavmufaom oabmudk BudK
wifodxm;vQif todt&Sdef todvrf;p&EkdifNyDjzpfojzifh rdrd\bmomjyef vkyfief;ukd acsm

armpGm aqmif&GufEkdifrnfxifonf/ qkdvkd&if;rSm bmomjyefrnf jyKMuaomtcg-
(u) rlvpma&;q&monf olv Y rl sKd;y&dowfü jrifa,mifa,mif Mum;a,mifa,mifjzpfatmif
jyKwwfouJo h Ykd bmomjyefonf ud, k vhf rl sKd; y&dowfü jrifa,mifa,mif Mum;a,mifa,mif
jzpfatmif wwfEkdiforQ jyKwwfjcif; &SdcJhvQif-
(c) rlvpma&;q&monf ol\b0 todtjrifudk o&kyfazmf&mwGif Zmwfvrf;ü rnfonfh
tjzpftysufwu Ydk ?kd rnfonft h a&;udpw ö u Ydk ?kd rnfonfZh mwfaqmifw\ Ydk trlt&mwdu Yk kd &o
uk;d yg;&So
d nfth euf rnfonf&h owkEYd iS w hf íJG zGUJ cJoh enf;[laom tcsufu(kd 0g)pmzwfy&dowf
ü rnfonfah pwemwku Yd kd vIaYH qmfay;cJo h enf;[laomtcsufukd BudKwifox d m;jcif; &Scd vhJ Qif-
(*) rlvpma&;q&monf olYpmudk tqkH;owf&mwGif rnfonfh&ojzifh tqkH;owfí azmfcJh
oenf;[laom tcsufukd (0g)olb Y 0todtjrifEiS phf yfí rnfoaYkd om tqk;H tjzwfay;cJo h
enf;[laom tcsufudk BudKwifodxm;jcif; &SdcJhvQif-
bmomjyefolonf rlvpma&;q&m\b0todtjrifudk¤if;? tqkdtrdefYpGrf;&nf
udk¤if; rdrd\bmompum;okdY teD;uyfqkH; vTJajymif;í ,lEkdifrnf[k qkdvkdjcif; jzpfonf/
þqkdcJhaom tcsufwkdYonf rdrd\bmomjyef BudK;yrf;rIwGif odvm&aom a,bk
,stcsufrsm; jzpfonf[k qkdcsifonf/ a,bk,stcsufrsm; jzpfonf[k qkdEkdifaomfvnf;
0w¬KESifhjyZmwfwkdYukd bmomjyef&mwGif xkdtcsufrsm;onf bmomjyefoltzkdY tc,mjzpf
onf[v k nf; qkcd sifonf/ tb,faMumifq h adk omf rlvpmayudk tenf;qk;H ok;H Budraf vmuf
om
.c
zwfNyD; avhvmNyD;jzpfygrS xkdtcsufwkdYudk owdjyKrSwfom;xm;EkdifaomaMumifh jzpfonf/

ic
ass
pifppfrmS bmomjyefol ud, k w f idk uf rlvpmudk tvGeEf pS Nf cdKufí xkpd mudk zwf&if; rdr\ d obm
cl
es
0udk awG;rdwkH? rdrd\ywf0ef;usifü rdrdMuKHcJh& odcJh&aom vltrsKd;rsKd;\obm0wkdYudk awG;

es
m
ur
.b
42
w
w
w
rdwkH? rdrdMuKHcJh& odcJh&aom ta&;udpöwdkYudk awG;rdwkH jzpfbl;vQif rlvpma&;q&m\tvkd

ukd rdrd\bmomjyefü rdrd&& azmfEkdifonfhtjyif tm0ZÆef;vnf; aumif;vmonfudk awGU&
wwfonf
txufu qkdcJhorQonf bmomrjyefcif owdjyKtyfaom tcsufrsm;jzpfonf/
bmomjyefawmhrnf[k uavmifudk udkifvkdufaomtcg rlvpma&;q&m\qkdykH rdefYykHESifhpyf
í jyóemopf trsKd;rsKd; ay:vmjyefonf/ þpmwef;wGif jyóemok;H rsKd;udk wifjyvko d nf/
(u) wrsKd;onf rlvbmomüokH;pGJaom pum;a0g[m&\teufESifhqkdifonf/
(c) aemufwrsKd;onf 0guspnf;&kH;ykHESifhqkdifonf/
(*) usefwrsKd;onf wcgw&H rlvpma&;q&m\qkyd Hk rdeyYf u Hk kd waoGrwdr;f vku fd tf yf? rvku d f
tyf? odw Yk nf;r[kwf ud, k v
hf rl sKd;pmzwfy&dowf tvG,w f ul oabmayguf ESpo f ufprd ahf om
iSg rlvpma&;q&m\tvkdukd rxdckdufapyJ tvkdufoifh jznfhíaomf¤if;? qDavsmfatmifjyK

íaomf¤if;? a&;tyf? ra&;tyf csdef& q&jcif;ESifhqkdonf/
bmomjyefolonf rlvbmompum; a0g[m&\teufudk &Sm&mwGif omreftm;
jzifh oufqkdif&m tbd"mefü &Sm&onfrSm xif&Sm;ygonf/ odkY&mwGif tbd"mefay;teufudk
csnf; tcgcyfodrf; tm;udk;í rjzpfonfudk awGU&ygonf/ wcgw&H pum;a0g[m&udk bm
omjyef&mü Zmwfvrf;tjzpftysuf\oabmESi¤hf if;? Zmwfaqmifw\ Ydk obm0ESi¤hf if;? pm
a&;q&m\tvkEd iS ¤hf if; tvku d o f ifh tvsm;oifh teuf&atmif bmomjyefvQif toufyg
wwfonf[k ,lí xkdodkY bmomjyefcsifpdwf aygufygonf/ &opmayudk bmomjyef&mü t
oufygzku Yd ydík ta&;BuD;onf r[kwyf gavm/ xkaYd Mumifh rdr\ d bmomjyefrsm;wGif touf
ygatmif tm;xkwfcJhonf/
jy,k*uf m; 0w¬Kwkw d yk'w f iG f Closed his eyes uk]d ]olrY sufpu d kd pkrH w
dS í
f }}[k bmomjyef
cJhonf/ ]]olYrsufpdudkrSdwfí}}[kqkdvQifvnf; &Ekdifonf/ 0w¬KwGif rsufpdaom Zmwfaqmif
rif;rsKd;wOD;onf rdrd\trSm;udk jrifí pdwfrcsrf;rom jzpfaeaomfvnf; olYtrsKd;*kPf?
olYypönf;*kPfwkdYudk rufrufarmarm jzpfaeojzifh pdwftqif;&JcHum olrrSm;[k olYudk,fol
vSnfhpm;í acgif;wcgcgESifh acgif;rmaeaomoljzpfonf/ xkdobm0udk ay:atmif azmf&m
wGif toufygapcsifojzifh ]]olYrsufpdukd pkHrSdwfí}}[k bmomjyefcJhjcif;jzpfonf/ (I. Bunin.
Shadowed Paths. ]]twdwf\t&dyf}})
þwGif trsm;odMuonfhtwkdif;? ]]olYrsufpdudkrSdwfí}}[laom pum;cGef;ü rsufpd
om
.c
&k;d &k;d rSw

d yf o Hk m xif&mS ;onf/ ]]olrY sufpu d kd pkrH w
dS í
f }}[k qkv
d u dk af omtcg? rsufprd w dS o
f o l nf
ic
ass
taMumif;wckckaMumifh rdrd\cHpm;rItodudk qefYusifí twif;jyK&jcif;? ZGwfjyK&jcif; o

cl
es
abmay:vmEkdifonf/ xkdYaMumifh ]]olYrsufpdukd pkHrSdwfí}}[k jrefrmjyefcJhjcif; jzpfonf/

es
m
ur
.b
43
w
w
w
0w¬Kwkdwyk'fwGif hopping udk]]ckefapGUckefapGUESifh Z&ufckef ckefí oGm;NyD;vQif}}[k
bmomjyefcJhonf/ tbd"mefü ygonfhtwkdif;,lí]]ckefNyD;vQif}}? ]]ckefqGoGm;NyD;vQif}}[k
bmomjyefvQifvnf; jzpfonf/ 0w¬KwkdwGif a[mfw,fBuD;wckü acwåwnf;ckdvsuf&Sdaom
oef;<u,folaX;BuD;onf npmpm;csdefü &kwfjcnf;aoqkH;&m a[mfw,f\ajratmufxyf
&Sd tcef;i,fwckoYkd &kyt f avmif;udk a&TUxm;vku d o
f nf/ ajratmufxyfonf a[mfw,fc0g
onfw?Ydk tapmifw h ?Ydk rD;zkad csmiftvkyo
f rm; ponfwYdk tvkyv f yk &f m txyfjzpfonf/ olaX;
BuD; wnf;ckdaepOfu tvkyftauR;jyK&ef usKd;usKd;EGHEGH wm0ef,lcJh&aom taqmifvkvif
onf xkdnwGif vufokwfyk0ga[mif;? pm;yGJcif;a[mif;wkdYudk ayGUykdufum xkdtxyfodkY qif;
vmonf/ taqmifvv k ifonf vlaysmfwa,mufjzpfonf/ &kyt f avmif;&S&d m tcef;udk jrif
aomtcg tcef;qDodkY vSrf;í aemufawmufawmufjyKvkdufonf/ txyfapmifhrdef;rysKd
ESpfOD;onf &,fMuygavonf/ xkdtcg taqmifvkvifonf oabmusí aemufawmuf

jyKcsifjyefojzifh aemufawmufawmuf trlt&mjzifh tcef;qDoo Ykd mG ;onf/ þwGif aemuf
awmufawmuf trlt&mudk ay:atmif azmf&mwGif toufygzkv Yd o dk nf/ xkt d rlt&mtwGuf
toufygaom pum;udk &Sm&awmhonf/ pdwx f üJ &Smae&if; qyfuyfyx JG u
J vljyufukd owd
&í rdrd\tcef;wGif xkdvljyufuJhokdY ckefMunfh&m? oabmaygufvmí rdrdbmomjyefxm;
aom pum;udk &cJhonf/ aumif; raumif; rajymwwfyg/ xkdtcguaomf cg;anmif;ajy
cJh&onf/ (I. Bunin.-The Gentleman from San Francisco. ]]ppöukdNrdKu oaX;BuD;}}) xkdY
aMumifh toufygaom pum;udk &zkdYta&;wGif bmomjyefolonf rlvpmü ygaomtjzpf
tysuf\oabmESifh¤if;? ZmwfaqmifwkdY\obm0ESifh¤if;? rlvpma&;q&m\tvkdESifh¤if;
tvdkufoifh tvsm;oifh teuf&atmif bmomjyefcsifaMumif; qdkcJhjcif;jzpfonf/
0guspnf;&kH;ykH taMumif; qufíqkdygrnf/ rlvpma&;q&monf wcgw&H 0gus
wkdYudk pnf;&kH;&mwGif toufygatmif xl;xl;jcm;jcm; pnf;&kH;wwfonf/ qdkvkd&if;rSm wcg
w&H olajymvkad om obm0udk ay:atmif olpY w d üf cHpm;&onft h wkid ;f 0guswku Yd kd tcsDtcs
tcsdwt f qufjyKí pDpOfwwfjcif;jzpfonf/ xkt d cgrsKd;wGif bmomjyefoo l nf olt Y pDtpOf
udk wwfEkdiforQ eD;eD;uyfuyf vkdufoifhonf/ jy,k*fonf þodkYjzpfonf/ 0w¬KwGif tzdk;tkd
wOD;udk awmifapmif;wae&mü jyefay;qGJaom taMumif;ygonf/ jyefay;wkdYonf tzkd;
tkdudk zrf;NyD;aemuf tzkd;tkdrjrif&atmif tzkd;tkd\rsufESmudk t0wfjzifh pnf;vkdufonf/
xkdYaemuf olwkdY\pcef;odkY ac:oGm;&mwGif olwkdY\pcef;udk tzkd;tkd rrSef;wwfatmif jyef
om
.c
ay;wkdYonf ajc&mazsmufí ac:oGm;onf/ xkdajc&mazsmufobm0udkvnf; ay:atmif?

ic
ss
a
pdwaf rmp&mvnf; jzpfatmif t*Fvyd b f momjyefoo l nf rlvtDwmvsHpma&;q&m csDcscsdwf

cl
es
quf pDpOfí a&;xm;onfhtwkdif; bmomjyefonf[k xifygonf/ rdrdonfvnf; t*Fvdyf

es
m
ur
.b
44
w
w
w
bmomjyefolu bmomjyefí a&;xm;onfhtwkdif; jrefrm0guswkdYukd pnf;&kH;í atmufyg

twkdif; tm;xkwfcJhonf/
"First down, then up, now straight on, then turning back, down again then up
and up an up. Where could they be taking him?"
]]a&S;OD;pGm awmifapmif;rS wqif;wnf; qif;ae&onf/ xkdYaemuf wufoGm;&
onf/ tay:a&mufaomtcg ajcOD;wnf&modkY avQmufoGm;ae&onf/ twefMumaomf
aemufodkY jyefvSnfhí avQmuf&onf/ wzef qif;&jyefNyD/ wzef wuf&jyefNyD/ aemufwzef
wuf&jyefNyD/ aemufwzef xyfíwuf&jyefNyD/ tb,ft&yfodkY ac:oGm;Murnfenf;/}}
þjrefrmjyefonf toufygaom t*Fvdyfbmomjyef pum;ajyta&;tom;udk
vkdufEkdifoa&GU vkdufxm;jcif; jzpfonf/ olYtpDtpOftwkdif;vdkvkd jzpfonf/ (Pirandello.
The Captive. ]]jyefay;"m;pm;cH}}/)

xkad emuf wxdwx f w d Ef iS hf jrefrmjyefc&hJ aom pmwyd'k t
f aMumif;udk ajymcsifygao;
onf/ wxdwfxdwfESifh jrefrmjyefcJh&jcif; qkdonfrSm tjcm;r[kwfyg/ rlvpma&;q&mcHpm;
cJhonfhtwkdif; rdrdcHpm;Ekdifygrnfavm/ olYcHpm;rItavsmuf oludkifwG,fcJhaom pum;rsKd;
0gusrsKd;wku Yd kd rdrud ikd w
f ,
G Ef idk yf grnfavm/ olcY pH m;rItavsmuf olpnf;&k;H pDpOfco hJ nft h wkid ;f
rdrdpnf;&kH;pDpOfEkdifygrnfavm/ odkYavm odkYavm jzpfcJh&jcif;udk qkdvkdygonf/ xkdpmykd'fonf
yav;wk;d \]]acsycsuf (Apology) uxm}}rS jzpfonf/ xkpd myk'd o f nf a&S;acwf*&d'óedu
ynm&Sif aqmhc&wåd\avmutjrifwckESifhoufqkdifonf/
acsycsufuxmonf a&S;acwf *&dw&m;ckH&kH;a&SUü acsyavQmufvJcJhaom aqmh
c&wå\ d rdecYf eG ;f jzpfonf/ aqmhc&wåq d odk nfrmS trsm;odMuonft h wkid ;f Ak'E¨ iS w hf csdew
f nf;
r[kwaf omfvnf; Ak'E¨ iS ahf cwfNydKif jzpfonf/ Oa&mypmayavmuwGif ,ckacwfwidk f q&m
rkewd yg;uJoh Ykd MunfnKd av;pm;jcif; cHae&aom yk*K¾ v d af usmfwOD;jzpfonf/ acsycsufuxm
udk a&;cJholonf a&S;acwf*&d'óeduynm&Sif yav;wkd;jzpfonf/ yav;wkd;qkdonfrSm
trsm;odMuonft h wkid ;f aqmhc&wåu d kd tvGeMf unfnKd av;pm;aom wynfw h OD;jzpfonf/
'óeduÓPfvnf;&Sdí uAsmÓPfvnf; &Sdoljzpfonf/
acsycsufuxmudk a&;cJh&jcif;onf þtaMumif;rsm;aMumifh jzpfonf/ aqmhc&
wådESifhyav;wkd;\ZmwdEkdifiHjzpfaom tufoif;NrdKUEkdifiHonf ppf&IH;NyD;onfhaemuf? *&d'Drkd
ua&pDtiftm;pkjyefwufvmaomtcg Ekid if aH cgif;aqmiftcsKdUonf *&dw\ Ydk ÓPAvavm
om
.c
uwGif odyÜHenf;us ar;jref;pdppfenf;jzifh vlopfpdwfopf ÓPfopfxlaxmifcJhaom aqmh

ic
ass
c&wådudk rBudKufí wenf;enf;jzifh &Sif;xkwfcsifMuonf[kqdkonf/ xkdYaMumifh aqmhc&wåd

cl
es
onf *&davmuwGif *&dewfa'0gopfrsm;udk zefw;D aeoljzpfaMumif;? *&dvil ,frsm;\pdwf

es
m
ur
.b
45
w
w
w
udk zsufqD;aeoljzpfaMumif; w&m;ckH&kH;ü pGJcsufwifí acgif;aqmiftcsKdUu w&m;pGJMu
onf/ a&S;acwf*&dw&m;ck&H ;Hk qko d nfrmS a&S;acwf*&d'rD u dk a&pDpepft& tvSnu hf swm0ef
,lMu&aom tufoif;NrdKUEkid if o H m;ig;&mu trIuMkd um;emí rJqEáy;um pD&ifcsufcsrSwf
&aom w&m;ck&H ;Hk jzpfonf/ xkw d &m;ck&H ;Hk wGif touf 70-odaYk &mufaeNyDjzpfaom Ekid if aH wmf
w&m;cH aqmhc&wåo d nf Ekid if aH cgif;aqmif w&m;vkw d \ Ydk pGcJ sufukd jyefvnfacsycJo h nf/ odYk
&mwGif aemufq;Hk ü w&m;rQwrI r&S[ d ¤k if;? Ekid x
hf ufp;D eif;jyKvkv d Qif jyKí&atmif ,dak yguf
rsm;&S\ d [k¤if; ,lqjcif;cH&aom a&S;acwf*&dw&m;ck&H ;Hk rJqEáy;pepf\rsm;&mzdtm;jzifh
aqmhc&wådtay:wGif ao'PfpD&ifcsuf csvkdufonf/
ao'PfcsrSwfjcif;cH&aom aqmhc&wådonf ol\rdefYcGef;wGif vlwkdY\todÓPf?
vlw\ Ydk tusifph &ku
d f tjyKtrlwEYdk iS phf yfvsOf;í Mo0g'pum;qkcd o hJ nfth jyif aojcif;w&m;
taumif;jzpfvQifvnf; jzpfEkdifaMumif; ajymNyD;aemuf atmufyged*kH;csKyf pum;udk w&m;

ckH&kH;a&SUü rdefYygonf/ xkdaemuf tusOf;axmif&Sd&modkY vkdufoGm;&ygonf/ olYpum;onf
t*FvdyfbmomjyefwGif atmufygtwkdif; jzpfonf/
"The hour of departure has arrived, and we go our ways - I to die and you to
live. Which is better is known to God(Heaven) and only to him (Heaven)." B.Jowett,tr.
yav;wk;d onf acsycsufuxmudk txl;*&kjyKí a&;cJ[ h efwo l nf/ txufyg ed*;Hk
csKyfpum;udkvnf; txl;*&kjyKía&;cJh[ef wlonf/ tb,fhaMumifhqkdaomf u&kPm&o?
oEÅ&otjynfhyg&SdaomaMumifh jzpfonf/ 0g? oem;p&m? MunfndKp&mjzpfaeaomaMumifh
yif/ t*Fvyd yf garmu©*sKdU0ufuvnf; txl;*&kjyKí t*Fvyd b f momjyefc[ hJ efwo
l nf/ a0g
[m&wkdYonf vG,fonf/ 0guszGJUxkH;onf &kd;onf/ odkY&mwGif qefYusifzuf t"dyÜm,f&Sdaom
pum;ESpf&yfudk uspfvpfatmif jyKí rsufESmcsif;qkdifjyKí pDpOfpnf;&kH;vkdufonfjzpf&m?
pum;ESpf&yf\teufESpfckonf qkHrdNyD;rS tomt,m cGmxGufoGm;MubdouJhodkYjzpfonf/
xkdESifhtwl aqmhc&wådtwGuf 0rf;enf;&rvkdvkd? csD;usL;&rvkdvkd jzpfvm&monf/ *sKdU0uf
\t*Fvdyfbmomjyefpum;ajyuvnf; uAsmaumif;wyk'fuJhodkY wifhw,f\[k qkd&r
avmuf aumif;ygayonf/ xkdYaMumifh t*Fvdyfbmomjyefü uspfvpfatmifjyKxm;aom I
to die and you to live [laompum;ESpf&yfudk¤if;? pDpOfpnf;&kH;xm;ykHudk¤if; cRwfpGyfr[kwf
apumrl? teD;uyfqkH;&atmif tm;xkwfzkdY vkdtyfygonf/ tm;xkwfcJhonfrSm atmufyg
twkid ;f jzpfonf/
om
.c
]]tufoif;NrdKUom;wkdY .../ uREfkyf oGm;csdefwefygNyD/ xkdYaMumifh toifwkdYESifh

ic
ss
a
tuREkfyf vrf;cGJMu&rnf/ uREkfyf\vrf;onf aovrf;jzpfonf/ toifwkdY\vrf;onf ae

cl
es
vrf;jzpfonf/ rnfonhfvrf;u omoenf;/ toifwkdYvnf; rod/ uREkfyfvnf; rod/ rnf

es
m
ur
.b
46
w
w
w
olrQ rod/ t*¾bkHom odawmhonf/

(yav;wkd;ed'gef;rS)
txufyg bmomjyefEiS phf yfvsOf;í aemufq;Hk jzpfaom t*Fvyd 0f gustwGuf ajym
p&mwck&Sdaeygonf/ xkdt*Fvdyf0gusudk ]]rnfonfhvrf;u omíaumif;onfudk t*¾bkH
odonf/ t*¾bkHom odonf}}[k jrefrmjyefvQif jzpfygonf/ t*FvdyfpmoGm;twkdif; wdus
onf[yk if qkEd idk yf gao;onf/ t*Fvyd b f momjyefwiG f t*Fvyd b f mom\obm0tavsmuf
ajyjypfjcif;? okwo d mjcif;&So
d nf[k xifygonf/ odyYk gaomfvnf; olt Y 8Fvyd pf moGm;twkid ;f
twdtus jrefrmjyefvQif ,ckMum;&onfhtwkdif; jzpfaeygonf/ rdrdtzkdYrSm raMueyfEkdif
jzpfchJonf/ xkdYaMumifh þudpöwGif olYt*FvdyfpmoGm;aemufodkY twdtusrvkdufawmhbJ olY
tmabmfEiS o hf t
Yl m0ZÆe;f wku
Yd kd xdxrd rd d &vQif NyD;ap[k ESv;Hk oGi;f í jrefrmjyefcyhJ gonf/ &o
pmayudk bmomjyef&mwGif tmabmfESifhtm0ZÆef; xdrdrItrSefudk OD;pm;ay;í pmoGm;wdus

rI trSefudk pGefYvkdufonf[k qkdEkdifygonf/ waMumif;tm;jzifh ygarmu©a&mufpf (Rouse)
\acwfrDt*Fvdyfbmomjyef rlopfjzpfaom And now it is time to go, I to die and you to
live; But which of us goes to a better thing is unknown to all but God (Heaven). udkawGU
&aomaMumifhvnf; jzpfygonf/ qifjcifMuyg&ef/
wwd,jyóemukd qufíqkdygrnf/ bmomjyef&mwGif udk,fhvlrsKd;pmzwfy&dowf
uvnf; tvG,w f ul em;vnfMurnf[k rSe;f qEkid v f Qif rlvpma&;q&m\qkyd rHk ed yYf uHk kd waoG
rwdr;f vkud ef moifo h nf[k ,lygonf/ xko d rdYk [kwyf gu? rlvpma&;q&m\tvku d kd rxdcudk f
apbJ tvdkufoifh jznfhíaomf¤if;? qDavsmfatmifjyKíaomf¤if; a&;csifonf/ ausmif;
om;rsm;twGuf bmomjyefavhusifhcef;rsm;üaomf¤if;? okawoDrsm;twGuf oufouf
jzpfaom bmomjyefrsm;ü¤if; wdwdusus vkdufvkdvQif vkdufEkdifygonf/ olwkdY\&nf&G,f
csufu wrsKd;jzpfaomaMumifhyif/ trsm;y&dowftzdkYrSm vG,fvG,fulul oabmaygufESpf
oufatmif jyKjcif;u ykdaumif;onf[k ,laomaMumifhyif/
a&S;OD;pGm tvkdufoifhjznfhí a&;cJhykHudk jycsifygonf/ t*Fvdyf0w¬Kwkdwyk'fwGif
t*FvdyfbmomqkdykHrdefYykHwckudk atmufygtwkdif; awGUEkdifygonf/
"His spoons had gone and Smith must go, too"(John Galsworthy. Revolt at
Roger's, 1870. ]]1870 jynfhESpfu tdrfwGifolykef}})
]]olckd; tckd;cHMu&ojzifh olYaiGZGef;? olYaiGc&if;wkdYonf olYtdrfrSxGufoGm;MuNyD/
om
.c
xkdYaMumifh olYb@mpdk;prpfonfvnf; olYtdrfrS xGufoGm;&rnf/ xGufap trdefYawmf}}/

ic
ss
a
þwGif]]xGufap trdefYawmf}}[laompum;cGef;onf rlvbmomta&;tom;ü

cl
es
rygyg/ tvku d of ifh jznfx

h m;jcif;om jzpfonf/ tb,faMumifh tvku d of ifh jznf&h ygoenf;/
es
m
ur
.b
47
w
w
w
taMumif;&Sdygonf/ 0w¬KwkdwGif oaX;a&mf*sm\tdrfü aiGZGef;? aiGcuf&if;wkdY olckd;tckd;cH
&aomtaMumif; ygonf/ oaX;a&mf*smonf pnf;BuD;? urf;BuD;? ude;f BuD;? cef;BuD;? pcef;
BuD;aomoljzpfonf/ olYtdrfwGif wm0ef&Sdaom olYb@mpdk;prpfqkdolonf wnwGif t&uf
trl;vGefí tdyfaysmfoGm;&m olYtcef;odkY olckd;0ifí aiGZGef;? aiGcuf&if;wkdYudk ckd;oGm;onf/
rk;d vif;í olc;dk tck;d cH&aMumif; odMuaomtcg oaX;a&mf*smonf prpfuakd c:í qlonf/
xkaYd emuf tvkyrf x S u G &f rnf[k trdeaYf y;onf/ rlvpma&;q&monf þtcef;rSpí pnf;
BuD;urf;BuD;? udef;BuD;cef;BuD;? pcef;BuD;vSaom oaX;a&mf*sm\obm0ukd azmfcsif[ef
wlonf/ xkdYaMumifh txufyg0guswGif oaX;\ZGef;uav; xGufoGm;aomaMumifh vlw
a,mufvkH; tvkyfrS xGuf&awmhrnfhykHudk jyvkdufjcif;jzpfonf/ xefvGef;aom? w&m;vGef
usaom oabmESifhtaMumif;rwef cH&awmhrnfhoabmESpfckudk OD;yJhjyKí jyvkdufjcif;jzpf
onf/ xko d jYkd yvku

d jf cif;tm;jzifh oaX;a&mf*sm\ude;f BuD;cef;BuD;obm0onf ay:vmonf
[k xif&ygonf/ ]]xGufap trdefYawmf}}udk tvkdufoifhjznfhvkdufaomtcg jrefrmwkdY em;
vnfvG,faom rif;oHpkd;oH [dwf[ef xyfxnfhjcif;tm;jzifh a&mf*sm\obm0ü toufydk
í 0ifvmrnf[k xifaomaMumifhjzpfonf/ þum; tajzjzpfygonf/ oifh roifh rajym
wwfyg/ jrefrmpmzwfy&dowfurlum; a&mf*sm\udef;BuD;cef;BuD; obm0udk vG,fvG,ful
ul oabmayguf ESpfoufMuvdrfhrnfxifí tvkdufoifh jznfhcJhjcif;ukd rdrdaMueyfrdonf/
xkdYaemuf udk,fhvlrsKd; pmzwfy&dowftzkdY tvG,fwul em;vnfoabmaygufí
ESpo f ufjcif;jzpfapvko d jzifh qDavsmfatmif jyKí a&;cJah ompmyk'd w
f cktaMumif;udk qkcd sif
ygonf/ xkdpmykd'fonf tar&duef0w¬Ka&;q&m qifuvJ,m;-vl;0pf (Sinclair Lewis)
\]]yGJpm;BuD;AufApf}} (Babbitt) ac:0w¬K&Snfüygaom ZmwfuGufwckrS pmykd'fjzpfonf/ xkd
pmykd'fonf 0w¬Ka&;q&mvl;0pf\b0tjrifESifhoufqkdifonf/
vl;0pfonf urÇmausmfpma&;q&mwOD; jzpfonf/ tar&duefa,;vf (Yale)wuú
-odkvfausmif;xGufjzpfonf/ tar&duefqkd&S,fvpf0g'D tyÜwef-qifuvJ,m; (Upton
Sinclair) \qkd&S,fvpfvufawGYvkyfief;wGif &kH;vkviftjzpf aqmif&GufcJholjzpfonf/ xkdY
jyif atmufajcodr;f tvkyrf sm;udk tawmftwef vkycf o hJ v
l nf;jzpfonf/ ola&;aom0w¬K
rsm;onf a,bk,stm;jzifh tar&dueft&if;&Siaf vmuwGif azmufazmufjyefjyef usifo;Hk
aeMuaom vlvwfwef;pm;t&if;&SifaygufpwkdY\obm0udk uJh&JUí? oa&mfí o&kyfazmf
avh&Sdaom 0w¬Krsm;jzpfonf/ ]]yGJpm;BuD;AufApf}}0w¬Konfvnf; xkd0w¬KrsKd;jzpfonf/
om
.c
xk0d w¬Küygaom Zmwfuu G w

f ckonf þodjYk zpfonf/ xkZd mwfuuG wf iG f Zmwfaqmif
ic
ss
a
okH;OD;ygonf/ wOD;onf Zif;epfNrdKUü ajryGJpm;tdrfyGJpm;tvkyfudk vkyfaom yGJpm;AufApf

cl
es
jzpfonf/ aemufwOD;onf Zif;epfNrdKUüyif ajraps;upm;jcif;tvkyf? tdrfaps;upm;jcif;

es
m
ur
.b
48
w
w
w
tvkyfwkdYjzifh pD;yGm;vrf;ajzmifhaeaom aps;upm;orm; vkdifwDjzpfonf/ usefwOD;onf

Zif;epfNrdKUüyif rdrd\pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;udk wdk;csJUaeaom csKdcsOfqkdif&Sif yg'Djzpfonf/ xkd
ZmwfuGufü zGJUxm;aom tjzpftysufonf udk,fusKd;tjrwftpGef;twGuf vkdifwDu Auf
Apfukd acgif;ykjH zwfí? AufApfu yg'Dukd acgif;ykjH zwfí? yg'Du pm;ok;H olvx l u
k kd acgif;ykjH zwf
í toD;oD; toutou pD;yGm;&SmaeMuaom tjzpftysufjzpfonf/
Zif;epfNrdKUwGif vifwefac: uGuo f pfukd wk;d csJU&ef pDpOfaeMuaMumif; odvmojzifh
uGufopf\pnfyifom,ma&; tvm;tvmudk jrifaom yGJpm;AufApfonf olYrdwfaqGvdkif
wDukd xkduGufopfü ajrwuGuf t0,fckdif;onf/ vkdifwDonf aiGxkyfykdufum aps;upm;í
pD;yGm;&Smaeoljzpfonft h avsmuf AufApf\tMuHay;csuft& a':vmaiGaomif;waxmif
ay;um xkdajruGufudk 0,fí t&if;jr§Kyfvdkufonf/ yGJpm;AufApf rsufapmif;xkd;xm;onf
rSm xkdajruGufESifhab;csif;uyfjzpfaom csKdcsOfqkdifjzpfonf/ csKdcsOfqkdif&Sif yg'Donf waeY

aeYwGif olYtvkyfudk wkd;csJUcsifvdrfhrnf/ xkdtcg olwkdY\ajruGufudk rwefwq aps;wifí
a&mif;xkwrf nf/ þum;AufApf\&Gut f yk o
f ;D tMuHjzpfonf/ xkaYd Mumifh ajcmufvavmuf
Mumjrifah omtcg yGpJ m;AufApfonf csKdcsOfqidk &f iS yf g'Dukd acsmhcsnfwcg? acsmufcsnfwvSnhf
jyKí qG,fygavawmhonf/
aemufqkH;ü csKdcsOfqkdif&Sif yg'Donf AufApf\yGJac:yGJjr§Lenf;y&d,m,fpkH'Pfudk r
cHEkdifojzifh AufApf\yGJ&kH&Hk;cef;ü yGJpm;AufApfESifhqkwfwkHwufwkH? csDwkHcswkH tusdwfte,f
aps;qpfMuNyD;onfhaemuf? aps;upm;orm; vkdifwDtm; yg'Du a':vmaiGESpfaomif;w
axmifay;í ajruGufudk 0,fvkduf&onf/ xdktcg vkdifwDonf a':vmukd;axmifausmft
jrwf&í AufApfonf yGJc av;&mhig;q,f &vkdufonf/ ta&mif;t0,fudpöNyD;Muí vkdifwD
ESifhyg'DwkdY jyefMuaomtcg yGJ&kH&kH;cef;ü AufApfwOD;om usefcJhonf/ jrefrmjyefxm;onfhpm
ykd'fonf AufApf\&kH;cef;ü AufApfwa,mufwnf; usefchJ&mrS? ol aiGt&enf;udk wpdrfpdrfh
awG;í emusnf;pdwfjzifh nnf;vkdufaomAufApf\nnf;jcif; jzpfonf/ xkdnnf;jcif;onf
atmufygtwkdif; jzpfonf/
"It had been a manly battle, but after it Babbitt dropped...He muttered, "Makes
me sick to think of Lyte carrying off most of the profit when I did all the work, the old
skinflint!...."
t8Fvdyfbmomta&;tom;twkdif;vkdufí jrefrmjyefvQif AufApf\nnf;jcif;
om
onf ]]tvkyfvkyfawmh igucsnf;vkyf&w,f/ tjrwfudkawmh olutrsm;qkH; usKH;,loGm;

.c
ic
ss
w,f/ vJaovku d zf o
Ykd m aumif;wmbJ/ 'DvBl uD;[m uyfap;eJ aumfw&mBuD;? pm;zm;BuD;}}
a
cl
es
[kjzpfvmEkid o
f nf/ xkjd refrmjyefukd jrefrmpmzwfy&dowfonf tvG,w f ul em;vnfMuvdrhf
es
m
rnf[k xifygonf/ odkY&mwGif xkdjrefrmjyefü wckckvkdaeao;onf[k rdrd\pdwfü paemifh

ur
.b
49
w
w
w
peif; jzpfcJhonf/ qkdvkdonfrSm toufygoifhoavmuf rygao;[k txif&Sdjcif;jzpfonf/
0w¬Ka&;q&mvl;0pfonf ud, k u
f sKd;tjrwftpGe;f twGuf tcsif;csif; vnfv;DS ae
Muaom t&if;&Sifavmuudk rBudKufoljzpfonf/ o&kyfazmf&mwGif xkdavmu\obm0ukd
toufygatmif zGJUwwfonf/ pmzwfy&dowf\pdwfü pufqkyfcsifp&m? &,fcsifp&mjzpf
atmif zGUJ wwfonf/ xkaYd Mumifh yGpJ m;AufApf\nnf;jcif;udk jrefrmjyef&mwGif AufApf\puf
qkyfp&m? &,fp&mobm0ü toufygEkdiforQ ygatmif tm;xkwfzkdYvkdtyfonf/ xkdYaMumifh
jrefrmtodcH? jrefrmhtBudKufcHwkdYESifhqDavsmfatmifjyKí tm;xkwfcJhonfrSm atmufygt
wkdif;jzpfonf/
]]wzufESifhwzuf tusdwfte,f ajymifajymifajrmufajrmuf usm;usm;&m;&m;
aps;qpfNyD;Muí yGjJ ywfpOftcguaomf yGpJ m;BuD;AufApfonf 0rf;omvk;H BuD;qko Yd mG ;rdonf/
olYyGJ&kH&kH;cef;ü olwOD;wnf; usefcJhaomtcgüum; csufcsif; ol 0rf;enf;yufvufjzpfí

nnf;vdkufonf/ ]]vkyfp&m&SdawmhvJ igucsnf; vkyf&w,f/ EGm;BuD;vkdbJ/ /ajym
p&m&Sdawmh vJ igucsnf;ajym&w,f/ vQmxGufrwwfbJ/ / &p&m&Sdawmh olu ukd;
axmifausmf/ tqDeJY w0if;0if;/ / ighrSmawmh av;&mhig;q,f/ t&kd;t&if;&,f/}}
þjrefrmjyefwiG f jrefrmhenf;jrefrmh[efukd ok;H cJoh nfrmS txift&Sm;jzpfonf/ oifh
roifh rajymwwfyg/ jrefrmpmzwfy&dowfrmS um; AufApf\trlt&mwküYd toufygípuf
qkypf &m? &,fp&mjzpfvmvdrrhf nf[¤k if;? AufApf\&avvkad v tkw d apä oabm0udk oa&mf
ykHwGif jrefrmhtoJckduf tBudKufawGUMuwef&m\[k¤if; xifí qDavsmfatmif jyKcJhjcif;udk
rdrd aMueyfrdonf/
taMumif;aumif;&Sdí tvkdufoifhjznfhjcif;udk¤if;? qDavsmfatmifjyKjcif;udk¤if;
aMueyfoifah Mumif; axmufc&H ma&mufaom oufaoESpOf ;D udk wifjyygrnf/ oufaowOD;
onf umvD'go\oukEÅvjyZmwfudk ouúwbmomrS t*FvdyfbmomodkYjyefqkdaom armf
eD,m0DvsHjzpfonf/ wOD;onf yav;wk;d \uxmrsm;udk *&dbmomrS t*Fvyd b f momodjYk yef
qdkcJhaom ygarmu©*sKdU0ufjzpfonf/ vlrsKd;wrsKd;\&opmayukd bmomjyef&mwGif wcsKdU
wcsKdUaom udprö sm;ü bmomjyefukd zwf&MI urnfv h rl sKd; pmzwfy&dowf\todcH tBudKufcH
wkuYd kd axmufvsuf xkyd &dowf em;vnfvufcEH idk af tmif bmomjyefoifah Mumif;ESiphf yfvsOf;
í armfeD,m0DvsHu qkdcJhonfrSm atmufygtwkdif; jzpfonf/
om
"I have felt inclined to accuse myself of having taken, in some cases, too great
.c
liberties with the Sanskirt original. But in the end I have acquiesced in my first and still
ic
ss
abiding conviction that a literal translation might have commended itself to Oriental
a
cl
students, but would not have given a true idea of the beauty to India's most cherished
es
drama to general readers, whose minds are cast in a European mould, and who require
es
a translator to clothe Oriental ideas, as far as practicable, in a dress comformable to

m
ur
.b
50
w
w
w
European cannons of taste." (M.Monier - Williams, tr. Sakoontala, Perface to the eighth
edition.)
xkdYaemuf ygarmu© *sKdU0ufu qkdcJhonfrSm atmufygtwkdif; jzpfonf/
''An English translation ought to be idiomatic and interesting not only to the
scholar but to the unlearned reader. Its object should not simply be to render the words
of one language into the words of another or to preserve, the construction and order of
the original....To him the feeling should be more important than the exact word." (B.
Jowett, tr. The Dialogues of Plato, preface to the second and third editions.)
&opmayudk bmomjyefMu&mwGif wcgw&H xkad e&mwuGu?f þae&mwuGuw f üYdk
tvkdufoifh jznfhíaomf¤if;? qDavsmfatmifjyKíaomf¤if; bmomjyefoifhaompmykd'frsm;
udak wGUMurnfjzpfonf/ a&Smifí&rnfr[kwyf g/ xdt k cg bmomjyefoo l nf rdr\ d uavmif
vGwv f yfciG u
hf kd tcsdet
f qjzifh NcdK;NcdK;jcHjcH tok;H jyKoifo
h nf[k ,lqygonf/ txl;owdjyK
oifo h nfrmS pm\tmabmf? pm\tm0ZÆe;f ? pm\&owku Yd u

kd m; wrsKd;wzkH jzpfroGm;atmif
tcgcyfodrf; apmifha&Smuf&efvkdtyfonf[k qkdcsifygonf/
txufu qkdcJhorQonf rdrd\bmomjyefjyóemtcsKdUomjzpfonf/ jyóemt
rsm;tjym; usefvrd Ohf ;D rnf/ qufíavhvmMu&efjzpfonf/ þpmwef;tzkrYd mS þpmwef;ü
wifjycJhonfwkdYudk ppfaq;aqG;aEG;Mu&ef jzpfygonf/ /
&opmay bmomjyefjyóemtcsKdU
1/ OD;aomif;a&T(apma&TAkdvf)
2/ ocFg?
3/ '*kefa&TrQm;
4/ OD;ausmf0if;?
5/ awmifwGif;BuD;OD;ukdukdBuD;?
6/ OD;ausmharmif(aiGrQm;)?
7/ qef;vGif?
8/ armifomEkd;?
9/ OD;vlaz0if;?
om
10/ a'gufwmarmifjzL;/
.c
ic
ss
a
cl
es
es
m
ur
.b
51
w
w
w
1/ &opmayudk bmomjyef&mwGif obm0udk rsufjcnfrjywf&SdzkdYvkdonf[k aqG;aEG;
&m oabmwlygonf[k ajzonf/
2/ bmomjyef&mwGif rl&ifpmtay: opöm&SdzkdYvkdonf[k aqG;aEG;&m pm\tmabmf?
pm\tm0ZÆef;? pm\&owkdYudk rxdcdkufbJ bmomjyefvQif opöm&Sdonf[k qkdEkdif
aMumif; jyefajzonf/
3/ bmomjyef&mwGif wdwu d sus r&Sb d J azmif;yGpmG bmomjyef&ef roifah Mumif; aqG;
aEG;&m azmif;yG[laompum;\t"dyÜm,fukd odzkdYvkdaMumif;? ykdvnf;aeí xkdtydk
uvnf; tusKd;r&Sdjzpfaom pum;rsKd;udkom azmif;yGonf[k qkdEkdifaMumif;? &o
pmayudk bmomjyef&mwGif udk,fhvlrsKd; pmzwfy&dowfem;vnf&kHrQru ESpfouf
jcif;vnf;jzpfatmif? wcgw&H tvkdufoifhjznfhí¤if;? qDavsmfatmif jyKí¤if;?

bmomjyefvQif jzpfEidk o f nf[¤k if;? tusKd;&So d nf[¤k if; ,lqaMumif;jyefajzonf/
4/ pmwef;\pmrsufEmS 55-wGif ]]a&S;OD;pGm awmifapmif;rS ...}}[k bmomjyefEiS hf
pyfvsOf;í wufvu dk ?f avQmufvu kd ?f aemufjyefavQmufvu dk ?f qif;vku d ?f wufvu dk f
[kqkdvQif wkdoGm;aMumif; aqG;aEG;&m? wkdoGm;onfrSm trSefjzpfaomfvnf; pdwf
armp&m obm0aysmufomG ;aMumif;/ ]]eef;MumndKaMumh}}'de;f oHonf tvGr;f o
bm0jzpfí av;av;wGJYwGJYoDqkdwD;rIwf&aMumif;? odkY&mwGif wcg 'dk;ywf0kdif;wGif
pnf;okw0f g;okwjf zifh cyfou G o
f u
G rf w I Mf u wD;Muonfukd awGb Y ;l aMumif;? wD;rIwf
íjzpfygaomfvnf; 'def;oH\obm0 aysmufoGm;aMumif; jyefajzonf/
5/ pmwef;\pmrsufESm 58-wGif Heaven udkt*¾bkHtpm; aumif;uifbkH[k jyefvQif
vG,faMumif; aqG;aEG;&m? aumif;uifbkHonf c&pf,efwkdYtjrifjzpfaMumif;? a&S;
acwf*&dwkdY\tjrifonf wrsKd;jzpfaMumif;? jA[®ZmvokwfxJu {upöoów'd
|dtcef;wGif tbó&jA[®mbkEH iS chf yfqifqif wlaMumif;? ok&Yd mwGif jA[®mbk[ H b
k m
omjyefvQifvnf; roifah Mumif;? xkaYd Mumifh woD;woefjY zpfatmif ]]t*¾}}ud]k ]bk}H }
ESifhwGJí t*¾bkH[k jyefvkdufjcif;jzpfaMumif; jyefajzonf/
om
.c
ic
ass
cl
es
es
m
ur
.b
52
w
w
w
wkdif;&if;om;pmayrsm; tjyeftvSef bmomjyefa&;

wifjyol
OD;wif{
OD;wnfcsuf
þpmwef;wGif OD;wnfcsuf ESpfcsuf&Sdygonf/
,if;wkdYrSm
1/ wkdif;&if;om;vlrsKd; toD;oD; A[kokw ydkrkd<u,f0vmap&efESifh
2/ wkid ;f &if;om; vlrsKd;rsm; wOD;taMumif; wOD;ydrk o dk &d edS m;vnfvmMuap&ef jzpfygonf/
þwGif eHywf 1 OD;wnfcsufrSm &Sif;aeygonf/ tus,f&Sif;jyaep&m rvkd[kxif
ygonf/ wkdif;&if;om; vlrsKd;wrsKd;\taMumif;t&mrsm;udk tjcm;wkdif;&if;om;pmayodkY
jyefqkda&;om;vkdufvQif tjcm;wkdif;&if;om;tzkYd tMum;tjrif ydkrsm;vmrnf? taxGaxG

A[kow k ydrk <dk u,f0vmrnfrmS tvGeaf ocsmaomudpjö zpfygonf/ taxGaxGA[kow k enf;
yg;í t&m&mwGif todynmtqifhtwef; edrfhaeao;aom uRefawmfwkdY jynfaxmifpkjref
rmEkid if zH mG ; wkid ;f &if;om;wkt Yd zkdY A[kow k wk;d yGm;aprnfu h pd rö eS of a&GU vkv
d m;tyfonfcsnf;
vkyaf qmiftyfonfcsnf; jzpfygonf/ xkaYd Mumifh ,ck bmomjyefa&;udpo ö nfvnf; vkv d m;
tyf vkyfaqmiftyfaom udpöw&yfjzpfygonf/
OD;wnfcsuf eHywf 2 udkrl tenf;i,f &Sif;jyyg&ap/
uRefawmfwEdYk idk if o
H nf vlO;D a& 28-oef;cefo Y m&Sad om Ekid if iH ,fuav; jzpfonf/
vlOD;a&tm;jzifhvnf;aumif;? pD;yGm;a&;tm;jzifhvnf;aumif;? uRefawmfwkdYxuf rsm;pGm
tiftm;BuD;rm;aomEkdifiHBuD;rsm;tMum;wGif nyfaeaom EkdifiHvnf; jzpfonf/ ,if;odkY
jzpfaeonft h xJwiG f wkid ;f &if;om;wrsKd;wnf;om &So d nfr[kwyf ?J wkid ;f &if;om;vlrsKd;aygif;
ajrmufjrm;pGm pkaygif;aexkdifvsuf&Sdojzifh xkdwkdif;&if;om;vlrsKd;rsm;\pnf;vkH;nDnGwfrI
udk r&t& wnfaqmuf&efrSm vGefpGmta&;BuD;ayonf/ wzef? wkdif;&if;om;vlrsKd;t
rsm;pkonf jynfaxmifpk\e,fedrdwf wavQmufwGif aexkdfifvsuf&Sd&um; wkdif;&if;om;
pnf;vkH;nDnGwfrIonf ydkíydkíyif vkdtyfvmayawmhonf/
vufawGYtm;jzifh uRefawmfwkdYonf 1947-ckESpf azazmf0g&Dv yifvkHrS tpjyKí
wkid ;f &if;om;pnf;vk;H nDnw G rf uI kd rsKd;aphcsEkid cf o hJ jzifo h m Ekid if v H wG v
f yfa&;udk &&Scd jhJ cif;jzpf
onf/ xkd&&Sdxm;aom vGwfvyfa&;udk xm0&wnfwHhatmif qufvufxdef;odrf;xm;Ekdif
om
.c
&ef wkid ;f &if;om;pnf;vk;H nDnw G rf uI d ydrk cdk idk rf m awmifw h if;vmatmif qufvufvyk af qmif
ic
ass
Mu&ayrnf/ xkx Yd ufum; ,cktcg wkid ;f &if;om;vlrsKd; tm;vk;H \tusKd;pD;yGm;twGuf qkd

cl
es
&S,fvpfvlYabmifopfudk BudK;yrf;wnfaqmufvsuf&Sd&m wkdif;&if;om;pnf;vkH;nDnGwfrIudk

es
m
ur
.b
53
w
w
w
yiftajccHí wnfaqmufomG ;Mu&ayrnf/ þodv kY Qif wkid ;f &if;om;pnf;vk;H nDnw G rf o
I nf
jynfaxmifpkBuD;\twdwf? ypöKyÜef? tem*wfumvokH;yg;pvkH;twGuf t"duusaom vkd
tyfcsufBuD;w&yf jzpfaeayawmhonf/
,if;odkYjzpf&m uRefawmfwkdYonf wkdif;&if;om;vlrsKd;tcsif;csif; wOD;taMumif;
wOD; ydrk o kd &d edS m;vnfvmatmif wwfEidk o f rQ aqmif&u G af y;Ekid v f Qif jynfaxmifpBk uD;pnf;
vkH;nDnGwfrItwGuf rsm;pGmtaxmuftul jzpfayvdrfhrnf/
þü ]]wOD;taMumif;}}qko d nfrmS tvGew f &mrsm;jym;us,f0ef;ygonf/ wkid ;f &if;
om;vlrsKd;wrsKd;\yx0D0if? orkdif;? bmompum;? pmay? "avhxkH;pH? ,Ofaus;rIpojzifh
wkid ;f &if;om;wa,muf\arG;onfah eYrpS í aoonfah eYtxd jzpfysuf? awGMY uKHcpH m;? awG;
awm? vkyu f ikd af qmif&u G af omudptö m;vk;H tMuKH;0ifygonf/ wkid ;f &if;om;vlrsKd;wrsKd;\
taMumif;yifvQif þrQrsm;jym;us,f0ef;aevQif 70-eD;yg;&Sdaom wkdif;&ifom;aygif;pkH

wkdY\taMumif;rSm rnfrQrsm;jym;us,f0ef;rnfudk awG;í MunfhEkdifygonf/
odp&m? rSwfp&m? avhvmp&mu þrQrsm;jym;us,f0ef;aeaomfvnf; tu,fod
&Sed m;vnfNyD;aom t&mum; tenf;i,frQom&Sad o;onft h aMumif;udrk l txl;ajymzdrYk vkd
[kxifygonf/ uRefawmfwkdY wkdif;&if;om;tcsif;csif; wOD;taMumif;wOD;aumif;pGm rod
ao;onfhtaMumif;udk uRefawmfwkdYtm;vkH; aumif;pGm odMuygonf/ xkdYaMumifh wOD;t
aMumif; wOD;ydí k od&edS m;vnfvmatmif uRefawmfwYdk enf;trsKd;rsKd;jzifh vkyaf qmifMu&yg
rnf/
,if;enf;rsm;xJwiG f wkid ;f &if;om;pmaytcsif;csif; tjyeftvSef bmomjyefa&;
onfvnf; enf;aumif;wck jzpfonf[k xifjrifygonf/ wkdif;&if;om;vlrsKd;tcsif;csif;
wOD;\taMumif;udpu ö kd wOD;u tcgtcGi&hf wkid ;f avhvmrSwo f m;aeMurnf? a&;om;azmf
jyaeMurnfqkdygu wOD;taMumif; wOD; ydkrdkod&Sdvmayvdrfhrnf/ wOD;ESifhwOD; em;vnfrI
ydrk &dk &Sv
d mayvdrrhf nf/ rodem;rvnfraI Mumifh jyKrdwwfavh&adS om tajymtqkd rSm;,Gi;f rI?
tvkyftudkif rSm;,Gif;rIrsm;udk a&Smif&Sm;EkdifMuayvdrfhrnf/ wOD;tay: wOD; onf;cHcGifh
vTwrf ?I cifrifav;pm;rI wk;d yGm;vmayvdrrhf nf/ þenf;tm;jzifh wu,fch idk rf mawmifw h if;
aom cspfMunfpnf;vkH;rIudk aemufqkH;ü &&SdvmEkdifayvdrfhrnf/
þwkid ;f &if;om;pmaytcsif;csif;]]aygif;ul;}}ay;jcif;? ES;D aESmzvS,jf cif;? tjyef
tvSe, f pkd ;D pdr0hf ifjcif;? yl;aygif;aqmif&u
G jf cif;vkyif ef;onf tvGeo f rd af rGUaomfvnf; xm
om
.c
0&ckdifrmNrJjrHuspfvpfaomoabmudk aqmifayonf/ Oyrmtm;jzifh t&m0w¬KESpfckudk ydk;

ic
ss
a
BudK;rQifuav;jzifh csnfaESmif&pfpnf;ay;ouJhodkY jzpfonf/ ydk;BudK;onf ao;oG,fEl;nHhí

cl
es
tvG,fwul rjrif&aomfvnf; ykdrkdNrJjrHckdifcHhatmif pnf;aESmif&pfywfay;wwfaom owåd

es
m
ur
.b
54
w
w
w
&Sdayonf/
xkdYaMumifh þ'kwd,OD;wnfcsufjzifhvnf; þpmwef;udk wif&jcif;jzpfygonf/
vkyfief;pOf
vkyfief;pOf av;&yf&Sdygonf/ ,if;wkdYrSm-
1/ wkdif;&if;om;pmay toD;oD;rS aumif;Ekd;&m&mrsm;udk jrefrmodkYjyefjcif;? (pmjzifhyifr&Sd
aomfvnf; wkdif;&if;om;wkdYEIwfjzifh ajymqkdrSwfom;xm;aom taMumif;t&mrsm;-
ykpH/ /ykHjyif? orkdif;? pum;ykHponfwkdYudk jrefrmvkd a&;om;jcif;vnf; þu@wGif t
MuKH;0ifygonf/)
2/ jrefrmpmayrS aumif;Ekd;&m&mrsm;udk wkdif;&if;om;bmomtoD;oD;odkYjyefjcif;?
3/ wkdif;&if;om;pmaywrsKd;rS jrefrmodkY jyefxm;onfwkdYudk tjcm;wkdif;&if;om;bmomw

rsKd; odkYr[kwf bmomtrsm;odkYjyefjcif;?
4/ tjcm;bmompum;-txl;tm;jzifh t*Fvdyfpmjzifh a&;xm;aomwkdif;&if;om;vlrsKd;
rsm; taMumif;t&mrsm;udk aocsmpGm pdppfí bmomjyefjcif;[lí jzpfygonf/
rnfodkYaqmif&Gufoifhoenf;
wkdif;&if;om;pmayrsm; tjyeftvSefbmomjyefa&;twGuf atmufygenf;ESpf
enf;teuf wenf;enf;jzifh aqmif&Gufoifhonf[k tMuHay;vdkygonf/
yxrenf;/ /oufqkdif&m wkdif;&if;om;vlrsKd;tcsKdUwGif (ykHpHtm;jzifh jynf
e,frsm;ESichf sif;0daoowkid ;f wkw
Yd iG )f pmayjyKpka&;ESib
hf momjyefaumfrwD toD;oD; zGUJ pnf;
wnfaxmif&ef/
,if;aumfrwDwkdY\vkyfief;rsm;rSm-
1/ tjyeftvSef bmomjyefoifhaom pmayrsm;pdppfa&G;cs,fay;jcif;?
2/ bmomjyefEidk rf nfph mayvkyo f m;rsm; &SmazGa&G;cs,foifMum; avhusifch efxY m;ay;jcif;?
3/ (txl;tm;jzifh odyÜHESifhtwwfynmqkdif&m pmayrsm;ESifhywfoufí)ynm&yfa0g[m&
rsm; jyKpkowfrSwfay;jcif;
4/ wnf;jywfolrsm; &SmazGxm;&Sday;jcif;?
5/ bmomjyefNyD;aom pmrlrsm;udk ykHESdyfxkwfa0jzefYcsDay;jcif;ponfwkdY jzpfoifhygonf/
om
.c
þenf;jzifh rvkyfaqmifEkdifcJhaomf-
ic
ss
a
'kwd,enf;/ /wkdif;&if;om;vlrsKd;tcsKdUxJrS oufqkdif&mwkdif;&if;om;bm

cl
es
omESifhjrefrmbmomukd aumif;pGmwwfuRrf;ol okH;av;OD;pDudk ,Ofaus;rIXmeESifh]]pmay

es
m
ur
.b
55
w
w
w
Adrmef}}wGif wGzJ ufxm;&Sad pNyD;vQif txufygtwkid ;f tjyeftvSef bmomjyefa&;vkyif ef;
rsm;udk vkyfaqmifoGm;apoifhonf/ (þwGif azmfjyyg yk*¾KdvfwkdYudk vrf;jynTefMum;aernfh
pmaytzGJYtpnf;w&yfpDum; jynfe,ftoD;oD;ESifhcsif;0daoowkdif;wkdYwGif &Sdoifhonf/)
vkyfief;tvm;tvm
vkyfief;tvm;tvmudk cefYrSef;Munfhvkdufaomf tjcm;wkdif;&if;om;pmayrsm;rS
jrefrmokdYjyefzkdYu enf;í jrefrmrS tjcm;wkdif;&if;om;bmomrsm;odkY jyefzkdYu ydkrsm;rnf[k
,lqygonf/ taMumif;udkqkdaomf-
1/ jrefrmpmayu tjcm;wkdif;&if;om;pmaywkdYxuf tqaygif;rsm;pGm ydkrkd<u,f0aom
aMumifh jzpfonf/
2/ tcsKdUwkdif;&if;om;wkdYwGif pma&;&ef tu©&myif r&Sdao;aomaMumifh jzpfonf/

3/ tcsKdUaomwkdif;&if;om;wkdYwGif ]]pmay}}tenf;i,fom &SdaomaMumifh jzpfonf/
(ykHpH/ /ykjH yif? pum;yk?H orkid ;f ? aq;usrf;? "mwfusrf;? vufryI nmtcsKdUponf)
xkaYd Mumifh wkid ;f &if;om;toD;oD;wküYd pmjzifh odrYk [kwf EIwjf zif&h adS om ykjH yif? pum;
ykH? orkdif;? vufrIynm? aq;usrf;? "mwfusrf;ponfwkdYudk jrefrmodkYjyefí jrefrmpmaywGif
&Sdaom pmaumif;ayrGEfrsm;? 0w¬Krsm;? odyÜHynmrsm;? vlrIa&;pmayrsm;udk tcsKdUaom
wkdif;&if;om;pmayrsm;odkYjyefqkday;oGm;vQif avsmfuefrnf[k xifjrifygonf/
jyóemrsm;
þwkdif;&if;pmayrsm; tjyeftvSef bmomjyefa&;udk vufawGYtaumiftxnf
azmfaomtcg atmufazmfjyyg rsm;jym;&Iyaf xG;aomjyóemrsm;ESihf &ifqidk &f zG,&f ydS gonf/
jynfaxmifpjk refrmEkid if w
H iG f wkid ;f &if;om;vlrsKd;tvGerf sm;ygonf/ ('daYk oG; 'do
Yk m;
wkdif;&if;bGm;pmtkyfwGif OD;rif;Ekdifu 70-[k azmfjyonf/)
þwGif ,if;wkdif;&if;om;pmay tm;vkH;rS aumif;Ekd;&m&mrsm;udk jrefrmodkYjyef
rnfqkdvQif jyóemBuD;BuD;us,fus,f ray:Ekdifyg/ bmompum;qkdif&m tcuftcJwck
omvQif &ifqkdif&zkdY&Sdygonf/
odkY&mwGif jrefrmpmay
mpmayrS jyefoifh jyefxdkufonfrsm;udk tqkdygpmay]]tm;vkH;}}odkY
jyefrnfqkdvQifum; jyóemrSm tvGefrsm;jym;us,f0ef; &IyfaxG;ygvdrfhrnf/
om
.c
1/ tcsKdUwkdif;&if;om;wkdYwGif tu©&myifr&dSao;yg/ (ykHpH/ /u,m;/)xkaYd Mumif, h if;

ic
ss
a
wkdYtwGuf tu©&mwDxGifay;zdkY a&S;OD;pGmvkdygonf/ NyD;aemuf pmwwfvmatmif oif

cl
es
ay;&OD;rnf/
es
m
ur
.b
56
w
w
w
2/ tcsKdUwkdif;&if;om;wkdYwGif pmtrsKd;rsKd;? ]]rl}}trsKd;rsKd;uGJjym;aeygonf/ tjiif;tckH

jzpfyGm;vsuf&Sdygonf/ odkYjzpf&m rnfonfhpmjzifh jyefrnfenf;/ rnfonfh]]rl}}jzifh a&;
rnfenf;/ (ykHpH/ /&Sr;f wGi]f ]rlopf}}]]rla[mif;}}uGjJ ym;aeonf/ u&ifwiG f paum
ESifhydk;? ydk;wGifvnf; a&S;ydk;ESifhacwfydk; uGJjym;aeonf/ csif;wGif wD;wdef? zvrf;? [m;
cg;pojzifh uGjJ ym;aeonf/ a&S;OD;pGm tu©&mwckc?k rlwckcu k kd trsm;oabmwl vufcH
twnfjyK&ef vkdayao;onf/)
3/ tcsKdUwkdif;&if;om;rsm;rSm vlOD;a&tenf;i,frQom &Sdygonf/ odkYjzpf&m ykHESdyfxkwfa0
&mwGif r]]ukduf}}jzpfum tcuftcJ awGYEkdifygonf/
4/ tcsKdU wkdif;&if;om;wkdYwGif pm&Sdaomfvnf; pmwwfol OD;a&u enf;yg;aeygonf/ xkdY
aMumifh ykHESdyfxkwfa0a&;wGif r]]udkuf}}jzpfum jyóemay:Ekdifygonf/ ,if;wkdYtwGuf
pmrwwfol yaysmufa&;vkyfief; tvsifvkyfaqmif&ef vkdygvdrfhOD;rnf/

odkYjzpfvQif wkdif;&if;om; vlrsKd;tm;vkH;\pmayrsm;odkY bmomrjyefyJ wkdif;&if;
om;vlrsKd;]]tcsKdU}}\pmayokdYomvQif jyefrnfavm/
,if;odkYqkdvQif-
1/ rnfonfw h idk ;f &if;om;pmrsm;udo k mvQif a&G;cs,frnfenf;/ rnfonfrh t l & a&Gcs,frnf
enf;/ pmvnf;&Sdí vlOD;a&vnf; tawmftoifhrsm;aom wkdif;&if;om;vlrsKd;wkdY\pm
rsm;udk a&G;cs,frnfavm/
2/ pmr&dSao;onfhwkdif;&if;om;rsm;tzkdY þtwkdif;yif tí eí aemufusí aeoGm;&
awmhrnfavm/ þodkYum; rjzpfapoifhyg/
xkdYaMumifh avmavmq,fü vufawGUtm;jzifh jzpfEkdifonfrSmum;-
1/ ud,k yf idk t
f u©&mvnf;&SNd yD;? vlO;D a&vnf; tawmftoif&h adS om rGe?f &Sr;f ? u&if? ucsif?
csif;? ytkd0f;paom wkdif;&if;om;rsm;\pmayrsm;odkY OD;pGmyxr jrefrmESifht*Fvdyfpm
aywkdYrS jyefoifh&m&mrsm;udk jyefqkday;&ef jzpfygonf/
2/ pmr&Sdao;onfhusefwkdif;&if;om;rsm;tzkdYum;-
u/ a&S;OD;pGm tu©&mwDxGifay;oifhygonf/
c/ NyD;aemuf pmwwfvmatmif oifay;&ygrnf/
*/ NyD;rS bmomjyef vkyfief;rsm;udk wpwp vkyfaqmifoGm;oifhygonf/
vkyfief;xk yrmPrnfrQ rsm;jym;BuD;av;onfudkvnf;aumif;? jyóemrnfrQ
om
.c
odraf rGU&Iyaf xG;onfuv kd nf;aumif;? csDwuf&rnfch &D;wm rnfrQa0;vHyifyef;onfuv kd nf;

ic
ss
a
aumif; awG;Munfh&kHrQjzifhyif odomEkdifygonf/ odkY&mwGif jynfaxmifpkwkdif;&if;om;vlrsKd;

cl
es
tm;vkH;twGuf wlnDaom tqifhtwef;? wlnDaomtcGifhtvrf;&&Sdaprnfhqkd&S,fvpfvlY

es
m
ur
.b
57
w
w
w
abmifopfodkYcsDwuf&ef vkH;yef;vsuf &SdMuaom uREkfyfwkdYtzkdY tjcm;vrf;r&Sdyg/ þvrf;
twkdif;om raoGrznf rrSdwfrokef pdkufpdkufrwfrwf csDwufoGm;Mu&rnfjzpfygownf;/
aemufqufwJG
(,cifu wkdif;&if;om;pmay tcsif;csif;tjyeftvSef bmomjyefcJhMuonfhudpö
tcsKdU&Sdygonf/ bmomjyef&ef oifhavsmfonfhpmaytcsKdUvnf; &Sdygonf/ wkdif;&if;om;
pmayjzifhyif r[kwfaomfvnf; wkdif;jcm;pmaytrsKd;rsKd;jzifh a&;om;xm;aom wkdif;&if;
om;taMumif;t&m pmtkyt f csKdUvnf;&Syd gonf/ ,if;wku Yd v
kd nf; aocsmpGm pdppfa&G;Ekwf
í jrefrmbmomjyefoifhonfwkdYudk jyefrnfqkdvQif tm;vkH;twGuf tusKd;rsm;zG,f&m &Sdyg
onf/
þpmaywku Yd kd wifjyvkí
d vufvrS ;f rD&m wkid ;f &if;om;rdwaf qGrsm;xHrS uRefawmf
ar;jref;pkHprf; awmif;cHcJhygonf/ tcsKdUrdwfaqGrsm;xHrS toifhtwef &ygonf/ tjynfh
tpkHum; r&ao;yg/
,aeYtxd &&SdorQESifh uRefawmfodxm;orQwkdYudk wifjyvkdufygonf/ vkdaeonfh
t&m? <uif;usef&pfao;onft h &m trsm;yif&ydS gvdrrhf nf/ ,if;wku Yd kd odaomolrsm;u jznfh
pGuaf y;MuvQif uRefawmf\pm&if;onf ydrk jdk ynfph vHk mygvdrrhf nf/ jznfph u G af y;Muyg&efvnf;
tav;teuf arwåm&yfcHygaMumif;/ /)
1/ rGef
u/ rGefrS jrefrmodkY jyefxm;NyD;aom pmayrsm;
(1) 0g*&l(r*'l)"r®owfusrf;
(2) uvsmPD rGefausmufpm
(3) a&Twd*kH rGefausmufpm
(4) eef;awmf rGefausmufpm
(5) a&Tpnf;ckH rGefausmufpm
(6) &mZm"d&mZf ta&;awmfykHusrf;(0efBuD;Anm;'v)
(7) ¤if; (Ekdifyef;vS)
(8) arGYEGef;&uef (a&TawmifeEól)
om
.c
(9) rGef&mZ0if (ppfuJOD;a&Taemf)

ic
ss
a
cl
es
c/ jrefrmrS rGefodkY jyefxm;NyD;aom pmayrsm;

es
m
ur
.b
58
w
w
w
(1) rEk"r®owfusrf;(jyefqkdolESifhouú&mZfryg)/
(2) yg&rDcef;ysKdU(a0gq&mawmftoQifOwår? 1138cefY/)
(3) &mrrif;ysKdY (¤if;? 1140cefY/)
(4) usef&pfrif;ysKdU (1272 wGif wqifhul;onf/)
*/ rGefrS tjcm;bmomrsm;odkY jyefqkdxm;aom pmayrsm;

(1) em&'Zmwfudk P.Dupont u jyifopfbmomodkY jyefxm;onf/
(2) 'Gg&0wDacwf a&S;rGefausmufpmrsm;udk G.Coedes u jyifopfbmomodkYjyefxm;onf/
(3) rGefausmufpmrsm;udk Dr.C.O.Blagden u t*FvdyfbmomodkY jyefxm;onf/
(4) vdufo®Dto;a&mif (LIK SMIN ASAH). The Story of the Founding of Pegu and a
Subsequent Invasion from South India. R. Halliday ut*FvdyfbmomokdY jyefxm;onf/

«*/ (4)rSvGJí usefpmtkyfpm&if;udk ,Ofaus;rIXme rGefa&;&m t&m&SdEkdifyef;vSxHrS &&dSo
jzifh aus;Zl;wifygonf/»
2/ csif;
csif;ESiyhf wfoufí wuúov kd rf sm;A[kpd mMunfw
h u dk w
f iG f pmtkyaf [mif;wtkyaf wGY
xm;ygonf/ 1884-ckESpfwGif tpdk;&pmykHESdyfwkdufü &kdufESdyfxm;aom pmtkyfjzpfygonf/
trnfrSm ajrxJNrdKYppfuJawmfrif; armifwufNzdK; pD&ifa&;om;aom ypädZecsif;vlrsKd;wkdY
tay:wGif pD&ifqkef;jzwf&mjzpfaom "r®owfusrf;pm jzpfygonf/ þpmtkyfudk rSwfpkrSwf
csufrsm;ESifhwuG t*FvdyfbmomodkYjyefxm;NyD; jzpfygonf/ ,cktcg þpmtkyfudk jyefazmf
xkwí f zwf&aI vhvmMuvQif csif;wkid ;f &if;om;vlrsKd;wk\ Yd "avhx;Hk pH Oya'rsm;taMumif;
udk ydrk o
dk ed m;vnfciG hf &Muayvdrrhf nf/ xkaYd Mumifh wenf;enf;jzifh jyefvnfazmfxw k o
f ifo
h nf
[k oabm&ygonf/
3/ ytkd0f;
The Pa-O People of the Shan State. Union of Burma by William Dunn Hacket.
þpmrlrSm rpöwm[ufuufu aumeJwuúokdvfwGif 1953-cku yg&*lbGJYtwGuf
a&;om;wifoiG ;f aom pmwef;jzpfí ykEH ydS x
f w
k af 0jcif; rjyK&ao;aMumif;? pmrsufEmS 736
om
.c
rsufESm&SdaMumif; od&ygonf/ þpmrludk zwf&IavhvmcGifh&vQif tawmf tusKd;&Sdvdrfhrnf

ic
ass
xifygonf/ ytkd0f;wkdYtaMumif;udk ydkíodEkdifygrnf/

cl
es
es
m
ur
.b
59
w
w
w
4/ &Srf;
u/ &Srf;rS jrefrmodkYjyefqkdxm;aom pmayrsm;
(1) omoem0if rif;pOforkdif;
&Srf;vkda&;xm;aom jrefrm&mZ0ifyk&ykdufjzpfonf/ q&mOD;0ef &Srf;jynfawmif
ydkif; aus;oD;refpHNrdKUrS &vmí jrefrmEkdifiHorkdif;aumfr&SifodkYay;tyfxm;&m orkdif;aumf
r&Sifu &Srf;ausmif;om; pdkif;pdkif;pifhtm; jrefrmbmomodkY jyefqkdaponf/
(2) usKdif;wkH&mZ0if
*kHpmjzifh a&;xm;onf/ rl ESpfrl&Sdonf/ wrludk vTwfawmftrwfa[mif; A,od*F
ydik í
f usefwrlukd p0fa,mhridk ;f ykid o
f nf/ rEÅav; 0dZmÆ ESio hf yd w HÜ uúovdk o f rkid ;f ygarmu©a'guf
wmoef;xGe;f u ,if;rlEpS rf u l kd usKdi;f wkaH iGwu
dk tf &m&Sd pdik ;f vdwq f o dk tl m; bmomjyefajym
apNyD;vQif ]]prÁL'DyOD;aqmif;? avmuAsL[m? oQrf;ud;k jynfaxmifpm&if;csKyf at'D 1827

(trsKd;om;pmMunfw h u
dk f uif;? yk? 452)? rSeef ef;? uke;f abmifquf? vTwaf wmftrSwt f om;?
a&Teef;okH;a0g[m&tbd"mef? ausmufpm{csif;? &Srf;e,frsm;eJYtxuf jrefrmEkdifiHa*Zuf?
ygvDrefpmwef;rsm;eHr,feJY 10? 8? 1869-ck ykHESdyfcJhwJha'gufwm'D&pfcswfqefeJYuufywdef
'AvsLpDrufuvkwfwkdY&JU]]c&D;oGm;rSwfwrf;}}wkdYESifhnd§EIdif;wkdufqkdifí usKdif;wkH&mZ0ifudk
a&;cJhygonf/ (e,fvSnfh&mZ0if (1) a'gufwmoef;xGef;? eHYomwkduf? &efukef? 1968? (1-
184)/
c/ &Srf;rS t*FvdyfokdYjyefqkdxm;aompmayrsm;
(1) Three Shan Legends-
(1) Nang Maag Bin, (2) The Silver Oyster, (3) The Story of Argance B.R.Pearn,
Journal of Burma Research Society, Vol. 22. Part I, p.23.
(2) "Shan Short Tales," "Folklore and Legends of Burma, L.F.Taylor, JBRS.
Vol. 10, Pt.3, p.100.
(3) acG;r[kwf
(4) cGefqHavm ESifh eef;OD;ysif
(5) qkxEkrif;om; (þaemufqkH;okH;tkyfrSm jynfolYw&kwfjynfu t*Fvdyfvkdjyef
qkdxm;aom xif&Sm;onfh&Srf;ykHjyifrsm; jzpfygonf/)
om
.c
ic
*/ jrefrmvkd jyefqkdoifhaom&Srf;pmayrsm;
ss
a
cl
(1) 18 Shan Stories

es
es
m
ur
.b
60
w
w
w
(2) 16 Shan Legends

(þESpftkyfrSm &Srf;ESifhu&ifeDe,f ynma&;t&m&SdcsKyfu 1939-ck? 1940wkdYwGif
ykHESdyfxkwfa0cJhaom &Srf;pmtkyfrsm; jzpfygonf/ oDaygNrdKU &Srf;jynftvif;ykHESdyfwkdufwGif
&kdufESdyfygonf/)
(3) qefuef;ikd0fh
(*syefacwftwGi;f u OD;ausmfaZm &Sr;f vkad &;om;aom &Sr;f awmifov l ,form;
b0o&kyfazmf0w¬K&Snfjzpfonf/ q&marmifxif\]]ib}}ESifhqifonf[k tqkd&Sdonf/)
(4) &Sr;f bmomjzifh a&;xm;aom ppfwef;ESio hf rkid ;f rSww f rf;tcsKdU awmifBuD;NrdKU
&Srf;jynfe,f ,Ofaus;rIjywkdufwGif &Sdonf[k od&ygonf/ ,if;wkdYudk a&G;cs,fpdppfí jref
rmjyefEidk vf Qif jrefrmEkid if o H rkid ;f jyKpk&mwGif taxmuftul &wefoavmuf &ayvdrrhf nf/
&Sr;f wkw
Yd iG f tke;f abmif&mZ0if? rk;d rdw&f mZ0if? anmifa&T&mZ0ifpojzifh rdrw d eYdk ,f
toD;oD;\orkdif;rSwfwrf;rsm;udk a&;om;jyKpkaom tavhtxaumif;wck&Sdygonf/ xkdY
aMumifh xkdxkd&Srf;e,ftoD;oD;\orkdif;rSwfwrf;rsm;ukd jrefrmjyefqkdí zwf&IavhvmMunfh
vQif jrefrmorkid ;f twGuf taxmuftuljyKrnfh tcsuftvufawmfawmfrsm;rsm; &&Sv d rd hf
rnf[k ,kHMunf&ygonf/
(5) txufygpm&if;wGif azmfjyxm;aom pmayrsm;ESit hf *Fvyd b
f momjzifh &Sad om
&Srf;jynf&Srf;vlrsKd;qkdif&m tjcm;pmayrsm;/
5/ jrefrmhqkd&S,fvpf vrf;pOfygwDu xkwfa0aom wkdif;&if;om;vlrsKd;rsm;taMumif;pm

tkyfrsm;/
þpmtkyfrsm;rSm wkdfuf&kdufbmomjyefyif r[kwfaomfvnf; (1)uGif;qif;avhvm
ar;jref;rSwfom; pkaqmif;wnf;jywfa&;om;xm;csufrsm; jzpfjcif;? (2)oufqkdif&m pm
tkyfpmwef;rsm;udk zwf&IrSwfom; pdppfnd§EIdif;a&;om;xm;csufrsm;jzpfjcif;aMumifh þpm
wef;ü tMuKH;0ifonf[kyif ,lqvkdygonf/
6/ vlxkOD;vS a&;om;xm;aom wkdif;&if;om;ykHjyifpmtkyfrsm;/

þpmtkyrf sm;wGif OD;vSu,kd w
f idk f oufqidk &f ma'orsm;odYk oGm;a&mufum ar;jref;
pkaqmif;cJhaom ykHjyifrsm;vnf; ygonf/ oufqkdif&m wkdif;&if;om;vlrsKd;wkdYu pkaqmif;
om
.c
a&;om;ay;ydkYaom ykHjyifrsm;vnf; ygonf/ t*Fvdyfbmomjzifh a&;om;xm;aompmtkyf

ic
ss
a
rsm;rS xkwfEkwfbmomjyefxm;aom wkdif;&if;om;ykHjyifrsm;vnf; ygonf/

cl
es
xkdYaMumifh OD;vS\pmtkyfrsm;onfvnf; uRefawmf\pmwef;wGif aumif;pGm t

es
m
ur
.b
61
w
w
w
MuKH;0ifonf[k ,kHMunfygonf/ /
wkdif;&if;om;pmayrsm; tjyeftvSef bmomjyefa&;

1/ armifpifMu,f?
2/ a&Twnfavsmif?
3/ rsKd;jrifhapm?
4/ [Hom0wDOD;b&if?
5/ OD;vlaz0if;?
6/ OD;armifpdef?
7/ OD;rif;Ekdif?
8/ a':&DBudef?
9/ Ekdifyef;vS?
10/ OD;qef;vGif?
11/ a'gufwmarmifjzL;?
12/ OD;ombef;/
1/ wkdif;&if;om; pmaytcsif;csif; bmomjyefa&;udk rltm;jzifh axmufcHonf/ w
csdefwnf;rSmyif wkdif;&if;om;rsm;\pD;yGm;a&;? vlrIa&;zGHYNzdK;rIudk vkyfay;&if;pm
ayr&SdaomvlrsKd;rsm;udk pmay wDxGifay;oifhonf/ bmomjyefvkyfief;udkvnf;
tajctaet& qufvkyfoGm;oifh[k wifjy&m pmwef;&Sifu vufcHonf/
2/ jrefrmpmrwwfao;ol wkid ;f &if;om;rsm;udk wwfatmifvyk af y;apcsifonf/ wkid ;f
&if;om;rsm;uvnf; ESpfNcdKufygvdrfhrnf[k aqG;aEG;onf/
3/ rGefjrefrm tbd"mefuJhodkY wkdif;&if;om; pmaytbd"mefrsm; &SdbdkYvkdaMumif; aqG;
aEG;onf/
4/ wkid ;f &if;om;pmayrsm;udk jynfaxmifpo k m;rsm; wwfajrmufav aumif;avjzpf
ygonf/ Ekid if jH cm;bmomrsKd;pkaH tmif oif,al eonfxuf ydí k tusKd;&SEd idk rf nfxif
om
.c
aMumif; aqG;aEG;onf/
ic
ss
a
5/ pmayAdrmefpmrlNydKifyw JG iG f wkid ;f &if;om;u@ xnfah y;oifah Mumif; aqG;aEG;csuf

cl
es
udk pmwef;&Sifu jyefMum;&mü pmrla&G;cs,fa&;tzGJYwGif wkdif;&if;om;pmaywwf

es
m
ur
.b
62
w
w
w
uRrf;olrsm;&SNd yD;jzpfaom oufqidk &f mjynfe,fO;D pD;tzGrYJ sm;u jyKvkyo

f ifo h nf[k
ajymMum;onf/
6/ wkid ;f &if;om;pmayrsm;ü bmomjyefrsm;&Sad omfvnf; 0w¬K? jyZmwfEiS o hf cD sif;rsm;
avmufom &Sdao;ojzifh ydkí<u,f0jynfhpkHatmif tm;xkwfay;oifhonf/ e,fcsJY
orm;rsm;a&;om;cJhaom rSm;,Gif;onfhtcsuftvufrsm;udk wkdif;&if;om;bm
omjzifh a&;om;í &Sif;vif;wifjyoifhonf[lí aqG;aEG;onf/ /
om
.c
ic
ss
a
cl
es
es
m
ur
.b
63
w
w
w
bmomjyefaqmif;yg;
wifjyol
OD;xifzwf(armifxif)
tcsD;
rsufarSmufacwf trsKd;om;EkdifiH (nation-states)topftopfay:aygufaeaom
acwfjzpf\/ xkdYaMumifh þurÇmay:wGif EkdifiHtrsKd;rsKd; uGJjym;jcm;em;aeMuaom tajc
udk uREkfyfwkdYawGYae&onf/ odkYaomf xkdEkdifiHrsm;onf rdrdvlrsKd;ESifhrdrd? rdrdEdkifiHESifhrdrd[lí
tjcm;wyg;ESirhf qufo, G yf J aeEkid Mf uyg\avm/ tv,facwfu Ekid if rH sm;onf ]]ud, k x
hf ;D
uk,d ehf ef; ud, k Mhf uiSe;f }}aexkid Mf uí rdrEd idk if u H o

kd m rdrAd [drk @Kdi[
f k txifBuD;cJMh uapumrl
,kwfpGmhtqkH; tdrfeD;yg;csif; tcsif;csif; a&Tvrf;aiGvrf; azmufcJhMuonf/ ,ckacwfürl
omref a&Tvrf;aiGvrf; azmufjcif;xuf vGefuJí owif;pma&'D,kd w,fvDApf&Sifpaom
qufoG,fa&; ypönf;rsm;jzifh qufoG,fvsuf&SdMuav&m EkdifiHwEkdifiH\tawG;tac:? t
MuHtpnf? tajymtqdk? tjyKtrl? tvkyftudkifwkdYonf tjcm;EkdifiHwEkdifiHodkY ul;pufEkdif
onf/ þonfwGif EkdifiHwumwkdYonf qufoG,fa&;tvkdYiSg olwyg;\pm? pum;? pmay?
tEkynm? odyÜHponfwkdYudk od&Sdem;vnfavatmif bmomjyefrIudk tm;udk;&avonf/
þacwfonf pufrIvufrI xkwfvkyfa&;acwf jzpfonf/ vGwfajrmufp EkdifiHwkdif;
onf jynfwGif;zlvkHrIudk taMumif;jyKí jynfwGif;pufrIvufrIvkyfief;rsm;udk wnfaxmif
aeMuonf/ xkt d cg odyyHÜ nm? wufcEkv d *dk sDac: enf;edosynm? oufarG;0rf;ausmif;ynm
[lonfww Ydk iG f wEkid if EH iS whf Ekid if H qufo,G af &; ruif;Ekid af omt&yfa'owkw Yd iG f vsifjrefpmG
jyefYyGm;vsuf &Sdaeonf/ taemufEkdifiHwGif &SmazGwDxGifvkdufaom enf;edoswckonf t
a&SUEdkifiHodkY wrk[kwfcsif; a&muf&SdvmEkdifonf/ xkdtcg ta&SUEkdifiHu ,if;enf;edosudk rSD;
,lonf/ þodkYrSD;,laeqJwGif taemufEkdifiHü xkdenf;edosonf acwfrrSDjzpfoGm;av\/
xdkYaMumifh aemufxyfenf;edoswck topfwDxGif&jyefonf/ xkdrQavmuf twk,lvdkolwkdY
yif trSDrvkdufEkdifavmufatmif wkd;wufjzpfxGef;rIrsm; vsifjrefaeonf/ xkdodkYvsifjrefpGm
wkd;wufjzpfxGef;í EkdifiHtrsm;odkY ul;vmaom odyÜHwufcEkdvkd*sDESifhuRrf;usifrI ynm&yfwkdY
udk qufoG,fa&; ruif;EkdifaomEkdifiHrSeforQ t&,lMu&ef&Sdonf/ xkdtcg bmomjyefvkyf
om
.c
ief;onf tvGefta&;wBuD; vkdtyfaom vkyfief;jzpfvm&onf/

ic
ss
a
odyÜH? wufcEkdvkd*sDESifhoufarG;0rf;ausmif; ynm&yfrsm; ,ckacwfrSmuJhodkY rjyefY

cl
es
yGm;rDu pmay? tEkokckrynm? 'óeduaA't,l0g'ponfwkdYonfvnf; wEkdifiHrS wEkdif

es
m
ur
.b
64
w
w
w
iHodkYul;puf jyefYESHYcJhzl;onf/ odkYaomf a&S;acwfu xkdynmrsm; jyefYESHYykHrSm wtdtdESifh jyefYESHY

jcif;rsKd;jzpfonf/ ,ckacwfüvnf; xkyd nm&yfwo Ydk nf ul;pufjyefEY NYHS rJ jyefEY aYHS eonf/ odaYk omf
,ckacwf jyefYESHYykHrSm a&'D,kdtoHvTifhjcif; vsifjrefoavmuf vsifjrefpGm jyefYESHYjcif;rsKd;jzpf
onf/ rnfrQjrefoenf;[kqkdaomf EkdifiHjcm;tawG;tac:qkdif&ma0g[m&wckudk wkdif;&if;
om;bmomjyefq&mwkdYu bmomjyefrnf[k pDppfaeqJcPü xkda0g[m&onf aps;xJwGif
vlxkenf;jzifh bmomjyefNyD;jzpfoGm;&onftxd jrefonf/ xkdYaMumifh þacwfþtcgü
uREkfyfwkdY bmomjyeftwwfynmudk wufcEkdvkd*sDenf;edosynmw&yfuJhodkY oabmxm;í
jyKpkysKd;axmif&ef &Sdaeonf/
acwfa[mif;u erlem
bmomjyefvkyfief;onf þacwfodkYa&mufrS ay:aygufonf r[kwfyg/ a&S;acwf

u bmompum; uGJjym;jcm;em;olwkdY tcsif;csif;onf ,ckacwfuJhodkYyif ul;vl;qufqHMu
onf/ xkt d cg bmomjyef[í l ay:vmygonf/ acwfa[mif;u bmomjyefMuonfrmS ,ck
acwf bmomjyefMuouJhodkYyif acwf\tvkdtwkdif; bmomjyefjcif;jzpfonf/ pum;csD;ü
acwfopf\tvkdukd t>rufrQ jyqkdcJhNyD/ acwfa[mif;u tvkdum; rnfodkYenf;/
acwfa[mif;wGif Ekid if cH sif;csif; ul;vl;qufq&H mü pdwu f ;l pdwo f ef;ESit hf awG;t
ac:wkdYudk a&S;OD;pGm zvS,fMuygonf/ xdkacwfonf &kyf0w¬KBuD;yGm;wkd;wufcsrf;oma&;udk
*&kjyKonfxuf pdwcf srf;oma&;udk ydí k *&kjyKaomvktd ifqE´ &Scd MhJ uygonf/ um,okcxuf
pdwo å ck udk &SmazGjcif;oabmyifjzpfonf/ xkaYd Mumifh wkid ;f wyg;rSvmaom pdwu f ;l pdwo f ef;?
tawG;tac:? t,l0g'? "avhxkH;pH ponfwkdYudk wkdif;&if;om;wkdY em;vnfatmif bmom
jyefMuonf/ þonfrSpí wkdif;wyg;om;wkdY\ ,Ofaus;rIpönf;t&yf&yfwkdYudk jrefrmrIjzpf
atmif aqmifMuOf;vmMuonf/ xkdtcg bk&m;a[mygVdusrf;*efrsm;rS tpjyKí xkdacwf
vlwkdYtwGuf tokH;csynmrsm;jzpfaom aq;ynm? aA'ifynm? eu©wfynm? oQwå&ynm
ponfwkdYESifhwuG a&S;ola[mif;wkdY\'@m&DykHjyifponfwkdYudkyg bmomjyefMuonf/ ,if;
ynm&yftm;vk;H udk jcKHMunfv h Qif topftopfaom ,Ofaus;rIwu Ydk kd wkid ;f &if;om;wku Yd rdrd
wkdY &Sd&if;pGJ ,Ofaus;rIrsm;ESifhwom;wnf;jzpfatmif aygif;pyfvmonfhoabmudk awGY&
vdrfhrnf/
acwfa[mif;ü uREkfyfwkdYonf ouúwESifhygVdwnf;[laom EkdifiHjcm;bmompum;
om
.c
pmaywkdYESifh awGYxdcJhMuonf/ xkdtcg ygVdudk jrefrmjyefonf/ ouúwudk jrefrmjyefonf/

ic
ss
a
þodkYjrefrmjyef&mü tMurf;tm;jzifh ,ckqkdvwåHYaom tajccHrsm;udk awGY&onf/

cl
es
bmomaA'oabmt& ouúwygVdEiS jhf refrmwko Yd nf t*Fvyd Ef iS jhf refrm eD;pyfonf

es
m
ur
.b
65
w
w
w
xyf ykíd eD;pyfonf/ xkaYd Mumifh ouúwygVdrS jrefrmodjYk yefqadk omtcg jyóemrsm;pGm&Srd nf
r[kwf[k xifrSwf&ayvdrfhrnf/ odkYaomf tawG;tac:csif;rSm &kwfw&uf wlEkdif&ef cJ,Of;
aomaMumifh bmomjyef&mü xkH;pHtwkdif; awGY&wwfaom tcuftcJrsm; &SdNrJyif&SdcJhonf/
o'´genf;tm;jzifh wlnDaomaMumifh olYpum;udk ukd,fhpum;jzpfatmif zefwD;&mü vG,ful
aomfjim;vnf; olqkdvkdaom t"dyÜg,fudk rdrdu oabmaygufap&efukdrl umv&SnfMumpGm
aqmif&GufMu&onf/ edAÁmeudk edAÁmef[k toHvS,fí bmomjyefcJhonfrSm vG,faomfvnf;
edAÁmefudk oabmaygufzkdY&m ygVdawmftjyif t|uxm? #Dum? tEkvufoef;ponfwkdYjzifh
,aeYwidk f t"dygÜ ,fziG q
hf adk y;aeMu&onf/ xkaYd Mumifh acwfa[mif;u bmomjyef&mwGif ,ck
acwfopfü uREkfyfwkdY MuKHawGYae&aom tcuftcJrsm;udk a&S;ola[mif;wkdY MuKHawGYcJh&vdrfh
[k rSef;qEdkif&monf/
ouúw ygVd ponfwkdYrS bmomjyefykH

1/ Edik if jH cm;a0g[m&ü&Sad om teuft"dygÜ ,fonf wkid ;f &if;om;a0g[m&ü&Sad om
teuft"dyÜg,fESifhxyfwl xyfrQ jzpfvQif taxGtxl; MuHqí bmomjyef&ef rvkdyg/ ygVd
ü vmaom a*gPonf jrefrmüvmaom EGm;ESifhtwlwl[k qkdvkdvQif a*gPudk EGm;[kbm
omjyef&efom &Sdonf/ þenf;jzifh yx0Dudk ajr? tmaygukd a&? 0ga,mudk av? awaZmudk
rD;[k bmomjyefcJhonf/ yk*Hacwfu om"kukd (acwfa&;enf;t&)]]aumif;avSifhwnf;}}[k
bmomjyef\/ wacwfu ¤if;udkyif]]aMomf-aumif;\}}[kvnf; bmomjyefcJhMu\/
2/ odaYk omf a0g[m&qko d nfrmS wurÇmvk;H wGif olüY &Sv d Qif ighüvnf;&So
d nf[k wGuf
qír&acs/ tawG;tac:? tMum;tjrif? tawGYtMuKH? tjyKtrludkvkdufí olYü&Sdaom
a0g[m&onf rdrüd r&S?d rdrüd &Sad om a0g[m&onf olüY r&Sd jzpfwwfonf/ O'g[&kPq f vdk Qif
]]armfawmfum;}}a0g[m&onf olü&Sí d uREkyf w
f rYdk &Sad om a0g[m&jzpfonf/ xkt d cg uREkyf f
wkodY nf t*Fvyd b f mom tac:ta0:twkid ;f armfawmfum;[laom,mOfukd armfawmfum;
[kyif ac:Muonf/ jrefrmvkd tb,fhaMumifh xGifírac:&oenf;/ xGifp&mrvkdí rxGif
jcif;jzpfonf/ bk&m;wGif wifaom xD;udk t*FvdyfwkdYu t*Fvdyfa0g[m&twGuf topf
wDxiG jf cif;rjyKyJ? Tee, Hti ponfjzifh vk;H 0,lvu dk o f nf/ xkaYd Mumifh ,if;pum;onf atmuf
pzkdYt*Fvdyftbd"mefxJodkY a&mufoGm;onf/ þoabmoGm;twkdif; 'ge? oDv? bm0em?
bdu©K? bdu©KeD? pm*? pm&dw? ynm? rmvm? oDwm? od*Ð? rOÆLponfwkYdonf jrefrmjzpfíae
om
.c
MuNyD/ acwfOD;wGif ,if;a0g[m&udk jrefrmqHqH jyefqkdxm;onfudk awGY&\/ yk*Hacwfu

ic
ss
a
om"kudk aumif;avSifhwnf;[k bmomjyefcJhonf/ odkYaomf ,aeYom"konf om"kyifjzpfae

cl
es
onf/ om"kxuf ydkí]]em;0ifyD,H}}jzpfaompum;yif r&Sdawmhacs/ þoabmum; wdus

es
m
ur
.b
66
w
w
w
avatmif rl&if;udk rl&if;twkid ;f ,laomenf;[kqEdk idk &f monf/ þonfwiG f toHv, S af om

pepf[lí jzpfvmavonf/
3/ toHv, S &f mwGif rl&if;a0g[m&twkid ;f toHv, S jf cif;&So d uJo h yYkd if jrefrmrIjyK
í emrowfenf;udk tok;H jyKonfvnf; &So d nf/ xkaYd Mumifh pdwu å kd pdw?f apwoduudk apw
oduf? &lyudk &kyf? edAÁmeudk edAÁmef? pwk&EÅudk pwk&ef;ponfjzifh emrowfí toHvS,fMu
onf/ ,if;pum;wkdYudkyif ygVdysufpum;[k ac:Muonf/ (þokdYqkdvQif bdkvwkd (Bolt) udk
t*Fvdyfysufpum;[k ac:&acsrnf/ ,aeYtzkdY þuJhodkY EkdifiHjcm;rS ysufvmaompum;wkdY
onf jrefrmha0g[m&xJwGif rsm;pGm&Sdaeonf/)
4/ xkdokYdemrowfenf;jzifh toHvS,f&mwGif ygVdysufESifhjrefrmppfppfudkwGJí a0g
[m&wDxiG o f nfuv kd nf; awG&Y onf/ pmayAdrmef? ygpurD;? ukov dk v
f yk o
f nfpaompum;
rsm;onf ygVdysufESifhjrefrmwGJxm;aom pum;rsm;jzpfonf/ þodkYwGJ&mü rwlaomteuf

ESpfckudk wGJjcif;jzpfonf/ odkYaomf teufwckwnf;udkyif ygVda0g[m&a&m jrefrma0g[m&
yg wGJí okH;onfvnf;&Sd\/ O'g[&kPfum; pdwfESvkH;? qif;&J'ku©? tusifhoDvponfwkdY
wnf;/ þodkYwGJí okH;onfrSm rl&if;teufudk xif&Sm;apvkdí okH;jcif;jzpf\/ wcgw&Hü
vnf; ygVdysufudkyif oabmwckwnf;twGuf emrfxyfqifhí okH;onfvnf; &Sdjyefonf/
udk,fcE¨m? twåabm? tNrdKuf(trw)edAÁmefponfwkdYwnf;/
5/ ouúwygVdwkdYü xifaomteufESifheD;pyf&moabmudk ,lí bmomjyefonf
vnf; &Sdonf/ teufjyefonf[kqkd&rnf xif\/ O'g[&kPfum;-
0HomEk&u©dww&m;=rsKd;cspfw&m;
o[Z=wrdom;csif;
umVyu©=vqkwv f uG,f
umVavmP=qm;rD;zkwf
rHopu©K=yuwdrsufpd(þü ]]yuwd}}onf jrefrma,mifaqmifaeonfudk owd
jyK&ef &Sdonf/)
rl&if;pum;twkdif; wduspGm wkduf&kdufjyef&vQif 0HomEk&u©dwudk trsKd;\tpOf
udk apmifhjcif;[lí¤if;? o[Zudk twlwuG jzpfjcif;[lí¤if;? umVyu©udk rnf;eufaom
v0ufumv[lí¤if;? umVavmPudk rnf;eufaom qm;[lí¤if;? rHopu©Kudk tom;
rsufpd[l¤if; bmomjyef&bG,f&Sd\/
om
.c
ic
ss
a
edosjyef
cl
es
,ckqkdcJhorQrSm a0g[m&wvkH;csif; bmomjyefaomtcg awGY&aoma,bk,s

es
m
ur
.b
67
w
w
w
enf;rsm;jzpfonf/ yk'fwckvkH;? 0guswckvkH;? tydk'fwykd'fvkH;udk bmomjyefaomtcg edos
jyefudk okH;onf/ þedosjyefenf;rSm wkdfuf&kdufjyefenf;jzpf\/ wenf;? vkH;aumufjyefjcif;
[lívnf; qkdEkdif&monf/ O'g[&kPfum; þodkYwnf;/
abma'0ykwå - tkdewfom;
AvmeH - olru dk w
f u
Ydk kd
,m tao0emp - tMuifrrSD0J rqnf;uyf&jcif;onfvnf;aumif;
y@dwmeH - ynm&Sad omolwu Ydk kd
,m ao0emp - tMuifrSD0J qnf;uyf&jcif;onfvnf;aumif;
ylZae,smeH - ylaZmfxkdufaomolwkdYukd
,mylZmp - tMuifylaZmf&jcif;onfvnf;aumif;
tw¬d - &S\
d
{wH - þokH;yg;aomw&m;onf
r*FvH - r*Fvm[lí
wGH - oifewfom;onf
*PSm[d - rSwaf vavmh
(q,fapmifwGJ)
edosjyef\&nf&, G cf sufonf ygVdawmf\tmabmfukd raysmufrysuf&atmif xde;f
odrf;aomoabm&Sdonf[k xifygonf/
þuJhodkY ygVdrS jrefrmodkY wkduf&kdufjyefqkdaom"avhaMumifh jrefrm0gustxkH;tzGJY
wGif ]]tMuift&yfü ol &Sd\/ xkdol&Sd&mt&yfodkY csOf;uyf\/}}[lí¤if;? ]]tMuifolonf
ckd;tHh? xkdoludk tjypfay;av}}[lí¤if; ygVdouf tokH;tEIef;wkdY xGef;um;cJhonf/
þedosjyefonf pum;vkH;tvdkuf wdusaom oabm&Sd\/ odkYaomf ygVdruRrf;
usifolwkdYtzkdY ygVdqHvGef;aom pum;udk teufrxifEkdif jzpf&onfvnf; &Sd\/ xkdtcg t
zGifhESifhwuG bmomjyefjcif;udk wDxGifvmMuonf/ O'g[&kPfum; þodkYwnf;/
aomb*0g? xkdtuREkfyfwkdYq&m jrwfpGmbk&m;onf/ £wdyd? þodkYvQif jA[®mewf
vl ok;H bko H w l \
Ydk MunfjzLaumfa&mf ylaZmftxl;udk cHxu dk af Mumif;jzpfaom oDv*kP?f orm"d
*kPf? ynm*kPf? 0drkwåd*kPf? 0drkwådÓP'óe*kPfwdkYESifhjynfhpkHawmfrlayaomaMumifhvnf;/
t&[H? t&[ rnfawmfrl\/
om
.c
£wdy?d þodv Yk Qif opömaÚ,s "r®tzkH tvk;H pkw H u Ydk kd tukerf usef jrwfa&TÓPfjzifh
ic
ss
a
trSex f eG ;f vif; tvif;odjrifawmfral yaomaMumifv h nf;/ or®morÁKa'¨g? or®morÁK'¨rnf

cl
es
awmfrlay\/
es
m
ur
.b
68
w
w
w
£wdy?d þodvYk Qif p&Ptjym; wq,fih g;wnfh ok;H yg;ESpjf zm ÓPf0Zd mÆ wkEYd iS ahf umif;
pGm jynfhpkHawmfrlaomaMumifhvnf;/ 0dZÆmp&P orÜEé rnfawmfrlay\/
(v,fwD*kPfawmfzGifh)
t*Fvdyfjrefrm bmomjyef
pum;csD;ü qkcd ahJ omtwkid ;f þacwfü ody?HÜ wufcEkv d *dk sDEiS o
hf ufarG;0rf;ausmif;
ynm&yfwkdYonf EkdifiHjcm;rS jyefYESHYvmaomtcg xkdynmtusKd;udk cHpm;&avatmif uREkfyf
wdYk tm;xkwv f suf&MdS uonf/ ,aeYtzkYd xkyd nmrsm;udk t*Fvyd b f momrSwqifo h mvQif vuf
cH&&SdaeMuonf/ tem*wfwGif jyifopf? &k&S? *smreDpaombmompum;rsm;rSwqifh vuf
cH&,lp&m&So d nf/ odaYk omf ,ckrsufarSmuftwGuf t*Fvyd pf mudk tok;H rsm;aeMuí t*Fvyd f
jrefrmbmomjyefykHukdom tuJcyfMunfhp&m &Sdonf/

o'´genf;tm;jzifh MunfhvQif a&S;u qkdcJhaomtwkdif; ygVdouúwwkdYonf jrefrm
ESifheD;pyfonf/ odkYaomf t*FvdyfbmomrSm jrefrmESifha0;\/
þodkYa0;aomfjim;vnf; ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm twlwuG qufqHaygif;oif;vmMu
aomtcg xkdbmomESpf&yfonf tuRrf;w0ifjzpfvmMuonf/ þodkYtuRrf;w0ifjzpfvm
Muaomtcg t*Fvdyfpum;udk jrefrmvkd teufxifatmif xkwfazmfvmMu\/ ygVdouúw
udk jrefrmvkd jyef&mü okH;pGJaom enf;wkdYonf jrefrmwkdY\rlvenf;edosrsm;jzpfMuonf/ xkd
rlvenf;rS vS;D vTí J r&acs/ xkaYd Mumifh t*Fvyd rf S jrefrmodjYk yefq&dk mwGif txufü jyqkcd ahJ om
ygVdjrefrmjyef oabmoGm;twkdif;yif vkdufem&onf/ xkdYaMumifh tiger ukd usm;[k bmom
jyefonf/ odkYaomf a&'D,kdudk toHvS,fí a&'D,kd[kyif ,lavonf/ a&'D,kdukd toHvS,f
pOf rsm;pGm tcufrawG&Y acs/ odaYk omf exhaust udk toHv, S af omtcg tdyu f af qmh[tk oH
vS,v f Qif tzwf&vG,af wmhrnf r[kw/f xdaYk Mumifh tdwaf qmhjzpfvmonf/ þoabmoGm;
twkdif; odyÜHynma0g[m&rsm;udk toHvS,fvmMuaomtcg hydrogen udk [dkufN'dK*sif[l
í¤if;? cholorotheophyllinate udk uvkd&kdoD,kdzkdufvifedwf[lí¤if;? chromobacterium
rbefaciens udk cvkdrkdAufwD&D,rf&lADzmqDtif;[lí¤if;? calculus ukd umvukv[lí¤if;
a&;Muonf/ þodkY toHvS,fMuonfrSm jrefrma0g[m&oufoufjzifh a&;írjzpfaom
aMumif¤h if;? odyaHÜ 0g[m&twdtusxm;&S&d ef oifah omaMumif¤h if; jzpf\/ txl;ojzifh odyHÜ
a0g[m&onf t*Fvyd af 0g[m& r[kwaf wmhacs/ jyifopf? *smreD? &k&pS onfh wurÇmvk;H ESihf
om
.c
qkdifaoma0g[m& jzpfonf/ ,if;wkdYudk rlvtwkdif;xm;oifhaomaMumifh rlva0g[m&udk

ic
ss
a
toHvS,fjcif;jzpfonf[k a,bk,sqkdEkdifonf/
cl
es
ygVdrS jrefrmjyefpOfu ygVdw0uf jrefrmw0uf &SdouJhokdYyif t*FvdyfrS jrefrmjyef

es
m
ur
.b
69
w
w
w
&mwGiv f nf; jrefrmw0uf t*Fvyd w f 0uf &So
d nf/ jrefrmha0g[m&ESiu hf rÇmok;H odyaHÜ 0g[m&
udk a&maESmí okH;onfvnf; &Sdonf/ xkdYaMumifh achromatic telescope tufc&kdrufwpf t
a0;MunfhrSefajymif;[l í¤if;? decarbonization ukd umAGefy,fjcif;[lí¤if;? zinc oxide udk
oGyfatmufqkd'f[lí¤if; jyefqkdMuonf/
xkjYd yif rlva0g[m&udk qkv d adk om teuft"dygÜ ,furkd & &atmif wku d &f udk , f í
l bm
omjyefMuonfvnf; &Sd\/ þenf;jzifh Materialist Determinism onf &kyfy"me0g'? con-
veyor belt onf o,fywfBudK;? two-core cable onf 'Gdtleef;? cash flow onf aiGom;pD;
qif;rI[lí jzpfvmavonf/ wcgw&H wkduf&kduf jyefjcif;jzifh rvkHavmufaomtcg rl&if;
pum;t"dygÜ ,fukd zGií hf bmomjyef&onf/ O'g[&kPrf mS television udk t"dygÜ ,fziG ahf y;aom
oabmjzifh &kyfjrifoHMum;[k bmomjyefonf/ MuufOppfaq;jcif;ESifhqkdifaom candling
a0g[m&udk rD;a&mifjzifhppfaq;Munfh&Ijcif;[k bmomjyefonf/ wzefvnf; rl&if;pum;

qkdvkd&if;udk wkdif;&if;om;pum;jzifh t"dyÜg,fteD;pyfqkH; MuHqí bmomjyefonfvnf; &Sd
onf/ O'g[&kPftm;jzifh cement udk Advwfajr? camera obscura udktyfaygufur®&m bi-
nomial expression 'dGemr udef;wef;[k bmomjyefjcif;jzpfonf/ xkdYjyif cementation udk
olaY e&mESio hf v l udk í f wGq J ufjcif;[k bmomjyefonft h jyif Advwfajrudik jf cif;? umAGeo f iG ;f
jcif;[lívnf; bmomjyefonf/
,if;wkdYudk tcsKdYu t&yfom; em;rvnf[k qkdMuonf/ ynm&yftvkduf wDxGif
xm;aom a0g[m&wkdYudk t&yfom; em;rvnfEkdifyg/ uREkfyfwkdY wkdif;&if;om;bmompum;
jzifh AdaE¨mynm? eu©wfynm? aA'ifynmponfwkdYudk wwfuRrf;olwkdYu ajymMuqkdMuaom
tcg ,if;ynm&yfwu dYk kd ravhvmzl;aom t&yfom;onf em;vnfrnfr[kwyf g/ tbd"r®m
q&mrsm;u tm0ZÆef;? orÜ#dpädKef;? oEÅD&P? 0ka|m? aZm? w'g&kH[lí pdwftpOfudk ajymqkd
Muaomtcg uREkfyfwkdYomreft&yfolt&yfom;rsm;onf em;rvnfEkdifMuyg/ tbd"r®mudk
tbd"r®mq&mwku Yd tbd"r®ma0g[m&jzifh ajymqkMd uouJo h Ydk odyyHÜ nmudk odyyHÜ nm&Siw f uYdk
odyÜHa0g[m&jzifh ajymqkdMuvdrfhrnf/ pifppf odyÜHynma0g[m&rSm ,if;ynm&SifwkdY tvG,f
wul rSwfrdatmif oauFwtrSwftom;rsm;ESifhwlonf/ xkdYaMumifh tcsKdYu odyÜHa0g[m&
qkdonfrSm odyÜHvufa&;wkdyif jzpfonf[k ajymMuonf/
bmomjyefo\ l tvkyf
om
.c
ynm&Siw f Ydk olwt

Ydk csif;csif; ajymqko
d ;Hk pGaJ oma0g[m&udk t&yfot
l &yfom; em;
ic
ss
a
rvnfvQif? 0dZÆmodyÜHpaom ynmrsm;udk vlukHxH rnfokdYta&muf ay;ydkYEkdifygrnfenf;/ þ

cl
es
ar;cGef;ukd ar;Munfhvkdufaomtcg bmomjyefolwkdYtwGuf tvkyfay:vmygonf/ þpm

es
m
ur
.b
70
w
w
w
wef;tzkdY uRefawmfonf bmomjyefaqmif;yg;taMumif;udkom wifjy&ef &nf&G,faom

aMumifh bmomjyefaqmif;yg;a&;olwkdYtzkdY tvkyfwm0ef&SdvmNyD[k ajymqkdvkdygonf/ bm
omjyefaqmif;yg;a&;olonf 0dZÆm? odyÜH? wufcEkdvkd*sD? oufarG;0rf;ausmif;ynm&yfrsm;
EkdifiHjcm;pmayü &Sdaeonfudk jrefrmy&dowfvlxkxJodkY a&mufatmif aqmifMuOf;ay;&ef
wm0ef&Sdaeygonf/
a&S;OD;pGm bmomjyefoo l nf topftopf ay:vmaom a0g[m&wku Yd kd trsm;em;
vnfatmif &Si;f vif;jy&ayvdrrhf nf/ ,cktcg 0dZmÆ odyaHÜ 0g[m&wku Yd kd acwfEiS w hf ajy;wnf;
trSDvkdufae&aomaMumifh aeYpOfa0g[m&aygif; aomif;ajcmufaxmifrQ ay:aeonf/ odkY
aomf vlxkESifhtokH;wnfhaom a0g[m&rsm;um; toifhtwifhom &Sdygrnf/ vlxku rokH;
yJ raeEkdifaom a0g[m&rsm;udk a&S;OD;yxrbmomjyefolu vlxktm; rdwfqufay;&yg
rnf/ þodkYrdwfqufay;&ef wm0ef&Sdaejcif;aMumifh txufwGif ygVdrS bmomjyefykHESifh þ

acwf0Zd mÆ odypHÜ aom ynm&yfqidk &f m a0g[m&wku Yd kd bmomjyefyu
Hk kd ,SOjf ycJjh cif; jzpfygonf/
bmomjyef&mü tao;pdwfwkdYwGif a&S;acwfESifh,ckacwf uGJvGJcsif uGJvGJrnf/ odkYaomf t
&if;rlvwkdYüum; uGJvGJp&mr&Sdyg/ ,ckbmomjyefaeMuonfrSm a&S;acwfu EkdifiHjcm;bm
omrsm;udk jyefqkdaeMuonfESifh oabmoGm; twlwlyif jzpfygonf/
uRefawmfwYdk i,f&,
G pf Ofu wuúov kd af &mufrS trD;Am;[laom a0g[m&udk t"d-
yÜg,fo&d í taumiftxnfEiS w hf uG jrif&onf/ þacwf uRefawmfw\ Ydk om;orD;rsm;onf
trD;Am;udk uAsmzGJYí pyfaeMuNyD/ ,aeY uREkfyfwkdYtwGuf ]]pdrf;}}aeaom a0g[m&wkdYonf
tem*wfwGif &kd;oGm;ayrnf/ bmomjyefolwkdYu tajccHa0g[m&rsm;udk vlxkESifheD;pyf
atmif aqmifMuOf;ay;onfEiS t hf rQ tem*wfwiG f topfay:vmaom ynm&yfqidk &f m a0g
[m&tajccHwkdYudk trsm;u tuRrf;0ifvmMurnf jzpfonf/
pG,fpkHuRrf;usif&ef vkdjcif;
bmomjyefoo l nf rdr\ d bmompum;ESirhf rd u d bmomjyef&rnfb h mompum;ESpf
ckpvk;H udk uRrf;usif&ayvdrrhf nf/ þü uRrf;usifqo dk nfrmS xrif;pm;a&aomuf uRrf;usif
jcif;xuf ydkí uRrf;usifoifhygonf/ rdrdbmompum;udk rdrdrEkdifvQifvnf;aumif;? olw
yg; bmompum;udk rdrdrEkdifvQifvnf;aumif; bmomjyef&mwGif trSm;rSm;t,Gif;,Gif;
csnf; jzpf&ygvdrfhrnf/
om
.c
0dZmÆ odypHÜ aom ynm&yfwu Ydk kd bmomjyefaomtcg ygVdrS jrefrmvkd edosjyef jyefqdk
ic
ss
a
ír&yg/ tb,fah Mumifq h adk omf jrefrmwk\ Yd 0gus zGu

YJ ;Hk enf;ESit
hf *Fvyd w
f \
Ydk 0gus zGu
YJ ;Hk enf;
cl
es
onf reD;pyfjcif;aMumifh jzpfygonf/ xkdYaMumifh t*FvdyfrS jrefrmvkd wvkH;csif; t"dyÜg,f

es
m
ur
.b
71
w
w
w
vkH;aumufrsm;udk bmomjyefbdouJhokdY jyefvQif jrefrmwkdYrsm;pGm em;axG;bG,f&Sdygonf/
xkdYaMumifh bmomjyefolonf rdrdbmompum;\o'´gtokH;tEIH;? tD'D,rfrsm;udk ywfywf
eyfeyf uRrf;usifbo d uJo h Ykd olwyg;bmompum;\o'´g? tok;H tEIe;f ? tD', D rfrsm;udk uRrf;
usif&ygrnf/ wkdwkdajym&vQif ESpfbmomudk ykdifydkifEkdifEkdif wwfuRrf;&rnf[k qkd&ygrnf/
odaYk omf bmompum;ü uRrf;usif&EHk iS hf rjynfph yHk g/ rdrb d momjyefvadk om ynm&yf
udkvnf; uRrf;usif&ygrnf/ "mwkaA'? &lyaA'odyÜHbmomjyefolonf "mwkaA' &lyaA'
ynm&yfwkdYudk ESHYpyf&ygvdrfhrnf/ þüvnf; ,ckacwf "mwkaA' &lyaA'ynmudkom wzuf
owfwwfuRrf;ae&kHESifh rvkHavmufyg/ jrefrmrIü &SdESifhNyD;aom aq;usrf;"mwfusrf;wkdYukd
vnf; tajccHtm;jzifh wwfuRrf;oifhygonf/ jrefrmrIü&Sdaom yx0D? awaZm? tmayg?
0ga,m? r[mbkwfav;yg;wkdYudk tEkjrLzGJYpnf;ykHESifh,SOfí MunfhwwfvQif a0g[m&ESifht
aMumif;&yfEpS cf pk vk;H udk ydik yf ikd Ef idk Ef idk f jzpfvmygvdrrhf nf/ xkt d cg pG,pf o Hk abmaygufoo l nf
vlxktrsm;wkdY ydkifykdifEkdifEkdif em;vnfatmif &Sif;vif;í bmomjyefqkdEkdifp&mtaMumif; &Sd
vdrfhrnf/
rdrb d momjyefq&dk rnfh ynm&yfüvnf; ESpzf ufp, G pf u Hk Rrf;usif&rnfqadk omtcsuf
onf 0dZmÆ ynmESit hf usKH;0ifaom tEkynmpmayponfwu Ydk kd bmomjyefow l EYdk iS v
hf nf; ouf
qkdifygonf/ xkdynm&yfwkdYwGif ,Ofaus;rI"avhxkH;wrf;wkdYonf tajccHyifjzpfonf/ xkdY
aMumifh tEkynmqkdif&m taMumif;&yfudk EkdifiHjcm;rS ,lí bmomjyefvkdvQif EkdifiHjcm;tEk
ynm&yfudk ywfywfeyfeyf em;vnf&kHESifhrNyD;yg/ rdrd\wkdif;&if;om; tEkynm&yfudkvnf;
ywfywfeyfeyf em;vnf&ygrnf/ pmayqkdif&m ynmwkdYudk bmomjyef&mü olwyg;\,Of
aus;rI"avhx;Hk pHuv kd nf; em;rvnf? rdrEd idk if EH iS v hf rl sKd;\,Ofaus;rI"avhx;Hk pHuv kd nf; em;
rvnf/ tbd"mefwGif ay:vmaom pum;vkH;rsm;udk tajcwnfí edosjyefbdouJhodkY bm
omjyefvQif rdrad &;aompmudyk ifvQif rdrt d "dygÜ ,f razmfwwfavmufatmif aoGz&D UJG apmif;
oGm;Ekid yf gonf/ tvG,b f momjyefjcif;ESit hf vGbJ momjyefjcif;wkaYd Mumifh rMumcPtjiif;
yGm;cJhMuaom jyóemrsm; &SdcJhzl;ygonf/ þodkYjzpf&jcif;rSm rdrd\bmompum;udk rEkdif?
olwyg;\bmompum;udkvnf; rEkdif? rdrd\,Ofaus;rItajccHudk ruRrf;usif? olwyg;
,Ofaus;rItajccHudkvnf; ruRrf;usif? þtaMumif;wkdYaMumifhyif jzpfonf/
xkaYd Mumifh pD;yGm;a&;? vlraI &;? ,Ofaus;rIqidk &f mynm&yfwu Ydk jdk zpfap? ody?HÜ wufc
Edv
k *dk sD? oufarG;0rf;ausmif;qkid &f mynm&yfwjYdk zpfap bmomjyefaqmif;yg;&Siu f wifjy&ef
om
.c
&nf&, G v f Qif? rdrw

d ifjyaeaom aqmif;yg;\e,ferd w d af bmiftwGi;f ü&Sad om a0g[m&ESihf
ic
ass
taMumif;&yfEpS cf pk vk;H wGif uRrf;usifap&ef BudK;yrf;oifo h nf/ ,if;odu Yk Rrf;usifvQif a0g

cl
es
[m&wkdYudk em;vnfatmif &Sif;jywwfrnf/ pdwful;pdwfoef; tawG;tac:wkdYukd em;0if

es
m
ur
.b
72
w
w
w
atmif&Sif;jywwfrnf/ odkYrSomvQif bmomjyefaqmif;yg;onf tusKd;ay;Ekdifvdrfhrnf/

txufwGif ygVdrS jrefrmvkdjyef&mwGif edosenf;udk csJUxGifí tzGifh0PÖemoabm
bmomjyefyu Hk kd O'g[&kPaf y;cJo
h nf/ þO'g[&kPu f kd avhvmvQif t"dygÜ ,fziG q
hf adk y;aom
bmomjyefenf;onf vlxt k wGuf tvGet
f usKd;rsm;vdrrhf nf[k ,lqygonf/ t*Fvyd pf mü
paraphrase [kac:aomoabm&Sdonf/ cJcufaom uAsmudk t"dyÜg,fzGifhqdkay;NyD;vQif
pum;ajyjyefaom oabmjzpfygonf/ þoabmudk bmomjyefenf;ü tokH;jyKvQif vlxk
em;vnfvG,frItusKd;w&m; jzpfxGef;vmp&m &Sdygonf/
þuJhodkY tzGifh0PÖemenf;jzifh &Sif;vif;jyí bmomjyefoifhaom erlemESpf&yfudk
atmufwGif azmfjyxm;ygonf/
I knew that I had no lyrical quality. I had a small vocabulary...I had little gift
of metaphor; the original and striking simile seldom occurred to me. Poetic flights and
the great imaginative sweep were beyond my powers. I could admire their far-fetched
tropes and the usual but suggestive language in which they clothed their thoughts, but
my own invention never presented me with such embellishments; and I was tired of
trying to do what did not come easily to me.
-W.Somereset Maungham in
The Summing Up
txufwiG f pmvk;H apmif;jzifjh yxm;aom pum;&yfwu Ydk kd bmomjyefou l wku
d &f u
dk f
jyefqkday;&kHrQESifh t"dyÜg,fay:rnfr[kwfyg/ wkduf&kdufjyefqkdjyefvQifvnf; jrefrmhtawG;
ESifht*FvdyftawG; rwlMuí jrefrmem;wGif 0ifrnfr[kwfyg/ xkdtcg bmomjyefolonf
t"dygÜ ,ftzGiEhf iS bhf momjyef&if;? eD;pyfaom pum;vk;H rsm;udk wDxiG af y;&ef &Sad yvdrrhf nf/
Dr.Hugh Simpson points out that the samples of the astronaut's urine would
have provided priceless evidence about the biological rythm of the body. But the mate-
rial was dumped into space.
Daily rythms occour not only in the cycle of sleep and waking but also on the
molecular levels in the amounts of various chemicals produced throughout the day.
Little is known about the clock that sets the rythms, and some scientists have supposed
that influences as subtle as the earth's magnetic field may be involved. It is hard to
exclude such influences in the laboratory, which is why Apollo 8...would have pro-
vided unique opportunity to study the origin of biological clocks.
-Nature, Jan 11, 1969.
þaumufEkwfcsufüvnf; pmvkH;apmif;jzifhjyxm;aom a0g[m&wkdYudk jrefrmp
om
.c
um;tpm;xkd;í ay;vkduf&kHrQESifh udpöNyD;Edkifrnfr[kwfyg/ þaumufEkwfcsufwGif clock

ic
ss
a
qkad om a0g[m&udk owdjyKrdMuygvdrrhf nf/ ,if;udk em&D[k wku d &f u

dk jf yefvQif jrefrmwkt
dY zkYd
cl
es
em;axG;rnfqo dk nfukd trsm;yif od&MdS uEkid yf gonf/ yxrpmyk'd üf ygaom biological rythm
es
m
ur
.b
73
w
w
w
qkad ompum;udk aqmif;yg;&Siu
f 'kw,
d pmyk'd w
f iG f rodrom &Si;f vif;azmfjyxm;yku
H v dk nf;
avhvmMunfhMuapvkdonf/ þonfrSm pma&;&mü vdr®muRrf;usifaMumif; jyqkdygonf/
bmomjyefoo l nfvnf; bmomjyef&if;ESihf vdrm® uRrf;usifpmG rodrom &Si;f jyoGm;Ekid pf &m
taMumif;&Sdygonf/
,aeYtajctaeESit hf em*wftvm;tvm
bmomjyefaqmif;yg; wifjy&mü odyÜH? wufcEkdvkd*sD? oufarG;0rf;ausmif;ynm
&yfrsm; vsifjrefpGm wkd;wufvmykHudk pum;csD;ü ajymqkdcJhaomaMumifh ¤if;wkdYcsnf; ta&;
BuD;aeonf[k wzufwnf;udkom rjrifoifhyg/ ,ckacwfü tawG;tac: ajymif;vJjcif;
vnf; ta&;BuD;aeygonf/ xkdYaMumifh tawG;tac:ESifhywfoufí EdkifiHjcm;avmut
jrifrsm;onf aeYpOf vsifjrefpGm ul;pufvsuf&Sdaeonfudkvnf; qifjcifMu&ef &Sdygonf/

þtawG;tac:ydkif;ESifhpyfvsOf;í ajym&vQif wkdif;wyg;om;wkdY\EkdifiHa&;? pD;yGm;a&;?
vlrIa&;? ,Ofaus;rIponfwkdYü xdxda&mufa&muf avhvmí bmomjyefEkdifMurSom zwf&I
oly&dowfwo Ydk nf oabmw&m;udk vufawGEY iS n hf aD tmif tok;H csEkid Mf uNyD;vQif vufawGrY S
vnf; oabmw&m;wku Yd kd aumufEw
k í
f ,lwwfygrnf/ odrYk o S m jrefrmhajra& jrefrmhtajc
taeESifhukdufnDaom jrefrmh0g' jrefrmhvrf;pOf jrefrmhpHepfwkdY xGef;um;vmEkdifygrnf/ xkdY
aMumifh þacwfopftawG;tac: t,ltqydkif;qkdif&mwkdYwGif rSefrSefuefuef bmomjyef
EkdifaomtajcodkY a&mufatmif BudK;pm;Mu&ygOD;rnf/
a&S;,cifu Ekid if aH &;a0g[m&? pD;yGm;a&;? vlraI &;a0g[m&? 'óeduaA'a0g[m
&wkdYudk tvG,fbmomjyefcJhMujcif;aMumifh t"dyÜg,f taumufrSm;Edkifaomoabmudk uRef
awmfonf wifjyzl;ygonf/ ,ckþpmwef;ESifhtwl 1952-ck ZGefvxkwf aoG;aomufr*¾
Zif;wGif uRefawmfa&;om;cJhaom ]]bmomjyefjrefrmpum;}}aqmif;yg;udk aemufqufwGJ
tjzpf wifjyxm;ygonf/ xkad qmif;yg;udMk unfí h ,aeYrnfírnfrQ wk;d wufvmNyDqo dk nf
udk csifhcsdefEkdifMuygNyD/ t"dyÜg,fay:atmif ykHpHwckudk xkwfEkwfjyqkdygrnf/ a&S;,cifu
Dialectical Materialism udktEky#davmr&kyf0g'[k bmomjyefcJhonf/ ,if;udk rajyjypf
ao;[k uRefawmfapm'uwufczhJ ;l ygonf/ Dialectics qkad oma0g[m&udk t"dygÜ ,frad tmif
ajyjypfatmif bmomjyefay;Muyg&ef wkdufwGef;EId;aqmfcJhygonf/ ,cktcg Dialectical
Method udk tnrnenf; (0g) rZösdry#dy'genf;[k bmomjyefqkdvmMuNyD/ a&S;uESifhEIdif;
om
.c
pmvQif rsm;pGmwkd;wufvmonfudk awGYEkdifygrnf/

ic
ss
a
,cktcg Means of production udk ukefxkwft&if;tESD;? Instrument of produc-

cl
es
tions udk ukex f w k u

f &d,m? Production relations udk ukevf yk q
f ufqaH &;ponfjzifh a&S;,cif
es
m
ur
.b
74
w
w
w
uxuf ykdrkduspfvpfatmif? ydkrkdwdusatmif? ydkrdkí trSefESifheD;pyfatmif bmomjyefvmMu

onfudk awGYae&onf/ aqmif;yg;bmomjyefolwkdYonf 0dZÆmodyÜHbmom&yfrsm;udk ,aeY
wnDwnmwnf; jzpfatmif BudK;pm;í bmomjyefaeMuonfudk avhvmMu&ef &Sdygonf/
,cktcg bmomjyefXmersm;? okawoetzGJYtpnf;rsm; ponfwkYdrSm wuúodkvfüvnf; &Sd
onf/ tpkd;&Xmeqkdif&mwkdYüvnf; &Sdonf/ jrefrmhqkd&S,fvpfvrf;pOfygwDüvnf; &Sdonf/
¤if;XmetoD;oD;wkdYrS bmomjyefqkdykHudk bmomjyefaqmif;yg;&Sifrsm;u avhvmoGm;Muyg
vQif bmomjyefykHjyefenf; wkd;wufaumif;rGefvmrnf trSefjzpfygonf/
,ck uRefawmfwb Ydk momjyef pmayES;D aESmzvS,yf JG usif;ycku
d w
f iG f tmumo,mOf
apvTwjf cif;qkid &f m a0g[m&aygif;rsm;pGmwkYd ay:aygufaeygNyD/ ,if;wku Yd kd owif;pmq&m
rsm;u yxrOD;pGmMuKHawGYí bmomjyefvsuf &SdaeMuonf/ O'g[&kPfjy&vQif Service
Propulsion System, Lunar Excursion Module, Lunar Orbit Insertion, Extravehicular

Activities, Pericynthion, Apocynthion, Mascons paoma0g[m&wkdYudk wDxGifvsuf &Sdae
MuygNyD/ wufcEkdvkd*sD wkd;wufrI&SdonfESifhtrQ a0g[m&rsKd;pkHwkdY ay:vmygOD;rnf/ tawG;
tac: tajrmftjrif &ifhoefvmonfESifhtrQ a0g[m&rsKd;pkHwkdY ay:vmygOD;rnf/
1868-ckEpS w f iG f artd*sDb&k ifonf *syefEidk if u
H kd yxrOD;pGm pnf;&k;H onf/ þonf
rSpí *syefb&k ifonf Ekid if t H oD;oD;odYk ynmoifapvTwNf yD;vQif taemufwidk ;f ynm&yfrsm;
ukd *syefbmomjyefqkdapcJhonf/ uREkfyfwkdYEkdifiHwGif rif;wkef;rif;w&m;acwfu ynmoif
rsm; apvTwfí taemufwkdif;ynm&yfrsm;udk bmomjyef&ef BudK;yrf;cJhaom oabmoGm;
twkid ;f jzpfonf/
okdYaomf pifppf *syefwkdY\ynma&;orkdif;udk jyefMunfhvQif *syefwkdYonf 1756-
ckESpfü taemufEkdifiHaq;ynmausmif;udk wnfaxmifcJhonf/ 1811-ckESpfwGif EkdifiHjcm;
pmayrsm;ukd bmomjyef&ef XmewnfaxmifzGifhvSpfcJhonf/ artd*sDbk&ifvufxufa&muf
aomtcg ,if;uJhodkY uvva&Munf wnfcJhaom bmomjyefvkyfief;onf ydkrkdBuD;rm;wkd;
wufvmonf/ ,aeYwkdifatmifyif *syefEdkifiH bmomjyefvkyfief;onf tBuD;tus,fwkd;
wufaeonf/ odkY&mwGif ,aeYtzkYd&mü &k&SEkdifiHonf *syefEkdifiHxuf rsm;pGm wkd;wufus,f
0ef;BuD;rm;aom bmomjyefXmeudk xlaxmifNyD; jzpfonf/ tem*wfwGif uREkfyfwkdYEkdifiHü
bmomjyefjcif;onf wkid ;f jyKjynfjyK vkyif ef;wckjzpfvmvdrrhf nf/ tem*wfukd ajr§mí f ,aeY
yif jyifqifoifhonf[k xifjrifygonf/ bmomjyefaqmif;yg;&Sifrsm;rS tpjyKí tjcm;
om
bmomjyefock rdew f Ydk tm;vk;H yg rdrw

d \Ydk uRrf;usifru
I kd ajymifajrmufonfxuf ajymifajrmuf
.c
ic
ss
atmif BudK;pm;MuygvQif tem*wftwGuf BudKwifjyifqif&ma&mufygonf/

a
cl
es
es
m
ur
.b
75
w
w
w
bmomjyef jrefrmpum;
armifxif
jrefrmbmomudk &kH;okH;[lí jy|mef;vkdufonfESifhwNydKifeuf vltrsm;onf jrefrm

pmta&;BuD;vmykHudk tm&kHapmrdvmMuonf/
od&Yk mwGif t*Fvyd pf mudk ok;H avho;Hk x&Sad om wkid ;f &if;om;wkEYd iS hf jrefrmpmudk rwwf
uRrf;aom EkdifiHawmfom;tjzpf cH,lMuolwkdYum; csLoHygavmufatmif nnf;wGm;Muay
vdrrhf nf/ tcsKdu Y m; nnf;wGm;&krH QESirhf NyD;ao;bJ urÇmok;H t*Fvyd pf mudk jrefrmpmESit hf pm;
xkd;í rjzpfEkdif[laomtaMumif;jycsufjzifh ESmacgif;&IHUMuonfvnf; &Sd\/
xkEd mS acgif;&IUH Muonfukd oabmw&m;em;rvnfow l uYdk a,mif0g;0g;jzifh [kwv f S
NyD[k rSwfaumif;rSwfMuayvdrfhrnf/ urÇmokH;t*Fvdyfpm\ynmwefzkd;udk em;rvnfolu

vnf; t*FvdyfpmwwfwkdYudk tjyeftvSefESmacgif;&IHUí jrefrmpmudk rSDum rmefrmew&m;
rsm; 0ifojzifh ynmrsufpd pkHvkH;uef;jcif;b0okdY usa&mufMuayvdrfhrnf/
uREkfyf\&nf&G,fcsufum; acwfESifhEIdif;,SOfí ay:vmaomjyóemwkdYudk ,xm
blwusatmif qifjcifokH;oyfEkdifMuapjcif;iSm taMumif;jcif;&mwkdY\rlvblwudk EIdufjy
&ef jzpfonf/
jynfaxmifpjk refrmEkid if \H ta&;t&m [lorQü jrefrmpmonf t"dujzpfap&rnf/
þtcsufonf obm0w¬usaomtcsufjzpfonf/ odkYaomf jrefrmpum;\tvm;tvm
onf acwfrSDurÇmokH;bmompum;wkdYESifh,SOfEkdifoavm? Oyrm *DwESifhpyfvsOf;aom a0g
[m&rsm;onf £wvDbmompum;uJhodkY jrefrmpum;ü <u,f0yg\avm/ *smrefbmom
pum;üuJo h aYkd om aq;ynmESiphf yfvsOf;aom a0g[m&rsm; <u,f0yg\avm/ r*"bmom
pum;üuJhodkY y&rw¬t&mESifhpyfvsOf;aom a0g[m&rsm; <u,f0yg\avm/ vufwifESifh
*&dwfbmompum;rsm;üuJhodkY avmu"mwfynmESifh pyfvsOf;aom a0g[m&rsm; <u,f0yg
\avm/
,if;odaYk r;onf&adS omf ajz&efcufonf/ odaYk omf xkad r;cGe;f wküdY Zmwday:aeonf
xkad y:aeaom ZmwdrmS tjcm;r[kw?f £wvDbmomü *Dwqkid &f ma0g[m&rsm; <u,f0\/
odkYaomf tjcm;ynm&yfqkdif&m a0g[m&wkdY <u,f0onf[k rqkdEkdif/ þoabmtwkdif; *sm
refbmom? *&dwfbmom? r*"bmom? vufwifbmomwkdYüvnf; vlrsKd;ESifhwkdif;jynft
om
.c
vku d f oef&moef&m ynmwkt Yd wGuf a0g[m&rsm;<u,f0apumrl tjcm;EkeeYf aJ om ynm&yf

ic
ss
a
wkdYtwGuf a0g[m&rsm;rSm acgif;yg;vsuf &Sdrnf[k pdwfcspGm ,kHMunfEkdifayonf/

cl
es
bmompum;[lonfudk bk&m;u zefqif;ay;onfr[kw/f vlEiS v hf \

l ywf0ef;usif
es
m
ur
.b
76
w
w
w
u wDxiG af y;jcif;rQom jzpfonf/ odjYk zpfíavmuü rnfonfb h mompum;udrk Q ukv H <Hk u,f
0NyD[k rqkdpaumif;/
xkaYd Mumifh jrefrmpum;onf acwfywf0ef;usif\tajctaeudv k u dk íf tvm;t
vm&Sdayonf/ jynfhpkH<u,f0NyD[líum; rqkdom/ odkYaomf a&SUtzkdYü wkd;wufrnfhtvm;t
vm rsm;pGm&Sdaeonfudk þaqmif;yg;jzifh rus,frusOf; jyvkdayonf/
bmompum;w&yfü ywf0ef;usif\aphaqmfrI wkdufwGef;rIponfwkdY r&SdvQif a0g
[m&onf rwk;d yGm;/ MumvQif xkb d mompum;wko Yd nf toufuif;aom(0g)aooGm;aom
bmompum;omvQifjzpf&rnf/ Oyrm ygVdbmomudkMunfh/ xkdbmompum;udk tokH;enf;
vmcJhonfhtavsmuf þacwf\pufrIvufrI ,Ofaus;rIqkdif&m pum;rsm;udk xkdbmomü
&SmazGívnf;rawGYEkdif/ xkdbmompum;jzifh topfxGifívnf; pHepfrus/ odkYaomf ,aeY
wkdif urÇmt&yf&yfü okH;pGJvsuf&Sdaom t*Fvdyfbmom? jyifopfbmom? *smrefbmomwkdYü

um; trsKd;rsKd;aom a0g[m&wkdY <u,f0vmcJhavNyD/ uREkfyfwkdYonf &k&Sm;vlrsKd;wkdY\qvAf
bmoEÅ& (Slavonic Language) wkdY ruRrf;usifaomaMumifh xkdbmompum;wkdY\twdrf
teufudk rrSef;qEkdifacs/ odkYaomf acwfay:EkdifiHa&;0g' toD;oD;qkdif&m a0g[m&rsm;
um; rkcs xkdbmompum;wkdYü <u,f0vsuf &Sdayvdrfhrnf[k rSef;qEkdifayonf/
tu,fí yx0D0if taetxm;t& jrefrmEkdifiHonf vlolraygufa&mufaom
awmiftmz&dua'oü wnf&SdcJhygrl tdE´d,? w&kyf? ,kd;',m;? rav;? t*Fvdyf? ay:wl*D?
jyifopf? tar&dueftp&Sad om Ekid if w H EYdk iS t
hf quftoG,f uif;rJ&h ayvdrrhf nf/ þodjYk zpfvQif
odrf[laompum;? vHjcm;[laompum;? z&if;csm;[laompum;? ygwdwf[laompum;? yg
vDref[al ompum;? b&if*sD[al ompum;? blZmG [laompum;? Ekid v f eG [
f al ompum;wkYd ywf
0ef;usifrS aphaqmfwkdufwGef;csufwkdY uif;rJhaom jrefrma0g[m&e,fy,fxJü &SmíawGYEkdif
rnfr[kwf/ xkdYjyif ,if;EkdifiHjcm;om;wkdY\ ,Ofaus;rItpkpkwkdYESifhqufoG,fjcif;uif;aom
aMumifh pmay? *DwtEkynm? Adou k mynm? avmu"mwfynm? Ekid if aH &;ynm? vlraI &;ynm
pufrIvufrIynmponfh ynmtpkpkwkdYrS wqifhcH&tyfaom a0g[m&wkYd <u,f0jcif;uif;rJh
vsuf &Sdayvdrfhrnf/ ,aeY uREkfyfwkdYaeYpOf okH;pGJaeaom a0g[m&wkdYudk jyefvnfpdppfvQif
acwftavsmuf <u,f0vmonfudk awGYEkdifayonf/
jrefrmrIvu dk pf m;olwt
Ydk zkYd ,aeYjyKvkyzf , G w f m0efrmS xk<d u,f0rIwu Ydk kd wwfEidk of rQ
acwfESifhnDaom jynfhpkHrIjzpfatmif BudK;pm;&bdkYjzpfonf/
om
.c
,if;odkYaeYpOfESifhtrQ ywf0ef;usif\aphaqmfjcif;udk cHae&aomuREkfyfwkdY\bm

ic
ss
a
ompum;&yfrsm;rSm acwftvkduf rnfokdYajymif;vJvmykHudk uREkfyf t>rufrQ jyqkdygrnf/

cl
es
jrefrmwkdYonf ouú&mZf 1247-ckESpfrSpí olwyg;vufatmufcHjzpfcJh&onf/ okdY

es
m
ur
.b
77
w
w
w
aomf vufatmufcHb0ü wif;wdrfa&mifh&Jum raeMu/ tpOfojzifh vIyf&Sm;cJhMuonf/
odkYjzpfí EkdifiHa&;BudK;yrf;rIwkdYwGif tEkdifEkdifiH\EkdifiHa&;tawG;tac:? t,l0g'? vkyfief;
pOfponfwkdYudk avhvmcJhMuonf/ pifppf EkdifiHa&;rsufpd yGifhcJhonfrSm NAdwdoQwkdY\zdESdyfrI
ESi&hf ifqidk cf &hJ onfah eYrpS í yGichf o hJ nf/ odaYk omf orkid ;f \tvku d kd axmuf&v I Qif Ekid if aH &;BudK;
yrf;rIwGif awmfvSefa&;vrf;pudk jrifcJhonfhtavsmuf yxrOD;pGm vkHYvxkwfolrSm a,mt
wGif;0efOD;vIdif[lí aESmif;vlwkdYtodrsm;aom a&Tjynf0efjzpfavonf/
a&Tjynf0efonf &mZ"r®o*F[usrf;wapmifjzifh toufO;D qHyikd b f &k ifpeH pfudk awmf
vSefí Constitutional Manarchy [kac:aomOya't& pD&iftkyfcsKyfonfh bk&ifhpepfudk
MuHaqmifojl zpf\/ ¤if;\acwfwiG f Ekid if aH &;t& NAdwo d QwkEYd iS u hf ;l vl;qufq&H onfjzpf&m
EkdifiHa&;tawG;tac:wkdYESifhpyfvsOf;í NAdwdoQpHepfrsm;udk jrefrmtoGifodkYajymif;&ef MuH
aqmifcJhonf/ odkYaomf a&Tjynf0ef\acwfonf eef;wGif;EkdifiHa&;0JMoCrS vGwfajrmufEkdif

aom acwfr[kwfao;aomaMumifh jrefrmha0g[m&wGif ygvDrif[laomtokH;tEIef;onf
omvQif aumif;pGm wGifus,fcJhayonf/
a&Tjynf0efonf NAdwo d Qtkycf sKyfa&;rS txufvw T af wmfw\ Ydk oabmudk jrefrmqH
qH þodkYnTefjycJhonf/
1/ EkdifiHwGif NrdKUaus;&GmvlwkdYu oabmwlay;onfhvlBuD;pkwoif;/
2/ t&kd;tpOftwkdif;vmaom rSL;rwfpkwoif;/
,aeY uREkfyfwkdYu jynfolYvTwfawmf[lí¤if;? vlrsKd;pkvTwfawmf[lí¤if; ac:a0:
aom 'Dru dk a&pDtyk cf sKyfa&;tajccHtw k jf rpfwu
Ydk kd ouú&mZf 1240-jynfEh pS w f iG f a&Tjynf0ef
u vlBuD;pk[lí¤if;? rSL;rwfpk[lí¤if; bmomjyefqkdcJhavonf/
uREkyf w
f o
Ydk nf ouú&mZf 1240-jynfEh pS üf a&Tjynf0ef&nfreS ;f cJah om yef;wkid o f Ykd ESpf
aygif; 69-ESpfMumí ouú&mZf 1319-ckESpfukefqkH;umeD;rS a&mufcJh&ayonf/
þ 69-ESpt f wGi;f uREkyf w f Ykd tNidraf ecJ/h ,ckumvtac:t& vIy&f mS ;rIBuD;w&yf
udk zefw;D &ef BudK;pm;cJMh uonf/ txl;ojzifh ouú&mZf 1282-ywf0ef;usifavmufü uREkyf f
wk\ Yd Ekid if aH &;pdw"f mwfwo Ydk nf Ek;d Mum;x<uvmcJo h nf/ Ekid if aH &;ESiq hf idk &f m a0g[m&wko Yd nf
wjznf;jznf; wkd;yGm;vmcJhavonf/ ygvDrif[laom pum;udk wGifwGifokH;wwfNyD/ txuf
vTwaf wmf? atmufvw T af wmf? Oya'jyKvTwaf wmf? [kr&® ;l ? 'kid t f mcD? ua&mif;udv k edk [ D al om
pum;wko Yd nf jrefrma0g[m&xJoYkd 0ifa&mufum jrefrmEkid if aH wmfom;tjzpfoYkd cH,pl jyKvm
om
.c
cJhavNyD/ a&S;a&S;u vTwfawmfodkYwifí twnfjyKjcif;udk cH,l&aom ynwfcsufwkdYudk om

ic
ass
reftm;jzifh bD[líac:onf/ t*Fvdyfpum; bill udkjrefrmZmwfoGif;jcif;jzpfonf/ aemif

cl
es
aomtcg Oya'jyKvTwfawmfay:vmaomtcg bDudk Oya'Murf;[k jrefrmqHqH ac:a0:

es
m
ur
.b
78
w
w
w
ok;H pGv
J mMuonf/ c&mZfEpS f 1922-ckEpS af vmufwiG f tdE, d´ jynf\acgif;aqmif r[wår*E´D
onf NAdwdoQtpkd;&ESifhrqufqHa&;? ryl;aygif;a&;0g'jzifh tdE´d,vGwfvyfa&;wkdufyGJqif
ETaJ ecsdejf zpfonf/ b*Fvm;yifv,fatmf\þrSmbufurf;ü&Sad omjrefrmwko Yd nf b*Fvm;
yifv,fatmf xkdrSmbufurf;rS &kdufvmaom *,uf\t&Sdefudk ,lí *E´DBuD;\0g'udk usifh
okH;&ef vIHYaqmfpjyKvmavonf/ xkdtcsdefü ynmhtvif;r*¾Zif;onf EkdifiHEkd;Mum;rIwkdYudk
ol&, d tp&Sad om tjcm;owif;pm*sme,fr*¾Zif;wkEYd iS t hf wlwuG vIaYH qmfay;vsuf&o dS nf/
xkdpOfu *E´DBuD;\tpkd;&ESifhryl;aygif;a&;0g'udk jrefrmqHqHrQyifvQif t"dyÜm,frjyefMu
ao;/ xkd0g'udk non-cooperation [laom t*Fvdyfpum;twkdif;vkdufí NyD;pvG,fac:cJhMu
onf/ 1922-ckESpf {NyDvxkwf ynmhtvif;r*¾Zif;ü eef;udk atmfya&;&Sif;ta&;awmfykH
pmtkyfudk tzkd;aiG 1d-*JjzifhaMumfjimcJh&m xkdacwf EkdfifiHa&;orm;wkdYonf xkdpmtkyfudk vuf
pGJtjzpfjzifh okH;cJhMu&ayonf/
umva&GUvsm;vmaomtcg eef;udak tmfya&;&Si;f [laomtok;H tEIe;f onf vk;H
0aysmufuG,foGm;\/ ,cktcgüum; udkatmfya&;&Sif;udk jrefrmqHqH yl;aygif;aqmif&Guf
a&;[k okH;EIef;vsuf &SdacsNyD/ okdYaomf cooperation [laompum;ESifh consumer [laom
pum;wkdYrS ET,fvmaom pm;okH;ol or0g,rqkdifrsm;udk vrf;ay:rS vlxkonfyifvQif uGef
udk;[k ac:wwfvmNyDjzpfav&m þwGif jrefrmpum;wvkH; wkd;vmjcif;jzpf\[k qkdEkdifav
onf/
c&mZfESpf 1940-rSpí ,aeYtxd ay:aygufaeaom jrefrmEkdifiH\EkdifiHa&;vIyf
&Sm;rIrSm &mZ0ifwGif armfuGef;wiftyfaom vIyf&Sm;rIBuD;w&yf jzpfonf/ xkdacwf\a&SU
ajy;jzpfaom 1930-40 tMum;wGif wk;d wufaom tpdyt f ydik ;f qko
d w l Ydk vIy&f mS ;p jyKcJoh nf/
pifppfw;dk wufaom tpdyt f ydik ;f t&rSm t*Fvyd b f momudk wku d &f ukd bf momjyefenf;jzifh wD
xGiaf ompum;vk;H jzpfonf/ progressive elements [laomt*Fvyd pf m\teufukd rxifol
wkdYtzkdY a,mifcsmcsm jzpfzG,f&Sd\/ ,cktoHk;rsm;aeNyDjzpfaomaMumifhom tjypfr&Sdaom
jrefrma0g[m&taeESifh vlxku vufcHaejcif; jzpfonf/ okdYaomf 1930-avmufu xkd
pum;t"dyÜm,fudk wkdwkdESifh c&D;a&mufatmif wufvl[k ac:cJhMubl;onf/
awmfvSefa&;udk yPmrysKd;cJhaom 1930-40 acwfü wufvlwkdYonf rmhcfpf\o
abmw&m;wkdYudk vufcHpjyKvmavonf/ jrefrmbmomü EkdifiHa&;ESifhqkdif&m a0g[m&wkdY
<u,f0atmif aphaqmfay;onfum; rmhcpf \ f 0g'jzpfonf/ xkad phaqmfay;csufukd vufcí H
om
.c
EkdifiHa&;a0g[m&opfwkdY wDxGifolum; ocifpkd; jzpfonf/

ic
ass
yk*¾KdvfpGJtm;jzifh ajymqdk&ef uREkfyftm; tcGifhay;vQif uREkfyfonf ocifpkd;\a0g

cl
es
[m&wDxiG jf cif;wku Yd kd vk;H 0OókH vufrcHEidk [f k qk&d rnfjzpf\/ odaYk omf "r®m"d|meft&qkv d Qif
es
m
ur
.b
79
w
w
w
wDxGifol rnfolrqkd tpyxrwDxGif&mü pdwful;wnfh&m jyKvkyfMu&ayvdrfhrnf/ ,if;odkY
rS aqmif&GufcJhaomowåd r&SdjyefygvQifvnf; uREkfyfwkdY\a0g[m&tokH;tEIef;wkdYonf t
oufaysmuf&ayvdrfhrnf/
ocifp;dk ESit
hf wl ¤if;\xufatmufywf0ef;usifüwnfaom rmhcpf 0f g'Dwo Ydk nf t
&if;&Sif? "e&Sif? ajr&Sif? "e&Sifaygufp? ta&;awmfykH? awmfvSefa&;? vlwef;pm;? ypönf;rJh
vlwef;pm;? azmufjyefa&;? wefjyefa&;? tEky#davmr&kyf0g'paom a0g[m&wkdYudk wDxGif
Muavonf/ wDxGifqkd&mü pum;a[mif;wkdYudk jyefvnftoufoGif;onfvnf; &Sd\/
Revolution [laompum;udk ta&;awmfykH[k ocifAaomif;u qDavsmfatmif
trnfay;onf/ ¤if;aemuf wqifw h qifh wufí awmfveS af &;[laompum;odYk a&mufvm
cJo
h nf/ pifppfawmfveS af &;[laom teuft"dymÜ ,fudk jrefrmqHow l u Ydk umjyefted|m&kEH iS hf
wGJíem;vnfavh&Sdonf/ xkdYaMumifh vuf&SdEkdifiHa&;acgif;aqmiftcsKdYu awmfvSefjyKjyif

ajymif;vJa&;[laom pum;udk ykdíESpfcsKdufMuonf/ odkYaomf awmfvSefa&;[laompum;
udk vltrsm;wkdY EIwfusKd;aeayNyD/ proletariat [laompum;udk rlvu qif;&Jom;[k teuf
jyefonf/ odkYaomf ydkrkdaphpyfaocsmatmif ypönf;rJhtvkyform; vlwef;pm;[k ac:Mujyef
onf/ ,cktcg ypönf;rJhvlwef;pm;[lí wGifwGifokH;vsuf &Sdacsonf/
Movement udk wkduf&kdufbmomjyefpepfjzifh vIyf&Sm;rI[k qkdavonf/ odkYaomf &m
Z0ifaMumif;t& vIy&f mS ;rIw&yf ay:aygufvmwkid ;f ta&;awmfyaHk y:vmNyD[k qkad vh&MdS u
onf/ odkYaomf pum;qkdonfrSm trsm;u vufcHvQif trSm;udkyif trSef[lívnf; qkdEkdif
ayonf/ ynwf\oabm[lonfrSm y&rw¬opömr[kwfacs/
Oyrm ygVdbmomü [oFm[kac:aom iSufonf 0rf;bJwrsKd;jzpfonf/ odkYaomf
a&S;vlBuD;wkYdu puú0ufiSufudk [oFm[k teufjyefay;Muonf/ xkdpuú0ufESifh0rf;bJjyó
emudk a,mtwGif;0efOD;vIdifonfyifvQif rif;wkef; oDaygacwfü ajz&Sif;cJh&bl;onf/
Dialectical Materialism tEky#davmr&kyf0g'[k bmomjyefcJhonfrSm ygVdqHvS
onf/ odaYk omf o'´genf;t& rSeu f efaomtok;H tEIe;f vnf; r[kw/f xkaYd Mumifh xkpd um;ukd
ydkrkdwdusrSefuefatmif a&S;vlESifhwufvlwkdYu BudK;pm;í MuHqqJjzpfonf/ odkYaomf ,aeY
wkid af tmif ocifp;kd \a0g[m&ysufudk awmfveS Ef idk o
f l rxGuaf y:vmao;acs/ pifppf "r®m
"d|meftm;jzifh ynmukd ckHrifjrwfEkd;olwkdYonf rmhcfpfpmaywkdYudk tvGJvGJtrSm;rSm; bmom
jyefjcif;udpöü ydkrkdoefYpifatmif jyKvkyfay;oifhonf/ bmomjyefrSm;vQif oabmrSm;vdrfh
om
.c
rnf/ oabmrSm;vQif t,lrmS ;vdrrhf nf/ Ekid if aH &;t,lrmS ;olwrYdk mS Ekid if aH &;'d|o
d mvQifjzpf
ic
ass
&acsawmhrnf/
cl
es
Dialectics qkdonfrSm wuúe,wrsKd;jzpfonf/ twGif;rStjyif? tjyifrStwGif;

es
m
ur
.b
80
w
w
w
tEkvkH y#dvkH pkefcsnf qefcsnf okH;oyfaomavm*spfenf;wnf;/ þenf;udk usrf;*eft&m

ü ESpYH yfow l o Ydk nf awGb Y ;l Muayvdrrhf nf/ xkyd *k K¾ v d w f o Ydk nf ,if; dialectics [laom a0g[m&
udk jrefrmZmwfoGif;ay;&ef pdwf0ifpm;MuygvQif tEky#davmr &kyf0g'[laom pum;xuf
ajyjypfí av;eufaom a0g[m&udk awGYEkdifMuayvdrfhrnf/
EkdifiHjcm;a0g[m&wkdYudk jrefrmjyefMu&mü bmomjyefolonf rl&if;a0g[m&\t
euft"dyÜm,fudk odk;um oDumrQom oabmaygufNyD;vQif rdrd\bmompum;&yfqkdif&m
a0g[m&udv k nf; rEkid af vaomaMumifh wkw d Edk iS t hf "dymÜ ,fjynfph aHk om pum;wku Yd kd rMuHqEkid f
Muacs/ tpü ,if;odkYjzpfapumrl aESmif;vlwkdYu jyefvnfjyifqifae&mcsxm;jcif;jyKMu
vQif trSefESifhydkrkdeD;pyfí vmpNrJjzpfonf/
Oyrm &JabmfcspfMunfu Scientific theory of society udk pHepfusaomavmu"mwf
bkH0g'[k qkdonf/ ,if;pum;\qkdvkd&if;um; avmu\obm0w¬udk wdusrSefuefpGm okH;

oyfaom oabmjzpfonf/ Scientific view of the world rSm avmuudk ynmtjrifESifh&I
jcif;jzpfonf/ xkdYjyif &JabmfcspfMunfuyifvQif subjective attitude ukd yk*¾vm"d|meftay:
,HpdwfqE´jzpfrIESifhqkdifaom oabmxm;[lí bmomjyefonf/ subjective \oabmrSm
ouúm,ESifhcGgr&aomoabm jzpfacsonf/
,cifu Sectarianism udk *kdPf;0g'[k bmomjyefMuonf/ uREkfyfum; xkda0g[m&
twGuf a&S;jrefrmwkYd avmueDwEd iS t hf jcm;eDwu d srf;wküYd ok;H pGcJ ahJ om oif;cG[ J al ompum;
udk ydkrkdESpfoufonf/ xkdYaMumifh xkdpum;a[mif;udk jyefazmf&eftwGuf wESpftwGif; Nidrf;
csrf;a&;aumifpv D yk if ef;wGif yg0ifaqmif&u G Mf uolwt Ykd m; wku
d w
f eG ;f cJ&h m oif;cGpJ w d ?f oif;
cGJ0g'[laoma0g[m&rSm jyefvnftouf0ifvmcJhavonf/
rsm;aomtm;jzifh Edik if aH &;0g'Dorm;wko Yd nf a0g[m&wck\twdrt f eufukd pdwf
&Sn&f n S jf zifh rMuHqtm;bJ vlxx k H a&mufapvkad omaZmjzifh vk;H aphygXfaph wku d &f u dk b f mom
jyefaomenf;udk okH;pGJoGm;Muonf rsm;ayonf/ xkdYaMumifh surplus value rSm tpGef;xGuf
wefzkd; jzpfvmonf/ xkdedosudk vkdufí a0g[m&ruRrf;usifolwkdYonf witch hunt pkef;&Sm
azGjcif;? spy-glass olvQKdrSefajymif;? David Copperfield a';Apf\aMu;eDv,fjyifpojzifh
wku d &f u
dk bf momjyefMuí uarmufur jzpfMuonfvnf; &Sad o;onf/ txl;ojzifh t*Fvyd f
tokH;tEIef; idioms rsm;udk jrefrmvkd wkduf&kdufjyefavh&Sd&m pmayonf vlxkESifhqufpyf&
rnf[al om aqmify'k u f kd a<u;aMumfMuoltcsKdw Y o Ydk nfyifvQif vlxEk iS u hf if;uGmaomtok;H
om
.c
tEIef;wkdYudk okH;EIef;Muavonf/
ic
ass
od&Yk mwGif uREkyf w f Ydk pdwyf sufoifoh nf r[kwaf cs/ umvonf zGEJ iS q hf efuw JG uYdk kd qef
cl
es
&if;om;rS xkwfy,fypfvdrfhrnf/
es
m
ur
.b
81
w
w
w
From above and from below tactics [laom Xmefu&kdPf;rusonfh t*FvdyftokH;
tEIef;onf qkdAD,ufEkdifiHa&;a0g[m&rS oufqif;vmcJhonfwGif jrefrmtoGifü twGif;
tjyifwkdufenf;y&d,m,f[lí jzpfvmcJhavonf/ Absolute idea udk y&rw¬0dnmOfawmf[k
bmomjyefonf/ þbmomjyefenf;rsKd;rSm 'k&if;t"dymÜ ,fEiS t hf vSr;f a0;aom bmomjyef
enf;jzpfonf/
odkY&mwGif Utopian dreams udkpdwful;,Oftdyfruf[lí¤if;? diametrically oppo-
site ukd ajzmifhajzmifhBuD; qefYusif[lí¤if;? dogma udk w&m;ao[lí¤if;? counter-revolu-
tion ukd wefjyefa&;[lí¤if; wufvlwkdY bmomjyefMuykHrSm a&S;vlwkdYu The king can do no
wrong. uk]d ]bk&ifb h ek ;f vIid f rrSm;Ekid }f }[laom bmomjyefonfeh nf;wl pdwu f ;l ,Ofygayonf
[k csD;rGrf;vkdayonf/
Capital udk ,cifacwfu "e[lí teufjyefMuonf/ uREkfyfrSwfrdonfum ocif

baomif;onf abm*aA'usrf;i,fwckukd jrefrmEkid if H bmomjyefXme\pmwapmiftae
ESib hf momjyefaomtcg jrefrmpum; &k;d &k;d jzpfaom t&if;&Si[ f al ompum;udk jyefvnfxw k f
azmfo;Hk pGcJ ohJ nf/ xko d nfrt S pjyKí t&if;&Si[ f al ompum;udk vlwu Ydk ykí
d vufcv H monf
udk awGY&onf/
EkdifiHa&;[lonf pD;yGm;a&;ESifhqufpyfonf/ EkdifiHa&;Ekd;Mum;rI&SdvQif pD;yGm;a&;
Ek;d Mum;rI &Sv d m&rnf/ odaYk omf NAdwo d Q\avmif;&dyaf tmufwiG f wkid ;f &if;om;\pD;yGm;a&;
rSm rzGHYNzdK;cJhay/ xkdYaMumifh EkdifiHa&;BudK;yrf;rIacwfxJwGif abm*aA'qkdif&m a0g[m&rsm;
wkd;yGm;cJhonfrSm aumif;pGmrodomacs/ ul;oef;a&mif;0,fa&;ESifhpyfqkdif&mjzpfaom
aAmufcsm? tvfpD (L.C.=Letter of Credit) ukefvkyft&if;tESD; (means of production)?
[Ge'f D (Hundi) csuf (cheque) atmf'rD ef (On demand) a&TpcH sdef (Gold standard) ? tifaqmf
vif (insolvent) ukrÜPDvDrdwuf (Company Limited) paoma0g[m&wkdYum; txdkuft
avsmuf <u,f0vmcJo h nf/ od&Yk mwGif abm*aA'ynm&yfqidk &f mpum;rsm; MuHqwDxiG &f ef
rsm;pGmvkdao;onf/
jrefrmEkdifiH bmomjyefpmaytoif;\a0g[m&bPfü inter cultivator Mum;wkduf
xGef? Mum;xGef? Industrial Revolution pufrIvufrIvkyfief; &kwfw&uf wkd;wufajymif;vJ
rI? face value jy|mef;wefbkd;? fineness(of Coinage) tuJ('*Fg;) monoculture area wrnf
(r,f)pdkufa'o? per capita wOD;wGufpojzifh bmomjyefcsuf pHerlemwkdYukd n§dEdIif;owfrSwf
om
.c
xm;cJo h nf/ ¤if;wku Yd kd acwfu wqifw h qifh jyKjyifajymif;vJay;vdrrhf nf/ twåaemrwdudk

ic
ss
a
ajym&vQif Land Revolution udk ajr,mawmfveS af &;[k ac:ojzifh trsm;em;vnfaeonfh

cl
es
tcg Industrial Revolution udk pufrIvufrIawmfvSefa&;[k rokH;Ekdifygavm/ '*Fg;\tuJ

es
m
ur
.b
82
w
w
w
jzwf&mü aiG&nfudkMunfhí jzwf&onf/ aiG&nf a&T&nfrSm aiGa&TwkdY\t&nftjcif;jzpf

onf/ xkda&S;okH;jzpfaom aiG&nfudk fineness \t"dyÜm,fESifh[yfí r&Ekdifoavm/ ,if;okdY
apm'uwufzG,f &Sdayonf/
rif;wke;f rif;\acwfonf *syefjynfartd*sDacwf (Meiji era) ESichf yfqifqifw\ l /
xkdacwfü rSL;BuD;rwf&m aoemywdwkdYrSm xufjrufolrsm;jzpfonf/ uif;0efrif;BuD;? avS
oiftwGif;0ef? oHcsuf0efOD;jrL? a&Tjynf0ef? zvfcsuf0ef rif;xifynm od'¨dausmfacgif p
onfwrYdk mS taemufEikd if yH nm&yfwu Ydk kd wpdww f a'o acgufro
d rl sm; jzpfonf/ uif;0efrif;
BuD;? oHcsuf0ef? zvfcsuf0ef ponfwkdYrSm t*FvefESifhOa&mywcGifudk vSnfhvnfMunfh&IcJhol
rsm; jzpfonf/ xkdyk*¾KdvfpkwkdYonf okd;aqmif;wkdYudk awmfvSef&eftwGuf odk;aqmif;wkdY\
acwfrSDynmrsm;ukd uRrf;usif&ef vkdtyfaMumif; aumif;pGm em;vnfolrsm; jzpfonf/ t
xl;ojzifh a&Tjynf0efrSm A[kokwESifhynmt&mü acgif;aqmifjzpfayonf/ xkdacwfu t

aemufEidk if , H Ofaus;rItajccHrmS avmu"mwfynmtajccHjzpfav&m a&Tjynf0efonf avm
u"mwfynm&yfrsm;udk t*Fvefjynf? Oa&myjyef yk*¾KdvfwkdYxHrS avhvmqnf;yl;jcif;jyKcJh
onf/
xkdqnf;yl;&mrS &tyfaomtusKd;aus;Zl;wkdYrSm jrefrmaMu;eef;&kdufMum;jcif;t
wwfESifhqkdifaom vdyd'Dydumusrf;? 'Drkdua&pD\tajccHjzpfaom vlxkqEúdknTef;qkdaom
r[mor®w0dedpä,usrf;? udk,fcE¨mtpdwftykdif;ESifhqkdifaom Anatomy ESifh Physiology
ynm&yfwkdYudk jrefrmbmomjzifh rSD;í zGifhqkdxm;aom um,mEkyóemusrf; Dietetics ac:
tm[m&"mwfwdkYudk zGifhqkdaom OwkabmZeusrf;? jyifopfac:&Srd? t*Fvdyfac: uifrpöBwD
rnfaom t&yf&yf"mwfrsKd;wkdYudk qkd&mqkdaMumif;jzpfaom avmu"mwfaq;usrf; ponf
wkjYd zpfonf/
Ekid if aH &;Ek;d Mum;rIonf ynma&;Ek;d Mum;rIukd qGaJ qmifomG ;av&um; avmu"mwf
aq;usrf;BuD;udk a&Tjynf0efBuD;jyKpkaom 1230-ckESpf acwfw0dkufü *syefjynf artd*sD
bk&ifhvufxuf ynma&mifjcnf xGef;vif;cJhonfhtvm;wl jrefrmEkdifiH rif;wkef;rif;w&m;
BuD; vufxufwGifvnf; xGef;vif;p jyKcJhonf/
jrefrmwkdYonf taemufEkdifiH\avmu"mwfynm&yfwkdYESifh ezl;awGY awGYMu&onfh
tcg ,ckacwf t*Fvyd pf mwwf tcsKdu Y o hJ Ykd jrefrmbmom\a0g[m&r<u,f0ykw H u
Ydk kd zGEYJ u
YJG m
nnf;wGm;jcif; rjyKbJ EkdifiHjcm;a0g[m&wkdYudk jrefrmvkd 0wfqifí ay;vkdufMuavonf/
om
.c
odkYaomf þae&mwGif watmifhavmufem;í pOf;pm;cef;xkwfonf&Sdaomf a&S;

ic
ss
a
jrefrmwk\ Yd a0g[m&onf ygVda0g[m&wkEYd iS yhf eG ;f yGe;f wD;wD; qufccH MhJ uav&m jrefrmha0g[m
cl
es
&xJü ygVdtoufrsm; 0ifaeonfukd awGMY u&vdrrhf nf/ þum; Ak', ¨ Ofaus;rI tajccHaMumifh
es
m
ur
.b
83
w
w
w
jrefrmha0g[m&wkd;yGm;cJhykH om"ujzpfonf/ pdwf? apwoduf? &kyf? edAÁmef[lonf¤if;? uH?
pdwf? Owk? tm[m&[lonf¤if; jrefrmpum;wvkH;rQ r[kwfacs/ pifppf ygVdonf vufwif
ESifh*&dwfbmomwkdYuJhodkY pum;vkH;&Smjcif; wDxGifjcif;wkdYtwGuf pl;aqmuf wef;qmyvm
rsm;ozG,f jzpfonf/ xkdYaMumifh a&Tjynf0efonf zvfcsuf0efrif;xifod'¨dausmfacgif\t
ultnDjzifh uifrpöBwDukd pwifbmomjyefaomtcg ygVdpum;tok;H tEIe;f wk\ Yd tultnDudk
,lcJhavonf/ a&Tjynf0efacwfü element ac:aom"mwfpif(0g)ok'¨"mwf (0g)rlv"mwft
rsKd;aygif; 66 rsKd;rQxGef;ay:aeacsNyD/ ¤if;wkdYrSm ,ckacwfac:a0:aom [dkufN'dK*sif? tkyf
Zl*sif? (atmuúqD*sif)paom "mwfrS jy'g;"mwftxd yg0ifayonf/ a&Tjynf0efu xkd"mwf
pifwkdYudk rl&if;twkdif; rac:bJ ygVdpum;udk wDxGifí okH;pGJcJhonf/
a&Tjynf0efMuHqí okH;aom a0g[m&wkdY\erlemudk jy&vQif &DwdZ? aomPÖm&d? t
ZD0? zvduEÅu? umXm&? 'k*¾E¨? pE´0S ponfwkdYwnf;/ odkYaomf xkd"mwfwkdY\rl&if;urÇmokH;

avmu"mwfa0g[m&rsm; rnfokdY&Sdrnfukd cefYrSef;&ef cufcJvSayonf/ tu,fí atuúpD
*sifudk atmuúqD*sif[kom a&;rSwfcJhvQif aESmif;vlwkdYtbdkY tokH;rsm;pGm 0ifayvdrfhrnf/
odkYaomf "mwf\vu©PmoabmwkdYudk a&Tjynf0ef abmfjycJhonfhtwkdif; ajc&mvkdufí
aumufvQif tcsKdY"mwfwkdY\trnf&if;udk cefYrSef;Ekdifonf/
Oyrm a&Tjynf0efu oHacs;tp&Sdaom acs;jzpfaMumif; "mwfudk &DwdZ[k trnf
ay;onf/ oHudk oHacs;wufapaom "mwfum; atmuúqD*sifjzpfonf/ aomPÖm&drSm uefY
yifjzpfonf/ Mo'ZrSm a&jzpfaMumif; "mwf[kqkdjcif;aMumifh [kduf'&kd*sif jzpf&vdrhfrnf/
,ckacwf 'ef (alluminium) [kac:aom"mwfudk a&Tjynf0efu ausmufcsnfrSxGufaom
bdvmab'du"mwf[k trnfay;onf/
odkY&mwGif "mwfckd;oifhvQif aowwfaom"mwf? zvfrSefudk pm;aom"mwf? teHYr
aumif;aom"mwf? v\trnf&Sdaom"mwf? tNrD;uHuRef;(tar&duef) aumvrÜ Colum-
bia rS&aom ausmufrsKd;rS xGufaom"mwf? tjcm;"mwfwkdYESifha&mvQif ESif;qDyef;tqif;
jzpfapwwfaom"mwf ...ponfwkdYudkrl tb,f"mwfrsm;udk &nf&G,fí qkdavoenf;/
xkdYjyif avmu"mwf\oabmwkdYudk a&Tjynf0efu zGifhqkdjyonfwkdYwGif ,ckacwf
avmu"mwfynm bmomjyefq&mwkdY twk,lbG,faumif;onfwkdYvnf; &Sdayonf/ pifppf
element udk"mwfpif[k bmomjyef&mü bmomjyefq&mygarmu©OD;azarmifwifonf a&T
jynf0ef\enf;udk ,loifo h í ,lcohJ nf/ a&Tjynf0ef\rlvbmomjyefcsufrmS ok'j¨ zpfonf/
om
.c
compound udk rdóu[lí bmomjyefcJhonf/ q&mOD;azarmifwif\tokH;ü "mwfaESm[k

ic
ss
a
okH;onfxifh/ "mwfaygif;[lí¤if; &dk;&kd;ac:Ekdifayonf/

cl
es
þacwfü t&nf (Liquids) ? tpkdtcJ (solids) ? taiGY (gases) wkdYudk a&Tjynf0efu

es
m
ur
.b
84
w
w
w
Ce"mwf? '0"mwf? Zr"mwf[k cGJjcm;jyonf/ ,ckacwf tufwrf (atom) udka&Tjynf0efu

y&rmEkjrLtaygif;pk[k zGifhqkdonf/ orl[duy&rmEkjrLum; molecule udkqkdvkd[ef&Sd\/
Alloy udk a&Tjynf0efu o[Zmwf[k bmomjyefonf/ tvGeq f aD vsmfít"dymÜ ,f
&Sdayonf/ Law of gravitation udka&Tjynf0efu EsLwef (Newton) \qGJiifpk&kH;jcif;oabm
[k zGifhqkdNyD;vQif tpömuóe[ktrnfay;onf/ xkdrSwyg; solubility udk 0Dve? catalytic
udk oHzk|? electricity udk tu©PDu? chemical action ESifhqkdif&mwkdYudk tmAEëESifhoH*,Se?
vQyfppfzkdY(+) r(-)"mwfwkdYudk "eESifh£um? zkdr"mwfqGJiifjcif;udk zkvd’*F (attraction) ? zdkESifhr
wkdY aygif;pyfí neutral jzpfonfudkvspfvsLO'godef? amorphism udk toror[lí¤if; t
oD;oD;trnfay;oGm;ykHwkdYudk uREkfyfwkdY jyefvnfpdppfí jyefvnfokH;pGJoifhaom a0g[m&wkdY
udk jyefvnfokH;pGJxkdufvSayonf/
jrefrmouú&mZf 1230-ckESpfu avmu"mwfynmtokH;tEIef;onf xkdokYdjzpfcJh

onf/ aemifESpfaygif; 50-Mumaomtcg avmu"mwfü pdwfyg0ifpm;aom ynm&SifwkdYu
Natural philosophy ukd "r®e, d mrobm0w¬ynm[k trnfay;um atmuúq*D sifukd rD;"mwf?
[dkuf'&kd*sifudk a&"mwf? Sophism udk rSm;aomqifajc? Organic Chemistry udk £È´d,"mwk
aA'? Inorganic Chemistry udk tedÈ´d,"mwkaA'? chemical action udk tbde0kyÜEé0daoo
"mwkpojzifh bmomjyefMujyefonf/
odkYaomf tcsKdYaoma0g[m&wkdYü a,mtwGif;0efonf Ampere udk trfyJ&m[lí
ac:ouJo h Ykd artery udk tmx&D[íl ac:cJMh uao;onf/ ,cktcgürlum; tmx&Donf aoG;
vTwfaMumjzpfoGm;cJhNyD/
,ckacwfüum; avmu"mwfynm&yfwkdYudk bmomjyefrIü ydkrkdwdusrSefuefatmif
BudK;pm;vmcJhNyD; txl;ojzifh owå0gjzpfpOfudk ydkif;jcm;a0befaom AkdifMovkd*sDynm&yfwkdY
ü vdifrJhrsKd;yGm;jcif;? 0wfrIeful;,Sufjcif;? npfaMu;pGefYt*Fgpk? tvif;BudKufowåd? wnfae
pGrf;tif? rdwfa&G;cs,fjcif;? b0NrJrIvkH;yef;a&;ponfjzifh bmomjyefvmMuayonf/ odkY
aomf tcsKdYaomf AufwD;&D;,m;? qJ? *vif;? yvmprmponfwkdYudk rl&if;twkdif;xm;í jref
rmtu©&mESifhzvS,fí a&;aoma&;enf;jzifh okH;EIef;avonf/
rlvu qJac:aom cell udkuvmyf[k bmomjyefqkdcJhMuonf/ uvmyfrSm ouf&Sd
&kyfrIefwckjzpfonf/ b0t*Fg&yftpk wck (unit of living matter) jzpfonf/ xkdtpkwckudk
tbd"r®menf;jzifh t|uvmyf[kvnf; ac:Muao;onf/ t|uvmyfrSm yx0D? awaZm?
om
.c
0ga,m? tmayg[laom r[mbkwfav;yg; zGJYpnf;xm;onfwGif tqif;? teHY? t&om?

ic
ass
MoZm"mwfav;yg; xyfíaqmif;xm;onfukd ac:jcif;jzpfonf/ &kyu f vmyf[al omoabm

cl
es
udk a&S;u vufccH ahJ omfvnf; ¤if;udzk sufí qJ[í l ok;H jyefavNyD/ pifppfaomfum; rzsufbJ
es
m
ur
.b
85
w
w
w
xm;aomf &aumif;ayonf/
a&Tjynf0efEiS Ohf ;D a&TZaH tmifwt Ydk vdük nerve udk ESm&k[k bmomjyefonfxif\/ a&T
jynf0ef\um,mEkyóemusrf;ESiOhf ;D a&TZaH tmif\um,orÇm&usrf;wku Yd kd &nfneT ;f &ef &Sm
rawGYaomaMumifh ESm&kudkokH;olrSm ¤if;wkdYyif jzpfavoavm uREkfyf wyftyfrajymEkdif/ odkY
aomf nerve udk eyf[k okH;onfxuf? ESm&k[laomtokH;u ydkrkdokwdom,mayvdrfhrnf/
vein udk jrefrmqHatmif 0De[k trnfrSnfhonfvnf; rSwfrdao;onf/
y#doaE¨pdwfjzifh odjcif; instinct [ka&S;u okH;EIef;Muonf/ ,ck ¤if;udkyif udk,f
od[lí bmomjyefonfrSm jrefrmvnf;qHonf/ okwdvnf; om,mayonf/
pifppf t*Fvyd pf mrwwfaom tvkyo f rm;vlx\ k vufwiG ;f odYk usa&mufvmaom
a0g[m&wkdYrSm ydkrkdwGifus,fí MumMumcHayvdrfhrnf/
avmufpydum (loud speaker) rkduf (microphone) bkdvfwkd (bolt) eyf (nut) u&kdPf;
&Syf (crank shaft) &bpf (rivet) yvifcsonf (To draw up a plan) uGeaf ygif;'g (compounder)
(forme) azmif (journal) *sme,f (challan) csvef (chash book) uuf&SbGwf (cadre) u'gç
au'g (dynamo) 'kdiferkd (wire) 0dkif,m (mutton chop)rwfwifacsmh (cutlet) uwfwvdyf
(stew) pusL; (warrant) 0g;&rf; (summons) orÁmef (sten gun) pwif;*ef; (Mortar) armfwm
tp&Sdaom jrefrmtoGifESifht*Fvdyfpum;rsm;onf vlxk\EIwfzsm;odkYyif a&mufvsuf&Sd
onf/ þtcsdet f cg0,f avmu"mwfynmqkid &f m vkyif ef;aqmifwmqkid &f m a0g[m&pum;
wkoYd nf acwftvdu k f tqift h wef;rSo D nftxd wk;d yGm;vm&rnfrmS rvG{J uef jzpfayonf/
odkY&mwGif ynmrsufpdESifhMunfhvQif EkdifiHjcm;rS&aom a0g[m&wkdYudk xGifMu&mü
rSefuefrIonf ta&;BuD;ayonf/ avmu"mwfenf; (scientific method) t& twdtus
rSeu f efroI nfomvQif vlxt k rsm;tm; tjrifreS &f atmif qGaJ qmifEidk af omowåd &Sad yonf/
ynm&Siw f Ydk aqG;aEG;wkid yf if ES;D aESmí acwftvku d f a0g[m&wku Yd kd okwo
f ifjyifqifonfEiS hf
trQ jrefrmpum; jrefrmpmaywkdYonfvnf; vl&m0ifvmMuayvdrfhrnf/
xkdYaMumifh tcuftcJwkdYESifhrnfrQ awGYMuKH&apumrl uREkfyfwkdYonf &ifqkdif0Hhaom
owådudk arG;Mu&ayvdrfhrnf/ a&Tjynf0efac: a,mtwGif;0efOD;vIdif\BudK;yrf;rIwkdY\tpD
tpOfudk rysufap&m/ /
«aoG;aomufr*¾Zif;? 1952-ZGefv? pmrsufESm 135-143»
om
.c
bmomjyefaqmif;yg;
ic
ss
a
cl
es
1/ OD;okw?
es
m
ur
.b
86
w
w
w
2/ wuúokdvfpef;?
3/ OD;pdk;ol?
4/ OD;vSjrifh?
5/ OD;bkef;oefY?
6/ jrefrmhtvif; pdef0if;?
7/ '*kefewf&Sif?
8/ armifausmfom?
9/ a':cifrsKd;cspf?
10/ vSordef?
11/ OD;baomf(armifaomfu)?
12/ '*kefa&TrQm;?
13/ OD;tkef;cif(vef'efysHYoif;)
14/ OD;vlaz0if;?
15/ a'gufwmarmifjzL;/
1/ bmomjyefolonf ESpfbmompvkH;udk pG,fpkHuRrf;usif&rnf? jyefqkdaom ynm&yf
udkvnf; uRrf;usif&rnfjzpfaMumif; axmufcHaqG;aEG;onf/
2/ odyÜHa0g[m&tbd"mef jrefrmbmomjzifh xkwfa0ay;oifhonf[k aqG;aEG;onf/
3/ bmomjyefoo l nf vlxek m;vnfv, G af om a0g[m&rsm;udk ok;H oifah Mumif;? vlxk
xJrS a0g[m&rsm;udk ok;H pGyJ grS trsm;em;vnfEidk rf nfjzpfaMumif; yg0ifaqG;aEG;yg
onf/
4/ a0g[m&rsm;udk wDxGiftokH;jyK&mwGif bmomqkdif&m ynm&Sifrsm;ESifhn§dEIdif;NyD;rS
tokH;jyKoifhonf[k axmufcHaqG;aEG;onf/
om
.c
ic
ss
a
cl
es
es
m
ur
.b
87
w
w
w
bmomjyefowif;
wifjyol
OD;odef;(Z0e)
jrefrmowif;pmrsm;wGif EkdifiHjcm;owif;rsm;udk bmomjyefqkd xnfhoGif;jcif;rSm

jrefrmbmomjzifh &kdufESdyfxkwfa0aom owif;pmrsm; ay:OD;puwnf;u jzpfcJhonf[k qkd
&ygrnf/ jrefrmEkdifiHwGif a&S;OD;pGm xkwfa0onfhowif;pmjzpfaom "r®odowif;pmwGif
w&m;"r®ESifhqkdifaom taMumif;t&mrsm;xuf ppfESifhywfoufaom owif;u rsm;onf
udk awGY&onf/ xkdowif;pmxJü Oa&mywkdufwGif jzpfyGm;aomppfowif;rsm;udk bmom
jyefí xnfhoGif;azmfjyay;avh&Sdonf/
,aeY jrefrmEkid if w
H iG f oufwrf;t&Snq f ;Hk jzpfaom jrefrmhtvif;owif;pmqkv d Qif
yxrurÇmppfBuD;twGi;f u pwifay:aygufcahJ om owif;pmjzpfayonf/ xkt d csdeuf xif
&Sm;aom owif;pmBuD;rsm;tjzpfjzifh &yfwnfcJhonfrSm ol&d,ESifhjrefrmhtvif;owif;pm
wkjYd zpfavonf/
xkdowif;pmESpfapmifpvkH; ppfowif;udk rSDí BuD;yGm;wkd;wufvmcJhMuavonf/
xkdpOfu ppfowif;rsm;rSm ,ckacwfrSmuJhodkY 0dkif,mvufjzifh ay;ydkYonfhowif;rsm;r[kwf
acs/ aMu;eef;jzifh ydkY&onfhowif;rsm; jzpfonf/ xkdYaMumifh owif;rsm;udk azmfjy&mwGif
]]vef'efNrdKU? rwf 14-&uf aeYpGJ aMu;eef;}}pojzifh azmfjya&;om;cJhMuayonf/ ,ckacwf
wGifum; ]]vef'ef? rwf? 14}}[lí wwfEkdiforQ csKH;ypfvkdufonf/
xkdYjyif xkdpOftcgu xnfhoGif;azmfjyMu&aom aMu;eef;owif;rsm;rSm ,ckacwf
rSmuJhodkY 0dkif,mvufjzifh vkH;aphygXfaph ay;ydkY&&Sdonfhowif;rsm; r[kwfay/ aMu;eef;pm
oabmtwkdif; twkdcsKH;í a&;om;ay;ydkYaom owif;rsm; jzpf&m 0dbwf? orÁE¨ponfwkdY
udk rdrdwkdYbmom xnhfoGif;,l&onf/ xkdodkYxnfhoGif;&mwGif pum;wvkH;wnf;om r[kwfyJ
tjcm;pum;vk;H udv k nf; xnfo h iG ;f í 0guswnfaqmufEidk af v&m t"dymÜ ,ftrsKd;rsKd;,lí
&Ekdifp&m jzpfaewwfayonf/ xkdYaMumihf owif;bmomjyefolonf owif;\aemufcHt
aMumif;t&mrsm;udv k nf; uRrf;usifem;vnfxm;&onf/ t*Fvyd b f momudv k nf; aumif;
pGm Ekid ef if;wwfajrmuf&ayonf/ t*Fvyd pf mwwf&EHk iS v hf nf; rNyD;ao;acs/ jrefrmpmta&;
tom;vnf; wwfajrmufuRrf;usif&ayonf/
om
.c
t*Fvyd o f wif;pmBuD; ESpaf pmifjzpfaom &efuek af *ZufEiS &hf efuek w f idk ;f owif;pm
ic
ss
a
rsm;rSmyif 0dbwf? Bud,m0daooe? orÁE¨ponfwkdYudk jznfhpGuf xnfhoGif;ykHcsif; rwlonfh

cl
es
tcgrsm; &SdcJhonfudk awGYMu&ayonf/ xkdpum;vkH;rsm;udk jznfhpGufxnfhoGif;&mwGif 0gus

es
m
ur
.b
88
w
w
w
toGm;tvmudk Munfí h xnfo h iG ;f &kEH iS hf rNyD;acs/ owif;\aemufct H aMumif;t&mukd aMu

nufpGm em;vnfxm;rSom oifhavsmfaom pum;udk rSefuefatmif xnfhEkdifavonf/ xkdY
aMumifh t*Fvyd pf mudk wwf&rHk Qjzifh t*Fvyd o f wif;pmwGif t,f'w D m0ifí vkyrf jzpfEikd o
f vkd
t*FvdyfpmESifhjrefrmpm wwfonfqkd&kHrQjzifhvnf; jrefrmowif;pmwGif bmomjyeft,f'D
wm 0ifvkyfí r&Ekdifay/ xkdolwkdYonf EdkifiHwuma&;&mudkyg ESHYpyfuRrf;usifolrsm; jzpfMu
&onfhtwGuf EkdifiHjcm;a&;&mt,f'Dwm[laomtrnfudk cH,lMu&avonf/
jrefrmowif;pmrsm;wGif bmomjyefowif;rsm;udk pwifxnfMh upOftcgu aMu;
eef;owif;rsm;udk ud, k yf ikd 0f ,f,í l bmomjyefqx dk nfoh iG ;f cJMh ujcif; r[kwyf ?J 1936-ckEpS f
avmuf tcsdeftxd t*Fvdyfbmomjzifh xkwfa0aom &efukefa*Zuf? &efukefwkdif;owif;
pmrsm;rS¤if;? Ekid if jH cm;rS tcsderf eS rf eS f a&mufvmavh&adS ompme,fZif;rsm;rS¤if; wqifu h ;l
,lbmomjyefqkdxnfhcJhMujcif; jzpfayonf/
xkdpOfu t*Fvdyfowif;pmzwfol tvGefenf;ao;&m ppfowif;rsm;udk t*Fvdyf
owif;pmrSwqifh jrefrmowif;pmrsm;u ul;,ljyefqkdxnfhoGif;aomfvnf; owif;rSm
aemufusjcif;? &kd;jcif;? odk;jcif;r&Sdacs/ xkdtcgu a&'D,kdrsm; acwfrpm;Muao;í aMu;
eef;owif;rsm;onf rnfrQyif aemufusapumrl ]]&kd;}}onf ]]okd;}}onf r&dScJhacs/
udk,fawGYwifjy&vQif tbDqDeD;,m;ppfjzpfyGm;pOfu pma&;olonf jrefrmhaeYpOf
owif;pmwGif vufaxmuft,f'w D mtjzpf wm0efxrf;&Guv f suf aMu;eef;owif;rsm;udk
bmomjyefqkdcJh&ayonf/ xkdtcgu aMu;eef;owif;rsm;udk &efukefa*Zuf? &efukefwkdif;
owif;pmrsm;rS ul;,lxnfhoGif;cJh&onf/ ppfowif;"mwfykHrsm; &&eftwGufukdrl t*FgaeY
wkid ;f oabFmjzifh a&mufvmavh&o dS nfv h ef'ef&yk pf o Hk wif;? wufwvm? bdik pf wif;'g;ponfh
owif;pOf*sme,frsm;udk tm;ud;k &onf/ xk*d sme,frsm;udk olx Y ufigOD; &SmazGí "mwfyrHk sm;
udk xnfhoGif;um owif;pmcsif; ,SOfNydKifcJhMu&ayonf/
EkdifiHjcm;owif;"mwfykHrsm;udk onfhxufOD;atmif &Ekdifonfhenf;vrf; r&SdcJhay/
odkYjzpfí oabFmqkdufonfh&ufwGif xkdowif;pmrsm;udk r0,frdvQif tjcm;owif;pmu
]]owif;OD;}}oGm;jcif;udk cHvkduf&wwfavonf/
xkdodkYowif;rsm;udk wqifhul;,lazmfjyjyefqkd&mü okH;pGJcJhMuonfhtoHk;tEIef;rsm;
udk rsufarSmufacwfwGif a&;om;okH;pGJaeMuonfha0g[m&rsm;ESifh,SOfvkdufvQif rsm;pGmuGJ
jym;jcm;em;aeonfudk awGYMu&ayvdrfhrnf/ xkdpOfu International qkdaompum;udk]]urÇm
om
.c
vk;H qkid &f m}}[lí a&;cJMh uonf/ aemufyikd ;f wGif ]]tjynfjynfqidk &f m}}[lí jzpfvmonf/ ,ck
ic
ass
acwfwGif ]]EdkifiHwumqkdif&m}}[laom a0g[m&udk tokH;rsm;Muonf/

cl
es
wcsdeu f Capitalism udk "e&Si0f g'[kac:cJMh uonf/ ,ckrl t&if;&Si0f g' odrYk [kwf
es
m
ur
.b
89
w
w
w
t&if;&SifpD;yGm;a&;pepf[k jyifqifa&;om;vmMuonf/ Capitalist rSm "e&SifrS t&if;&Sif
jzpfvmavonf/
Economics udv k nf; "eaA'[k jyefMu&mu aemufyikd ;f wGif abm*aA'[k jyifa&;
Muonf/ ,ckpD;yGm;a&;[k jrefrmyDyDoo a&;om;okH;EIef;vsuf &SdMuonf/
t*Fvdyfudk jrefrmjyefqkd&mü ygVdpum;udk okH;csifMuonf/ magazine udk r*¾Zn
[líyif ac:a0:a&;om;cJMh uao;onf/ tcsKdv Y nf; xko d yYdk gVdvdk jyefqodk nft
h wkid ;f wGií
f
usef&pfavonf/ Oyrm tEky#davmr&kyf0g'/ ukvor*¾/
,cifu Secretary udk puú&aD w&D[k ac:Muonf/ aemifumvwGif pmcsD[k jyKjyif
a&;om;Muonf/ ,cktcgwGif twGif;a&;rSL;[laom tokH;tEIef;onf wnfNrJíaeav
onf/
Imperialism udkvnf; EkdifiHcsJYpepf[k a&;cJhMubl;onf/ ,cke,fcsJYpepf[lí wnD

wnTwfwnf; a&;Muonf/
,cifu Philosophy udk tbd"r®m[k jyefqkdMuonf/ /,ck 'óeduaA'[k jyKjyif
ac:a0:vsuf&SdMuonf/ tcsKdYu jrefrmqHqH avmutjrif[k jyefonf/
acwfonf ajymif;vJaeovkd bmomjyefa0g[m&rsm;vnf; tNrJajymif;vJaeay
onf/ yxrurÇmppfBuD;rS tbDqeD ;D ,m;ppftxd Great Powers qkad ompum;udk ]]vufeuf
EkdifiHBuD;rsm;}}[lí jyefqkdcJhMuonf/ ,cktcgwGif ]]tiftm;BuD;EkdifiHrsm;}}[lí okH;pGJae
Muonf/
Big Four udk]]BuD; 4 BuD;EkdifiH}}[k jyefMuonf/ xkdpum;udkyif Armhacwf acgif;
BuD;rSaeí ]]pwkr[m&mZf}}[k a&;cJhbl;avonf/ Curfew udk a&S;tcgu ]]ae0ifrD;Nidrf;
trdefY}}[k jyefqkdcJhMuonf/ t*Fvdyftbd"mefrsm;uvnf; þtwkdif; teuft"dyÜm,fzGifh
qkcd MhJ uonf/ aemufwiG f Curfew udk ]]nrxGu&f trde}Yf }[lí jyifac:vmMuonf/ ,cktcg
wGif Curfew trdeu Yf kd aeYtcsdeyf gtok;H jyKMuav&m xkpd um;\t"dymÜ ,fukd ]]tdrjf yifrxGuf
&trdefY}}[k jyefqkdaeMu&avonf/
xko
d dYk rl&if;t*Fvyd pf um;onf tcsdet f cgvkud í f t"dygÜ ,fajymif;vJ a&GUvsm;vm
ovkd bmomjyefq&dk müvnf; ajymif;&avonf/ xko d rYkd [kwyf J OD;xGe;f Nidr;f \t*Fvyd -f jref
rmtbd"mefukd MunfNh yD; bmomjyefqv dk Qif xko d wif;pmonf acwfaemuf tESpf 50-avmuf
aemufusoGm;rnfjzpfNyD; zwf&olwkdYtzkdYvnf; owif;trSefudk wdwdusus od&vdrfhrnf r
om
.c
[kwaf y/ xkaYd Mumifh owif;bmomjyefow l oYdk nf aeYpOfajymif;vJaeaom t*Fvyd af 0g[m&

ic
ss
a
tcsKdw Y \
Ydk teuft"dygÜ ,fopfEiS hf wcsdex f ufwcsdef tqef;xGiv f suf&MSd uonft h *Fvyd pf um;
cl
es
vkH;rsm;udk tNrJrjywf avhvmMu&onf/ txl;ojzifh 'kwd,urÇmppfBuD;\aemufydkif;wGif

es
m
ur
.b
90
w
w
w
t*Fvdyfa0g[m&topftqef;awG wDxGifvmMuonf/
tcsKdYa0g[m&rsm;qkdvQif t*Fvdyftbd"mefrsm;rSmyif rxnfhoGif;&ao;? ryg&Sd
Muao;acs/
]]aMu;eef;owif;}}[lí ac:wGifaeaom EdkifiHjcm;owif;rsm;udk bmomjyefqkd
Mu&mwGif trsm;qk;H jyKwwfjzpfwwfaom trSm;rSm rl&if;owif;rS yg&So d nfh pmom;rsm;t
wkdif; wvkH;wyg' rusefatmif jyefqkdjcif;ESifhxkdodkYjyefqkd&ef BudKpm;jcif;rsm;jzpfayonf/
pifppftm;jzifh Ekid if jH cm;aMu;eef;owif;rsm;onf usrf;*efpmayrsm; r[kwaf cs/
odkYjzpfí usrf;*efrsm;vkd pmayrsm;vkd yk'fygXfr,Gif;atmif wvkH;csif; twdtus bmom
jyefqkd&ef rvkdacs/ xkdokdYjyefqkdjcif;onf owif;pmvkyfief;oabmt& rSm;,Gif;onfhjyif
owif;pmzwf&Iolrsm;vnf; t"dyÜg,frayguf em;r&Sif;yJ jzpf&wwfayonf/
yxrqkH; owdjyK&rnfrSm bmjzpfonfudk owif;pmzwfolrsm; od&Sdem;vnfap

&efjzpfonf/ xkdodkYod&Sdatmif azmfjy&mwGif jrefrmpum; yDobkdYvkdonf/ þae&mwGif jref
rmpm0guswnfaqmufyEHk iS t hf *Fvyd 0f guswnfaqmufyHk rwljcif;ud¤k if;? jrefrmpum;tok;H
tEIe;f ESit hf *Fvyd pf um; tok;H tEIe;f uGjJ ym;jcm;em;jcif;ud¤k if; aumif;pGm owdrb l v
Ykd o
dk nf/
wcgu r[wår*E¨Donf tpmiwfcHqE´jyNyD;aemuf vkdvm;csuf&&Sdí tpmjyef
vnfpm;aomufonf/ xkdodkY tpmjyefípm;jcif;udk aMu;eef;owif;ü Mahatama Gandhi
begins to take light meal to-day [kyg&Sd&m bmomjyefolu]]r[wår*E¨Donf ,aeYpwifí
ayghaomtpmudk okH;aqmif;onf}}[lí jyefqkdvkdufonf/ þpum;t& ayghaomtpmqkd
onfrSm rkefYavayGvm;? ygyvmvm; odkYr[kwf qm;ryg iefjym&nfrygaomtpmvm;[k
pOf;pm;acgif;&Iyfp&m jzpfaeonf/ ]]r[wår*Eönf ,aeY tpmtenf;i,f pwifípm;
NyD}}qkd&kHrQjzifh NyD;Ekdifygonf/
bmomjyefqkd&mwGif tcsKYdpum;vkH;rsm;rSm rl&if;twkdif; wdusbdkYrvkdyg/ oabm
ayguf&kHavmufESifh NyD;oifhvQif NyD;&ygonf/ Oyrm Weather permitting qkdaompum;udk
vku d í
f ]]&moDOwkciG jhf yKvQif}}qkrd nft h pm; ]]&moDOwkom,mygvQif}} odrYk [kwf ]]rk;d av0o
uif;pifvQif}}[líokH;u jrefrmhem;xJodkY avQmueJ 0ifEkdifygonf/
xkaYd Mumifh txufwiG f qkcd o hJ nfth wkid ;f Ekid if jH cm;owif;rsm;udk bmomjyef&mwGif
bk&m;a[musrf;*efr[kwí f twdtus wvk;H csif;jyef&ef rvk/d teuft"dygÜ ,f rcRwf,iG ;f
apyJ em;vnfatmif jyefazmfEkdifbkdY&efom vkdonf[k qkd&jcif;jzpfygonf/ t*Fvdyfpum;
om
.c
&So
d nft h wkid ;f wvk;H csif;vku d í f bmomjyefaevQif teuft"dygÜ ,f&yI af xG;p&m &Sad yonf/
ic
ss
a
taumif;qkH;rSm t*Fvdyfvkd zwfí rdrdem;vnfxm;onfhtwkdif; vkd&if;udk wkdwkd&Sif;&Sif;

cl
es
jyefvnfa&;om;azmfjyjcif;yif jzpfonf/
es
m
ur
.b
91
w
w
w
bmomjyefoo l nf tajccHtm;jzifh jrefrmbmom jrefrmpum;udk aumif;pGmwwf
uRrf;&ef vkdonf/ odkYr[kwfygu t-t tdyfrufovkd rdrdomem;vnfNyD; olwyg;tm; jyef
í rajymwwfouJhodkY &Sdwwfonf/ jyefíajymyguvnf; AvkH;AaxG; r&Sif;rvif;jzpfwwf
onf/ wenf;qkd&vQif t*Fvdyfa0g[m&rsm;udk em;vnfoavmuf jrefrma0g[m&vnf;
<u,f0bdv Yk adk vonf/
tbd"mefuckd snf; tm;ud;k í rjzpfEidk af y/ xkjYd yif bmomjyefrnfjyKonft h cg rl&if;
pmudk aocsmaphikpGm zwf&IbdkYvkdonf/ xkdodkYaphaphpyfpyf rzwfonfhtwGuf Asoka's Pillar
udk ]]tmaomuacgif;tkH;}}[lí¤if;? Strategic hamlet udk]]aoe*FAsL[moHcarmuf}}[lí
¤if; rSm;,Gif;jyefqkdcJhMuonfudk awGY&bl;ayonf/ owif;pmvkyfief;rSm tcsdefem&DESifht
NydKifvkyfMu&av&m wcgw&H wdusrSefuefaoma0g[m&udk &SmazGr&ojzifh acgif;xJwGif
ay:vm&m teD;pyfqkH;a0g[m&udk okH;vkdufMu&onfvnf; &Sdayonf/
yrmjy&aomf av,mOfysHrsm;udk vufeufjyNyD; vrf;aMumif;ajymif;í qGaJ c:oGm;
rIrsm; rMumcP ay:vsuf&Sd&m t*Fvdyfvkd Hijacked [k pum;vkH;wkdwkdESifhNyD;aomfvnf;
jrefrmvkd tokH;tEIef;r&Sdacs/ &Sif;vif;atmif a&;om;azmfjy&vQifvnf; &Snfaernf/ odkY
jzpfí]]jyefay;qGJ}}onf[k pum;vkH;wkdkwkd&Smí jyefqkdMuonf/ xkdpum;rSm rSefuefonf[k
rqkEd idk af y/ owif;pmwapmifu tydik pf ;D onf[k jyefxm;onf/ þpum;rSm jyefay;qGo J nf
qkdjcif;xuf ydkítrSefESifheD;pyfavonf/ bmomjyefqkdolonf A[kokwr<u,f0í rjzpf
ay/ tcsKdaY ompum;vk;H rsm;rSm ,aeYxd xGuNf yD;aomtbd"mefrsm;ü rygao;acs/ 'kw, d
urÇmppfBuD;NyD;onfhaemufykdif;wGif tar&duefwkdY xGifvkdufonfhbef;pum;rsm;rSm vGefpGm
rsm;jym;vSonf/
t*Fvyd af 0g[m& topftqef;awG wk;d aeovkd jrefrma0g[m&rsm;vnf; wk;d wuf
vsuf&&dS m ud, k b
hf mompum;udv
k nf; ESpYH yfwwfuRrf;bkv Yd o
dk nf/ Oyrm - "mwfajrMoZmqkd
onfph um;udk omref0Zd mÆ bG&YJ ausmif;om;wa,mufonf taygufwnfah tmif bmomrjyef
wwfacs/ ,k'oeftbd"mefudk Munfhívnf; rawGYEdkifay/ xkdtcg Scientific manure [k
jyefvkdufavonf/ jzpfoifhonfrSm Chemical fertilizer omvQif jzpfayonf/ tcsKdYaom
owif;pmavmuodYk 0ifa&mufp t*Fvyd pf mwwf vli,frsm;onf "mwfyo Hk wif;axmufukd
Photo Reporter [kjyefqMdk uonf/ pifppftm;jzifh Press photographer omvQifjzpf&ayrnf/
odkYjzpfí t*Fvdyfu jrefrmodkYjyef-jyef? jrefrmu t*FvdyfodkY jyef-jyef bmom&yfqkdif&m a0g
om
.c
[m&rsm;udk ESHYpyfrS rSefuefpGm jyefqkdEdkifayrnf/

ic
ass
tcsKdYaom t*Fvdyfa0g[m&rsm;udk jrefrmvkd tokH;rsm;aevQif bmomjyefqkd&ef

cl
es
tm;rxkwfoifhay/ Oyrm-armfawmfum;onf trsm;okH;pum;jzpfaevQif rD;&xm;? rD;

es
m
ur
.b
w
w
w
oabFmwku Yd o hJ Ykd jrefrmpum;topftqef; wDxiG &f ef rvkad y/ wifu h m;? *spfum;? bZlum;?
eyrf;Ak;H ? 25 aygif'g? pwif;*ef;? awmfr*D ef; ponfph pfo;Hk a0g[m&wko Yd nf jrefrmpum;rsm;
jzpfvmMuayNyD/ tcsKdaY ompum;rsm;udk t*Fvyd v f dk ajymqko
d ;Hk pGaJ vh&MdS uojzifh jrefrmpum;
&SdvsufESifh t*FvdyfvkdyJ jyefMuonf/ Oyrm-wyfpk? wyfpdwf? wyfcGJ? wyf&if;? wyfr? wyf
aygif;pkponfwYdk &Syd gvsufEiS hf 'D0ZD ?H b&pf*w d ?f bwfwmvQH[al ompum;wku Yd kd ok;H aeMuao;
onf/ jrefrmpum; &SdaevQif jrefrmpum;udkyJ okH;oifhonf/
tcsKdYaom t*Fvdyfpum;wkdYudk jrefrmjyefqkdxm;NyD;om; &Sdaomfvnf; umvMum
jrifhNyDjzpfí ,cktcg tokH;enf;aeMuonfhtwGuf topfwDxGif&rIvnf; &Sdao;onf/ O
yrm-a'gifhrSef Bwd*HwGif perpendicular udk oukFwkdif? base udk qm,m[lí a&S;uac:a0:cJh
Muaomfvnf; awGYxdokH;pGJrIenf;ojzifh xkdpum;rsm; &Sdjcif;udkyif rodMuawmhacs/ odí
tok;H jyKjyefuvnf; acwfvw l eYdk m;wGif pdr;f aewwfonf/ xkaYd Mumifh rsOf;rwf? atmufajc
rsOf;pojzifh topfjyefqkdazmfjyMu&avonf/
trnfemrrsm;udk bmomjyefolwkdY MuKH&onfhtcuftcJrsm; &Sdayao;onf/ jref
rmwko Yd nf udv k edk v D ufatmufcb H 0wGif t*Fvyd pf mudk t"dubmompum;tjzpf oifMum;
cJMh u&av&m NrdKt Y rnf? vltrnf tac:ta0:rsm;udk t*Fvyd w f Ydk ac:a0:cJMh uonft h wkid ;f
ok;H pGeJ m;vnfMuayonf/ odaYk omf xkt d ac:ta0:rsm;rSm yif&if;jzpfaom Edik if o H El idk if o
H m;
wkdY ac:a0:okH;pGJMuonfhtoHxGufESifh wvGJwacsmf jzpfaewwfayonf/ Oyrm-jynfukd y
&krf;? Nrdwfudk rm*GD;? usKdu©rDudk tif;rwfpf? ppfawGudk tufusyf ponftm;jzifh ac:a0:o
uJhodkY Oa&mywkduftwGif;&Sd NrdKU&GmEkdifiHrsm;udkvnf; t*FvdyftoHjzifhom ac:a0:Muav
onf/
z&ifhzGwfudk z&ifhzwf? 'l;qJvfa'ghzfudk 'yfZJa'ghpojzifh t*Fvdyfvkd ac:a0:Mu&m
xkdNrdKUrsm;udk a&mufbl;olrsm;u xkdNrdKUcHvlrsm; ac:Muonfhtwkdif; ac:a0:a&;om;Mu
avonf/ þwGif xkdtac:ta0:rsm;udk rMum;bl;olwkdYtzkdY tjcm;NrdKUwNrdKUrsm; jzpfae
ava&mhvm;[k xifp&m jzpf&avonf/
pifppftm;jzifh jrefrmrsm;onf yx0Dbmomudk t*FvdyfwkdY oifMum;onfhtwkdif;
rSwo f m;em;vnfxm;Muonft h wGuf NrdKU&GmEkid if t
H rnfrsm;udk t*Fvyd t f ac:ta0:twkid ;f
jyefqkda&;om;jcif;omvQif toifhavsmfqkH; jzpfayonf/
odaYk omf vly*k K¾ v d t
f rnfrsm;udu k m; oufqidk &f m vlrsKd;wk\ Yd toHxu G t
f wkid ;f a&;
om
.c
om;rS rSefuefayvdrfhrnf/
ic
ass
OD;oefYudk OD;xefY[lí¤if;? OD;xGef;azukd ,lwefyD[lí¤if; ac:a0:rnfqkdu &,f

cl
es
p&mjzpfrnfuo hJ Ykd Ekid if jH cm;om;wk\ Yd trnfrsm;udk rSm;,Gi;f ac:a0:yguvnf; &,fp&mjzpf

es
m
ur
.b
w
w
w
&ayvdrfhrnf/
Oa&mywku d &f dS vlrsKd;rsm;\trnfrsm;udk t*Fvyd t f u©&mjzifh a&;&mwGif t*Fvyd f
toHxu G Ef iS rhf &l if;Edik if oH m;wk\ Yd toHxu G yf cHk sif; rwlonft h &mrsm; &Sad vonf/ u&l;&Suf
\trnfukd trSet f wkid ;f ac:ygu u&l;a&SmAh jf zpfovk?d 'D-Avm;&m;\toHxu G f trSerf mS
]]'D-AvD;,m;&m;}}jzpfavonf/ uwf-uDqif;*g;udk trSeftwkdif; ac:vQif ]]ukwf-uD
qif*g;}}jzpfonf/ tcsKdYemrnfrsm;rSm t*FvdyftoHxGufESifh vkH;0uGJvGJavonf/ Lange
[laom *smrefemrnfudk t*FvdyfpmvkH;aygif;twkdif; toHxGufvQif vef*D; odkYr[kwf vdef;
[kqkdMuvdrfhrnf/ pifppftm;jzifh xkdtrnf toHxGuftrSefrSm ]]vmem;}}jzpfavonf/
EdkifiHjcm;owif; bmomjyefqkd&mwGif emrnfrsm;udk rSefuefatmif jyefqkdbdkYvkd
onf/ tar&duefpme,fZif;rsm;onf trnfemrrsm;udk toHxu G rf eS u f efpmG zwfEikd Mf u&ef
um&efvkdufaom pum;vkH;udk ,SOfwGJjyavh&Sdonf/ Oyrm-Oóbudk rkwårESifhum&ef wl

aMumif; ,SOfwGJjyouJhodkY jzpfonf/
,ckvkd EdkifiHjcm;om;wkdY\trnfemrrsm;udk jrefrmbmomjzifh jyefía&;om;Mu
&mwGif vQmvdyo f rH sm; xnfo h iG ;f a&;om;jcif;udk tcsKdaY omyk*K¾ v d w f u Ydk rESpNf rdKMY uacs/ Oy
rm-0Dvfqif [lía&;vQif jrefrma&;xkH;a&;enf;ESifh rudkufnD? jrefrmpum;wGif vQmvdyf?
tmvdyfoHrsm; r&Sd[k qkdMuonf/
a&Tjynf0efO;D vIid o f nf t&ufysHukd ]]tyfvaumf}}[lí a&;onf? ]]tJvu f akd [mfv}f }
[lí ra&;[k Oyrmjyonf/ xkdokYdajymqkdMuaom yk*¾Kdvfrsm;onf acwfajymif;aejcif;udk
arhavsmhxm;Mu[ef wlonf/ ,ckrsufarSmufacwfonf ukef;abmifacwf? tif;0acwf
r[kwaf wmhay/ xkaYd Mumifh ]]0Dvq f if}}[k a&;vQif vQmvdyo f H xnfí h zwf&rnfukd ,ckacwf
vlwo Ydk Md uonf/
Adkvf? jA[®pdk&f? oN*ØK[fponfhpum;wkdYwGif voH? &oH? [oHray:onfrSm rSefaomf
vnf; 0Dvfqif? uk&ftefpojzifh a&;vQif (vf)oH? (&f)oHxnfhí zwf&rnfudk vlwkdif;odae
Muonf/ a&S;u [kr;f &l;[ka&;cJah ompum;udk ,ckacwf rok;H awmhacs/ tu,fí ok;H rnf
qkduvnf; ab;u t*Fvdyfvkd xnfhí azmfjyvQif azmfjy? odkYr[kwf ]][kr®&l;vf}}[ka&;vQif
vnf; a&;rS jzpfawmhrnf/
t*Fvdyftu©&mrsm;udk t*Fvdyftac:ta0:toHxGufESifhtjcm;EdkifiHom;rsm;
toHxu G yf Hk rwlacs/ J udk t*Fvyd w f uYdk a*s[ktoHxu G q
f Mdk uaomfvnf; Ekid if rH sm;pGmwkw Yd iG f
om
.c
]],}}oHxGufMuavonf/ xkdYaMumifh ]]*sD;qyf}}udk a,&l[kac:wGifaejcif;jzpfavonf/ D

ic
a ss
pmvk;H udk t*Fvyd w f u Ydk 'D[k toHxu G q f Mdk uaomfvnf; AD,uferfwiG f ]]Z}}oHxu G af vonf/
cl
es
AD,uferf]]vlx}k }owif;pm Nhan Dan ukd t*Fvyd t f oHxuG t f m;jzifh ]]eef'ef}}[k qkMd urnf
es
m
ur
.b
94
w
w
w
jzpfaomfvnf; AD,uferftoHxGuftwkdif;rSm ]]nHZH}}[lí jzpfavonf/

xko d dYk tac:ta0:rsm;udk rrSm;bkYd worwfwnf; wlnpD mG a&;om;ok;H pGEJ idk Mf uap
&ef owif;pmwkdufrsm;wGif House Style ac: wkdufokH;a&;xkH;pmtkyfwtkyf xm;Mu&ay
onf/ xkpd mtkyx f w
J iG f NrdKt Y rnf? Ekid if t
H rnf? vltrnfrsm;ESiyhf wfoufonft h ac:ta0:
rsm;udk wkdufom;tm;vkH; wnDwnTwfwnf; vkdufema&;om;okH;pGJ&ef xnfhoGif;xm;av
onf/ tcsKdNY rdKUrsm;udk azmfjy&mwGif rxif&mS ;aom NrdKjY zpfaeygu Ekid if t H rnfukd uGi;f ydw
f í
f
,SOfwGJazmfjy&ayonf/
xkdYjyif tcsKdYEkdifiHrsm;udk xkdwkdif;oljynfom; odkYr[kwf xkdEkdifiHtpdk;&wkdY tokH;t
EIef;twkdif; ac:a0:a&;om;&ayonf/ w&kyfjynfolYorwEkdifiHukd w&kyfeD[ka&;í rjzpf
ay/ w&kyfeD qkdonfrSm qefYusifbufjzpfaom t&if;&SifEkdifiHrsm;\tokH;tEIef;jzpfav
onf/ xkt d ok;H tEIe;f udk w&kyt f pk;d &u rESpo f ufovkd AD,uferfvw G af jrmufa&;wyfO;D wkYd
udk AD,ufaumif;[k a&;jcif;udkvnf; AD,uferfjynfolwkdYu rESpfoufMuacs/ twkda&;vkd
vQif wyfOD;[lí a&;Mu&ayonf/
EkdifiHjcm;owif;rsm;udk jyefqkd&mwGif xkdowif;rsm; jzpfyGm;&m EkdifiHtpkd;&wkdY\
w&m;0iftac:ta0: tokH;tEIef;rsm;udk okH;Mu&onf/ rsm;aomtm;jzifh xkdEkdifiHwkdY\
owif;udk,fpm;vS,frsm;onf tpkd;&cefYrsm; odkYr[kwf tpkd;&wykdif; jzpfMu&m tpkd;&\
tmabmfrsm;udkom omomxkd;xkd; xnfhoGif;owif;ay;avh&SdMuonf/ wEkdifiHESifhwEkdifiH
y#dyu©jzpfcv hJ Qif rdrw
d EYdk iS 0hf g'wl&m odrYk [kwf r[mrdwjf zpfonfEh ikd if b
H ufu yif;í a&;wwf
Muonf/ odkYjzpfí xkdokYdy#dyu©jzpfonfhtcgrsm;wGif wzufowf rjzpfap&yJ ESpfzufrQí
owif;rsm;udk azmfjyMu&onf/
jrefrmEkdifiHonf udkvkdeDvufatmufcH b0uqkdvQif EkdifiHjcm;aMu;eef;owif;qkd
í NAdwo d Qtpk;d &\tmabmfjzpfaom &ku d w
f maMu;eef;owif;rsm;uko d m trsm;qk;H tok;H
jyKcJhMu&onf/ xkdowif;Xmeu urÇmt&yf&yfowif;rsm;ukd twkdcsKyfavmuf ay;avh&Sd
aomfvnf; bdvyfygvDrefowif;ESifhbk&ifrif;jrwf aqGawmfrsKd;awmfwkdYowif;rsm;udk t
us,fw0ifhay;avh&Sdonf/
xkdpOfu aus;awmfrsKd; uRefawmfrsKd; tvkdawmf&dawG rsm;Muav&m owif;pm
rsm;u xkdowif;rsm;udk twkdcsKH;í a&;om;azmfjycJhvQif xkdolwkdYu rBudKufcsifMuacs/
1936-ckESpfwGif yOörajrmuf a*smhbk&if ewf&GmpH&m jrefrmEdkfifiH\t&Sifocifjzpf
om
.c
onfhtavsmuf owif;pmrsm;u zGJYEGJYa&;om;cJhMuavonf/ ,if;oYdk zGJYEGJYMu&mwGif owif;

ic
ss
a
pmwapmifEiS w hf apmif tNydKiftqkid f xD;ok;H eef;ok;H pum;rsm;ukd trTe;f wefqmqifí a&;

cl
es
om;Mu&m wjznf;jznf;ESifh a*smhbk&if\romawmfrSm bkef;BuD;ysHESifhrjcm; jzpfaeawmhí

es
m
ur
.b
95
w
w
w
bmomjyefow l u Ydk kd odyNf yD;pum;vk;H rxGiMf u&ef t,f'w D mBuD;rsm;u owday;,l&avonf/
tcsKdYEkdifiHjcm; owif;rsm;rSm aMu;eef;owif;xJüom owif;xl;tjzpf ygvm
onfr[kwfacs/ EkdifiHjcm;rSvmaom pme,fZif;rsm;üvnf; awGY&wwfayonf/ odkYjzpfí
owif;pmwGif aumfyv D o dk nft
h cg xnfEh idk &f ef xl;axGqef;jym;onfu h rÇmoh wif;rsm;udk Ekid f
iHjcm; pme,fZif;rsm;rS ul;,lbmomjyefí toifhaqmifxm;Mu&avonf/
eef;pGeYf {'Gufbk&ifESifhrpöuf0gvDqifyvifwkdY\cspfudpöwGif EdkifiHjcm;aMu;eef; o
wif;xuf t*Fvyd pf me,fZif;rsm;rS owif;rsm;udk tvkt,uf &SmazGa&;om;cJMh u&onf/
xkpd Ofu jrefrmhtvif;owif;pmonf t*Fvyd &f yk pf *Hk sm,fwapmifüyg&Sad om {'Guf
bk&ifEiS rhf pöuq f ifyqifwYdk yifv,furf;ajcwckwiG f vufwaJG ysmf&iT af eyku H kd &SmazGazmfjyEkid f
cJhonhftwGuf owif;pm\apmifa&ESifhwuG *kPf[dwfrsm;pGm wufoGm;cJhayonf/
onfah emuf {'Gub f &k ifeef;pGeNYf yDqodk nfo h wif;udk umvuwåm;rS naebuf av
,mOfysHESihfa&mufvmaom tr&pfbmbZm; yufx&Dumowif;pmxJrS &&Sdí xkdowif;udk
jyefí xnfhvkdufEkdifonfhtwGuf &kdufwmaMu;eef;udk 0,f,lokH;pGJaeaom &efukefa*Zuf
owif;pmxufyif owif;OD;cJhavonf/ þtaMumif;aMumifh jrefrmhtvif;owif;pmrSm
apmifa&wkd;í oGm;avawmhonf/
xkt d csdet f xd jrefrmowif;pmrsm;onf &ku d wf maMu;eef;udk 0,f,o l ;Hk pGjJ cif;rjyK
Muao;acs/ &efukefa*Zuf? &efukefwkdif;wkdYrS ul;,lí¤if;? a&'D,kdowif;udk zrf;,lí¤if;
xnfo h iG ;f cJMh uavonf/
a&'D,kdowif;rsm;rSm bDbDpDu toHvTifhaom &kdufwmaMu;eef;rsm;jzpf&m wcg
w&H vef'efrS &efuek o f Ykd aMu;eef;&ku d Mf um;ay;ydv Yk u dk of nfxufyif apmpGm odae&avonf/
jrefrmhtvif;onf xko d aYkd &'D,rdk S ul;,lxnfo h iG ;f &m tcgrsm;pGm &efuek af *Zufxuf owif;
OD;aeonfhtwGuf &efukefa*Zufu rcHEkdifí uefYuGufavawmhonf/
pifppftm;jzifh &kdufwmaMu;eef;owif;rsm;rSm ]]rlydkif}}owif;rsm;jzpf&m aiGay;
0,f,ljcif;r&SdbJ rnfolrQ 24-em&DrausmfvGefrD ul;,lazmfjycGifhr&Sday/ xkdokdY ul;,lazmfjy
cJv
h Qif rlyikd cf iG uhf kd csKd;zsuf&m a&mufonft h wGuf w&m;pGq J ydk ikd cf iG hf &Sad vonf/ odjYk zpfí jref
rmhtvif;onf a&'D,kdowif;udk brf;,lazmfjyEkdifcGifh&&ef &kdufwmaMu;eef;owif;udkyg
0,f,lvkduf&avonf/ ol&d,u jrefrmhtvif;aemufrS vkdufí 0,f&avonf/
xkt d cg &ku d wf maMu;eef; vpOfaMu;rSm xkad cwftaejzifh vGepf mG aps;EIe;f BuD;jrifh
om
.c
av&m Summary service ac: tusOf;csKyfowif;rsm;avmufom 0,f,lEkdifavonf/ t

ic
ass
us,fukd t*Fvyd o f wif;pmrsm;rSwqifh ul;,lazmfjycJMh u&ayonf/ t*Fvyd o f wif;pmrsm;

cl
es
url owif;tjynfhtpkH 0,f,lMuonf/

es
m
ur
.b
96
w
w
w
t*Fvyd o f wif;pmrsm;taejzifh Full service udk rok;H í rjzpfay/ t*Fvyd u f ek o

f nf
BuD;rsm;twGuf ukefaps;EIef;ESifha&Taps;EIef;rsm; ta&;BuD;ovkd rsm;pGmaomrsufESmjzLwkdY
tzkdY bdvyfjrif;yGJESifhtm;upm;owif;rsm;rSm ta&;BuD;avonf/ xkdowif;rsm;udk Full
service ,lr&S Ekid af vonf/ jrefrmowif;pmrsm;u xko d wif;rsm;udk t*Fvyd o f wif;pmrsm;
rSwqifh ul;,l&avonf/
bmomjyefolrsm;onf urÇmhorkdif;? yx0D0if? pD;yGm;a&;? tEkynm? ,Ofaus;rI?
odyÜHynmESifhppfa&;ppf&mponfwkdYudk tenf;ESifhtrsm; tajccH &SdMu&ayonf/
1930-jynfhESpfu urÇmhpD;yGm;a&; uyfqkdufNyD; aiG;aMu;rsm;aps;EIef;nd§dEIdif;jyif
qif&mwGif a&Tudk pHxm;Mu&m Gold Standard [laompum;udk bmomjyefolrsm; udk,fwkdif
em;vnfatmif BudK;pm;Mu&ayonf/ owif;pmwku d rf sm;wGif bmomjyefou l kd aeYwa,muf
nwa,muf ydí k rxm;Ekid Mf u&m bmomjyefow l rYdk mS tppt&m&m ESpYH yfuRrf;usifr&I adS tmif
tNrJwrf;avhvmqnf;yl;aeMu&avonf/
wcsdew f ek ;f u News Agency udk aMu;eef;owif; ud, k pf m;vS,[ f k jyefqcdk MhJ uonf/
,ck aMu;eef;owif;Xme[k jyKjyifac:a0:Muavonf/
wcgu rsufpBd uD; em;BuD;&yfuu G [
f al ompum;udk tok;H rsm;cJMh uonf/ xkpd um;
udk owif;pmtcsif;csif;uyif ajymifavSmifoa&mfum qifBuD;awG? ZD;uGufBuD;awG&SdMu
onfhwd&pämef&kHudk qkdvdkovm;[k ceJYMuonf/ xkdodkYoa&mfcHMu&ojzifh xkdtokH;tEIef;udk
pGefYy,fMuum owif;pkH Mum;od&aomXme? ,kHMunftm;xm;&avmufaomXme? oHwref
&yfuGufpojzifh a&vJESifhokH;aeMuavonf/
owif;bmomjyefolwkdYrSm udkvkdeDacwfu xkdacwftavsmuf NAdwdoQtpdk;&wkdY\
oabmxm;udk aumif;pGmem;vnfxm;&ovkd *syefacwfa&mufawmhvnf; 'kdif,ufac:
*syefygvDrefudk vSrf;arQmfí MunfhMu&jyef\/ *syefacwfwGif EkdifiHjcm;owif;twGuf &kduf
wmtpm; 'kdarac: *syefaMu;eef;owif;Xmeudk tm;xm;Mu&avonf/ odkYaomf ppfum
vtwGi;f jzpfonft h wGuf urÇmo
h wif;aygif;pku H kd odciG rhf &yJ *syeftpd;k &u odciG jhf yKvko d rQ
owif;rsm;avmufudkom wzufowftokH;jyKcJhMu&onf/
xdkpOfuvnf; ]]'kdif;wkd;0-usKdatuif;}}[laompum;]][wfckd;tdcsd,l}}[laom
pum;rsm;udk em;vnfatmif oifMum;rSwfom;xm;Mu&ayonf/ *syefwkdYonf ajr§mufyifh
csD;usL;aompum;rsm;? xD;oHeef;oHrsm;udk okH;wwfMu&m 'dkaraMu;eef;udk bmomjyef&
om
.c
onfrSm vkd&if;xuf tydkawGu rsm;cJhavonf/ *syefbk&if taMumif;owif;ygvmvQif

ic
ss
a
od&DBwdbk0em"dwsm ...ponfwkdYxufyif &Snf&Snfa&;&onfhtcgrsm; &SdcJhayonf/

cl
es
ppfowif;rsm; qkdvQif rdrdwkdYta&;omonfhtydkif;udkyJ tus,fw0ifh azmfjyMu&

es
m
ur
.b
97
w
w
w
onf/ *syefawmfveS af &;wke;f u yJc;l zufrS wyfrawmfom;rsm;u pí wku d cf u dk Mf u&m 'dak r
aMu;eef;u ]]vlqkd;wokdufu yJcl;teD;&Sd edyGefwyfrawmfwyfpcef;wckudk 0ifa&mufwkduf
cku d Mf uonf/ odaYk omf edyeG b f &k ifrif;jrwf wyfrawmfu wku d cf u
dk w
f eG ;f vSevf udk o f jzifh vlq;dk
rsm;tustqkH;rsm;pGmjzifh ta&;edrfhoGm;onf}}[k owif;ay;cJhavonf/
*syefYvufatmufu vGwfajrmufNyD;onfhaemuf &kdufwmaMu;eef;owif;Xmet
jrefq;Hk jyefízGiahf vonf/ tjcm;aom aMu;eef;ud, k pf m;vS,rf sm;vnf; ay:vmMuonf/
'kwd,urÇmppfBuD; jzpfvkduf&mwGif t*Fvdyfpum;tqef;awG trsm;BuD;ay:vm
onf/ twkdaumufawGudk trsm;qkH; okH;Muonf/ ,ckqkdvQif qD;wdk;? aewkd;? ,leDquf p
onfhpum;rsm;rSm t*FvdyfpmvkH; twkdaumufrsm;udk pkaygif;xm;onfhtaersKd; r[kwf
awmhyJ a0g[m&topfrsm;uJhodkY jzpfaeavNyD/ ,leDqufqkdvQif twkdaumufpmvkH;rsm;\
t"dyÜg,ftus,fudk renf;odatmif pOf;pm;,lae&onf/ bmomjyefolwkdYonf xkdpum;

rsm;\tus,fudk &Hzef&Hcg arhaewwfMuum ,leDquf[líyif a&;onfhtcg a&;vkdufMu
avawmhonf/
ppfNyD;onfbufwGif jrefrmjynfwGifvnf; A.F.P.E.L (zqyv)? U.B.A (yvo)
pojzifh t*Fvyd v f dk twkad umufukd jrefrmvkd twkad umufrsm;jzifh jyefqadk &;om;rIrsm; ay:
vmonf/
t*Fvdyf tar&duef owif;pmq&mrsm;onf pum;ESpfvkH;udk wvkH;wnf;jzpf
atmif wGí J ok;H pGMJ ujyefao;onf/ rD;ck;d (smoke) ESihf (fog) qD;ESi;f a&maESmusa&mufonfukd
(smog) [kwx D iG v f udk Mf u&m rD;ck;d ESi;f [k jrefrmvkd prf;oyfjyefqcdk o hJ nfukd awG&Y onf/ xkt Yd
wl rdefYcGef;pum; (talk) &Snfvsm;pGmajymqkd&jcif;udk taMumif;jyKí Marathon (rm&oGef)
ESifhwGJzufum takla thon [kwDxGifMu&m ]]pum;oGef}}[k prf;oyfjyefqkdcJhMubl;onf/ odkY
aomf xkdtokH;tEIef;rsm;rSm ay:vGifxif&Sm;jcif; r&SdcJhMuay/ jrefrmpum;onf wGJzufokH;
pGEJ idk af ompum;jzpf&m t*Fvyd v f jdk zpfvQif jrefrmvkv d nf;jzpfatmif BudK;pm;oifMh uygonf/
,cktcgwGif Ekid if aH &;owif;rsm;udk jyefqMdk u&mü tcsKdaY om a0g[m&wku Yd kd Ekid if H
a&;orm;rsm;u wDxiG af y;Mu jyefqx dk m;Muonft h wkid ;f owif;pmrsm;u vku d í f a&;om;
aeMu&avonf/ owif;pmu wDxGifjyefqkdrI enf;aeao;onf/ Incentive udk qGJaqmifrI
[k owif;pmu jyefonf/ EkdfifiHa&;orm;u rufvkH;[k ac:onf/ EkdifiHa&;orm;\tokH;
u ydkíwGifus,faeonf/
om
.c
Theory udk owif;pmu pmawG[ Y k vG,v

f , G jf yefonf/ Ekid if aH &;orm;u xkpd um;
ic
ass
onf t"dyÜg,frjynfhpkH[kqkdum od0&D[kjyefonf/ ,ckvdk owif;pmESifhEkdifiHa&;orm;rsm;

cl
es
ndE§ idI ;f ír&onfph um;vk;H awG&adS omfvnf; Ekid if aH &;pum;tok;H tEIe;f rsm;udk jrefrmjyefqdk
es
m
ur
.b
98
w
w
w
&mwGif Ekid if aH &;orm;wk\ Yd tok;H tEIe;f udk trsm;em;rvnfaomfvnf; vku d ef mok;H pGo
J rl sm;
Muonf/ odjYk zpf&m ]]trsm;nD-þ-uRJzwf}}qko d vkd rsm;rsm;ok;H pGMJ uonfph um;u twnf
jzpfb&Ykd adS yonf/
rsm;rMumrDu tar&duefaxmufvrS ;f a&;oabFmwpif;udk ajrmufu;kd &D;,m;Ekid if H
u zrf;qD;xm;&m xko d abFm\trnfukd jrefrmvkd ac:a0:a&;om;Mu&mwGif jyLbvk?d ayG
bvkd? ywfAvdk[lí owif;pmwapmifvQif wrsKd;pDjzpfaecJhMuonf/ þudpöESifhywfoufí
wnDwnf; wykHpHwnf;ac:a0:Mu&ef nd§EIdif;cJh&m owif;pmtrsm;u ayGbvkd[kac:a0:
&ef oabmwlaomfvnf; ]]aMu;rkH}}u rdrdrlvac:a0:cJhonfhtrnfudk rajymif;vkdojzifh
]]tar&duefolvQKdoabFm}}[laom pum;udk tpm;xkd;NyD; okH;pGJcJhavonf/
,ckvkd jyKvkyfjcif;onf tavQmhray;vkdaom rmeaMumifh jzpfonf[k pGyfpGJcH&p
&m &Sdaomfvnf; rsm;pGmaom owif;pmq&mwkdYonf rSm;vnf; qufwkduf? rSefvnf;quf

wkduf usifhokH;wwfonfhrlESifhum; udkufnDvSayonf/ w&kyf0efBuD;csKyf\trnfudk csKtif
vkdif;[k owif;pmtrsm;u ac:a0:a&;om;Muaomfvnf; vlxkowif;pmurl csKdtif;
vIdifu wjym;rS ravQmhcJhacs/ armfpDwkef;udkvnf; armifpDwkef;[k worwfwnf; a&;om;
cJhonf/ owif;pmwkdufrsm;wGif (House Style) [kac:aom]]wkdufokH;a&xkH;}}wtkyfxm;&
jcif;onf þoabmaMumifh jzpfonf/ wcgokH;pGJaomtrnfudk jyif&&kd;xkH;pHr&Sdacs/ trdefY
Oya'wpkHwckt& jyifp&m&SdrSom jyifMuavonf/
xkdYjyif tcsKdYaom t*Fvdyfpum;rsm;udk wkduf&dkufjyefqkdí rjzpfonfvnf; &Sday
onf/ EkdifiHjcm;owif;rsm;wGif Far East, Middle East, Near East ponfjzifh yg&Sdonfudk
ta&SUzsm;EkdifiH? ta&SUtv,fydkif;EkdifiH? teD;uyfaeaom ta&SUtv,fydkif;EkdifiH[kjyefqkd
wwfMuonf/ xkdtac:ta0:rsm;onf Oa&mywkdufom;rsm;\tokH;tEIef;jzpf&m olwkdY
taetm;jzifh rSefuefaomfvnf; jrefrmwkdYtzkdY rudkufnDay/ Oyrm Middle East ta&SU
tv,fykdif;onf Oa&mywkdufom;rsm;tzkdY rSefaomfvnf; jrefrmwkdY\ta&SUtv,ftydkif;
onf uarÇm'D;,m;? vmtkd;wkdYomvQif jzpf&ef&Sdonf/ tZÆa&;onf Oa&mywkdufom;wkdY
tzkYd ta&SUtv,fyikd ;f jzpfaomfvnf; jrefrmwkt Yd zkYd tm&Staemufyikd ;f jzpfaeavonf/ xkYd
aMumifh Middle East udk ta&SUtv,fydkif;[k qkd&rnfhtpm; tm&Staemufydkif;[k qkdrSrSef
onf/ xkt Yd wl tcsKdt Y csKdaY om pum;tok;H tEIe;f wku dY kd jrefrmwkt
Yd jrifEiS Mhf unfí
h qDavsmf
atmif jyefqkd&ayonf/
om
.c
tar&duefwu Ydk tmumo,mOfwckukd Surveyor [k trnfay;xm;&m]]vkyo f m;}}

ic
ss
a
u ]]ajrwkdif;pma&;}}[k jyefqkdcJhonf/ tjcm;owif;pmrsm;u ]]wkdif;wma&;}}[kjyefMu

cl
es
onf/ wkdif;wma&;u ydkíqDavsmfrnfxifonf/ ]]vkyfom;}}url a&;vufp&Sdonfudk jyef

es
m
ur
.b
99
w
w
w
írjyifyJ ajrwkdif;pma&;[líyif awmufavQmufokH;pGJcJhavonf/
rsm;rMumrDu tydv k dk 10-udk vAdrmefteD;odYk csOf;uyfysHoef;&ef ypfvw T vf u dk &f m
vAdrmefoYkd vlrqif;rD aemufq;Hk prf;oyfMunfo h nfo h abmjzpfí Dress rehearsal vkyo f nf
[kaMu;eef;owif;u azmfjycJhonfudk owif;pmwapmifu t0wftpm;tjynfhtpkHjzifh
Zmwfwkdufjcif;[lí wkduf&kdufjrefrmbmom jyefqkdcJhavonf/ ]]t0wftpm; tcrf;tem;
tjynfhtpkHjzifh Zmwfwkdufovkd}}[kqdkvQif jrefrmpmzwfolwkdY em;vnfoabmaygufEkdifMu
rnf jzpfaomfvnf; t0wftpm;tjynft h pkjH zifh Zmwfwu dk jf cif;[lí a&;vku d o
f nfth cg pOf;
pm;& cufp&m jzpf&awmhonf/
xkdYaMumifh EkdifiHjcm;owif;rsm;udk bmomjyefMu&mwGif wkduf&dkufjyefqkdrIrsm;udk
wwfEkdiforQ a&Smif&Sm;oifhMuonf/ ta&;BuD;onfrSm t*Fvdyfvkd zwfwwfolwkdY em;vnf
oabmaygufovkd jrefrmpmzwfwwfow l Ydk em;vnfoabmaygufatmif jrefrmpum;tok;H

tEIe;f rSeu
f efpmG jzifh jyefqb dk Ydk jzpfonf/ xkjYd yif t*Fvyd pf mud, k xf w
J iG f yg&So
d nfth wkid ;f tm;
vkH;jyef&efrvkdyg/ rdefYcGef;rsm;? aMunmcsufrsm;u vGJvQif jrefrmrsm;taejzifh odoifhod
xkduf odvnf;odEkdifpGrf; &SdorQavmufudkom aumufEkwfjyefqkdMu&ayonf/ jrefrmwkdYrod
em;rvnf oabmraygufEkdifonfhtcsuftvufwkdYudk csefvSyf&ayonf/
rdefYcGef;rsm;? aMunmcsufrsm;ESifhpyfvsOf;ívnf; Communique udk Joint Com-
munique udk yl;wGJjyefwrf;[k jyefqkdxm;onf/
Official qka d ompum;udk wcsdeu f rdrw d BYdk udKufovkd trsKd;rsKd;jyefqMdk uonf/ ,ck
w&m;0if[lí jyefqkdMuonf/ odkYjzpfí w&m;0ifxkwfjyefaMunmcsuf[k qkdvQif Official
statement udkqkdvkdaMumif; em;vnfaeMuonf/
owif;rsm;udk wkEd idk o f rQwkw
d dk jyefqadk &;om;jcif;onf taumif;qk;H jzpfonf/ odYk
aomf xkdokdYtwkdcsKH;&mwGif vkd&if;tcsufudk rvGwfbdkY owdjyK&ayrnf/ wkdvGef;ojzifh t
&kd;t&GufomygNyD; tom;usefae&pfvQifvnf; zwf&olwkdYtzkdY tusKd;r&Sdacs/ bmomjyef
&mwGif 'defcJeHY azsmufNyD; ig;yda&usKdeHYuav; oif;aeatmif jyefqkdEkdifbdkY BudK;pm;Mu&ay
vdrfhrnf/ /
bmomjyefowif;
om
.c
1/ OD;aomif;(atmifAv)
ic
ass
2/ OD;armifarmifav;(cifav;armif)
cl
es
3/ OD;oef;vIdifopf(jrefrmhtoH)
es
m
ur
.b
100
w
w
w
4/ taxmufawmfvSatmif
5/ OD;bkef;oefY
6/ OD;xGef;oef;(jrefrmhtoH)
7/ OD;armifarmif(rGef;"mwk)
1/ owif;pmrsm;ü wkdif;wyg;NrdKYtrnf? a'ornfrsm;udk azmfjy&mü pmzwfy&dowf
odvG,fatmif EdkifiHtrnfudkyg yl;wGJazmfjyoifhonf/ aiGaMu;pepfudk azmfjyygu
jrefrmaiGEiS n
hf rD Qaom wefz;dk ukyd g yl;wGaJ zmfjyoifo
h nf[k jznfph u
G af qG;aEG;onf/
2/ t*Fvyd b f momjzifh xkwaf 0aom owif;pmrsm;wGif wyfrawmf? &Jar? vlq;dk ? bke;f
BuD;ponfh jrefrma0g[m&rsm;udk bmomrjyefbJ þtwkdif;okH;pGJaeMujcif;onf

pHepfrusaMumifh jznfhpGufaqG;aEG;onf/
3/ owif;rsm;udk bmomjyefqadk zmfjy&mü Ekid if jH cm;trnfemra0g[m&rsm;udk owif;
pmrsm;u trsKd;rsKd; okH;pGJaeMuojzifh uRrf;usifolrsm;u pkaygif;í nd§EIdif;oifh
aMumif; tMuHay; aqG;aEG;onfudk jyefMum;a&;0efBuD;Xmeu ,if;udpötwGuf
tzGJYi,fw&yf zGJYpnf;í aqmif&GufaeNyDjzpfaMumif; ajymMum;onf/
4/ Ekid if w
H uma&;&mESiyhf *k K¾ v
d rf sm;\owif;udk bmomjyef&mwGif bmomjyefrmS ;ygu
EkdifiHtcsif;csif; cspfMunfa&;ysufjym;apEkdifonf[k aqG;aEG;onf/ /
om
.c
ic
ss
a
cl
es
es
m
ur
.b
101
w
w
w
qDavsmfonfb h momjyefEiS hf
rqDavsmfonfb h momjyefrsm;
wifjyol
OD;xifBuD;
qDavsmfonfhbmomjyefrsm;udk zGifhxkwfazmfusL;&mü um,uH&Sifrsm;onf ESpf

axmif;tm;&&SdMurnf jzpfaomfvnf; rqDavsmfonfhbmomjyefrsm;udk zGifhcs&mürl ouf
qkdifolrsm;onf pmwef;&Sifudk axmif;xkacsrIef;vkdrnfrSm {uefjzpfygonf/
okdYaMumifhvnf; qDavsmfaom bmomjyefrsm;udk þpmwef;ü azmfxkwf&mwGif
&nfnTef;csufrsm; tjynfhtpkH xnfhoGif;NyD;? rqDavsmfaom bmomjyefrsm;\Zmpfjrpfudkrl
Zmwfjr§Kyfí xm;ygrnf/
qDavsmfonf rqDavsmfonfqkd&mü pmwef;wifol\twkdif;twmt&¤if;? olY
xifjrifcsuft&¤if; aumufcsufcsjcif;rQom jzpfojzifh 0d0g'uGJp&m&SdEkdifygonf/ xkd0d0g'
uGJjym;csufrsm;udk aqG;aEG;cGifhay;csdefwGif yg0ifaqG;aEG;Muyg[k av;pm;pGm zdwfac:&yg
onf/
þpmwef;ü rsm;aomtm;jzifh ykEH ydS Nf yD;pmtkyrf sm;rS qDavsmfonfb h momjyefrsm;?
rqDavsmfonfhbmomjyefrsm;udk aumufEkwfazmfjyxm;ygonf/ owif;pmrsm;rS bmom
jyeftvGJrsm;udk t"duxm;í razmfjyyg/ odkYaMumifh þpmwef;onf tvkH;pkHNyD;jynfhpkHonfh
pmwef; r[kwfaMumif; 0efcHygonf/ xkdodkY NyD;jynfhpkHjcif;r&SdaomaMumifhvnf; aqG;aEG;cGifh
tcsdefü aqG;aEG;cGifh&Sdolrsm;onf usef&Sdao;aom qDavsmfonfhbmomjyefrsm;ESifh rqD
avsmfonfhbmomjyefrsm;udk jznfhpGufí qufvufaqG;aEG;&ef zdwfac:ygonf/
bmomjyefonf qkd&mü bmompum;wckrS tjcm;bmomwckodkY vTJajymif;í t
"dygÜ ,fazmfjcif;jzpfygonf/ odaYk Mumifh jrefrmrS ygVd? ygVdrS jrefrm? jrefrmrS t*Fvyd ?f t*Fvyd f
rS jrefrm? jrefrmrS jyifopf? jyifopfrS jrefrm? jrefrmrSm *smref? *smrefrS jrefrm ponfjzifh
jyefqkdjcif;wkdYukd aqG;aEG;&rnfjzpfygonf/
odaYk omf þpmwef;ü t*Fvyd rf S jrefrmodjYk yefqo dk nfuh pd u
ö o
dk m t"duxm;í aqG;
aEG;oGm;ygrnf/
þuJhodkY uefYowfí aqG;aEG;&onfrSm t*FvdfyfrS jrefrmodkYjyefqkdjcif;u tjcm;
om
.c
acwfokH;bmompum;rS jrefrmodkY jyefqkdjcif;xuf ydkrkdrsm;jym;jcif;? urÇmokH;pmrsm;teuf

ic
ass
t*Fvdyfpmonf jrefrmrsm;ESifht&if;ESD;qkH; jzpfjcif;wkYdaMumifhyg/

cl
es
t*Fvyd pf um;vk;H rsm;udk t"dygÜ ,fazmfjcif;? bmomjyefjcif;rjyKyJ jrefrmpum;vk;H

es
m
ur
.b
102
w
w
w
tjzpf toHvS,fí okH;&mrS trsm;vufcHaeNyDjzpfonfhpum;vkH; trsm;tjym;&Sdygonf/

xkdpum;vkH;rsm;rSm aumfvdyfawmft&m&Sd (collector) ? uyfwvuf (cutlet) ? uwfbdeuf
(cabinet) ? aumfrwD (commitee) ? csvef (chalan) ? *smuif (jerkin) ? a*smh*suf (gorget) ?
*sL&D (jury) ? *&ef (grant) ? *&Gwf (gross) ? 8dk; (goal) ? *D,m (gear) ? parmfaumf&kH; (small
cause court) ? pD;u&uf (cigarette) ? qmMuLvm (circular) ? qDedwf (senate) ? qkdufum;
(sidecar) ? qkdif;bkwf (signboard) ? qyfuyf (circus) ? 'kdiferkd (dynamo) ? bDvpfBuD; (baliff)?
armfawmf (motor) ? 0g&rf; (warrant) ? ygvDref (parliament) ponfwkdYjzpfygonf/
jrefrmpum;jzifh t"dyÜg,fjyefqkdoifhygvsuf t*Fvdyfpum;udk wkduf&kduftoHvS,f
í tokH;jyKjcif;udk rqDavsmfonfhbmomjyefcsuf[k qkdcsifygonf/
Oyrm 1957-ckESpfu xkwfa0cJhaom vpOfpmapmifwckü ]]uorD;,m;jynfe,f
onf {&d,mtm;jzifh puG, J m;

m;rkid af ygif; &Spaf omif;ESpaf xmifausmf us,f0ef;NyD;vQif...}}
[lí¤if;?
1904-ckESpfowif;pmwapmifü ]]...pkHprf;Munfh&I&ef apvTwfcefYxm;aom t
&m&SdwkdYu wifoGif;aom &DyGwfpmmukd vufa&muf&&SdMunfh&Iqifjcifí...}}[lí¤if;? xkdo
wif;pmüyif]]...vGecf o hJ nfh pufwifbmv 12-&uf aomMumaeY rGe;f vGt f iG f awmif
J csdew
a[mf&kH;awmfü tpnf;ta0;jyKvkyfMuavonf...}}[lí¤if;?
1961-ckESpfxkwf aeYpOfowif;pmBuD;wapmif\acgif;BuD;ydkif;ü]]...xkdodkYokH;
ESpfMum;cHxm;onfrSm jrefrmtm; ckepfESpftwGif; oef; 30 udk rokH;EkdifvQif 10 ESpftwGif;
okH;pGJEkdifatmif rm*sifjcm;ay;uJhokdY jzpfayonf...}}[lí¤if;?
tjcm;owif;pmBuD;wapmif\acgif;BuD;ü]]...qk&d , S vf pfpepfu t&if;&Sipf epf
avmuf xda&mufuRrf;usifrI r&Sí d tufz&d iS hrf jzpfí r[kwaf y}}[lí¤if; a&;om;xm;onf
udk zwf&ygonf/
tcsKdYaom bmomjyefpmvkH;rsm;rSm t*FvdyfbmomrS wkdfuf&kdufteuf azmfxm;
aomfvnf; owif;pmrsm;ü rMumcPyg&Sdojzifh¤if;? tokH;rsm;ojzifh¤if; t"dyÜm,fudk od
aeMuNyD[k,lq&ygonf/ xkdpum;vkH;rsm;rSm aumfvmjzLtvkyform; (White collar em-
ployee) ? ppfat;wkdufonf (to wage a cold war) ? rD;pdrf;jyonf (to give green light) ?
wif;rmrI (tension) ? azmif;yGrI (inflation) ? puúLusm; (paper tiger) ? ,Ofaus;rIawmfvSef
a&; (cultural revolution) ? yOörHwyfom; ((fifth columnist) ponfwkdYjzpfygonf/
om
.c
wcgw&Hü pmvk;H wvk;H csif; bmomjyefí qufpyfvu dk af omtcg &,fb, G jf zpfae

ic
ss
a
wwfygonf/ 'kw, d urÇmppfBuD;rjzpfrD &ky&f iS af Mumfjimwck\rl&if;rSm *E¦0ifajrmuf t*Fvyd f

cl
es
0w¬K David Copperfield jzpfonfudk bmomjyefolu vkH;csif;pdwfí ]]'g0dwf\aMu;eDv,f

es
m
ur
.b
103
w
w
w
uGif;}}[lí jyefqkdcJhbl;ygonf/ *syefacwfxkwf Armhacwfowif;pmüvnf; c&D;oGm;rSwf
wrf;wckwGif sweet potato udk bmomjyefum ]]tmvl;csKd}}[lí azmfjycJhbl;ygonf/
pmwvkH;csif; bmomjyefapumrl t"dyÜm,fvnf;&Sdrnf? toHxGuftm;jzifhvnf;
eD;pyfrnfqkdygu xdrdaom bmomjyefjzpfEkdifygonf/ 'kwd,urÇmppfBuD;jzpfcgeD;ü Tank
(,cktac: wifhum;)ESifhywfoufí q&mBuD;ocifbaomif;u ]]wkduf,mOf}}[lí jyefqkd
cJhNyD; Dr. Thorndyke ac: t*FvdyfpkHaxmufBuD;udk ]]a'gufwmbaomif;xkduf}}[lí q&m
BuD;a&TOa'gif;u jyefqkdcJhbl;ygonf/
bmompum;wckrS jrefrmpum;tjzpfodkY ajymif;vJazmfjy&mü rl&if;bmom\t
okH;tEIef;ukd ruRrf;usifbJ bmomjyefygu jrefrmpmzwfolrsm; em;rvnfEkdifatmif jzpf
wwfygonf/
1938-ckEpS cf efuY r*¾Zif;wapmifü yg&Sad om bmomjyef 0w¬Kwyk'w f iG f ]]avcRef

vkdufygvm;}}[líygvm&m? pum;tquftpyfr&Sdojzifh &kwfw&uf em;rvnfEkdifjzpfrdyg
onf/ aemufrS to whistle [laoma0g[m&udk owd&NyD; bmqkv d o dk nfudk t"dymÜ ,faygufyg
awmhonf/
t*FvdyfpmtokH;tEIef;udk odrf;oGif;í bmomjyefaomtcg t*FvdyfpmESifhr&if;
EDS;aom zwf&olrsm;tzkdY em;rvnfEkdifjzpfwwfygonf/ Oyrmtm;jzifh ]]...,aeY uREkfyf
wkYd rsufarSmufjyKae&aom urÇmt h ajctaeudk wGuq f vQif uREkyf w Ydk nf cg;ywfwif;xm;
f o
&rnfhtajcodkY qkdufa&mufaeayonf...}}[lí¤if;?
]]OD;EkxGufawmhrnf[k owif;ay:vmwkdif; vlawGu qm;wjrKHavmufikHNyD;rS ,kH
MunfMu\}}[l¤if;? ]]...,ckwkdufyGJpumeD; oknem&DwGif awGY&Sd&aom zqyvwyfBuD;
onf]t&ifwek ;f ueJY rwlygw,f}[kq&dk onfh ygwDwiG ;f wku d yf u
JG ykd if cyf&&J J rqifEo JT nfw
h yf
rsKd;tjzpfodkY ysufpD;avsmhusaeygNyD...}}[lí¤if;?
]]...rdrdwkdY qGwfcl;&&Sdaom atmifjrifrI yef;acGay:wGif tNrdKifhom;xkdifaerIwkdY
aMumifh jzpfavonf}}[lí¤if;?
]]...jynfov Yl wT af wmfwiG f yrnwtrwfwOD;u xkod doed f;wefar;cGe;f udk Mo*kwf
vpnf;a0;ü ar;\}}[lí¤if; azmfjyMuygonf/
tcsKdYbmomjyefolrsm;onf rl&if;pum;vkH;\t"dyÜm,fudk rSef;í bmomjyef&m
wufwufpifrSef;aewwfygonf/ Oyrmtm;jzifh &k&Spma&;q&mBuD; a*:*Da&;onfh*E¦0if
om
.c
ajrmuf 0w¬Kwyk'fudk bmomjyef&mwGif rl&if;üyg&Sdaom hors d'oeuvre qkdonfhpum;vkH;\

ic
ss
a
teufukd &SmazGjcif;rjyKbJ ]]jrif;om;aMumf}}[lí vGJrSm;pGm bmomjyefxm;ygonf/

cl
es
ausmif;om;rsm;twGuf ynmay; A[kokwpmtkyfwtkyfü alter ego udk]]tjcm;

es
m
ur
.b
104
w
w
w
wck}}? idee fixe udk ]]cufcJonfhtMuHtpnf}}? cherchez la femme udk ]]rdef;rudk ajr§mfonf?
&Smonf}}[k bmomjyefxm;onfudk awGY&ygonf/
xkdYtwl *syefacwf jrefrmowif;pmwapmifüvnf; the fleet was sent to Davy
Jones' locker ...udk]]...a&wyfi,fonf vQKdY0Sufaom a'AD*sKH;oabFmqdyfodkY xGuf
ajy;av\}}[k jyefqkdxm;ygonf/
xktYd jyif 'kw, d urÇmppfBuD;twGi;f *syefEidk if &H NdS rdKUwNrdKUudk tar&duefavwyfu
AkH;BuJonfhowif;ü inflammable [laompum;udk ]]rD;ravmifEkdif}}[k ajymif;jyefbmom
jyefxm;onfudk zwf&bl;ygonf/
tmumom,mOfrS urÇmodkY &kyfjrifoHMum;vTifh&mwGif Keep those cards and let-
ters coming in, folks [laomqki d ;f bkwuf kd ]]xkud yfjym;rsm;ESiphf mvk;H rsm; 0ifrvmapESi}hf }[k
1968-ck? atmufwb dk mv 16-&ufaeYxw k f jrefrmowif;pmBuD;wapmifü bmomjyefxm;

onfudk¤if;? There are no dark places in the lives of the Burmese as there are in the lives
of other orientals ukd bmomjyefpmtkyfwtkyfü ]]jrefrmvlrsKd;wkdYonf tjcm;ta&SUwkdif;
om;rsm;uJhodkY woufvkH;arSmifaomae&mrsm;wGif aexkdifjcif;rjyK}}[k¤if;? who will take
him in hand and continue his instruction uk]d ]olv Y ufxxJ nfNh yD;...}}[lí¤if; jyefqx dk m;yg
onf/
bmomjyefpmwtkyfüvnf; graphic account of the situation udk]]rSwfwef;xJü
tao;pdwZf ,m;csí a&;xm;cJo h nfrmS }}[lí¤if;? ...return from furlough ud]k ]c&D;a0;
rS jyefvmaom}}[lí¤if; bmomjyefxm;ygonf/
bmomjyefpmtkyw f tky\ f rl&if;trnfrmS For your eyes only jzpfaomfvnf; jref
rmjyefxm;onfhpmtkyftrnfrSm ]]rif;&JUrsufvkH;awG twGufaMumifh}}jzpfaeygonf/
tjcm;rqDavsmfonfhbmomjyefrsm;rSm philosopher's stone udk]]tbd"r®mq&m
wk\ Yd ausmufoyH wåjrm; odrYk [kwf a&Tw;Hk a&Tc&J mS azGjcif;}}[lí jyefqjdk cif;/ South East Asia
Relief Fund udk ]]ta&SUawmiftm&S &kyfazmif;&kyf<u&efykHaiG}}? left-handed compliment
udk]]b,fvufeJYcsD;rGrf;w,f}}? not a public meeting udk]]y&dwfw&m;em r[kwfbl;}}ponfh
jyefqkdcsufrsm; jzpfygonf/
rl&if;t*Fvyd pf mpyfrsm;udk jrefrmpmzwfy&dowfwdYk xif;ueJ t"dygÜ ,faygufatmif
y&d,m,fjzifh bmomjyefxm;onfrsm;udkvnf; awGY&zwf&ygonf/ Oyrmtm;jzifh 1938-
om
.c
ckESpfcefYu &kyf&SifaMumfjimt*Fvdyfrl&if;rSm One hour with you jzpfonfudk jrefrmqHqH t

ic
ss
a
"dygÜ ,frad tmif ]]wem&DxJ cspfyg&ap}}[k bmomjyefxm;onfukd awG&Y bl;ygonf/ 1951-

cl
es
ckESpfxkwf "r®odowif;pmüqkdvQif Registry office udk]]pmcsKyfrSwfykHwifwkduf}}[lí¤if;?

es
m
ur
.b
105
w
w
w
scape goat uk]d ]"m;pmcH}}[lí¤if;? Early to bed, early to rise, makes a man healthy, wealthy
and wise udk]]apmapmtdyfx? jyKusifhu? wGif;yudk,fcE¨m? a&m*gcyfodrf;? a&SmifcGmwdrf;?
uif;Nidrf;vGefusef;rm? Opöm"eayg<u,f0? xGef;yÓPfynm}}[lí¤if;? Necessity is the
mother of invention udk]]vkdvQif MuHq enf;vrf;&}}[lí¤if; q&mBuD;ocifbaomif;u
God forbid [laoma0g[m&udk ]]zG[Jh vGJap z,fap}}[lí¤if; bmomjyefcJhMuygonf/
rMumao;rDu &efuek Nf rdKUokYd tdE,
d́ 0efBuD;csKyf rpöut f if'&m*ED́ a&mufvmaom
tcg ]]tajrmuf 19-csuf ypfazmuftav;jyK\}}[k owif;pmwapmifu azmfjycJyh gonf/
tvm;wlyif 1904-ckESpftwGif;u xkwfa0cJhaom owif;pmwapmifurl ...gun salute
was fired udk]]uefawmhtajrmuf ypfazmufawmfrlavonf}}[k eef;qHqH bmomjyefxm;
onfudk zwfrdygonf/
xkdenf;wl 1851-ckESpf "r®odowif;pmüyif 0dwkd&d,bk&ifr\Muif,mawmfESifh

ywfoufíowif;pma&;&müPrince Consort Albert ud]k ]arsmufom;awmf tmvAwfocif}}
[k azmfjycJhygonf/
t"dyÜg,fudk rlwnfí qDavsmfatmif bmomjyefcJhaom tjcm;pmvkH;rsm;rSm air
raid trench (at;usif;)? all clear (vGwfNyD uRwfNyD)? anti-personnel bomb (vlxdAkH;)? black
market (arSmifckdaps;)? ambush (csKHcdkwkdufckdufjcif;)? brain drain (ÓPf&nfqkH;yg;rI)? over-
head (OaoQmifp&dwf)? floor price (Murf;cif;aps;)? Is it a deal ? (pdefNyDvm;)? groud floor
(ajrnDxyf)? rock and roll (t&l;yef;csD)? foul ball (jypf'Pfabm)? hand ball (vufxad bm)?
hula hoop (zifvdefuGif;)? swivel chair (qkHvnfukvm;xkdif) ponfwkdYjzpfygonf/
wBudraf omtcgu Armhacwfowif;pm uke0f ifuek x f uG o
f wif;ü toilet paper udk
]]a&tdrfokH;puúL}} odkYr[kwf ]]tdrfomokH;puúL}}[lí bmomrjyefbJ]]csKH;uD;puúL}}[kjyef
qdkcJhonfudkvnf; zwf&zl;ygonf/
tcsKdYaompum;vkH;rsm;udk bmomjyef&mü wae&mü qDavsmfaomfvnf; tjcm;
wae&mü rqDavsmfjzpfwwfygonf/ Oyrmtm;jzifh professional gunman ESihf professional
artist wkdYwGif professional [laom pum;vkH;udk ]]aMu;pm;}}[lí ESpfae&mpvkH;ü bmom
jyef&ef rqDavsmfyg/
owif;pmtcsKdüY sedan car udk]]ZdrfcHum;}}[lí wbufpD;enf; jyefqkdxm;ygonf
udk awGY&Sd&ygonf/ xkdtpm; ]]rkd;vkHavvkHum;}}[lí jyefoifhonfxifygonf/
om
.c
,cktcg t*Fvyd af 0g[m&rsm;onf acwftvku d f ajymif;vJvsuf&ydS gonf/ txl;

ic
ss
a
ojzifh tar&duefokH;t*Fvdyfa0g[m&rsm;onf vsifjrefpGm jzpfysufaeaom urÇmhtajc

cl
es
taet& topftopfwkd;í aeygonf/ xkdpum;vkH;rsm;udk omreftbd"mefrsm;ü rawGY

es
m
ur
.b
106
w
w
w
Ekdifojzifh bmomjyefolwkdYrSm tcuftcJ awGYMu&ygonf/ jrefrmr*¾Zif;wapmifü olvQKd

vkyif ef;ESiyhf wfoufaom bmomjyefaqmif;yg;wGif period [laompum;vk;H t&G,&f dS "mwf
ykx
H üJ pma&;xm;onf}}[kyg&S&d m tawmfMumpOf;pm;rS tar&dueftac: period ? t*Fvyd f
tac: full stop udkqkdvdkaMumif; owdjyKrdygonf/ jrefrmrsm; em;vnf&ef bmomjyefrnf
qkyd gu ]]atmufjrpfcef&Y adS om tpufuav;t&G,f "mwfyx Hk üJ pma&;xm;onf}}[kjyefqdk
&rnfjzpfygonf/
ppfNyD;pü *sme,fwapmifwGif bmomjyeftar&duef0w¬Kwyk'fü ]]acG;ylBuD;pm;
aeonf}}[kyg&S&d m t"dygÜ ,frnfoYkd aumuf&rnfrodjzpfcyhJ gonf/ aemifaomtcg hot dog
ac: tar&duefabmZOfukd awG&Y rS rnfonft h pm;tpmudk qkv d adk Mumif; od&ygawmhonf/
tar&duefokH; t*Fvdyfa0g[m&tcsKdYum; bootleg, blue collar worker, crash program,
on the cuff, egg head, grass roots, hot dog, hard liners, hitch hike, hard-sell, play hookey,
jaywalker, leather necks, one-upmanship, pocket book, public address system, screw
ball, snafu, scuba diving, shot in the arm, speakeasy, stuffed shirt, zip codeÄ ponfwkdY
jzpfí xkda0g[m&rsm;udk vkH;csif;bmomjyefí r&paumif;yg/
tcsKdYpum;vkH;rsm;rSm owif;pmq&mrsm;u xGifí tokH;jyK&mrS ]wGif}oGm;wwf
ygonf/ Oyrm? ppfrjzpfonfhab;uif;&modkY yifv,furf;rS a&TUajymif;jcif; (evacuation
by sea ) udktwkdcsKH;NyD; seavacuation [lí pum;vkH;opfxGifcJhay:cJhbl;avonf/ smoke
* bootleg: smuggled, illegal whisky

blue collar worker: manual worker
crash program: a speed-up program, a program designed to overcome an emergency in a hurry.
on the cuff: free of charge
egg head: an intellectual who does not participate in popular fads and diversions
grass roots: the rural sections of the country
hot dog: a kind of sausage ususally served in a bun, having the same elongated shape
hard-liners: those who are orthodox or those who stick strictly to a belief
hitch-hike: to travel on foot and by asking rides from passing vehicles
hard sell: the use of aggressive methods of salesmanship
play hookey: to stay away from school for a one day vacation
jaywalker: any person who walks in or crosses the street in violation of traffic rules
leathernecks: a common term for marines
one-upmanship: seeing who can outdo the other
pocket book: wallet
public-address system: a complete assembly of sound reproducing apparatus for the proper amplification and
recording of programs for performance in public places
screw ball: an eccentric person
om
snafu: a chaotic situation, (Situation Normal, All Fouled Up)

.c
ic
scuba diving: a popular acquatic sport, (Self-Contained Underwater Breathing Apparatus)

ss
shot in the arm: (to give) an immediate effect

a
cl
speakeasy: unlicensed saloon, bar or restaurant selling illegal or smuggled whisky

es
stuffed shirt: a pretentious person

es
zip code: zone improvement plan code

m
ur
.b
107
w
w
w
ESihf frog udk aygif;pyfí smog [k¤if;? motor ESifh hotel udkaygif;pyfí motel [k¤if;? break-
fast ESifh lunch udkaygif;í brunch [k¤if;? talk ESifh marathon aygif;í talkthon [k¤if;?
advertising man ukd adman [k¤if; pum;vk;H opf xGic f MhJ uygonf/ xko d aYkd om pum;vk;H opf
rsm;\Zmpfjrpfudk rodygu t"dyÜg,faygufatmif bmomjyef&ef rvG,fvSyg/
t*Fvyd rf S jrefrmodYk jyefq&dk mü awGb Y ;l onfyh gpifatmif vGrJ mS ;aombmomjyefrsm;?
avsmh&J&Jbmomjyefrsm; ponfwkdYudk azmfxkwfcJhNyD;aemuf? bmomjyefolrsm; pdwfoufom
&ap&ef azmfjyvdkonfrSm bmomjyef&mü jrefrmrsm;om rSm;Muonfr[kwf? taemufEkdifiH
om; trsm;tjym;vnf; rSm;rSm;,Gi;f ,Gi;f bmomjyefrw d wfaMumif;udk qmpwefvt D ef0if
(Sir Stanley Unwin) \aqmif;yg;t& od&ygonf/
xdkaqmif;yg;ü "You are kidding" [laoma0g[m&ukd "Your are uncovering
yourself " [lí¤if;? "I took her word for it" udk "I promised her I would do it" [lí¤if;?
"He has the run of the village" udk He drinks all the village's rum" [lí¤if;? "A patient
who is fit for light work" udk "A patient who is fit for work by artificial light" [lí¤if;?
"A girl with a face like that could get away with murder" udk "A girl with a face like that
had to travel with a murderer" [lí¤if; jyifopfbmom? pydefbmom? ay:wl*DbmomwkdY
jzifh t&rf;bmomjyefxm;aMumif; azmfjyxm;ygonf/
xGuo f rQpmtkyrf sm;udk oGuo f uG Bf uD; bmomjyefavh&adS om *syefjynfüvnf; rSm;
rSm;,Gif;,Gif; bmomjyef wykHwacgif;BuD; &SdaMumif;jzifh *syefygarmu©wauOcsD (Kenji
Takeuchi) u 1964-ck? ZGefvtwGif; xkwfa0cJhaom Goyaku (bmomjyeftrSm;rsm;)qkd
onfhpmtkyfü zGihfcscJhygonf/ ygarmu©wauOcsDonf emrnfBuD;abm*aA'bmomjyef
q&mrsm;\trSm;rsm;udk axmufjy&mü pmrsufESm 216-txd&Sdaom pmtkyftjynfhjzpfyg
onf/ xkdpmtkyfudk &kdufqJwGifyif ygarmu©wauOcsDonf jyifopfEkdifiHodkY tNyD;tydkifxGuf
cGmoGm;onf[kvnf; aemufqufwGJ owif;tjzpf od&Sd&ygonf/ /
qDavsmfonfhbmomjyefESifhrqDavsmfonfhbmomjyefrsm;
1/'*kefa&TrQm;
2/OD;tkef;armif(a&Twnfavsmif)
om
.c
3/atmifoef;(rEÅav;)
ic
ss
a
4/OD;armifarmif(orm"darmifarmif)
cl
es
5/OD;at;armif(pmayAdrmef)
es
m
ur
.b
108
w
w
w
6/wuúodkvfpef;
7/wuúov
kd jf rwfol
1/ jrefrmjyefa0g[m&rsm; csKdw Y ahJ ejcif;rSm a0g[m&opfrsm;udk ok;H pG&J ef r0efrY &Jaom
aMumifh jzpfaMumif;? a0g[m&opfrsm;udo k ;Hk pG&J mwGif jrefrmqefNyD;? rSerf eS u
f efuef
ESifhuspfvpfbdkY vkdaMumif; aqG;aEG;onf/
2/ bmomjyef&mwGif wkdif;wyg;\ obm0p&kdufrsm;? taiGYtoufrsm; yg&Sdonfudk
tqD;twm;rjzpfapbJ rl&if;pm\aemufcpH &ku d o
f abmwkyYd g0ifatmif a&;zGo YJ ifh
aMumif; yg0ifaqG;aEG;onf/
om
.c
ic
ss
a
cl
es
es
m
ur
.b
109
w
w
w
jrefrmuAsmrS t*FvdyfuAsmodkY bmomjyefqkdjcif;
wifjyol
OD;0if;az
jrefrmuAsmudk t*FvdyfodkY bmomjyefqkd&mü jrefrmuAsmrS t*Fvdyfpum;ajyodkY
jzpfap? jrefrmuAsmrS t*FvdyfuAsmodkY jzpfap bmomjyefqkdEkdifayonf/ bmomjyefvkyf
ief;wGif awGYMuKH&aom jyóemrsm;? xajrmufrIrsm;? rauseyfrIrsm;ESifhauseyfrIrsm;udk
uAsmrS pum;ajyodkY jyefqkdonfxuf uAsmrS uAsmodkY jyefqkd&mü ykdrkdxif&Sm; av;eufpGm
MuKHawG&Y aomaMumifh þpmwef;wGif jrefrmuAsmrS t*Fvyd u f AsmodYk bmomjyefqjdk cif;udpö
udk wifjyayrnf/
jrefrmuAsmudk t*Fvyd u f Asmjzpfatmif jyefqjdk cif;tvkyo f nf jrefrmr[kwaf om
pmzwfow l OD;tm; jrefrmwOD;u jrefrmuAsmudk zwfí cHpm;&onft h wkid ;f t*Fvyd bf mom

pum;jzifh cHpm;Ekid af tmif jyKvkyaf y;aomvkyif ef;jzpfayonf/ wenf;tm;jzifq h adk omf jref
rmr[kwaf om pmzwfow l OD;ukd jrefrmjzpfvmatmif bmomajymif;vJay;onfv h yk if ef;[k
qkdEkdifayonf/
wu,fawmh jrefrmpmzwfol\tm&kHwGif jzpfay:aomcHpm;csufrsm;udk t*Fvdyf
pmzwfol\tm&kHwGif waoGrwdrf; wdwdusus xyfwlxyfrQ ay:vmatmif rnfonfhenf;
ESifhrS vkyfaqmifEkdifrnfr[kwfacs/ tb,faMumifhqkdaomf bmomjyeft*FvdyfuAsmonf
jrefrmuAsmr[kwyf J t*Fvyd u f Asmom jzpfaomaMumifo h mwnf;/ bmomjyeft*Fvyd u f Asm
wyk'fonf t*FvdyfuAsmu ay;aqmifEkdifpGrf;aom cHpm;rIukdom zwfoltm; cHpm;apEkdif
í jrefrmuAsmu ay;aqmifEidk pf rG ;f aom cHpm;rIuu kd m; cHpm;apEkid rf nf r[kwaf y/ pmzwf
olcpH m;&aom t&omonf jrefrmuAsmudk t&if;cHí cHpm;&aomt&omr[kwyf J t*Fvyd f
uAsmudk t&if;cHí cHpm;&aomt&omomjzpfacsonf/
odaYk omf jrefrmuAsmwyk'u f kd zwfaom jrefrmpmzwfow l idk ;f onf wlnx D yfrQaom
t&omudk cHpm;Muonfr[kwfay/ wOD;\cHpm;rIESifhwjcm;wOD;\cHpm;rIwkdYonf uGJjym;
jcm;em;Muavonf/ xkduJhodkY cHpm;rItzkHzkH &SdwwfaomaMumifh bmomjyeft*FvdyfuAsmudk
zwfí cHpm;&aom t&omonf rl&if;jrefrmuAsmudk zwfí cHpm;&aomt&omESifhrwl
aomfvnf; jrefrmuAsmrS t*Fvyd u f AsmodjYk yefqjdk cif;vkyif ef;onf tcsD;ES;D rjzpfwef&mav
onf/
om
.c
ic
ss
wdusrI
a
cl
es
bmomjyefqkd&mwGif rSefuefwduspGm jyefqkdzkdY ta&;BuD;ayonf/ odkYaomf pum;

es
m
ur
.b
110
w
w
w
vkH;tvkduf wvkH;csif; wduszkdY&m rvG,fulay/ txl;ojzifh uAsmrS uAsmodkYjyefqkd&mü

pum;vkH;tvkduf wdusrIukd r&apatmif [efYwm;aom tcuftcJrsm;pGm &Sdavonf/
jrefrm0gus wnfaqmufyEHk iS t hf *Fvyd 0f gus wnfaqmufyw
Hk rYdk mS uGjJ ym;Muavonf/
jrefrm0guswGif Bud,mu aemufqkH;rS vmonf/ jrefrm0gusudk Bud,mjzifh owfonf/ t*F
vdyf0guswGif Bud,mu tv,fü yg0ifonf/
jrefrm0guswGif armifeDu acG;udk bmvkyfaMumif; aemufqkH;rS azmfjyonf/ acG;
udk &kdufovm;? acG;udk auR;ovm;[k ajr§mfrSef;awG;qNyD;rS acG;udkvkdufaMumif; od&onf/
t*Fvyd 0f guswGirf l armifeu D vku d o
f nf? rnfonft h &mudk vku d af Mumif; qufzwf
awmhrS acG;udk vkdufaMumif; od&onf/
0gusESpfckpvkH;wGif armifeDu acG;udk vkdufaMumif; azmfjyaomfvnf; 0guswnf
aqmufykHcsif; rwlaomaMumifh zwfolrSm cHpm;&ykHcsif; rwlay/ cHpm;rItpOf jzpfay:rIu

jcm;em;onf/
0guswnfaqmufykHcsif; rwlaomaMumifh jrefrmpum;ajyrS t*Fvdyfpum;ajyodkY
jyefqkdonfhtcg wcgw&H tcuftcJESifhMuKHawGY&avonf/ odkYaomf vSnfhywfjyefqkdí ajy
aumif;onf/ uAsmwGifrl 0guszGJYaom pum;vkH;rsm;\tpOfu ta&;BuD;aomaMumifh
jyefqkd&mwGif pum;vkH;pOfonf cHpm;rIudk rsm;pGm tusKd;oufa&mufEkdifavonf/
uAsm[lonf taumif;qkH;pum;vkH;rsm;udk taumif;qkH;tpDtpOfjzifh pDrHxm;
&m jzpfonf[k aumfvm&pf*sfu qkdbl;onf/ "Poetry is the best words in the best order"
xkaYd Mumifh pum;vk;H rsm;udk taumif;qk;H tpDtpOfrS ajymif;vTí J pDpOfvQif uAsmowåyd suf
jy,fwwfavonf/
rl&if;uAsmwyk'fESifhbmomjyef uAsmwyk'fwkdYudk tqkH;txd zwfNyD; tm;vkH;udk
jcKHíMunfhvQif tawG;wckwnf;udk ESpfyk'fpvkH;u azmfjyonf[k qkdEkdifp&m &Sdacsonf/ odkY
aomfvnf; cHpm;rItpdwftydkif;rsm; jzpfay:ykH tpOfrwlaomaMumifh t&omay:ykH jcm;
em;Ekdifavonf/ vG,faom uAsmwyk'fudkyif &Iav/
r&GmyJ rrJygeJY a&Trkd;ndK?
tdrfuvl taeusKHYatmif? rIdif;tkHYvSoudk/
&Gmawmh &GmrvkdvkdeJY? a&Trkd;ndK ajrmufajrxl;qDu
csKef;oifhygbl;/
om
.c
Do not darken without pouring,

ic
ss
oh, overcast sikies.

a
cl
You loom and lour

es
es
to constrict this home-dweller.

m
ur
.b
111
w
w
w
Ever as though about to pour,
you should not thunder
from above Myedu Town in the north.
yxr>rufcsufjzpfaom ]]r&GmyJ rrJygeJY}}udk bmomjyefü rrJygeJY r&GmyJ[k jyefqkd
xm;&avonf/ 'kwd,>rufcsufjzpfaom ]]tdrfuvl taeusKHYatmif rIdif;tkHYvSoudk}}udk
vnf; bmomjyefwGif ajymif;jyefvSefí qkdxm;&avonf/ xkd'kwd,>rufcsufwGif-
To constrict this home-dweller
You loom and lour.
[k jyefqkdEkdifygonf/ odkYaomf t*Fvdyf0guspOf trSefudk þuJhodkY ajymif;jyefvSefí a&;om;
jcif; (inversion) rsKd;udk 0dw&dk ,
d bk&ifrvufxufwiG f usifoh ;Hk Muaomfvnf; acwfay:uAsm
wGif tokH;jyKonfhtcg uAsmht&omudk ysufjym;apavonf/
wwd,>rufcsufu ydkí ta&;BuD;onf/ uAsm\txG#fonf csKef;oifhygbl;[k

qkad om awmif;yefcsufyif jzpfonf/ t*Fvyd 0f gus zGyYJ pHk epfu rwlaomaMumifh bmomjyef
wGif 0gus\tv,fyikd ;f odYk a&mufomG ;&avonf/ a&mufEiS t hf rQvnf; tm;aysmhavonf/
Ever as though about to pour,
from above Myedu Town in the north
you should not thunder
þuJo h Ykd jyifqifí jyefqv
dk Qif ajrmufajrxl;qDu csKef;oifh rcsKef;oifu
h pd u
ö kd rqkd
yJ ajrmufajrxl;qDu &Gmrnfh-r&Gmrnfhudpöudkqkd&ma&mufayonf/
You should not thunder,
ever as though about to pour,
from above Myedu Town in the north,
þodjYk yefqv dk Qif rcsKef;oifah om udpq
ö o
D Ydk vkt
d yfaomtm&kaH &mufomG ;aomfvnf;
]]&Gmawmh&GmrvkdvkdeJY}}qkdaomudpöudk tm&kHjyKoifhoavmuf rjyKEkdifawmhacs/
bmomjyefqkd&mwGif pum;vkH;tpOf ajymif;onfudk vkdufí cHpm;rItpOf ajymif;
&jcif;aMumifh tcuftcJESifhþodkYMuKH&avonf/
þykHpHwGifyif jrefrmuAsmrS t*FvdyfuAsmodkY jyefqdk&mü awGYMuKH&aom wjcm;t
cuftcJwckukd jrifEidk af yonf/ jrefrmpum;ajyrS t*Fvyd pf um;ajyodjYk yefqo dk nft
h cg jref
rmpmyk'fu &Snfí t*Fvdyfpmyk'fu wkdaMumif; awGY&ayrnf/ t*Fvdyfpmyk'f\t&Snfonf
om
jrefrmpmyk'ft&Snf\ 65 rS 75 &mckdifEIef;txdom &Sdwwfayonf/ þt&monf jrefrm

.c
ic
ss
pum;ajyu usJí t*Fvdyfpum;ajyu pkpkpnf;pnf;&SdaMumif;udk jyonf/

a
cl
jrefrmuAsmonf jrefrmpum;ajyESirhf wlay/ jrefrmpum;ajyu odyo f nf;onf/

es
es
vGefpGmyif odyfonf;rI &Sdayonf/

m
ur
.b
112
w
w
w
aqmif;aqmif;qkdif;qkdif;? NydKif;&&kdif;wd?
rIdif;rIdif;tkwfaxG? a0a0rkdYrkdY?
ndK&&kdUESifh? jrodkY&Sdrf;&Sdrf;?
cyfodrf;awmawmif? ukefatmifywfukH;?
ajrmfrqkH;onf? ESvkH;rsm;bG,f,SdvS\/
The domineering skies darken, overhang,
spill and spread. The forested hills
of hazy brown or glimmering jade,
reach beyond my vision's range
and create occasion for much distress.
jrefrmpmykd'fwGif ygorQaom oabmrsm;udk rdatmifjyefqkd&vQif t*Fvdyfpmykd'f
onf þrQxufyif &Snfavrnf/

apmav/ rcspf&vnf; rcspfcsif/
Listen, my friends. I do not wish
to love that which I should not love.
jrefrm\odyo f nf;rIukd rDatmif renf;jyefq&dk aMumif; awG&Y onf/ odyYk ifjzpfaomf
vnf; apmapm\cefYaomoabmukd my friends jzifh rdatmif r,lEkdifaMumif; awGY&avonf/
jrefrmbmompum;wGif pum;vkH;zGJYykHaMumifh tcufMuKH&jyefonf/ jrefrmpum;
wGif pum;vkH;rsm;udk pyfwGJí okH;wwfaomaMumifh t*Fvdyfbmompum;wGif wlnDaom
a0g[m& &Sm&cufavonf/
vlMuKHESifhnDaom t*Fvdyfa0g[m& r&SdaomaMumifh vSnfhywfjyefqkd&onfhtcg
uAsm\odyfonf;rI vGwfoGm;wwfavonf/
puf0#f? xGwo f u
dk 0f if? bke;f acgifae&if;? jymjrrGwpf if? nufpifprH sm;txGwaf omf
kwkdYwGifvnf; wlnDaom t*Fvdyfa0g[m& r&Sday/
vSrSefuif;udk spire of beauty ? vSwefaqmifudk torch of beauty [kjyefqkdEkdifaomf
vnf; vSacgifrkd;udk roof of beauty [kjyefqkdvQif &kdif;onf/ top of beauty [kjyefqkdEkdifaomf
vnf; top ESifhpyfygvmaom &kyfykHrsm;ESifh qifhyGm;teufrsm;aMumifh uAsmemayonf/
i,fcspf? i,fuRrf;wkdYtwGuf auseyfavmufaom t*Fvdyfa0g[m& &Smr&ay/
om
vGrf;wkHYwiftwGufqkdvQif ydkícufayonf/
.c
ic
wu,fawmh vGrf;qkdaompum;vkH;onf jrefrmuAsmwGif awGY&aom pum;vkH;

ss
a
rsm;teuf t*FvdyfodkY jyefqkd&ef tcufqkH;pum;vkH;[k qkdEkdifayonf/

cl
es
onfESpfawmif awmifpyfMum;rSm
es
m
ur
.b
113
w
w
w
vGrf;bG,fursm;
At the sights so full of exciting scenes
vGrf;onf exciting r[kwfwef&may/
vGrf;udk nostalgia, pensiveness ponfjzifh jyefqcdk &hJ mrS jyefqo
dk rl sm;uyif auseyf
ykH ray:onfhtwGuf pum;pyfrsm;udk iJhí qDavsmfatmif trsKd;rsKd;jyefqkdMuaMumif; awGY
&avonf/
vGrf;vkdufvSao; I am mournful
vGrf;aygifuG,fhav; No distress lingers
vGrf;aygifuG,hfav; Why languish?
vGrf;e,fcsJYrkd; And the rain will sadden us in many ways
vGrf;pmwJhav; a letter of yearning

vGrf;olYpmacG a lonely girl's letter
a&Tjynfukdom vGrf;awmhonf/ longing for my golden city
qD;csKH&dyfrSmv wqdwfu,f ckdNyD;vQif

csKHndKpGrf;rSmwJh tvGrf;ajzav;
I seek the shelter of the jujube's brown shade and pause a moment to ease my
aching heart.
jrefrmh,Ofaus;rI "avhx;Hk pHrsm;uvnf; uAsmjyefq&dk mü tusKd;oufa&mufav
onf/
aoQmifBuD;aAG? a&TaoQmifyGwkdYudk big topknot, golden puffed topknot [kjyefqkdEkdif
aomfvnf; xkb d momjyefpum;vk;H rsm;onf t*Fvyd u f AsmxJoYkd qDavsmfatmif r0ifqEH idk f
acs/
cg;awmif;usKdufudk ay:vGifatmif with longyi tucked high between the thighs
[k jyefqkdxm;aomfvnf; uAsmemavonf/
vkHcsDudk sarong [k jyefqkdvQif rrSefaomaMumifh longyi, lungyi, lonji ponfjzifh
jyefqkd&aumif;rnfvm;[k pOf;pm;p&m jzpfacsonf/
om
.c
oeyfcg;g;ukd bark cream, bark cream slurry [kjyefqkdcJhaomfonf/ thanakha [k

ic
ss
a
toHvS,fí jyefqkdEkdifaomfvnf; teufay:rnf r[kwfay/

cl
es
jrefrmuAsmwGif rdef;uav;u olYudk,fol ESrav; av;[k ac:avh&Sd&m sister [kjyefqkd

es
m
ur
.b
114
w
w
w
vQif t*Fvdyfpmzwfolu txifrSm;Ekdifp&m taMumif;&Sdayonf/

t*Fvyd w f \Ydk "avhwiG rf &Sad om tusifrh sm;? trlt&mrsm;udk jyaom jrefrmpum;
vkH;rsm;udk jyefqkdEkdifaomfvnf; pmzwfolonf t&omrS av;eufpGm cHpm;&ygrnfvm;[k
pOf;pm;p&m &Sad yonf/ qGr;f oufaphavmif;udk t*Fvyd pf mzwfow l OD;u av;av;eufeuf
cHpm;Ekdif&ef cJ,Of;onf/
jrefrmtyifrsm;? yef;rsm;? [if;oD;[if;&Gufrsm;udk t*Fvdyftac:ta0:wGif
chukrassia, coccininia, keena, ipoemea, kampfera, cinchona ponfjzifh &SdMuonf/ þ
pum;vkH;wkdY\toHrsm;rSm uAsmrqHaomaMumifh uAsmxJ xnhf&rSm cufayonf/
ydawmufukd pterocarp [kac:onft h cg toHaxmifah omaMumifh ydawmuf\tvS
tyawG aysmufuG,fqkH;&IH;&ayonf/
c0Jukd luffa [kac:onfhtcg &,fp&myif jzpfoGm;avonf/

t*Fvyd t f rnfu t&kyq f ;dk toHq;dk aevQif jrefrmtoHuv
kd ,S í
f jyefqydk gvm;[k
qkdEkdifonf/ toHvS,f,lonfhtcg þuAsmrsKd; ay:xGufEkdifavonf/
On mountain tops sweet nwe-kyo creepers
Bloom midst other blooms
And thabye leaves and pet-sut flowers
Are once again pure bright colours
On the Festival of Tabaung
Tharaphi and gangaw open into flowers
And fragrance pervades everywhere
On Mount Popa
awmifxdyfay:rSm EG,fcsKdaESmvkdYudk þuJhodkYjyefqkdvQif rjyefqkdbJ csefxm;onfh
pum;vkH;u rsm;aomaMumifh jyefqkdjcif;\&nf&G,fcsufyif aysmufwwfavonf/ vS,f,l
xm;aom toHrsm;onfvnf; t*FvdyfuAsmoHESifh rqDavsmfMuay/
ydawmuf? c0J? ql;ykyf? rIdewkd ponfhopfyifyef;rvf [if;oD;[if;&GufwkdY\odyÜHt
rnfrsm;tpm; t&yfac: t*Fvdyftrnfrsm; &EkdifvQif aumif;ayrnf/
pmayESifh,Ofaus;rItcH&Sdaom pum;vkH;rsm;udk jyefqkd&mü <u,f0aom aemufcH
ykHjyifrsm;? t,ltqrsm;? cHpm;rIrsm;onf usef&pfcJhwwfavonf/
awmifuRef;udk southern isle [kjyefq&dk mü rrSm;aomfvnf; jrefrmyx0D\t&om
udk qkH;&IH;&onf/
om
.c
ajrmufuRef;olukd lady of the nothern isle [kjyefqkd&mwGif ajrmufuRef;olwkdY\

ic
ss
a
*kPft*FgawG usefcJhonf/
cl
es
a'0rmefvQif? nHwNcdrfhNcdrfh?
es
m
ur
.b
115
w
w
w
b0ifpdrfhrQ? odrfhodrfh&kdufausmf? AkZGefaqmfí?
the beat of the coming rain's
crustacean drum throbs against the breast
AkZGefaqmfudk crustacean drum [k jyefqkdjcif;jzifh aemufcHteuf&Sdao;aMumif;
t&dyfjyEkdifaomfvnf; uuú#a&TpnftaMumif; odapEkdifrnf r[kwfay/
a'0rmefudk coming rain [k jyefqkdjcif;jzifh aemufcHteuf&SdaMumif; t&dyfrQyif
rjyEkdifacs/
bmomjyef&mwGif teufiyk rf sm; usef&pfwwfjcif;udpo ö nf tBuD;qk;H aom qk;H &I;H
rIyif jzpfavonf/
These four will last through time:
a quail's lair, a rainproof edifice,

a forest of reeds and the hare in the room.
Angelic member of things sublime,
you make the fifth.
xkH;rwdrf? ikH; tdrf usL v ESifh wlrQpHEIdif;?
xyfwnD? uyÜ|D wifxkdufayh?
,Ofokduf0if unmarESifh? ig;qifhorkdif;/
pum;wvkH;csif; wdusrIudk bmomjyefqkd&mwGif r&vG,faMumif; xif&Sm;ayNyD/
OD;ykn\a'G;csKd;wGif ikH; tdrf usL v udk quail, house, reed, moon [k pum;wvkH;csif; wd
uspGmom jyefqkdvQif t"dyÜg,fvkH;0uif;aom uAsmwyk'fuJhodkY jzpfoGm;acsrnf/
wu,fawmh uAsmrS uAsmodkYjyefqkd&müyif rqdkxm;ESifhOD;? pum;ajyrS pum;ajy
odkY jyefqkd&müyif vkH;0wdusrI r&Ekdifay/
udk;q,fudk t*Fvdyfvkd ninety [kjyefqkd&mwGif rSef\/ wdus\/ &k&Svkd devianosto
[kjyefqkd&mwGif rSef\/ rwdusay/ udk;q,fqkdonfrSm q,fvDudk;ck[k qkdvkdonf/ ninety
onfvnf; nine decadic units [kqv dk nf/ odaYk omf devianosto onf q,fvu
dk o D ;dk ck? q,fvD
wck,kwf w&m w&m[kqkdvkdonf/ wck,kwf 90ESifh 89 rwlouJhodkY jzpfacsonf/ jyifopfvkd udk;
q,fudk quatre vingt-dix [kac:&m 20 av;vDESifhwq,faygif;[k qkdvkdonf/ vG,fonf[k
xif&aom udpöüyif t,ltqcsif; jcm;em;aMumif;? MunfhykHcsif; rwlaMumif; cHpm;ykHuGJ
om
jym;aMumif; awGY&ayonf/
.c
ic
bmomjyefqkda&;tvkyfwGif pum;vkH;wckudk rnfuJhodkY jyefqdk&rnfenf;[k MuHq

ss
a
avh&adS yonf/ odaYk omf þudpx ö uf a&SUusaomudpö &Sad yao;onf/ bmompum;wckonf

cl
es
rnfrQomvQif >rufqkdEkdifpGrf;&Sdonf/ rnfonfhtaMumif;t&mukdomvQif >rufqkd&ef owf

es
m
ur
.b
116
w
w
w
rSwof nfqadk om udpyö ifjzpfonf/ þudpo ö nf bmomjyefqo dk El iS rhf qkid yf J bmompum;wck

ck\oD;jcm;*kPfom jzpfayonf/
wenf;tm;jzifhqkdaomf yuwdobm0udpöwckudk >rufqkdEkdif&ef uREkfyfwkdYwGif t
&nftcsif; r&Sday/ yuwdobm0wck\oabmudk rSef;qxm;aom teuf,lcsufwckudk
omvQif >rufqkdEkdifpGrf;&Sdavonf/
xkaYd Mumifh bmomjyefq&dk mwGif rl&if;bmompum;yk'd (f jrefrmpum;yd'k )f wGiyf gaom
pum;vkH;rsm;ESifhbmomjyefrl\pum;ykd'f(t*Fvdyfpum;ykd'f)wGifygaom pum;vkH;rsm;udk
wvk;H ESiw hf vk;H nDrnD ndz§ &Ydk ef r[kwaf y/ rl&if;pum;yd'k w
f iG yf g0ifaom oabmtm;vk;H ESihf
eD;pyfEkdiforQ eD;pyfatmifom vkyfaqmifEkdifzkdY &Sdacsonf/
jyefq&dk mwGif xyfwx l yfrQjzpfaom vk0H wdusrI r&Ekid o f nft h wGuaf Mumifh rrSeu
f ef
jcif;wnf;[laom tpGef;wzufodkY a&mufroGm;atmif xdef;odrf;&ayrnf/

aemifvJ arQmfawmfa,mifeJY
nDvJ arQmfawmfa,mifeJY
onfESpfawmif awmifpyfMum;rSm
vGrf;bG,fursm;/
The elder looks intently
And so does the younger.
At the sights so full of exciting scenes
They both stare.
rl&if; tvGrf;udk pdwfvIyf&Sm;ykH exciting jcm;em;aom jzifhrjyefqkdoifhay/
rwG,fwm q,fcgvTwfr,fwJh
a'gcsKdcsKd ajymqkd&Gwfavaygh
Not only once but ten times
She must allow him to join the Order,
But she does it with anger.
a'gcsKdcsKdudk anger jzifhjyefqkd&kHrQjzifh rvkHavmufay/ sweet anger [kqkdvQif ydkrdkeD;
pyfEkdifayrnf/
aqG&if;pkH MuKHawGYjyefw,f
qkHaqG;zvS,f atmifyGJqifvkdYjrL;/
om
.c
It's a Family Reunion

ic
ss
Once a year-
a
cl
es
þjyefqkdcsufonf rjynfhpkHay/ usefcJhonfhtcsufrsm; &Sdavonf/

es
m
ur
.b
117
w
w
w
The family assembles once again
And celebrates a victorious conference
[kjyefqkdvQif usefcJhaomtcsufudk jznfh&ma&mufayrnf/
tzsufjynfh&ef [lorQudkv
twlwuG NzdKvSJawmfvSef
Obstructionists, saboteurs
Our sworn enemies
We'll strike them down
Once for all!
þjyefqdkcsufwGif rl&if;ü rygaom >rufqkdcsufrsm; ygvmonf/
We will together strike down
and remove
the country's destructive enemies.
[kjyefqkdvQif awmfavNyD/
awmifawm&,f om
rmvmu ikHzl;
Ah...beautiful...
The mountains
The forests
The quivering buds
[kjyefqkd&mwGif rl&if;ü rygaom &kyfykHudk xnfhoGif;xm;avonf/ rl&if;wGif tikHtzl;rsm;
u wkefaeaMumif; quivering [krygay/ rl&if;ürygaom &kyfykHudk bmomjyefrlwGif rxnfh
oGif;tyfay/
rl&if;pum; tokH;tEIef;rsm;udk *&krloifhayonf/ yg&rDjznfhprkdY Munfhbk&mhocif
wGif tokH;tEIef;udk *&krrlrdaomaMumifh yg&rDjznfhprkdY Munfhbk&m;ocif[k jyifqifí
Look at Lord Buddha
For the development of virtues
[kjyefqkdcJhvQif rSm;,Gif;avonf/ bk&mhonf eef;wGif;olwkdY okH;avh&Sdaom armif
awmfbk&mhrSvmí ocifonfvnf; ocifudk,fawmfponfwkdYrS vmonf/ eef;wGif;ol\t
om
zGJYtEGJYpum;jzpfonf/ Ak'¨jrwfpGmbk&m;udk rqkdvkday/

.c
ic
ss
a
cl
uAsmtjzpfoYkd
es
es
bmomjyefvyk if ef;udk jyefqo

dk \
l pdww
f iG f pum;vk;H ray:rD tqifüh yif pwifvyk f
m
ur
.b
118
w
w
w
aqmif&avonf/
bmomjyefqkdonfhtvkyfonf uAsmwyk'füygaom pum;vkH;rsm;udk Munfhí t
bd"mefwGif teuft"dyÜg,fwlonf[k azmfjyaom wjcm;bmompum;rS pum;vkH;rsm;jzifh
uAsmykHoGif;aom tvkyfr[kwfay/ rl&if;uAsmwGifygaom cHpm;rItwGif;odkY 0ifpm;í rdrd
udk,fydkifcHpm;rIjzpfatmif cH,l&onf/ xdkYaemufrS xkdcHpm;rIudk azmfusL;Ekdifonfhwjcm;bm
omrS pum;vkH;rsm;jzifh zGJYqkdjcif;tvkyfjzpfayonf/ jyefqkdolonf rl&if;uAsmudk pdwful;
tm;jzifhvnf;aumif;? cHpm;rItm;jzifhvnf;aumif; ikHrd&ayrnf/
rl&if;uAsm\pdwu f ;l csufcpH m;csufwu Ydk kd jyefqo dk ul rdr\d pdwuf ;l ÓPf rdr\ d tm&kH
wkdYjzifh aumif;pGm cH,lNyD;onfhaemuf0,f rl&if;pdwful;csuf cHpm;csufwkdYudk oP²meftopf
jzifh yko
H iG ;f &avonf/ yko H P²meftpdwt f ykid ;f topfwu Ydk kd wDxiG íf rl&if;pdwuf ;l csuf cHpm;
csufwkdYukd o&kyfazmf&avonf/ Oyrmtm;jzifh rl&if;pdwful;csuf cHpm;csufwkdYu oHcsKdo

P²mefjzifh wnf&SdcJhayrifh jyefqkdolu bmomjyefpmaywGif&Sdaom wjcm;oHcsKdr[kwfaom
oP²mefrsm;jzifh ykHazmf&avonf/
tvm;wlyif rl&if;pdwful;csuf cHpm;csufrsm;ukd jcm;em;aom pum;vkH;zGJYpnf;rI?
uGJjym;aom pum;vkH;pnf;&kH;rIwkdYjzifh cHpm;csufrsm;udk pum;vkH;zGJYpnf;ykHwrsKd;jzifh zGJYpnf;
xm;ayrnf/ jyefqo dk nfth cgrSmrl bmompum;topfwiG &f adS om pum;vk;H rsm;? o'´gpnf;
rsOf;rsm;okH;um rlvzGJYpnf;ykHESifhrwlaom ajymif;vJaomzGJYpnf;ykHjzifh azmfusL;&ayrnf/
rl&if;pdwu
f ;l csuf cHpm;csufrsm;udk oP²mefopfjzifh zGpYJ nf;onft h cg? pum;vk;H opf
jzifh pnf;&kH;onfhtcg rlvuAsmwGifygcJhaom xyfydk;teuf overtones rsm;udk zGJYpnf;ykHopf
wGif ygvmatmif pDrH&avonf/
yGJwckwGif? wkdufuif;jyifaomf
t&SifvSvS? &ef"m;jyudk
vuf&zrf;av? rSmvkdufacsvnf;
aorif;ocif? aoG;ewf0ifonf
vkvif rxdef;EkdifcJhNyD/
q&maZmf*sDu twdtvif; >ruf[zGJYqkdjcif; rjyKbJ uAsmzwfol\&ifü wpdrfhpdrfh
ay:vmap&ef pDrHcJhaom pdwful;csufrsm;ESifhcHpm;csufrsm;udk jyefqkdolu q&maZmf*sDpDrH
ovkdjzpfatmif bmomjyefrlwGif pDrH&avonf/ wpdrfhpdrfhay:&rnfh cHpm;rIrsm;udk twdt
om
.c
vif;>ruf[ zGifhqkdvQifvnf; rSefuefrnf r[kwfay/ csefvSyfcJhjyefvQifvnf; rSefuefrnfr

ic
ss
a
[kwfay/ rl&if;uAsmwGif pDrHxm;ovkd bmomjyefuAsmwGifvnf; pDrHEkdifrS rSefuefayrnf/

cl
es
Once on a fighting patrol

es
m
ur
.b
119
w
w
w
though the order was to bring
the robbers back alive,
possessed by the Lord of Death,
the blood, the nat,
the young man could not hold himself.
bmomjyefuAsmonf zwfoltm; xda&mufpGm ajymqkdEkdif&eftwGuf acwfay:
uAsmrsKd;jzifh zGJY&efvkdayonf/ jrefrmuAsmudk t*FvdyfuAsmtjzpfodkYjyefvQif acwfay:
t*Fvyd pf um;vk;H ? acwfay:t*Fvyd zf q YJG edk nf;jzifh jyefqzdk v
Ydk odk nf/ acwfwidk ;f wGif acwf\
toH? acwf\[ef &Sdonf/ acwf\toHESifhacwf\[efudk jynfhjynfhpkHpkH ydkifydkifEkdifEkdifazmf
usL;Ekid rf S xkad cwf&dS zwforl sm;tm; t&om tjynft h 0ay;Ekid rf nfjzpfonf/ t,fvZD buf
bk&ifrvufxuf pmzwfy&dowftm; 0dw&dk , d bk&ifrvufxufu pmayoHaqmifaom bm
omjyefuAsmrsKd; ay;&ef rjzpfawmhay/
bmomjyefuAsmwkdif;onf waeYaomf a[mif;EGrf;&rnfomwnf;/ xkdtem*wf

acwf\toHEiS u hf mG jcm;&rnfomwnf;/ odaYk omf rdrad cwfou H kd rSeu
f efpmG aqmifaomuAsm
ESirhf aqmifaomuAsmESpyf 'k u f kd ,SOv
f Qif acwfou H akd qmifaomuAsmu umvwm&Sncf EH idk f
p&mtaMumif; &Sdayonf/ tem*wfacwfüyif wefzkd;&Sdp&m taMumif;&Sdavonf/
bmomjyefuAsmonf uAsm*kPfajrmuf&ayrnf/ uAsm*kPfrajrmufvQif rl&if;
uAsmwGif yg&Sdaom owif;qHqH tcsuftvufrsm;udk ay;aqmifaom pmyk'fom jzpfacs
rnf/ rl&if;uAsmwGifygaomcHpm;csufudk ydkYaqmifay;Ekdifaom uAsmjzpfrnfr[kwfacs/
uAsm*kPrf ajrmufaom bmomjyefpmESiEhf idI ;f pmvQif pum;ajyuyif rl&if;cHpm;csufudk xd
a&mufpGm azmfusL;EkdifayOD;rnf/
bmomjyefqkdonfhtcg um&efpkHaom t*FvdyfuAsmykHpHjzifh zGJYqkdoifhoavm? um
&efrpkHaomuAsmykHpHjzifh zGJYqkdoifhoavm ar;p&m&Sdayonf/
jrefrmbmomwGif um&ef rsm;jym;onf/ t*Fvdyfbmompum;wGif um&ef&Sm;yg;
onf/ jrefrmuAsmwGifygaom um&efrsm;ESifhnDatmif t*FvdyfuAsmudk zGJYqkdEkdifayonf/
q&mrif;ok0Pf\uAsmudk q&mBuD;vkpfu þuJhodkY jyefqkdxm;avonf/
rkd;aygufusí
xonf*,uf? 0dkif;pufpufonf
0uGufcif;ESD;ES,fwum;/
om
cPcsif;wGif? rkd;oufqifu
.c
ic
ss
a&ajyvIdif;<u? ckefaygufMuvsuf
a
cl
Muufzcsif;xkd;? acgif;jzLrkd;í
es
es
m
ur
.b
120
w
w
w
a&&kd;&IyfayG? rkd;oD;a<uonf
apGapGapmif;apmif;? &GmoGef;avmif;/
Pit-a-pat-pat
The rain spilled:
Ring-a-ling-ling
The ripples rose.
The lake's a quilt
Pattern'd with O's
Sudden the squall
'Cross slant of rain
Hail-fruits fall
The watery plain
Swells to a wave
Leaps to a spire;
March the white horses,
Arch their crests;
Cock-necks strutting,
Their beaks butting,
They twist and twire,
The rock and rave,
The wave-line lost,
Jumbled and tossed.
um&efrsm;aom jrefrmuAsmESin hf aD tmif um&efrsm;aom t*Fvyd u
f Asmudk q&m
BuD;vkpfu pyfqkdonf/ odkYaomf rajr§mfrSef;aom&v'f jzpfxGef;vmonf/ um&efrsm;ykHcsif;
wlaomfvnf; tusKd;oufa&mufykHcsif;um; rwlawmhacs/ q&mrif;ok0Pf\uAsmonf
av;vk;H pyfuAsmwk\ Yd rSewf ef;tvsifjzifh oGm;avonf/ q&mBuD;vkp\ f uAsmonf jrefveG ;f
onf/ q&mrif;ok0PfuAsm\toHonf wnfNidrfonf/ t*FvdyfuAsmonf qlvGef;onf/
em;NiD;aponf/ þodkYjzifh t*FvdyfuAsmjzifh jrefrmuAsm\um&efukd nDatmifwkvQif rvkd
tyfaom tusKd;udk &wwfaMumif; od&avonf/
þenf;udkokH;í jrefrmuAsm trsm;tjym;udk jyefqkdEkdifrnf r[kwfacs/ xkdYtjyif
þjyefqkdonfhenf;rsKd;onf wrifzefwD;,lovkd jzpfaeonf/ obm0 rusay/ xkdYaMumifh
pGJpGJNrJNrJ rokH;oihfay/
omref um&efzGJYykHenf;rsm;udk okH;í jyefqkdEkdifayonf/
om
e,fcsJYawG Ncdrf;acsmufvJ
.c
ic
ss
'l;raxmuf nHhrcH
a
cl
&JpdwfawGvQH/
es
es
m
ur
.b
121
w
w
w
zdESdyfrItwefwef &kef;uefvkdY0ifh<um;
'kdYArm owådcJrkdY &JMuonfwum;/
jynfaxmifrSm nDaemifrsm; pnf;&kH;tm; tajccH
vGwv f yfcjhJ yef
vlaerIawmfvSef a&SUquf&ef&Sdao;/
vufwn JG t
D wly
'dkYjynfol 'kdYjynfom;? tm;opfyghav;/
Imperialist threats to shake us;
Repeated suppressions did not make us falter or waver.
Up we rose, and fought and strove,
And, as Burmans, it behove
Us to be braver.
Broad-based unity all over the land,
Brethren with one goal, one solid band,
Sovereign Independence then,
Is Revolution over? No!
Socialism forges right ahead;
Put the best foot forward, all in step;
We, countrymen, have far to go.
bmomjyefrlyxrykd'fonf uAsmajrmufí rl&if;ESifhtawmfyif eD;pyfavonf/
'kwd,ykd'fwGif um&ef&Sm&cufcJrIaMumifh yxrykd'fykHpHudk rvkdufEkdifbJ taMumif;ydkaeav
onf/ rl&if;ESifhvnf; tawmfuGmvmavonf/
um&efykHpHjzifh jyefqkdEkdif&eftwGuf tawmftyifyef;cH&avonf/ um&efukd iJh&
aomaMumifh vSnfhywf>rufqkd&avonf/ tydktvkdjzpfay:&onf/ rl&if;ESifhuif;uGm&av
onf/
jrefrmum&efukd rwkoifah Mumif; azmfjycJah vNyD/ jrefrmuAsm\toHomG ; toHvm
rhythm ESifh toHcsykHpHepf cadence wkdYudk rlrdatmif zGJYqkdEkdifvQif t&omwrsKd; cHpm;&av
onf/
0gqkd0gacgif a&awGBuD;vkdY
oajyoD;rSJY aumufpkdYuG,f/
c&mql;csKH [dktxJu
om
.c
arQmheufrJBuD; wG,fwwfw,f/
ic
ss
arQmheufqkdwm csKdeJYvm;uGYJ
a
cl
es
a>re*g;awmif aMumufbl;uG,f/
es
m
ur
.b
122
w
w
w
wdkYvJaMumufaygif twloGm;pdkY
tkef;vufEGm;av; xm;cJhr,f/
oGm;uG,f/ oGm;uG,f/
July, August - rain and flood -
Let's go pick the ripe rose-apple,
Hi! Take car! In thorns and mud,
That's where big, black leeches grapple.
Leeches? pah! the hornless things!
I'll fight snakes or serpent-kings.
Who's afraid? let's all go now.
I'll just leave my coconut cow.
Come on! Come on!
q&mBuD;vkpf\uAsmonf q&mrif;ok0Pf\oajyoD;aumufuAsmwGif&Sdaom
toHomG ; toHvmudk yJw f nf/ uav;uAsmyif rubJ eufeaJ om ysOf;rikww

h ifEidk o f dkuo
hJ dYk
aomuAsmudkvnf; toHtoGm;tvm udkufnDatmif q&mBuD;vkpfu zJGJYqkdEkdifavonf/
odkYaomfvnf; ysOf;rikwfwkdonf av;vkH;pyfjzpfaomaMumifh bmomjyefuAsmwGif um&ef
rsm;jym;vGef;aeaMumif; awGY&ayonf/
zkxpf&GwfwG? iSufVif;wodkY
ysOf;rikwfwkd? oufusm;tkdonf
ukef;rkdxufwGif wyifwnf;/
cGqkHtauG;? opfacgif;aqG;vnf;
taz;wufvSm? tkdif;trmodkY
us,fpGm[ufyuf jctdrfysuf/
ukef;rkdurf;yg;? ajrywfMum;wGif
ppfom;carmuf? ydefajcmufajcmufvnf;
ppfa&mufpcef; vufjynTef;/
xkdyifikwfwkd? ysOf;rtdkonf
ppfukdvnf;MuKH? jctkHvnf;jzpf
"m;xpfvnf;cH? aevQHvnf;wkduf
av;jyif;ckdufvsuf? rikdufOD;acgif;
om
aEGopfavmif;aomf
.c
ic
ss
&Gufa[mif;n§ma<u? &Gufopfa0í
a
cl
es
avjynfxJwGif i,f&kyfqifonf
es
m
ur
.b
123
w
w
w
toif a,musfm;aumif;wum;/
Dwarf stump-timber,
Ancient Pyinma,
Gnarled and twistened
Knotted, wizened,
Like an aged
Vulure, naked on the mound!
Where the quoining
Roots are joining,
Ants have nested,
Feasted, wasted;
Left a yawning
Ulcer, horning
To a scab.
Sunk in cranny
Near the summit,
Lies a helmet
Wan and scranny,
Dinted, broken
- a sure token
War was here!
Dwarf stump-timber,
Ancient Pyinma!
Battle savage,
Termite's ravage,
Knife-blade notching,
Sun-fire scorching,
Shock of tempest-
All thou bravest,
Head unbow'd!
Soon, when summer
'Stils his humour,
Old leaves casting,
New leaves bursting,
Warm winds wooing,
Thou from ruin
Shalt renew thy
Youth of beauty!
om
Hero! Thou!
.c
ic
um&efrpkaH om ykpH jH zifv

h nf; jrefrmuAsm\toHomG ; toHvmudk zrf;,lEidk o
f nf/
ss
a
cl
ok0Pfybm? a&TMumzl;popf
es
es
ysKdrspfrspfvQif? uspfvpfwifhpHy,f
m
ur
.b
124
w
w
w
vSrsKd;<u,fom;? qHoG,fjrNrdwfrkdY
qif;a&mifysKdYudk? ewfwkdY qifxkdufwef/
Colour of gold, new-born lotus bud,
Youthful, delicate, lithe and elegant,
Lovely, her hair hanging charmingly,
The gods deserve to wear her liquid glow.
wavQmufv;Hk þenf;ESiEf iS f oGm;rnfqv dk Qif NiD;aiGpY &mjzpfaomaMumifh t*Fvyd f
uAsmwGif ajymif;vJay;&onf/ odkYaomf tcswGif þtoHoGm;udk jyefaumufavonf/
ewf&kyfoGifodkY? jzLoGifa&Ta&mif0if;?
vSrSefuif;udk? ncif;qnf;psmwGif
uREkyf jf rifonf
&,f&TifjyKH;wkYH rjyKH;xkHY/
Face of angel shining golden-white,
Spire of beauty, I have seen her
In the twilight,
She does smile and yet not smile.
um&efrpkH ykHpHjzifh &wktoGm;ESifhwlatmif zGJYqkdEkdifayonf/
pE´jcnf0g? va&mifjzmokdY? omoemxGef;y? MuKHcJ;vS\/ awG;qa&SUaemuf? ÓPf
jzifah xmufí? vufaumufa&TuiG ;f ? aiGajccsif;ESi?hf [ko d if;wkq Yd ?D aemifroDEiS ?hf tusÐuydk pf?
uspfpkHukdy,f? ckrzG,fbl;? ypfy,fOD;avmh? ysKdvl;ouf&G,f? i,fvnf;i,f\? ckES,fcsdefu?
tdraf xmifusrI? ESpcf rG tm;? xGewf ifEmG ;od?Yk r,m;aysmif;EG?YJ rm,mzGv YJ rd ?hf [Jrh wfwwfaqG;?
ab;BuD;oifhom;? vlYtyg;rSm? rrIdifvmESifh? oGm;ygawmhav? aiG&Smacsavmh? om;awGw
&kdif? rarG;Ekdifbl;? om;OD;om;Ek? ykvkauG;av;? rjrifao;vm;? qkdvurl? avmbEkdifiH?
armifrif;MuHvnf;? vkdufvHMuHpm;? aiG&SmoGm;aomf? r,m;vifajr§mif xm;vdrfhrnf/
A faith which illuminates like the moon
is hard to come by. Therefore, consider.
Approach not those who wear bangles and anklets,
throw aside your shirt and shave off your hair,
If you marry now you will be doubly busy
like an ox at the plough. Your wife will weave wiles;
"You there rotting on your feet, son of a man
om
of ill-fated death. Don't mope near me.

.c
ic
Go search for money. I cannot bear you

ss
a basket of children. Look at your eldest son,

a
cl
your youngest son, see" And as you set out

es
es
to look for money in the country of greed

m
ur
.b
125
w
w
w
she will seek pleasure with a lesser husband.
jyefawmhrif;oQifudkvnf; um&efrpkH ykHpHjzifh zGJYqkdxm;onf/
py,fokH;ukH;? nu ukH;
okH;ukH;NyD;atmif? armifrvm/
jyefawmhrif;oQif? rif;ndKpif
vkvifjyefawmh jyefawmhav/
zGJrD;okH;ykH? nu ykH
okH;ykH uRrf;atmif? armifrvm/
vkvifjyefawmh? jyefawmhav/
oydwfu&m;? xD;,yfrm;ESifh
oQifrsm;qGrf;cH 0ifcJhNyDav/
vkvifjyefawmh? jyefawmhav/
Last night I threaded three jasmine garlands
Three garlands were threaded but you did not come.
Go back, Great One, Brown-Pure One
Go back Young Man, go on back.
Last night I ignited three heaps of husk.
Three heaps were burnt but you did not come
With bowl, jug, umbrella and upright fan
The monks have entered the village for alms.
toHoGm; toHvmESifh toHcsykHpHepfwkdYudk t&if;cHaom um&efrpkH t*FvdyfuAsm
ykHpHonf jyKjyifvG,fonfjzpfaomaMumifh wjcm;bmompum;rS uAsmrsm;udk jyefqkd&eft
wGuf tvm;tvmtvGeaf umif;aomykpH jH zpfaMumif; t*Fvyd b f momjyefpmqkrd sm;u ajym
qkMd uavonf/
om
vufvw G jf cif;om
.c
ic
ss
uAsmrS uAsmodkY jyefqkdrIonf pmemrIrS ay:aygufavonf/ rlvpmqkdonf jyef

a
cl
qkdolu udk,fcsif;pmwwfí olcHpm;ovkd cHpm;onf/ ol\cHpm;EkdifpGrf;&nfESifhnDatmif

es
es
ud,
k \
f cHpm;Edik pf rG ;f &nfukd ndo
§ nf/ ol\cHpm;ykpH epfEiS w
hf al tmif ud,
k \
f cHpm;ykpH epfukd jyK
m
ur
.b
126
w
w
w
jyifay;onf/
rdru
d , dk f rdrpd w d rf S cGx
J u
G Nf yD; wjcm;ud,
k f wjcm;pdwxf J 0ifpm;um jyefqzdk EYJG &YJG aom
aMumifh jyefqo dk nft h vkyo f nf uAsmzG&YJ onft h vkyx f ufyif cJ,Of;avonf/ jyefq&dk mwGif
rl&if;uAsm\cHpm;ykH tpOftwkdif; raoGrzDbJ vkduf&onf/ uAsmzGJY&mwGif zefwD;pma&;
&mwGifrl cHpm;ykHtpOfudk rdrd\0goem rdrd\cHpm;ykH pepfwkdYu aphaqmfovkd jyKjyifzGJYqkdEkdif
avonf/ uAsmoDukH;jcif;tvkyfonf uAsmudk bmomjyefqkdjcif;tvkyfxuf vGwfvyfrI
&Sdavonf/
pmqkw d OD;ESiw hf OD; cHpm;ykpH epfcsif; uGjJ ym;wwfav&m rl&if;uAsm\cHpm;rIEiS hf wl
nDatmif jyefqkd&ef rvG,fulaMumif; odomavonf/ wcgw&H bmomjyefrlonf rl&if;
uAsmxuf aumif;wwfonf/ aumif;onf[k qkdEkdifjim;aomfvnf; omonf[k rqkdom
ay/ wrsKd;aumif;jcif;om jzpfrnf/ odkYaomf trsm;tm;jzifh rl&if;uAsmESifheD;pyfatmif

xyfum xyfum BudK;pm;jyefqkda&;om;&avonf/ bmomjyeftvkyfonf NyD;jynfhpkHaom
tvkyf r[kwfay/
jyifopfuAsmq&mBuD; aygvfA,fv&Du qkdbl;onf/ rnfonfhbmomjyefqkdcsuf
udkrQ tqkH;rowfEkdifay/ vufvTwf&jcif;om &Sdacsonf/
No translation is ever finished, it can only be abandoned.
jrefrmuAsmrS t*FvdyfuAsmokdY jyefqkdjcif;

1/ OD;jrifhodef;(M.M.T)
2/ OD;armifarmif(rGef;"mwk)
3/ a':cifrsKd;cspf
4/ a&Twnfavsmif
5/ a'gufwmarmifjzL;
6/ yef;csDOD;bMunf
7/ OD;tkef;armif(armifMo)
8/ armifomEkd;
9/ awmifwGif;BuD;OD;udkudkBuD;
om
.c
10/ OD;vSwif(vSordef)
ic
ss
a
11/ OD;ausmf0if;
cl
es
12/ OD;cspfodrf;(ausmfodrf;)
es
m
ur
.b
127
w
w
w
13/ wuúodkvfpef;
14/ OD;vlaz0if;
1/ uAsmudk bmomjyef&mwGif pum;vk;H tvku d f wdwu
d sus bmomjyefzrYdk vkad Mumif;
cHpm;rIonf wdusaom pum;vk;H rsm;xufyí kd ta&;ygt&ma&mufaMumif; aqG;
aEG;onf/
2/ bmomjyef&mwGif bmomwckEiS w hf ckrwlonfah emufco H bm0rsm; &So d nf/ "avh
xk;H wrf;rsm;udk wygwnf;o,faqmifí jyefqadk y;bdYk rjzpfEidk yf g[k aqG;aEG;onf/
3/ urÇmu h Asmrsm;udk jrefrmwkYd od&t
dS &omcHEidk af tmif jyefqadk y;oifo h nf[k aqG;aEG;
onf/
4/ jrefrmbmomrS t*Fvyd b f momodYk jyefq&dk mwGit f ok;H jyK&ef acwfrjD refrm-t*Fvyd f
tbd"mefwck &Sdoifhonf[k aqG;aEG;onf/
5/ jrefrmuAsmudk jyeforl sm;onf a&S;OD;pGm jrefrmpmayESiphf um;wku Yd kd wwfuRrf;oifh
onf[k aqG;aEG;onf/
6/ jrefrmrS t*Fvyd o f Ykd jyefaom uAsmrsm;twGuf wkid ;f jcm;pmzwfy&dowfwYdk t&om
cHEidk Mf uap&ef jrefrmhtaMumif;aemufcEH iS jhf refrmhval erIp&ku d w
f u
Ydk kd ed'gef;wkt
d jzpf
azmfjyoifhonf[k aqG;aEG;&m oabmwlonf[k ajzonf/
om
.c
ic
ss
a
cl
es
es
m
ur
.b
128
w
w
w
jrefrmpum;ajyrS t*Fvdyfpum;ajyokdY jyefqkdjcif;

wifjyol
OD;cifaZmf
pifppf uRefawmf bmomjyefuavmifudk pwifukdifpOfu jrefrmpum;ajyudk bm
omjyefjcif; r[kwfcJhyg/ jrefrmuAsmudk bmomjyefqkdjcif;om jzpfcJhygonf/ ESpfaygif;av;
q,fausmfavmufu vlBudKufrsm;cJhonfhacwfprf; uAsmrsm;udk jyefcJhjcif;jzpfygonf/ t
xl;ojzifh aZmf*sDESifhrif;ok0PfwkdY\vuf&mrsm; jzpfygonf/ yxrqkH;bmomjyefcJhonfrSm
1926-27-ckESpfavmuf ESpfaygif; 40-ruonfhtcsdefwkef;u aZmf*sD\]]ydawmufyef;}}
uAsmjzpfygonf/
rif;ok0Pf wuúokdvfodkYa&mufonfhtcsdefwGif uRefawmfonf t*Fvdyfpmenf;jy
q&mjzpfaeygNyD/ 1929-ckrSm aZmf*sD\rdwfqufay;rIaMumifh rif;ok0PfESifh&if;ESD;cGifh &&Sd

NyD; olYuAsmawGxJrS uRefawmfyxrqkH; bmomjyefonfhuAsmrSm-
v,fawmu jyef
yefcsifw,f ca&zl;qkdvkdY
armifcl;umay;/
reufw;Hk qDu
aMumhqkH;ukd armifjrifawmh
olYqHyif ESif;qDyGifhawGeJY
*kPfwifhw,f-av;/ /
,ck uRefawmfwifjyaeonfrSm pum;ajyqkdonfhacgif;pOfESifhawmh rudkufnDyg/
okaYd omfvnf; bmomjyefacwfopforkid ;f bufrmS tMuKH;0ifaeí toift h wifah zmfjy&jcif;
jzpfygonf/
rif;ok0Pf\ ]]v,fawmujyef}} tpcsDonfh uAsmrSm aemufqkH;tcsjzpfonfh
]]av;}}qkdonfhpum;vkH;udk tvGefxl;jcm;onf[k uRefawmfjrifrdygonf/ jrefrmpum;rSm
]]av;}}qkdonfhpum;vkH;udk tawmhfudk zGwfzGwfausatmif tokH;rsm;vSaMumif; tm;vkH;
odMuygonf/ aw;xyfrSeforQ]]av;}}ESifhtqkH;owfovkd? ojzefrSmvnf;]]av;}}awG t
rsm;BuD;yg0ifygonf/ oDcsif;BuD;? oDcsif;cH? a'G;csKd; av;csKd; rusef jrefrmaw;uAsmawG
rSm ]]av;}}uawmh ygpNrJjzpfonf/]]av;}}onf tqifray:awmhaom rJjymykq;kd jzpfaeyg
om
.c
NyD/ xkdYaMumifh rif;ok0Pf\uAsmwkduav;rSm ydwfxm;onfh]]av;}}udk awGYonfhtcg t

ic
ss
a
vGefxl;jcm;onf[k oabmayguf,lqrdygonf/ armBuD;yef;BuD;? pdwftysufBuD; ysuf&m

cl
es
u oufjyif;cs,if;? aighvkdufonfh]]av;}}jzpfygonf/
es
m
ur
.b
129
w
w
w
þuJo h Ykd t"dygÜ ,fav;eufonf]h ]av;}}\xl;jcm;csufukd bmomjyefoo
l nf rl&if;
jrefrmuAsmudk zwfMunfh&kHESifhjrif&rnf/ bmomjyefonfhtcgrSmvnf; xl;jcm;atmif bm
omjyef&rnf/ 'gwGifbJvm;? r[kwfao;yg/ bmomjyefxm;onfht*FvdyfuAsmudk zwfol
rsm;uvnf; xl;jcm;aMumif; odNyD; t&om,lwwfygrS atmifjrifxda&mufrSmjzpfygonf/
Oyrm - Last eve her ladyship fancied some flowers,
She saw on the wild wood way.
I risked myself to get them for her
Those forest flowers...
But to-day,
In her hair are roses, Roses!
Very pretty she looks with roses!
tckvkd &kd;&kd;BuD; zwfvkdufvQif t&om ysufygvdrfhrnf/
olu aighajymxm;onft h wGuf zwf&mrSmvnf; aighukd aihg&rnfjzpfygonf/ onf

uAsmudk tjcm;tjcm;aom wdwu d susbmomjyefcsufawG &Syd gonf/ uRefawmfu ygarmu©
za&Zm (prof. Fraser) qD,o l mG ;NyD; wifjyygonf/ olu zwfMunfNh yD;? ajymqko d nfrmS "They
don't have your venom." wJh/ tqdyfr&Sdbl;wJh/ &oudk qkdjcif;jzpfygonf/ uAsmudk bmom
jyef&mrSm wdusonfxuf &oajrmuf&ef ydNk yD;ta&;BuD;ygonf/ uRefawmfb h momjyefonf
rnfrQ rwdusrSe;f udk &dypf m;rdMuygvdrrhf nf/ wjcm;aMumifh r[kwyf g/ ]]av;}}udk t"duxm;
í jyefqkdaomaMumifh jzpfygonf/ tvsOf;oifhí ygarmu© vkpf (Prof. Luce) \orkdif;0if
tqkH;tjzwfwckudk azmfjyvkdygonf/ 1936-ckESpfu rif;ok0PfynmawmfoiftjzpfESifh
atmufpzk'dY w f uúov kd f oGm;cgeD;rSm oluY Asmpkudk t*Fvyd b
f momjyefqNdk yD; pmtkyif ,fuav;
&ku
d Ef ydS x
f w
k af 0vsuf *kPjf yKyGJ vkyMf uygonf/ onfpmtkyif ,f\ed'gef;wku d av;udk ygarmu©
vkpfu a&;om;ay;&Smonf/ olYtqkdu "The translations are strangely felicitous because
the translators are poets themselves. They sound like variatons on the same theme."
"Variations on the same theme" qkdonfrSm *DwtoHkH;tEIef;? *Dwa0g[m&jzpfyg
onf/ *DwESifhOyrmjy&rnfqkdvQif-
ref;awm tune qkdonfrSm theme ygyJ/
¤if; 1st variation qkdif;/
¤if; 2nd variation ESJ/
om
Main theme \wm0efrSm oHrSef oHcsudk a&mufatmif ydkYzkdYjzpfNyD;? qkdif;uvnf;

.c
ic
oleY nf;ol? ESu

J vnf; oleY nf;ESiohf l ta&mufyMYkd u&ygonf/ b,fenf;ESib
hf yJ yYkd ?Ykd vk&d ma&muf
ass
cl
vQif wm0efausygonf/ bmomjyef&mrSmvnf; onfoabmyif jzpfygonf/ wcgw&H bm

es
es
m
ur
.b
130
w
w
w
omjyef&rHk QESihf rwif;wdrb f J topfzefqif;onftxd a&mufomG ;wwfygonf/ rlvuAsm\

cHpm;csuf? &otjynfht0 &&SdayrnfhpmaMumif; waMumif;pD? pmvkH;wvkH;pD vkdufppfMunfh
vQif uAsmopfwckvkd jzpfaewwfygonf/ rlvuAsmudk rzwfwwfonfhvlrsKd;awGu olwkdY
bmomrSm r&Sad o;onf&h owckukd bmomjyefuAsmrSm cHpm;&vQif wm0efaus&ma&mufyg
onf/ Oyrm Ed. Fitzgerald \ Rubaiyat of Omar Kheyyam bmomjyefqkdvQif 0d0g't
rsm;BuD;&Syd gonf/ rlut JG zkzH Hk &Syd gonf/ &Syd gap/ t*Fvyd pf mayrSm uAsmaumif;wck wk;d oGm;
NyD; Omar Kheyyam \uAsmhtawG;tac:awGudk jrnf;bl;oGm;NyD/ ta&;tBuD;qkH;rSm
q&mBuD;vkpfajymouJhodkY bmomjyefoludk,füu uAsmpmqkdwa,mufjzpfzkdY vkdygonf/
wck owdjyK&efrSm tcsKdYpmqkdrsm;onf pdwfaemufudk,fygqkdovkd pdwfwuf<urI
inspiration aemuf uavmifygoGm;wwfygonf/ uavmifukd t&Se d rf owfEidk yf J aumif;onf
xuf aumif;atmif rGr;f rHvydk gonf/ olwaYdk wGo Y rQudk rrGr;f rHyJ raeEkid Mf uyg/ olwu Ydk kd tpk;d
&pmawmfjyefcefYvQif MumMumcHrnfr[kwfyg/ Oyrm wifjy&ygrl rif;ok0Pf\uAsmwyk'f
rSm onfvkdqkdxm;ygonf/
yifv,foaYkd 0
ylrsKd;axGí
jyefavausmif;rS
tdro f u Ykd saomf
rmwEIwfcsKd
wcGef;qkdu
xkx d ydk ifv,f
avQmownf;/
When, engulfed in seas of trouble,
I fled the college and sought refuge at home,
One word from Mother's sweetest lips
And seas of trouble seemed as naught
rqkd;ao;yg/ aemufwykd'frSm-
umvaemufaemif
avmuabmif0,f
om
avaqmifwdrfom;
.c
ic
[dkonfvsm;odkY
ss
a
vmoGm;rwnf
cl
es
csmcsmvnfpOf
es
m
ur
.b
131
w
w
w
pdwMf unf&iT af Mumif;
rnfolacsmif;í
aysmhaysmif;csKdom
azsmfrnfenf;/
When, in times to come,
A whirl in the whirligig of life,
Adrift like a wind-worried cloud,
My need be sore...
Who will there be to give me succour,
Ambush cares, and on fretting brows
Lay the leaves of love?
pvmygNyD/ (pdwMf unf&iT af Mumif;? rnfoal csmif;í)udk ambush cares vkjYd yefvu
dk yf g
onf/ [kwfyg\/ aomuESifhrsufESmcsif; rqkdifrD a&SUu BudKNyD;csKHckdwkdufyGJ qifETJum z,f

&Sm;ypf&rnfr[kwfygavm/ odkYaomf(aysmhaysmif;csKdom azsmfrnfenf;)u aeNyD; on fret-
ting brows lay the leaves of love jzpfvmonfrSmrl uGJjym;aom tm&kHedrdwfESifhwefqmqif
&musvSygonf/ &SdapOD;/ onfxuf qdk;ygvdrfhOD;rnf/
odaYk r;BudKufwiG f
pef;a&mif&Sifvnf;
MunfvifxeG ;f y
yef;xkdrQvnf;
ompGMuLoif;
uRefYem;&if;0,f
jyefYn§if;csKdat;
oHi,fao;onf
uRefYar;csufudk
ajzaomvkjd zifh
]]cif}}qkdNyD;um
avwGiyf gonf
bZm&yfu vmoenf;/
om
"That instant, it seemed to me,

.c
ic
The moon shone forth more brightly bright,

ss
A burst of fragrance filled the night,

a
cl
My heart's ear faintly caught,

es
es
As if in answer to my question,
m
ur
.b
132
w
w
w
A whisper, wondrous soft"

onftxdawmh rlvuAsmESifhtvGefeD;uyfygao;onf/
uRefYem;&if;0,f=my heart's ear
jyefYn§if;csKdat;? oHi,fao;=a whisper, wondrous soft.
uRefYar;csufudk? ajzaomvkdjzifh=as if in answer to my question.
þrQ eD;uyfae&mrSm oa0xk;d oGm;vku d o
f nfrmS &p&mr&Sad tmif jzpfayonf/ bmh
aMumifhqkdvQif El;nHhodrfarGYvSonfhnOfhtm&Hku bmomjyefoludk zrf;pm;oGm;onfhtwGuf
Zuftkyfí r&awmhaomaMumifh jzpfygonf/ question tcHum&efESifhttkyfum&ef fash-
ion uvnf; pdwfxJ ay:vmNyD; uavmifvTifhrdygawmhonf/
As if in answer to my question,
A whisper, woundrous soft,
In the timid sighing fashion

Of rose-buds opening when besought
By breezes in the night
Whence came it?
rlvuAsmxJrmS vk;H vk;H rygonfn h Ofah vEkat;uav;rsm;u ylqmvGe;f í aMumuf
aMumufEiS o hf ufEuk av;csNyD; (oufjyif; r[kwaf Mumif;owdjyKyg)oufEck sum ik&H mu yGihf
tmpjyKvmonfEh iS ;f qDz;l uav;wk\ Yd avoHuav;vkyd gbJw/hJ tif; onfavmufyv J m;vkYd
qkd&avmufatmif El;nHhodrfarGUwmawmh [kwfyg\/ rlvuAsmrSm ygonfh tvGefYtvGeft
a&;BuD;onfhtajz? b,folazsmfyghrvJqkdonfhtar;udk ajzonfhemrnf]]cif}}wJh/ tJonf
]]cif}}awmh vkH;vkH; jyKwfusef&pfcJhygonf/ aumif;Muygao;&JUvm; cifAsm;/
tJonfavmuf uavmif uGefYcJhygonf/
bmomjyefonfhuavmifrsm;onf tvGef versatile jzpf&ygonf/ uAsmbmom
jyefvQif uAsmqHrS? jyZmwfbmomjyefvQif jyZmwfqHrS? owif;bmomjyefvQif Journal-
ese, not literary ? rdefYcGef;bmomjyefvQif tm0ZÆef;? jrefrmhqkd&S,fvpfvrf;pOfbmomjyef
vQif wdwdusus? technical terms bmomjyefvQif technical terms tcsif;csif;&Sm&ygrnf/
r&SdrSom bmomjyefvQif jyef? emrowfenf;vkdufvkdvdkuf? Oyrm - pennant qkdonfh pum;
onf tvHvnf;jzpfEidk yf gonf/ wHceG q f v
dk nf; [kwyf g\/ MuufvQmqkv
d nf; rrSm;yg/ ukuú
vHvnf; jzpfEkdifonfyif/ qDavsmf&mudk &Sm&ygrnf/ tbd"mefudk Munfhyg/ odkYaomfvnf;
om
odyftm;udk;írjzpfyg/
.c
ic
,ck uRefawmfajymrnfo h m ajymaeygonf/ bmomjyefenf;edosnf;pmapmifa&;

ss
a
cl
ygqkdvQif uRefawmfra&;wwfyg/ ,cktcsdeftxd bmomjyeftrsKd;rsKd;udk vufawGYvkyfae

es
es
aomfvnf; vkyfomvkyfwwfygonf/ b,fvkdvkyf&rnf[k ykHaoum;cs rajymwwfyg/ jyif

m
ur
.b
133
w
w
w
ay;&rnfqkdvQif jyifwwfygonf/
txl;ojzifh pum;ykHrsm;udk bmomrjyefbJ wkdufqkdifonfhpum;ykHudk &SmonfrSm
taumif;qkH;jzpfygonf/ Oyrm Make hay while the sun shines udk]]aeylwkef; jrufajcmuf
vSef;yg}}[kqkdrnfhtpm; ]]vomwkef; Akdif;iif}}qkdvQif omNyD; reD;uyfygvm;/ wcku ae ae/
wcku jrufvSef;/ wcku csnfiif/ udpör&Sdyg/ olY[mESifhol tHudkufaeygonf/
t*Fvdyfpum;ajyodkY jyefqkdjcif;[lonf e,fus,fvSygonf/ b,fbmomrS b,f
bmomodkYyJjzpfjzpf? bmomjyeforkdif;rSm av;pm;xkdufqkH;yk*¾Kdvf? csD;usL;xkdufqkH;yk*¾Kdvf
wa,muf&Sdygonf/ olYtrnfrSm John Tyndale jzpfygonf/ olonf c&pfouú&mZf 1523
-ckEpS rf pS í c&pf,mefor®musrf;pmudk bmomjyefygonf/ 14-&mpkEpS u f wnf;u C. Wyclif
\nTeMf um;csuft& or®musrf;pmukd bmomjyefpjyKMuaomfvnf; t*Fvyd b f momjyefor®m
usrf;pmonf John Tyndale \bmomjyefcsufay: rlwnfygonf/ olYvuf&mESifholYpGefYpm;

rIonf bmomjyefrSwfwkdifBuD;wck jzpfygonf/ olYacwfwkef;uqkdvQif bmomjyefpmayudk
tm;ay;onfhacwf r[kwfao;yg/ ,ckvkd toufqHzsm; ykef;vQKd;uG,fvQKd; jyefMu&onfh
acwfjzpfygonf/ txl;ojzifh bmoma&;rSm bk&ifutp t,lonf;vSonfh 16-&mpkESpf
acwftcgrSm rnfrQtEÅ&m,fBuD;oenf;qkdvQif Tyndale onf olYEkdifiH t*Fvefjynfüquf
aevQif ol\ Y rGejf rwfonfo
h r®musrf;pmbmomjyefrjI zifh &mZ0wfoifrh mS {uefrck sjzpfonf/
xkdYaMumifh vkyfief;vufpESifht*FvefrSaeNyD; *smreDudk ajy;&&Smygonf/ Cologne NrdKYüpwJ
csNyD; qufvufbmomjyefae&mrS &mZ0wfab;u vkdufvmjyefonfhtwGuf Cologne NrdKYrS
wqifh Worms NrdKUudak jy;&jyefygonf/ Worms NrdKUrSmvnf; rMumvSyg/ zrf;rnfqD;rnfESifh
Ncdr;f acsmufc&H onft h wGuf *smreDjynfu xGuNf yD; b,fv*sD,jH ynf Antwerp NrdKrY mS yke;f a&Smif
,if; ESpf&Snfvrsm; BudK;pm;csufaMumifh ol\bmomjyefwcsKdYw0ufudk pufwifykHESdyfjzpfcJh
ygonf/ odkYaomfvnf; ol\bmomjyefpmrlBuD;udk vufpowfroGm;&&Smyg/ 1535-ckESpf
rSm rdpäm'd|dt,lwdrf;yg;rIESifhao'Pftjypfay;cHoGm;&ygonf/ toufay;NyD; bmomjyef
onfhtmZmenfBuD;jzpfygonf/ olYvuf&mudk ckacwfvlwkdYqkH;jzwfykHu-
"With the exception of Sir Thomas Molory (the author of Morte D' Arthur)
and Tyndale, and perphaps Miles Coverdale, there are no writers of English whose
names are worthy of being singled out during the 15th and early 16th century"
Miles Coverdale qkdolu Tyndale \pmrludk qufvufNyD;qkH;cef;wkdif bmomjyef
om
oGm;onfyh *k K¾ v
d jf zpfygonf/ or®musrf;pmbmomjyefjcif;onf a,bk,stm;jzifh pum;ajy
.c
ic
qkdayrnfh uAsmqHonfhtykd'fawG trsm;BuD;ygaeaMumif; owdjyK&ygvdrfhrnf/ Sermon

ss
a
cl
on the Mount qkdvQif uAsmBuD;wyk'fjzpfygonf/ aemufNyD; MunfhygOD;/ "Consider the

es
es
lillies of the field. They toil not, neither do they spin. Yet Solomon in all his glory is not
m
ur
.b
134
w
w
w
arrayed like one of these" wJh/

aemuf? rcGJEkdif rcGm&ufaom Ruth u Naomi udkajymykHrSm Where thou goest I
will go, where thou lodgeth I will lodge, thy people shall be my people, thy god my god
wJh/ þonfrSm poetic prose jzpfygonf/ uAsmqHaom pum;ajy[kac:&rnfvm; rajym
wwfyg/
xkdYaMumifh pum;ajy bmomjyef&mü or®musrf;pmbmomjyefjcif;udk OD;pm;ay;
rajymí rjzpfEidk yf g/ pum;ajybmomjyefow l t Ydk zkYd rsm;pGm taxmuftul &Ekid rf nfb
h mom
jyefenf; pnf;urf;rsm;udk tcef;u@wcktaeESihf jyKpkxm;onfrmS vnf; Eugene A. Nida
a&;onfh Bible Translating ac:pmtkyfrSm&Sdygonf/ pmrsufESmaygif; ESpfq,f&Sdygonf/
pum;ajybmomjyeforl sm;tm; þpmtkyu f ykd J nTe;f vku d yf g&ap/ ,ckpmwef;udk a&;aepOf
rSm rif;ok0Pfu aus;Zl;jyKí uRefawmfzwf&ygonf/ þpmtkyfxJrSm xkwfEkwfNyD; jrefrm
vkdwqifh azmufonfcsaevQif uRefawmfhpmwef; tvGef&Snfvsm;oGm;ygvdrfhrnf/

t*FvdyfuAsm bmomjyefu@rSmvnf; rSwfwkdifwck &Sdygao;onf/ þrSwfwkdif
udkum; vlodrsm;ygonf/ Chapman's translation of Homer jzpfygonf/ jrefrmvkd Epic udk
r[muAsmBuD;[k qkdMuygpkdY/ uRefawmfwkdY ta&SUurÇmrSm r[mbm&wESifh&mr,Pqkdonfh
r[muAsmBuD;rsm;? taemufurÇmrSm Iliad ESifh Odyssey qkdonfh Homer \r[muAsmBuD;
rsm; jzpfygonf/ *&dbmomrS t*FvdyfbmomwkdY Chapman u jyefNyD;onfhtcg uAsmpmqkd
John Keats u csD;usL;a&;om;onfhqGef;eufuAsmrSmvnf; urÇmausmfuAsmwyk'fjzpfyg
onf/
ON FIST LOOKING INTO CHAPMAN'S HOMER
Much have I travell'd in the realms of gold,
And many goodly states and kingdoms seen;
Round many western islands have I been
Which bards in fealty to Apollo hold.
Oft of one wide expanse had I been told
That deep brow'd Homer ruled as his demense;
Yet did I never breathe its pure serene
Till I heard Chapman speak out loud and bold;
Then felt I like some watcher of the skies
When a new planet swims into his ken;
Or like stout Cortez, when with eagle eyes
om
He stared at the Pacific - and all his men

.c
ic
Looked at each other with a wild surmise-

ss
Silent, upon a peak in Darien.

a
cl
Christopher Columbus
es
es
acwfwkef;u Oa&mywkdufom;wkdYonf ajrxJyifv,frSaeNyD;vQif twåvefwdwf

m
ur
.b
135
w
w
w
ork'´&mudk pGefYpGefYpm;pm;xGufcGgcgp oabFmESifhurÇmudk wywfrywfrdao;yg/ ypdzdwf
ork'&´ mudk pydeaf &wyf\Akv d f Cortez acwfusrS jrifb;l Muygonf/ Darien jynf awmifxyd f
wckay:rSaeNyD; Cortez \rsufvkH;tpkHonf {&mrypdzdwfork'´&mBuD;udk yxrqkH;tBudrf
jrif&ouJhodkY? odkYr[kwf eu©wåaA'q&monf aumif;uif&IaepOf N*dK[fopfwvkH;ay:xGuf
vmbdouJhodkY jzpfygonf[k qkdxm;ygonf/ uRefawmfawmh bmomrjyefwwfyg/
t*Fvdyfpum;ajybmomjyefwkdYonf t*FvdyfvufatmufcHjzpfcJhonfhwkdif;jynf
rsm;rS t*Fvyd b f momwckwnf; wwfuRrf;NyD; wjcm;Oa&mybmomawG rwwfonfyh *k K¾ v d f
rsm;tzkdY tvGeftokH;0ifygonf/ 0dZÆmynm&yf? odyÜHynm&yf? pmya'om? 0w¬K? aqmif;yg;
pmEk? pm,Ofru *&dESifhvufwifpmay? aZmf*sD\yav;wkd;ed'gef;txd us,fjyefYonfhpm;
usufBuD;rSm uRefawmfwkdY usufpm;EkdifcJhygonf/ jyifopfpmayrS Balzac, Maupassant,
Gautier, Roussou, Voltaire ponfp h ma&;q&mBuD;wk\ Yd vuf&mrsm;? *smrefpmayrS Goethe,

Schiller, Lessing, Thomas Mann, Max Muller polwkdY? &k&SpmayrS Tolstoy, Turgenev,
Pushkin, Chekov, Gorky polw?Ydk pydep f mayrS Mendoza, Cervantes, Manuel polw\ Ydk rqk;H
Ekdif *rkef;ckdif? {&mrpmaypm;usufBuD;rSm uRefawmfwkdY usufpm;Ekdifygonf/
þpm;usufBuD;rSm usufpm;avav? urÇmt h qift h wef;udk &dypf m;rdavav? ud, k hf
tqift h wef;udk wk;d jr§ichf sifavavjzifh urÇmph cH sdeu f kd jrifa,mifvmygonf/ þ]]bkOmÆ [d}}
pm;usufBuD;&SdaeygvsufESifh usufrpm;yJ? a&wGif;xJu zm;oli,fvkd rdrd\e,fusOf;usOf;
av;rSm wif;wdraf evQifjzifh pHcsderf jrifEh idk yf g/ rdr0d goemtavsmuf BudKufEpS o f uf&m vSnhf
vnfusufpm;Ekdifonfh þpm;usufBuD;&SdaeNyDjzpfonfhtwGuf tm;remwrf; usufpm;Mu
bdkY wkdufwGef;vkdygonf/
ed*kH;rcsKyfrD uRefawmf\bmomjyefuavmif txdef;&cufykHudk pum;ajyykdif;rS e
rlemjycsifygao;onf/ OD;vS\vDqlykHjyifrS ]]raoaq;}} (Water of Immortality) udkbm
omjyefpOf ykHjyifrSm ygonfu]]avmuBuD;rSm raoyJ 'Dvkdae&wm tvum;yJ/ [kdvJ r
a&muf? 'DvJ ra&mufeJY/ vlowå0gav;tjzpfeJY aigif;pif;pif; jzpfaewm qkH;&IH;wmyJ? ao
wm[m wu,fawmh aMumufp&m r[kwf? aojcif;qkdwm avSum;yJ/ vrf;qkH vrf;cGyJ/ t
aumif;bufukdvJ oGm;Ekdifw,f/ raumif;wJhbufudkvJ oGm;Ekdifw,f/ tay:ukdvJ wufEkdif
w,f/ atmufudkvJ qif;Ekdifw,f/ raocJh,if? 'DoabmawG r&Sdawmhbl;/ avmuBuD;rSm
vlawGarG;vmwmawG? aooGm;wmawGuMkd unfNh yD; ae&wJt h vky[
f m tvum;tvkyyf gu
om
.c
vm;vkdY bk&ifBuD;u awG;NyD; aocsifvmw,f/ 'gayrJh bmrSrwwfEkdifbl;/ twwfqef;vkdY

ic
ss
a
raowJhvljzpfaeNyD}}[k a&;om;xm;ygonf/
cl
es
avmutjrif awmfawmfygonfh&dk;&mykHjyifuav; jzpfygonf/ olYudk t*Fvdyfvkd

es
m
ur
.b
136
w
w
w
jyefvudk &f mwGif wrsKd;jzpfvmygonf/ ]][kv

d J ra&muf? 'DvJ ra&muf}}qko
d nfph um;ukd [mo
oGif;NyD; csJYxGifykHrSm-
]][dkra&muf onfra&muf}}udk It led nowhere ESifhrauseyfEkdifao;yg/ &Tef;vkduf

csifygao;onf/
It was eternal now-here."nowhere" ESifh "Now here" onf pmvkH;csif; twlwljzpf

ygonf/ N-O-W-H-E-R-E udk No rSm rjzwfyJ Now rSm jzwfvkdufí where onf here jzpf
oGm;ygonf/ xkdYaMumifh philosophy of ISISM udk jznfhxnfh&ygonf/ Immortality led
nowhere. It was eternal now here, ''now" and ''here" eternal. Is Alas, immortality was
that thing, which made life itself meaningless. What a terrible bore watching from the
side, the well ordered procession of births and deaths, out of the swim, like a non-
participator in this meaningful process of nature. He was weary unto death and longed
to die. Curse his own arrangement, he could not die."
þonfrmS oufoufbmomjyefuavmifaqmhjcif;jzpfygonf/ bk&ifBuD;vnf; r
aoaq;udk ajzEkdifonfhtajzqkd; Antidote to immortality t&SmxGuf&ygawmhonf/
pum;ajybmomjyef,if; [mooGif;onfhae&mrSm oGif;&apumrl [moazsmuf
oifhonfhae&rSm azsmuf&ygao;onf/ aomfwmaqGa&;onfh ]]bmoma&;eJY"e&Sif0g'}}
(Buddhism and Capitalism) udkjyefqkdonfhtcgrSm rl&if;twkdfif;jyefí rjzpfonfudk awGY&
ygonf/ taMumif;t&mu tvGefw&m emusnf;p&maumif;onfhuRefawmfwkYd awmifol
v,form;rsm;tay: cspfw;D rsm;u &uf&ufpufpuf rw&m; aoG;pkwí f e,fv;Hk uRwfqif;
&JwGif;euf? a<u;vnfyif;cdkuf? arQmfvifhcsuf urf;ukefonfh'ku©ZmwfBuD;jzpfygonf/ uRef
awmfvnf; awmom;b0u vmoljzpfí onf'ku©ZmwfBuD;udk rsufjrifudk,fawGYrkdY a'gre
ójzpfcJh&ygonf/ pma&;oludk,fwkdifvnf; a&;,if; rsuf&nfusonf[k od&ygonf/ odkY
ayrifh [mo0w¬Ka&;onf0h oDu rukeaf o;onft h wGuf t&Te;f taomhuav;rsm;? aemuf
ydk;cef;uav;rsm; rqDrqkdifyg0ifaeygonf/ 0w¬KzGJYykHrSmudk xdckdufygonf/ odkYjzpfí av;
yifonfhtaMumif;t&mudk av;yifonfhtrlt&mESifhbmomjyef&ygonf/ rsOf;abmift
wGif;uaeNyD; atmufygtwkdif; BudKwifawmif;yef&ygonf/ ''This story has been chosen
as the most important and 'telling' vignette of the Burma scene. Written in a period of
om
translation from humorous writing to serious writing his old habits still lingered. Lev-
.c
ity still obtruded on serious statement. The translator apologises for the liberties taken
ic
ss
in the reorganisaion of the story for a wider public."

a
cl
es
pum;ajybmomjyefco hJ nh0f w¬KawGxrJ mS ckwifu wifjyonfah omwmaqG\0w¬K

es
m
ESifhvlxkOD;vS\]]ppfNyD;p? axmifwHcg;0}}0w¬KtcsKdYudk y&dowfrsm; od&atmif bmomjyef

ur
.b
137
w
w
w
jzpfojzifh uRefawmft h zdYk tvGeaf useyftm;&rdygonf/ awmifov l ,form;wk\ Yd &efol cspf
wD;ESifhtm;EGJYonfhrdef;uav;rsm;udk &uf&ufpufpuf zsufqD;ydkufqH&Smcdkif;onfhacgif;awG
udk i,fpOfuyif tcJrausjzpfcJh&ojzifh oif;wkdY\,kwfuef;rIawGudk ykdrkdus,fjyefYatmif
azmfxkwfvkduf&onfhtwGuf &mZ0ifa<u; ausonf[k tm;&rdygonf/
jrefrmpum;wGif Usage t& pum;av;ig;vkH;ESifhav;eufonfht"dyÜg,faqmif
oGm;csufrsKd; tawmfrsm;rsm; &Syd gonf/ Oyrm ]]ppfNyD;p axmifwcH g;0}}xJrS ]]tarhtwGu}f
0w¬KxJrSm ]]a&pkefarQm&SmNyD}}qkdonfhpum;pk qkdMuygpdkY/ OD;vSa&;xm;onfu ]]tarckdif;
csifwmom cdik ;f ygawmh}}[k wcgrS rjrifb;l onfth arudk yktH yfvu dk jf cif; jzpfygonf/ rlr\ l
b0Zmwfvrf;uawmh a&pkerf mS arQmygaeonhrf ed ;f uav;wa,muf jzpfaeygNyDw/hJ a&pkef
arQmonfh&lyutvuFmonf jrefrmbmomajymonfhvlwkdif;vkdvkd odNyD;om; jzpfygonf/
OD;vStwGuf onfpum;ESifhyif jynfhpkHaeygNyD/ t*FvdyfbmomrSmum; driftwood &Sdygonf/

flotsan and jetsam qkdwm&Sdygonf/ b0qkH;onhft"dyÜg,fudk a&mufatmif rydkYEkdifMuyg/ xkdY
aMumifh ]]a&pkeaf rQm}}pum;vk;H tenf;i,fukd tus,fw0ifh &lyucsJNY yD; bmomjyef&ygonf/
"Thus, on the broad stream of life, was another piece of driftwood set adrift
with the current whithersoever it flowed, at the mercy of winds and waves, rapids and
whirlpools, down, down to the shoreless sea."
onfvkdrS av;eufonf/ t"dyÜg,fvnf; jynfhpkHonf/ u&kPm&ovnf; ygonf/
onfwGif ruao;yg/ onfpeufu qufNyD; 0w¬K\ed*kH;urÜwfrSm tifrwef xda&mufjyef
ygonf/
(Sad to record, the drift-wood Mu Mu could not sprout sail or paddle to go
against the current, which swirled round her the more violently as she got into deeper
waters, till, in the vicious whirlpool of brothel, sick-bed and jail, syphillis claimed her.)
aemufwcsufrSm rl&if;pmü rjynfhpkHonfhtcsufuav;rsm;udk awGY&wwfygao;
onf/ Oyrm jy&rnfqkdvQif þpmtkyfxJrSmyif Jonah Aramon 0w¬KxJrS Ariyampa ac:
ukvm;vl&;dk vlaumif;wa,mufonf *syefawGukd jyefcsNyD; xGuaf jy;vGwaf jrmufomG ;&mu
ESpaf wGvawG Mumanmif;cgrS &Gmudk jyefa&mufvmygonf/ w&Gmvk;H jyKwfjyKwfjyKef;atmif
*syefrsm;u &ufpufMurf;MuKwfpGm ajrvSefzsufqD;oGm;cJhonfrSm &Gmr&SdawmhbJ wJuav;
rsm;\wnfae&mrsm;om usef&pfygonf/ onf&Gmuav; cHpm;oGm;&onfhMur®mqkd;rsKd;
tvm;wl cHpm;&onfNh rdK&Y mG awG ArmjynfwiG f trsm;BuD;&Syd gonf/ rSww
f rf;wif rcHMu&&Sm
om
.c
yg/ Czechoslovakia rSmqkdvQif uRefawmfwkdYa&mufoGm;pOfu Lidice qkdonfh&Gmuav;udk

ic
ss
*smrefemZDrsm;u ajrvSefzsufqD;oGm;ykHudk urÇmtm; odap&kHru trSwfw& rSwfwrf;wif

a
cl
es
Muygonf/ urÇmaMuaomfvnf; O'gef;raMuEkdifrnfhtrSwfw& AdrmefBuD; wnfaqmuf

es
m
ur
.b
138
w
w
w
xm;NyD; &Gmol&mG om;rsm;\"mwfyrHk sm;? pdwx

f cd u
dk pf &mrsm;jzpfonfh ypön;f ypö,rsm;ukd xde;f
odr;f jyoxm;ygonf/ Lidice qko d nfh "m;pmcH&mG trnfrmS urÇmodjzpfomG ;&ygonf/ rl&if;
0w¬KrSm ppfawmif;jrpfem;rS &Gmuav;w&Gm[kom qkdxm;ygonf/ &Gmemrnfyif rygyg/ xkd
taMumif;udk urÇmok;H t*Fvyd b f momodjYk yefqo dk nft
h cgrSm onftwkid ;f xm;í rjzpfawmh
yg/ urÇmod Lidice &GmemrnfESifhwifpm;&ygawmhrnf/ xdkYaMumifh bmomjyefrSm jznfhpGuf
ay;&ygonf/
"Back he went to his beloved little village to find it razed to the ground. He
could not even trace which homestead stood where on the scorched earth - one of Burma's
many unknown and unmourned little Lidices. Overwhelmed with sorrow he slowly
retreated from the scene of desolation."
urÇmok;H bmomodYk jyefqodk o
l nf urÇmAh [kow k <u,f0vQif ydí k yifaumif;ygonf/
erlem wifjyp&m trsm;tjym; &Sdjim;aomfvnf; onfrQESifhyif oifhavmufygNyD/ ed*kH;csKyf

taeESifh uRefawmfajymvkdonfrSm bmomjyefvkyfief;qkdonfrSm oabmudku tjiif;yGm;
zG,f jzpfygonf/ vlqo dk nfrmS wOD;ESiwhf OD; tjrifcsif; rwlouJo h Ykd t,ltqcsif;? tBudKuf
csif; rwlEkdifMuyg/ uRefawmfhtxif ajym&vQif tjrifcsif;wlbdkY? t,ltqcsif;wlbdkY rcJ
,Of;aomfvnf; tBudKufcsif;wlbkdY tawmhfudk cJ,Ofygvdrfhrnf/ wOD;wa,mufwnf;yif
vQif i,fpOfA[kow k r<u,f0ao;onft h csdeuf BudKufEpS o
f ufco hJ nfph um;vk;H yif jzpfvifh
upm;? touft&G,fBuD;&ifhí todÓPf&ifhusufvmonfhtcgusvQif BudKufcsifrS BudKuf
ayvdrfhrnf/ uRefawmfqkdvQif vGefcJhonfhESpfaygif; okH;av;q,ftcsdefu bomjyefcJhonfh
pmawGudk ckxufwkdif jyifwkef;jzpfygonf/ odkYjzpfí bmomjyefolrsm;onf wOD;ESifhwOD; t
jrifrwlovdk? t,ltquGJvQif uGJovkd? tawG;tac: Mental association of ideas csif;
rwl? rwlovkd? Denham \rSwfom;bG,fpum;t& Translation is intertraffic of the minds
rlvpma&;ol\pdwfESifhjyefqkdol\pdwfESpfpdwf tjyeftvSefqufoG,fNyD; olYenf;olY[efESifh
bmomjyefMurSm jzpfygonf/ uRefawmfawGYrdwmawG &Sdygonf/ tcsKdYaomuAsmbmom
jyef? pum;ajybmomjyef ponfwkdYudk zwf,if; uRefawmfhpdwfü]]igomqkdvQif onfae&m
rSm onfvkdjyefrnf/ onfpum;vkH;udk okH;rnf}}pojzifh pdwfxJwGif awG;awmrdygonf/ ol
jyefxm;ykH rSm;aeygonf[í l uRefawmf b,fawmhrS rqkrd yd g/ wufwufpif vGaJ ewmrsKd;qkd
vQif axmufjy&ygrnf/ jrefrmbmomudk ESpYH yfatmif ruRrf;usifíaomfvnf;aumif;? ynm
om
A[kokwr<u,f0ao;íaomfvnf;aumif;? rSm;MuonfhudpörsKd;udk ynmay;onhfoabm

.c
ic
ESifhaxmufjyrdygonf/ onfuvGJvQif vGwfvyfpGm BudK;yrf;Muygap[lí apwema&SUxm;

ss
a
&ygonf/ ]]olwyg; rsufacs;om jrifw,f? ud, k rhf sufacs;awmh ud,

k rf jrifb;l }}qko
d nfh pum;
cl
es
onf oabmtwkdif;vnf;aumif;? Oypmt&vnf;aumif; tvGefrSefygonf/ xkdYaMumifh

es
m
ur
.b
139
w
w
w
bmomjyeforl sm;tm;vk;H ? tm;vk;H oabmxm;BuD;Muyg/ apwema&SUxm;Muyg/ BudK;yrf;
Mu,if; ,kdif;yif;ulnDMuyg[k wkdufwGef;,if; ed8kH;csKyfygonf/ /
"Translation is inter-traffic of the Mind"

By Dr.Malcolm Burr
Few arts are so little understood as that of the translator, for in what other is
success measured by the suppression of the artist? Yet what task can be more diffcult
and more delicate? It is the transfer to the mind of the reader of the translation the same
impression that was produced on the native mind by the original text from another
man's brain, not only in a different language, but in a different world.
Far more is demanded of the translator than of the author himself. The author
needs the mastery of one language only; the translator needs command of two. The
author is free to let his fancy wander unrestrained, to build up his own construction and
to express it in his own way; the translator is cramped and hampered. He, poor devil,
has no freedom of construction and very little of expression. The author may choose his
own subject; for the translator the subject is provided. The author is responsible to one
public only ---to his readers; the translator is responsible to two----to his readers, but
first and foremost to the author himself. The author reveals in a blaze of publicity; the
translators sinks into oblivion.
In spite of all these diffculties, which are general, these are the diffculties
which are special, inherent in each separate ask.
Now what are the duties of the translator? The first, clearly, is to understand
his author; for unless he has really mastered his brief, how can he be an advocate before
the public which is his court? He must understand more than the mere words the author
provides; he must understand his author's mentalily, his inner thoughts and his ulti-
mate object.
To fulfil his duty, the translator must possess qualifications of the highest
order, including literary talent approaching, or even equal to, that of the author him-
self, and far greater knowledge, with delicate judgment, not only in the choice of words,
but degree of freedom desirable in the rendering.
When he has really understood his author---and it is by no means easy to
understand some authors---his duty is to render him accurately his word or his thought,
into the language and understanding of his new audience. It is in the fine judgment of
the balance between thought and word that lies the whole secret of his craft.
At times it is necessary to explain allusions or expressions that would be in-
comprehensible to his readers. For instance, in a Siberian fable, when a crazy man
om
rushes through the village crying frantically.

.c
ic
"God is sowing raspberries!"

ss
It is not enough to translate the words only. It is necessary to explain to the

a
cl
English reader that the Siberian peasant knows perfectly well that wild raspberries are
es
es
most numerous on burnt ground, that is to say, that the village was threatened by a
m
ur
.b
140
w
w
w
forest fire. Similarly, the mention of a grove of aspens in the description of a house of
gloom conveys little to the English reader, unless he knows, as does every Russian
peasant, that the aspen quivers for shame because it was upon that tree that Judas
Iscariot hanged himself. To meet such cases, all that is necessary is to add a few ex-
planatory words, "as everybody knows."
Here is another instance which, of its very nature, is diffcult to understand,
and requires a somewhat elaborate explanation. But it is illuminating. Once in a busi-
ness document that was submitted to me for examination, the Articles of Association of
a company limited by shares, the text stated that the share certificates should glase na
donosioca. That was rendered "should be to the name of the bearer." Poor man, the
translator could not find the English for the very useful Serbo-Croaian glasiti, for we
have none. But to anyone who knew the language there was no doubt whatever about
the meaning, which was that the share certificates should be bearer warrants, as is
customary on the Continent. Na donosioca means "to the bearer", the nearest we can
approach to the exact wording is "should read to the bearer." It was extremely unfortu-
nate that the poor devil of a translator had dragged in the very word that was excluded
by the sense, the world name, for by so doing he actually inverted the meaning of the
article, so that the London directors understood it to mean that the company in question
should use the form of share certificate customary in this country, registered with the
name and address of the owner, transferable only by deed. It was a case where the
translator's duty was to give the meaning of the sentence. not the exact words. The
correct translation was; "The shares shall be in the form of bearer warrants."
Another duty of the translator is to find a suitable paraphrase for expressions
that are untranslatable. For every language has conception peculiar to itself which can-
not be rendered exactly into any foreign tongue, and in such cases the translator must
abandon the words, but yet convey the thought. Try as he will, there are many things
that cannot even be paraphraseed, especially puns, and inevitably a big proportion of
the value is lost. I have regretted never to have had the occasion to read Alice Through
Looking Glass in any other language, but I cannot believe that translators could have
conveyed more than seventy-five per cent of the original. And how much of Dickens, or
Kipling, and of Surtees must have fallen by the wayside?
There are three rules which every translator has to observe. The first is that he
shall know thoroughly well the language from which he is translating, and it is surpris-
ing how many otherwise well-infromed people, many publishers, for instance, think
this is the only qualification.
The second rule is even more important, for what if the translator is not per-
fect in the language into which he is translating? This is generally taken for granted,
but it is the most important rule of all. The meaning of an unfamiliar foreign word may
be sought in the dictionary, provided that dangerous instrument is used with discrimi-
om
nation and care, but of his own tongue the translator should not feel in doubt. Yet how
.c
ic
many writers refer to weasels as "little rodents," and those who confuse vultures and
ss
a
eagles reveal ignorance of more than mere ornithology. I venture to quote the following
cl
es
from a recent issue of the Times Literary Supplement: "Herr Emil Ludwig writes to say
es
m
ur
.b
141
w
w
w
that the lapses in English, to which attention was drawn, are the responsibility of the
translator."
The third rule, without which even a profound knowledge of the two lan-
guages involed is unavailing, is this, that the translator must have some knowledge of
the subject in question, of the milieu in which the book is cast, of the atmosphere with
which it is enveloped, of the phraseology which is part of its technique. That legal
document to which I have alluded was a translation from the Croatian, sworn as accu-
rate by a notary who did not know the language. The translator was a Croat who had
lived eleven years in the United States, where he had learnt, no doubt, good colloquial
English, but the very heading betrayed him. He called the document "Fundamental
Rules." Now it may be argued that that was the correct rendering of the Croatian words
Temel jna Pravila, which is a fact, but that is not what an Englishman calls that par-
ticular kind of document. He calls it Articles of Association. Such a mistake could not
have been made by an Englishman with some knowledge of a Croatian, but seems
inevitable in the case of a Croat who knows some English.

Perhaps the most delicate of the duties of the translator, and one ungoverned
by any rule, is the choice of degree of freedom. How closely should he adhere to the
original text, and how much dare he sacrifice literal rendering for the sake of the
atmosphere or clarity of the meaning? It is the old contest between the letter and the
spirit, and it is here more than in any other function that the translator has the chance
of proving himself an artist. It is so easy to overstep the mark. Vvedensky, for instance,
who interpreted Dickens to the Russian reading public, made his Cockneys drink not
"gin", but "vodka". Greater liberty still was taken by Viskovaty when he translated and
to stimulate patriotism, he deliberately put into his hero's mouth the words:
"My Fatherland! I will sacrifice myself for thee!"
But it was Diderot who reached the limit of freedom. He is reputed to have
read a book on philosophy, closed it, and then written it out in French from memory
and called it a translation.
As a reviewer I rarely come across a translation free from the taint of sloth,
and as a translator I appreciate the diffculties. I know, too, that it is very seldom that
there is a word or phrase (except, possibly, a pun) that will not yield its secret to
determined research, even if the author be not available to explain it. Recently I found
in a translation from the Russian an allusion to an avenue of Karagach. The translator
had given it up in despair, and left it untranslated, with at least the decency of putting
it in italics. It was clearly a kind of tree, but the shirking of the diffculty made the book
nearly useless for the audience to whom it appears to have been addressed, the chil-
om
.c
dren of the English-speaking world, none of whom are likely to know any more than
ic
ss
the translator that a Karagach is a kind of elm.

a
cl
Slovenly work is the unforgivable sin, and yet so many translators apparently
es
es
feel that they are not called upon to make an effort to understand a diffcult word. No
m
ur
.b
142
w
w
w
man can have universal knowledge, and there is nothing to be ashamed of in igno-
rance of technical expression, even in one's own tongue. It is seldom indeed that a
translator's task is so straight forward that it involves no research.
Some years back I read with enjoyment a translation from the German of a
book on Mogolia. A distinguished literary authority gave it his blessing in a special
introduction, in which he stated that he could not praise the translation too highly as a
work of great literary merit. Yet when I was reading the book, I was held up several
times by the word jurt. As it was neither in inverted commas nor italics, I was obvi-
ously expected to understand it, and threw the blame upon my own ignorance, until
the context reveal the truth. It meant the portable dwelling of the nomads of Central
Asia, familiar to all readers of travel books upon that part of the world in the form in
which the Russian have adopted it from the Tartar. yurta. In our English books it is
generally spelt yurt, in italics. Evidently the Austrian author had spelt it in the Ger-
man way, jurt which had so puzzled the translator, who clearly had no knowledge
either of Russian or Tartar, that he shirked the diffculty. That was slovenly work,
betraying not only his own ignorance but also his sloth for very little research would
have made the point clear to him. His style may have been the purest English, but he
was a bad translator for leaving a diffcult word untranslated and deliberately trying to
deceive his readers by not indicating that it was a strange and foregin word that was
beyond his powers. He made other grave faults, too, which show that he had not the
second essential of his craft, a complete knowledge of his own language for he used
gazelle, antelope and deer as synonymous terms.
When translators try to be clever they often fall into the pit.
Once I had occasion to review a purely literary translation in which there was
a whole string of incomprehensible words presumably intended for English. I did not
wish to do injustice to what was really a skilled piece of work form from the point of
view of pure literature and took great pains to elucidate thes mysterious passage. I
found eventually that in order to give a "scientific" aspect to the book the translator
has used a dictionary as a source of technical words and not corrected the proof, with
incredible results. Dictionaries are seldom accurate in technical expression, and the
wrong words were chosen and then distorted beyond recognition. Yet that translation
enjoyed a paean of praise at the hands of the critics (save one), who swallowed the
gibberish without question.
This is a terrible lesson, for dictionaries are dangerous things that need great
om
.c
caution in use. In the standard Russian dictionary, for instance, the names of plants
ic
ss
and animals are almost without exception wrong, and include a mass of provincial-
a
cl
isms that would puzzle any reader. I have had to use a Portuguese dictionary in which
es
es
homonyms and synonyms were given indiscriminately and without explanation. For
m
ur
.b
143
w
w
w
instance, the word "fine" would have two Portuguese words at least, but without indi-
cation which meant thin, i.e. "fine like a thread," or fat, "fine like a fine woman," as a
foreign student of English once expressed it to me.
The culture of Russia is largely based upon translations, and yet many schol-
arly interpreters of foreign literatures have made serious mistakes owing to ignorance
of the milieu. Thus , I have seen the expression "Many happy returns" put into Russian
as "Many happy returns from the other side." and another translator describes the
Speaker of the House of Commons as the man with the loudest voice in the assembly.
Vvedensky made another quaint mistake. I have not had the opportunity of
collating his translation with the original, but the meaning is clear enough. He makes
a Society hostess ask the footman in the presence of a guest:
"Where is Miss Dombey now?"
"In the closet, Madam."

"Take us to her."
I suppose the translator was in diffculties with the modern meaning of the
word. I have known well-read Russians whose knowledge of English was based on
Shakespeare. They were surprised when I explained to them that the word "Mistress"
to-day has two meanings, but neither meant a "respectable married woman."
It is surprising that it should be necessary to remind that, except in cases of
emergency, translations should never be made into a foreign tongue. The translator
should invariably translate into his mother tongue. Even fluent colloquial knowledge
of a foreign language, even ability to write a correct letter, do not qualify a man to
translate into that language. Of the educated people in England how many are quali-
fied to produce a literary work even in their own language? And truly bilingual people
are excessively rare.
A rather unexpected danger against which the translator must be on his guard
is the fact that in an ordinary publisher's or editor's office there is no one competent to
correct his proofs. Solecisms have slipped in my work for which I shall be held respon-
sible by posterity owing to such lack of correction, rendered unavoidable owing to my
absence.
In a story of village life in Serbia in the nineteenth century I had used the
word rakiya plum brandy, retaining it as a word familiar to all who have read of
Balkan countries for the sake of local colour. Unknown to me, this was altered in the
published text to "whiskey". The introduction of the regional Gaelic drink, which has
om
.c
spread to England within my memory, to a remote village community in Serbia of a

ic
ss
century ago is worse than anachronism. It is an "anachronism in space."

a
cl
A similar instance occured in a description from the Russian of a debauch,

es
es
when, for some reason during my absence, the reader put into the mouth of a young
m
ur
.b
144
w
w
w
Russian officer the English colloquialism, "Say when!"

It is contrary to the Russian tradition, for a Russian never says "When!", and
the implied ideas of restriction and dilution are foreign to his temperament. These two
fatal words conveyed ignorance of the milieu, of which I was personally not guilty.
In all diffculties the translator should, of course, consult the author. One of
the most serious difficulties that a translator can face is to tackle obscure points when
the author is dead or inaccessible.
But one must not be too critical of the poor translator. His task is extremely
hard. He is the target for all the abuse, but the receptacle of little of the praise. The
author can awlays throw the blame upon his interpreter, and who shall be judge be-
tween them?
The responsibilities of the translator may be very great and have consequences
that are often quite comical, sometimes grave and far-reaching.
When Bernard Shaw telegraphed Maxim Gorky comparing his heroes very
favourably with the half-demented creatures of the Cherry Orchard, the Russian pa-
pers with common accord fell unmercifully upon this new English bourgeois writer,
Mr. Ch. Orchard, and it was some time before one journalist more penetrating than
the others point out "Cherry Orchard" is the English translation of the title of the well
known play "Vishnyevy Sad."
It is not inconceivable that a translator may produce a work of art that is an
improvement on the original. Fitzgerald's version of Omar Khayyam springs at once
to the mind.
And if you ask me what are the ideal conditions for the work of a translator,
I will tell you.
He must know the foreign language really well, but not necessarily perfectly.
He must have lived in the country, or in the atmosphere described in the work, and he
must know the current technical phraseology. He must be unhurried in his work and
be sufficiently remunerated, so that he can devote time to research, without which no
translation can be perfect.
Those conditions are essential for the production of good translations.
To make those conditions ideal, what factor is still missing?
The personal friendship of the author, for every translation is, in more or less
degree, a collaboration.
The translator is not without his reward. He is not denied the joy of creation.
om
.c
There is an exquisite pleasure in turning out a neat rendering that preserves not only
ic
ss
the exact meaning, but the atmosphere and perhaps even the music, of the original.
a
cl
But the highest reward of all is a spiritual one, for the aoptheosis of the trans-
es
es
lator is absorption into the Nirvana of Oblivion.

m
ur
.b
145
w
w
w
jrefrmpum;ajyrS t*Fvdyfpum;ajyodkYjyefqkdjcif;
1/ OD;jrifhodef; (MMT)
2/ OD;baomf(armifaomfu)
3/ Arkd;
4/ oxkHwifxGef;
5/ OD;ombef;(aMu;rkH)
6/ aZmfjrifhodef; (ZMT)
7/ a'gufwmarmifjzL;
8/ a':cifrsKd;cspf
9/ OD;armifarmif(orm"d)
10/ OD;vlaz0if;
1/ jrefrmrS t*Fvyd o f Ykd jyefqadk omtcg tcsKdaY 0g[m&rsm;udk wku d &f u dk jf yefqí
dk r&yg/
t"dygÜ ,fazmfoifo h nfukd azmf&onf/ odt Yk wGuf t"dygÜ ,fazmfveG ;f vQifvnf; &o
ysufEkdifaMumif; aqG;aEG;onf/
2/ jrefrmrS t*FvdyfodkY jyefqkdjcif;wGif Ekdifeif;uRrf;usifol tvGefenf;yg;aeonf[k
aqG;aEG;onf/
3/ bmomjyef&mwGif pmzwfoel m;vnfatmif tvku d o
f ifjh znfph uG í f a&;oifah Mumif;
wifjyonfudk aqG;aEG;olu axmufcHonf/
4/ *syfqifjrefrmtbd"mefudk ydkrkdjynfhpkHap&ef jyefvnfjyifqifoifhonf[k aqG;aEG;
onf/
5/ wuúodkvfjrefrmtbd"mef qufvufxkwfa0Ekdifa&;udk BudK;yrf;oifhonf[k aqG;
aEG;onf/
6/ jrefrmrS t*Fvyd of Ykd jyefqadk om bmomjyefpmayrsm;udk NydKifyu JG sif;yay;oifo h nf
[k aqG;aEG;onf/
7/ bmomjyef&mwGif rlvpma&;q&m\tmabmfudk rdatmif BudK;pm;&onf/ txl;
om
.c
ojzifh jrefrmrS t*FvdyfodkYjyefqkd&mwGif vkyfom;jynfolrsm; em;vnfEkdif&ef vG,f

ic
ss
a
vG,f&Sif;&Sif; jzpfoifhonf[k aqG;aEG;onf/

cl
es
8/ bmomjyefrnfqkdaomtcgwGif rlvpma&;q&mESifh¤if;? ZmwfuGufZmwfvrf;ESifh

es
m
ur
.b
146
w
w
w
¤if;? aemufcHtaMumif;rsm;ESifh¤if; &if;ESD;í vrkdif;uyfaeoifhonf[k aqG;aEG;

onf/
9/ rl&if;pma&;q&m\pmudk bmomjyefolonf tb,frQ uavmifuGefYoifhovJqkd
aomjyóemü Oya'o[lí &So d vm;[kar;jref;aqG;aEG;&m avSe"H m;xpf r&SEd idk f
[k jyefajzonf/
om
.c
ic
ss
a
cl
es
es
m
ur
.b
147
w
w
w
bmomjyefvx l o k yd p
HÜ may
wifjyol
OD;wifarmif (rSL;wif)
1967-ckESpf azazmf0g&Dv 13-&ufaeYü pmayAdrmefrS BuD;rSL;usif;yaom odyÜH

pmayESD;aESmzvS,fyGJ tcrf;tem;zGifh rdefYcGef;wGif jyefMum;a&;Xme twGif;0efonf odyÜH
pmayESifhywfoufí odyÜHpmaywkdYonf ausmif;om;rsm; r[kwfol? yg&*lrsm;r[kwfol? t
vkyform; v,form;ESifh omreft&yfol t&yfom;wkdYtwGuf a&;om;tyfaMumif;ukd-
]]ckvdk ynma&; aemifwacwfrSm odyÜHynmwwfawG tvQKdtvQKd ay:aygufvm
rJhta&;[m ajrBuD;vufcwfrvGJ jzpfaeygNyD/ 'gayrJh >cif;csufwck usefaeygao;w,f/
tJ'gu wjcm;r[kwyf gbl;? ausmif;ynmeJrY eD;pyfawmhwhJ vkyo f m;jynforl sm;udk odyyHÜ nm

eJY&if;ESD;vmatmif b,fvkdvkyfMurvJqkdwJh jyóemjzpfygw,f}}
[lí ajymqkdoGm;ygonf/
xkaYd Mumifh odypHÜ mayudk omrefvyk o
f m;jynfow
l Ydk em;vnfEidk af omtqifo h aYkd &muf
onfhwkdif bmomjyefMu&ef uRefawmfwkdY tm;xkwf&rnfjzpfygonf/ ]]odyÜHynmESifh&if;ESD;}}
vmap&efomjzpfNyD; ]]odyyHÜ nmwwf}}oGm;ap&ef oifMum;jcif;r[kwo f nfrmS ta&;wBuD;
rSwfom;tyfaom tcsuf[k ,lqygonf/
a0g[m&
odyb HÜ momjyefa&;udpö ay:avwkid ;f a0g[m&jyóemay:aygufvmwwfygonf/
rnfonfhpum;vkH;udk rnfokdYjyefrnf? rnfodkYtrnfwGifaprnf ponfjzifh rvGJraoG ay:
aygufvmwwf&m uRefawmht f ,ltqü vlxo k yd pHÜ may bmomjyef&mwGif a0g[m&jyóem
onf vkH;0tcuftcJ r&Sdoifh? tjiif;ryGm;oifh[k oabm&ygonf/ wdusaoma0g[m&
onf ausmif;om;rsm; ynm&Sifrsm; yg&*lrsm;tbkdYomjzpfNyD; vlxktbdkY rsm;pGm ta&;r
BuD;[k qkdcsifygonf/ bmomjyefolonf rdrdavhvmod&Sdxm;aom odyÜHa0g[m&odyÜHpum;
udk &Snfvkdu &Snfap ajyjypfem;vnfonfom y"mexm;um pum;ajyESifh&Sif;vif;ajymjy
a&;om;&rnfjzpfygonf/ xdktcg tcsKdYae&mwGif twdtusbmomjyefí &onfvnf;&Sd
í us,fus,fjyefjY yef&Y iS ;f vif;ay;ygrS em;vnfrnfvnf; &Sad yonf/ wkud &f u
dk t
f oHxu
G u
f dk
om
.c
yif a&;csí em;vnfEkdifrnf[k ,lq&aom pum;vkH;rsm;&SdouJhodkY wDxGif,l&rnfvnf; &Sd

ic
ss
a
ayonf/
cl
es
Oyrm calcium udk xkH;"mwf? phosphorus udk rD;pkef;"mwf[k twdtus jyefqkdí&

es
m
ur
.b
148
w
w
w
ygonf/ cryogenic [laom pum;vkH;rSmrl pmzwfolwkdY &if;ESD;aeNyD; r&Sd[k ,lq&ojzifh

]]urÇmah wmifajrmuf 0ef&;dk pGe;f wkw Yd iG f tvGeaf t;av&m ,if;a'owkw Yd iG f vlwt Ydk ouf&iS f
aeEkid &f efvnf;aumif;? urÇmah vxk tjyifbuf urÇmywfvrf;aMumif;tygt0if tmumo
onf vGefpGmat;aoma'ojzpfí ,if;a'owGif aeEkdif&efvnf;aumif;? vGefuJaom t
at;"mwf&Sd&ma'owkdYwGif vlolypönf;wkdY rnfodkYjzpfwwfonfudkvnf;aumif; bmom&yf
BuD;wcktaeESifh okawoe jyKaeMuavonf}}[k a&;om;cJh&ygonf/
armfawmfum;wpif;\ valve, piston, crankshaft, camshaft, spring, washer, tyre,
tube wkdYudk Am;? ypfpwif? u&kdif;&Syf? uif;&Syf? py&drf? 0g&Sm? wkdif,m? uRwf ponfjzifh ESpf
&Snfvrsm; vlodrsm;NyD;aom pum;vkH;rsm;jzpfojzifh wkduf&kdufyif toHxGufa&;jcif;jzifh
pmzwfolwkdY em;vnfEkdifonf[k ,lqygonf/ pufrIvufrIudpöa&;&mwGif angle iron udk
]]a'gifo h }H } [kjyefqv dk Qif y&dowfem;vnfrnf[k rxifyg/ vlxyk &dowfbmomvQif wDxiG f

vufcHxm;aom ]][if*vH}}[k a&;om;MuygrS em;vnfMurnfjzpfygonf/ detonator udk
]]wGwfyD}}[k vufcHxm;Muygonf/
Orbit qkdonfrSm the path in which a heavenly body moves around another or
an electron around the nucleus of an atom or the like, regular course or beat [ktbd"mef
rSqkd&m Artificial satellite in earth orbit [lí a&;om;xm;onfudk ]]N*dK[fwkurÇmywfvrf;
aMumif;wGif ywfaeonf}}[k jyefqkdygu ,aeY em;vnfEkdifMuygonf/ vudk ywfjyefaom
tcg spacecraft in moon orbit udk ]]tmumo,mOfonf vywfvrf;aMumif;twGif; ywf
aeonf}}[k qDavsmfatmif jyef&ygonf/
t&kd;wGif;rS xkH;"mwfwkdY xGufvmNyD;aemuf aoG;twGif; a&mufoGm;um calcium
deposited in the eye qko d nfukd ]]xk;H "mwfrsm; rsufv;Hk twGi;f ü 0ifxidk o f nf}}[k uRefawmf
prf;oyfokH;Munfhbl;ygonf/
ta&SUwkdif; EkdifiHwckwGif aMumifwaumif\OD;aPSmufudk ajcmufvcefY "freeze"
cJxm;NyD;aemuf jyefvnfí "thaw" aysmfaponf[k a&;om;jcif;? wae&mürl ]],if;a0'
em&Sifudk aooGm;vQif oGm;csif; a&cJcef;wGif;odkYoGif;í cJxm;vkdufrnf/ aemif tESpf 50
Mumí a&m*gukaq;awGaY omtcgrSm thaw azsmf,u l m aq;ukay;jcif;jzifh toufqufEidk f
rnf[k ,kMH unfMuavonf}}[k uRefawmfa&;om;cJb h ;l ygonf/ thaw qko d nfph um;vk;H tzkYd
]]aysmfjcif;}} ]]azsmfjcif;}}qkdaompum;onf rSefaomfrS rSefrnfjzpfygonf/ odkYaomf pmzwf
om
.c
olrsm;tzkYd txku d tf avsmuftm;jzifh em;vnfEidk rf nf[, k q

l í a&;om;cJjh cif;jzpfygonf/
ic
ss
a
rdr\d cE¨mtpdwt f ydik ;f r[kwyf gbJ tjcm;olprd ;f \cE¨mtpdwt f ykid ;f wckjzifh trans-
cl
es
plant cGp J w
d u f ok rIenf;jzifh wyfqifay;ygu wywfrQumvtwGi;f wGif umuG,rf pI eH pfrsm;
es
m
ur
.b
149
w
w
w
u rdr\ d organ ]]ypön;f }} r[kwrf eS ;f odMuum reject ]]ESix f w
k yf pf}wwfMuavonf[k aq;
odyÜHESifhywfoufí bmomjyefzl;&m organ onf ]]ypönf;}} reject udk]]ESifxkwf}}[k qDavsmf
tvsOf;oifhovkd jyefcJhygonf/
avrD;zkdrsm; rMumcPaygufuGJum vlESifhtdrfrsm; rD;avmifonfhowif;rsm; zwf
&NyD;aemuf uRefawmf avrD;zkdaqmif;yg; a&;&ef pOf;pm;rdygonf/ (aemufqufwGJ c) t
*Fvyd pf um; metal fatigue, fatigue test ponfwu Ydk kd em;vnfo&l ydS gu ]]avrD;zdw
k o
Ydk nf metal
fatigue jzpfumaygufujJG cif;vnf; jzpfEi dk o
f nf}}[kqydk gu waMumif;wnf;jzifh em;vnfomG ;
rnfjzpfaomfvnf; uRefawmfukd,fwkdifyif metal fatigue udk odyÜHa0g[m&taejzifh &Sd r&Sd
rodyg/ &daS pumrl uRefawmfvufvrf; rrSí D rodyg/ &Sad pumrl omrefvl em;vnfv, G af om
pum;vkH;jzpfaomfrS jzpfrnfjzpfí metal fatigue \jrefrma0g[m&udk uRefawmf&,l&ef r
BudK;pm;rd&awmhyg/ xkdYaemuf ausmif;wGif oifcJhbl;aom udk,fem;vnfaom metal fa-

tigue taMumif;udk qHn§yfcsKd;ykHjzifhvnf;aumif;? pnfazmif;rIwfykHjzifhfvnf;aumif;? aum
rufav,mOfysufusykHjzifhvnf;aumif; ykHajym&if;jzifh]]owåKanmif;}}aomaMumifh avrD;
zkd aygufuGJwwfykHukdyg aqmif;yg;wyk'ftjzpf a&;cJhygonf/
pmzwfot l ajctae
xko
d aYkd &;om;&mü rdr\
d pmzwfy&dowf\tajctaeudk OD;pGmavhvmoifo h nf[k
,lqygonf/ tvkyo f rm; v,form;ESiohf mreft&yfot l &yfom;wk\ Yd omrefynmt&nf
tcsif;ESiahf wG;ac:ajrmfjrifrI tqift h wef;tjyif odyyHÜ nmqkid &f m tajccH rnfrQ&Scd o
hJ nf
wku
Yd ykd g avhvmMunhyf gu rdrad &;om;&awmhrnfh odyb HÜ mom&yfwckcEk iS yhf wfoufí rnfí
rnfrQaom twdrfteuf twkdif;twmyrmPjzifhom a&;om;oifhonfudk uRefawmfwkdY
wGufq&Ekdifrnf xif&Sdygonf/
bmoma&G;jcif;
,if;odYk rdrd pmzwfy&dowf\tajctaeudk avhvmNyD;ygu &So d rQaom odyyHÜ nm
&yfrsm;wGi;f rS rnfoaYkd om bmom&yfrsm;udk OD;pm;ay; a&G;cs,foifo h nfuykd g qifjcifMunfh
&ef vkdtyfonf[k ,lqygonf/ odyÜHpmayESD;aESmzvS,fyGJwGif ]]aq;odyÜH bmom&yfonf
,aeYoyd pHÜ mzwf y&dowftbdYk OD;pm;ay;xku d af om bmom&yf[k xifjrifryd gonf/}}[k uRef
om
.c
awmf wifjycJzh ;l ygonf/ xkaYd emufrS pdu

k yf sKd;a&; arG;jrLa&;ESit
hf jcm;ukex
f w k pf rG ;f tm;wk;d
ic
ss
a
wufa&;wGif taxmuftyHhjzpfaprnfh pufrIvufrI odyÜHbmom&yfrsm;udk a&G;oifhonf[k

cl
es
oabm&ygonf/
es
m
ur
.b
150
w
w
w
odypHÜ mayaqmif;yg;a&;om;&mwGirf u rnfonfah qmif;yg;yifjzpfap owif;pm

r*¾Zif;rsm;wGif atmifjrifpGm a&;om;Ekdif&efrSm owif;pmrsm;rS ]]ay:yif}}udk trdzrf;um
a&;om;&ef vkdtyfonf[k q&mhq&mrsm;xHrS rSwfom;em,lcJh&bl;ygonf/ xkdYaMumifh o
wif;pm r*¾Zif;ESifha&'D,kdwkdYudk tNrJrjywf zwfrSwfavhvmjcif;jzifh rdrdpmzwfy&dowfwkdY\
pdwf0ifpm;rI aygufzGm;aom ]]A[kokwqmavmifrI}}udk tcsdefukdufí xdxdrdrd jznfhpGrf;Ekdif
rnfjzpfygonf/ Oyrm jrefrmEkdifiHrS ykvJBuD;wvkH; &aomtcgwGif urÇmhtBuD;qkH;ykvJ
aqmif;yg;udkvnf;aumif;? pdefwGif;wckrS pdefBuD;wvkH;&aomtcg urÇmhtBuD;qkH;pdefBuD;
\aqmif;yg;udv k nf;aumif;? tmumoatmifEidk af &; vay: vlvw T af &;wku
Yd kd pdw0f ifpm;
csdefwGif 'kH;ysHN*Kd[fwkESifhvwkdYtaMumif;udkvnf;aumif; a&;om;jcif;tm;jzifh odyÜHpmzwf
y&dowfwkdYtbdkY tusKd;rsm;pGm jzpfxGef;Ekdifygonf/
Isaac Asimov ESifh Arthur C.Clarke ponfh taemufwkdif;rS odyÜHpma&;q&mwkdY\

t*Fvdyfbmomjzifh a&;om;xm;aom vlxkem;vnfEkdifonfhodyÜHbmom&yfpmtkyftrsKd;
rsKd;ESifhtvm;wl ta&SUwkdif;rS pma&;q&mwkdY\odyÜHbmom&yf pmtkyfrsKd;rsKd;wkdYrS aumif;
Ekd;&m&m bmom&yfrsm;udk a&G;cs,fbmomjyefoifhygonf/
ody0HÜ w¬K
vlxkonf odyÜHaqmif;yg;rsm;ESifh&if;ESD;onfESifhtrQ odyÜH0w¬Krsm;jzifhvnf; ajz
azsmfrI &,lvMdk urnfjzpf&m ,if;urÇmo h yd 0HÜ w¬KtrsKd;rsKd;wkt Yd m;vnf; bmomjyef&ef vdt k yf
rnf[k ,lqygonf/ ,if;udpw ö iG v f nf; Ekid if jH cm;rS odyyHÜ nm&Siwf \
Ydk 0w¬Kaqmif;yg;rsm;ukd
ausausvnfvnf zwfNyD; em;vnf&ef vkv d mrnfjzpfygonf/ txl;ojzifh tmumowcGif
Zmwftrd w f nfaom ody0HÜ w¬Krsm;udk zwfMuaomtcgwGif pMu0Vm\wnfaeyk?H av[mjyif
\ykrH eS t
f ajc? 'k;H ysHEiS Nhf *dK[fww
k \ Ydk wnfaqmufyo Hk abm vlcY E¨muk, d o
f abmponfwu Ydk ykd g
aphaphyidk yf idk f odNyD;ygrS bmomjyeftyfonf[k ,lqygonf/ rdrrd odaom tcsuftvufrsm;
udk wwfodem;vnfaom ynm&Sifrsm;wdkYxH csOf;uyfygu ,if;wkdYu 0rf;ompGm ajymMum;
vdrfhrnf[k ,lqygonf/
uRefawmfwkdYwGif odyÜH0w¬K[lí oD;jcm;xGufvmjcif; r&Sd[k ,lq&m odyÜH0w¬Krsm;
bmomjyefEidk &f ef tm;xkwcf sdew f efNyD[k ,lqygonf/ oufqidk &f m yk*K¾ v d w
f rYdk S ody0HÜ w¬Krsm;
udk &EkdiforQ pkpnf;jcif;? odyÜH0w¬Ka&; twwfoifwef; odkYr[kwf aqG;aEG;yGJ odkYr[kwf pm
om
.c
wef;rsm;jyKpkavhvmMuygu odyÜH0w¬K[lí vlxkvufcHaom bmomjyefwu@ ay:ayguf

ic
ass
vmEkid rf nf[k xif&ydS gonf/ vlxo k nfvnf; ajr§mv f ifah wmifwh vsuf&o dS nf[k ,lqygonf/
cl
es
bmomjyefoyd pHÜ may[k qk&d mü t*Fvyd ?f &k&mS ;? jyifopf? w&ky?f *syefponfb h mom
es
m
ur
.b
151
w
w
w
rsm;jzifh a&;om;xm;aom Ekid if jH cm;pmay tpkpw
k rYkd S jrefrmodjYk yefjcif;? ,if;wkrYd w
S zef wkid ;f
&if;om;bmomrsm;odkYyif jyefqkdí jynfaxmifpkom;tm;vkH;wkdY odyÜHacwfwGif acwfESifht
rSDvkdufapcsifaom yrmPtwkdif;twmtxd us,f0ef;onf[k uRefawmf,lqygonf/ odkY
&mwGif uRefawmfrh mS t*Fvyd pf mudk twefi,foifMum;avhvmzl;NyD; rdrb d mom&if;jzpfaom
jrefrmbmomukdvnf; txdkuftavsmufom wwfojzifh tjcm;bmomrsm;rS aumif;Ekd;
&m&m r,lEkdifjcif;tjyif wkdif;&if;om;bmomrsm;odkY rjyefqkdEkdifao;onfh [muGufum; &Sd
ygao;onf/ aemifacwfvli,frsm;wkdY ,if;[muGufudk jznfhpGrf;&efum; rsm;pGm vkdOD;rnf
[k ,lqygonf/
trsm;BudKuf
EkdifiHjcm;wGifvnf; ausmif;om;ESifhyg&*lrsm;tbdkY odyÜHpmayESifhomrefvlrsm;t

bdkY odyÜHpmay[k ESpfrsKd;ESpfpm;&Sd&m jrefrmy&dowftbdkY odyÜHpmaya&;om;jyKpk&ef EkdifiHjcm;
rS t*Fvdyfbmomjzifh a&;om;xm;aom odyÜHpmayyg0ifonfhowif;pmr*¾Zif;rsm;ukd &Sm
azGzwfrw S Mf u&ygonf/ ,if;odzYk wf&o I ifah omodyqHÜ idk &f mpmtkypf mwef;rsm; pm&if;ukd uRef
awmf yl;wGJpm&if; wifjyygonf/
,if;wkdYtxJrS uRefawmf pGJpGJNrJNrJ zwfrSwfí jrefrmy&dowftbdkY trsm;qkH; uRef
awmfrSD;aom r*¾Zif;rSm ]]ay:jyLvmqkdif;,ifh}}[kac:aom trsm;BudKuf odyÜHr*¾Zif;yif
jzpfygonf/ ,if;rSm urÇmtESt YH jym;rS vufcaH eMuaom odyrHÜ *¾Zif;jzpfNyD; tcsKdw Y idk ;f jynf
rsm;wGif ,if;r*¾Zif;udyk if wku d &f u
dk b
f momjyefNyD; xkwaf 0aeMuonf[k od&ygonf/ ,if;
r*¾Zif;\aumif;uGufrSm acwfESifh&ifabmifwef; wkd;wufaeaom odyÜHbmom&yfrsm; t
rsm;tjym;wkdYudk omrefvl em;vnfvG,faom pmom;rsm;jzifh a&;om;xm;NyD; "mwfykH&kyfykH
ESifhykHpHrsm;udk txl;ta&;ay;um ,if;wkdYjzifh omrefvlwkdY em;vnfapjrifapjcif; jzpfyg
onf/
uRefawmfww Ydk idk ;f jynfwiG f omrefvrl sm;wkt Yd m; acwfrDS odyyHÜ nmrsm;udk xda&muf
pGm ay;vkdygu ,if;uJhodkYaom trsm;BudKufodyÜHr*¾Zif; pmtkyfwtkyfudk pm&Gufaumif; ykH
aumif; a&mifpkHbavmufwkdYjzifh bmomjyefxkwf&ef tcsdefwefNyD[k ,lqygonf/
vpOfr*¾Zif;rsm;
rD;&xm;? av,mOfysH? rD;oabFm? vrf;azmufjcif;? MuufarG;jcif;? armfawmfum;?
om
.c
vQyfppf a&'D,kd ponfwkdYjzifh uRrf;usifrIqkdif&m odyÜHbmom&yftoD;oD;wkdYrSvnf; vpOf

ic
ss
a
r*¾Zif;rsm; xkwfa0vsuf&Sd&m ,if;r*¾Zif;rsm;wkdYudk zwfjcif;tm;jzifh oufqkdif&m bmom

cl
es
&yfESifhqkdif&m wkd;wufrIrsm;udk waphwapmif; avhvmcGifh&Ekdifygonf/

es
m
ur
.b
152
w
w
w
,if;wkdYtwGif;rS omrefvlrsm; em;vnfEkdifap&ef a&;om;xm;aom odyÜHbmom

yg0ifonfhr*¾Zif;wckrSm reader's Digest r*¾Zif;jzpfygonf/ ,if;pmtkyfrSm uRefawmfa&;
om;aom odyÜHaqmif;yg;rsm;tzkdY txl;taxmuftul &cJhygonf/ tjcm;r*¾Zif;rsm;rSm
National Geographic r*¾Zif;ESifh rMumao;rDurS uRefawmfwtkyf0,f&onfh Science Di-
gest r*¾Zif;jzpfygonf/ ,if; Science Digest uJhodkYaomr*¾Zif;rsm; rSefrSef 0,f&Ekdifygu
jrefrmy&dowftbdkY aqmif;yg;rsm; rsm;pGm a&;om;EkdifbG,f &Sdygonf/ rMumao;rDurS
ay:aygufvmaom &k&Sm;r*¾Zif; ]]pyGwfepf}}wGifvnf; odyÜHaqmif;yg;rsm; awGYEkdifygonf/
r*¾Zif;rSvnf; Spectrum odyÜHaqmif;yg;rsm; avhvmEkdifygonf/
tywfpOfr*¾Zif;
urÇmwGif wkd;wufaeorQ odyÜHynm&yfrsm;teufrS tcsKdYudk trsm;BudKufatmif

tcsderf eS rf eS f a&;Ekid pf rG ;f aom tywfpOfr*¾Zif;rsm;wkrYd mS Time, Newsweek ESihf Life r*¾Zif;
wkdYjzpfygonf/ odyÜHpmayrsm; a&;om;vkdaomolwkdYonf ,if;r*¾Zif;okH;ckudk rvGwfwrf;
zwf&Iavhvmoifhonf[k xifygonf/ ,if;r*¾Zif;rsm;rS aq;u@? odyÜHESifhtmumou@
wkdYrSm ,aeYjrefrmpmzwfy&dowfrsm; rsm;pGm odvkdzwfvkdaomaqmif;yg;rsm; jzpfMuonf/
ESpfywfvQifwcg xkwfaom vkdufzfr*¾Zif;\xl;jcm;csufrSm ,if;odyÜHbmomudk aumif;rGef
aom"mwfykHrsm;jzifh ajymifajrmufpGm wifjyEkdifjcif; jzpfayonf/
,aeYtmumo atmifEkdifa&;ESifhywfoufí wurÇmvkH;rS pdwf0ifpm;aeMu&m
,if;odyÜHbmom&yfESihfywfoufí atmifjrifpGm wifjyEkdifaomr*¾Zif;rSm Aviation Week
and Space Technology [kac:aom tywfpOfr*¾Zif; jzpfygonf/
aeYpOfowif;pm
jrefrmjynfxkwf t*Fvdyfowif;pmrsm;jzpfaom The Working People's Daily ESihf
The Guardian wkYdrSvnf; odyÜHbmom&yfrsm;udk avhvmEkdifygonf/ EkdifiHjcm;oH&kH;rS ay;ydkY
aom owif;pOfrsm;wGif;rS aumif;Ekd;&m&mrsm;udk odyÜH? pdkufysKd;a&;? vlxkusef;rma&; p
onfhtcef;u@rsm;jzifhvnf;aumif;? oD;jcm;aqmif;yg;rsm;jzifhvnf;aumif; a&;om;
xm;wwf&m rsm;pGm trSDo[JjyKxkdufaMumif; awGY&ygonf/ tar&duef? t*Fvef? tdE´d,
ESi,
hf ;kd ',m;ponfah 0;&yfEiS ehf ;D uyf&m wkid ;f jynfrsm;rS owif;pmrsm;udk zwfciG &hf yguvnf;
om
.c
rsm;pGm taxmuftul &bG,f&SdaMumif; awGY&ygonf/

ic
ass
tjcm;tjcm;aom r*¾Zif;rsm;vnf; &SdOD;rnfjzpf&m uRefawmfvufvSrf;rDSorQ

cl
es
owif;pmr*¾Zif;rsm;udkom wifjy&jcif; jzpfygonf/

es
m
ur
.b
153
w
w
w
puúefYrjywf jzpfysufaeaom cE¨mudk,fwGif;\oabmudk vGefcJhaom ESpfaygif;
2500-ausmfrSpí BudKwifjrifcJhjcif;? tEkjrLESifhy&rmtEkjrLoabmudk odcJhjcif;? pdwf\
wefckd;udk azmfxkwfcJhjcif;? teEÅpMu0VmwGif;wGif vlawG&SdEkdifjcif;? vlewfjA[®m[lí owå
0gok;H rsKd;&Sjd cif;? odjcif;jrifjcif;Mum;jcif;wko
Yd nf ]]&kyrf }HI }wk\
Yd tultnDyg&jcif;ponfh ,aeY
odyrHÜ S vufcaH e&aomtcsuftvufrsm;ukd Ak'\ ¨ ygVdawmfrsm;xJwiG f awGEY idk o
f jzifh ,if;yg
Vdawmfrsm;onfvnf; odyÜHpmaya&om;&mwGif rsm;pGm taxmuftuljzpfEkdifygonf/
pmMunfhyd#uwfwkdufrsm;
rvGwfwrf; avhvmoifhonfrSm yd#uwfwkdufrsm; jzpfygonf/ ,if;wdkYwGif odyÜH
qkdif&m od&Sdvkdaom tcsufrsm; a&;om;onfhpmtkyfpmwef;rsm; &Sdav&m rsm;pGm tokH;cs
wwf&ef vkdtyfrnf[k ,kHMunfrdygonf/ txl;ojzifh ]]tifqkdifuvkdyD;'D;,m;}}ac: pG,fpkH

usrf;trsKd;rsKd;&Sd&m odyÜHqkdif&m pmayrsm;? "mwfykHrsm;? ykHpHrsm;jzifh tajccHusus a&;om;
xm;onfudk zwf&I&rnfjzpfygonf/ uRefawmf odyÜHpmaye,fy,fodkY pwif0ifa&mufonfh
aqmif;yg;jzpfaom 6-11-67 aeYxkwf vkyfom;owif;pmwGif ygaom tdac, aqcd
Mu,fwHcGefaqmif;yg;udk a&;Ekdif&efrSm pmayAdrmefpmMunhfwkdufrS ]]tifqkdifuvkdyD;'D;,m;
b&pfwif;eD;um;}}pmtkyfudk rSD;jirf;jyKEkdifcJhíom a&;om;EkdifcJh&ygonf/
]]ayGbvkd}}ta&;tcif;ay:NyD; rMumrD uRefawmf]]ayGbvkd}}aqmif;yg;udk a&;
om;EkdifcJhjcif;rSm ay:jyLvmqkdif;,ifhr*¾Zif;pmtkyfudk &efukefwuúodkvfrS tcsdefrD avhvm
cGifh&í jzpfygonf/ ]][D&kd&SD;rm;aeY}}aqmif;yg;udk vkyfom;aeYpOfü a&;om;Ekdif&onfrSm
wyfrawmfarmfuGef;wkduf\aus;Zl;yif jzpfygonf/
odyÜHjywkdufrsm;
urÇmt&yf&yf&Sd odyÜHjywkdufrsm;rSm omrefvlrsm; em;vnfEkdifap&ef ypönf;? "mwf
ykH? ykHpHwkdY\tultnDjzifh &Sif;vif;jyoxm;onfjzpf&m ,if;ae&mrsm;odkY oGm;a&mufavh
vmjcif;jzifhvnf; odyÜHbmomjyefpmay a&;om;&mwGif uGufuGufuGif;uGif; ydkía&;om;
Ekdifrnfxifygonf/ aiGaMu;omvQif wwfEkdifygu odyÜHjywkdufrsm; pwifaqmufwnf&ef
,cktcsdeo f nf taumif;qk;H [k,q l ygonf/ eu©ww f m&marQmfpifrsm;vnf; wnfaqmuf
ay;um pMu0VmtwGi;f odYk uRefawmfwYdk vli,fuav;rsm; trsm;tjym; arQmfMunfah exdu k f
om
.c
Muaomtcsdef[k ,lqygonf/ urÇmt&yf&yf a&mufav&mwkdif;&Sd odyÜHqkdif&m jywkdufrsm;

ic
ss
a
odYk rvGrJ aoG ra&mufa&mufatmif oGm;Munfch b hJ ;l onfrsm;onf ,ckoyd pHÜ maybmomjyef

cl
es
&mwGif aqmif;yg;a&;&mwGif rsm;pGm taxmuftul &onf[k 0efcH&ygrnf/ wcgw&H &ef

es
m
ur
.b
154
w
w
w
ukef ajreDukef;&Sd usef;rma&;jywkdufESifhtcgBuD;&ufBuD;wkdYwGif jyaom odyÜHqkdif&mjyyGJrsm;

ukdvnf; vufrvGwfwrf; Munfhoifhonf[k ,lqygonf/
bmomwckrS wckodkYjyefqkd&efrSm ,if;bmomESpfckpvkH;tm; txkduftavsmuf
Ekdifeif;rI r&SdygbJvsuf trsm;vufcHEkdifaombmomjyefpmay jzpfrvmEkdifonfudk vlwkdif;
vufcHMurnf[k ,lqygonf/ txdkuftavsmuf rEkdifeif;ygu atmifjrifrI&rnfr[kwf
onfudkrl 0efcHMu&ygrnf/ odkYjzpf&m rdrdonf t*FvdyfrS jrefrmodkY jyefrnf[k pdwful;ygu
t*Fvdyfpmukd txl;avhvmMu&ygawmhrnf/ xkdYtwl jrefrmbmomudkvnf; avhvm&rnf
jzpfayonf/ owif;pmzwf? a&'D,dkem;axmif? t*Fvdyf&kyf&SifMunfhum r&SufraMumuf
ajymjcif;? em;axmifjcif;? a&;jcif;? rSwfjcif;? qnf;yl;jcif;jzifh t*FvdyfpmrSm rMumrDyif
vG,fulvmEkdifbG,f &Sdygonf/
odyb HÜ mom&yfrsm;udk a&;om;&efrmS tjcm;bmom&yfrsm;ESirhf wlrí l a&;om;vkd

ol yifudk,fuyif pyfpkpl;prf;vkdpdwf 0goemygvm&ef txl;vkdtyfonf[k ,lqygonf/ 0g
oemygvmonfEsifhtrQ a&;orQwkdYrSm pmzwfol ,kHMunfEkdifrnfjzpfNyD; zwf&olwkdYtbdkY r
xpfraigh ajyajyjypfjypf jzpfEkdifygonf/ 0goem rxkHbJ ZGwfESpfaea&;om;aeygu *spfwpf
wpfESifhxpfaighaeum pmzwfol\,kHMunfrI&,l&ef cufcJbG,f &Sdonf[k ,lqygonf/
uRrf;usifrI
odyÜHpmayrsm; bmomjyefEdkif&ef a&;om;Ekdif&ef tvkdYiSg rdrda&;om;tHhaom bm
om&yfESifhywfoufí rnfa&GUrnfrQaom twkdif;twm&SdonfhuRrf;usifrI vkdtyfonfudkrl
tjiif;ryGm;vkdyg/ odkY&mwGif uRrf;usifEkdifav aumif;av[k qkdcsifygonf/ EkdifiHjcm;rS
ajymifajrmufaom odypHÜ ma&;q&mrsm;xJwiG f odyq HÜ idk &f mygarmu©rsm;udk uRefawmfwaYdk wGY
ae&NyD; ,if;wko Yd íd wwfí a&;wwfí a&;aom odyb HÜ mom&yfrsm;rSm rsm;pGmajymifajrmuf
onfudkrl vufcHaeMu&ayonf/ ygarmu©r[kwfolrsm;vnf; ra&;wwf[k rqkdvkdyg/ a&;
wwfol yg&rD&Sifrsm;vnf; &SdMuygonf/ qkdvkd&if;rSm rdrda&;rnfhbmomudk Ekdifeif;av a&;
í aumif;av? ,kHMunfvufcHMurnf jzpfav jzpfygrnf/
yg&*lr[kwí f odypHÜ mra&;&[k rqkvd adk Mumif; oufaoxlvydk gonf/ uRefawmfrmS
q&m0efr[kwaf omfvnf; usef;rma&;ESiyhf wfoufaom pmrsm;udk rSerf eS zf wfcb hJ ;l ygonf/
tcGifhMuKHaomtcgwkdif; aq;q&m0efrsm;ESifhaqG;aEG;avhvmcJh&bl;ygonf/ odkYESifhwaeY
om
.c
tmz&duwku d rf S a'gufwmbvkid ;f bwf\ESv;Hk cGpJ w

d u f o k rIEiS yhf wfoufí aqmif;yg;a&;vkd
ic
ss
a
vmaomtcg ESvkH;taMumif; ydkdrkdod&SdEkdif&ef MuHpnf&ygonf/ ay:jyLvmqkdif;,ifhr*¾Zif;

cl
es
wtkyfwGif tar&duefor®wa[mif; *Refqif\ESvkH;a&m*gESifhywfoufaom aqmif;yg;yg

es
m
ur
.b
155
w
w
w
vmygonf/ ,if;rS ESv;Hk ESiahf oG;aMum toGm;tvmrsm;udk zwfrw S af vhvm&ygonf/ aq;
ausmif;ol wlrxHrS ESv;Hk ESiqhf idk &f m pmtkyrf sm; awmif;zwfum rodonfrsm;ukd olt
Y m;ar;
&ygonf/
yg&*lESifhavhvm
txku d t
f avsmuf ESv;Hk taMumif; zwfrad omtcgwGirf S &efuek af q;&kBH uD;rS ESv;Hk
cGJpdwfukorIqdkif&m yg&*lrsm;xH csOf;uyf&ygonf/ ,if;yk*¾Kdvfrsm;ESifhaqG;aEG;aomtcg
MunfjzLpGmyif jrefrmjynfü atmifjrifpmG jyKvkyEf idk af eNyDjzpfaom ESv;Hk cGpJ w d u f o k rIukd jyrnf
[k ajymqkdojzifh &ufcsdef;&,lcJhygonf/ odkYaomf uRefawmfhwGif rauseyfEkdifao;yg/ cGJpdwf
ukorIukd rMunf&h rDyif vlcY E¨mud, k wf iG ;f &Sd ESv;Hk om;taMumif; uRefawmfyrkd o dk &d v dS ydk gonf/
*Refqif\ESvkH;om;twGif; aoG;oGm;vmykH ykHpHonf ykHpHomjzpfí tu,fcGJpdwfukorIjyK

aomtcgwGif uRefawmfhtaejzifh q&m0efrsm; rnfonfudk rnfodkYjyKvkyfaeMuonf[k t
jynfhtpkHodvdkrS odygrnf/ toufvkcGJpdwfaeol q&m0eftm;vnf; ta&;xJwGif vufwkdY
rar;xku d [ f k xifonf/ odaYk Mumifh cGpJ w d uf o k rI &ufrwkid rf D uRefawmftcsde, f í l aq;&kBH uD;
&Sd &ifc&JG rHk S q&m0efBuD;\tultnDjzifh vlEY v S ;Hk udk cGpJ w
d Mf unf&h aI vhvmcGi&hf ygonf/ wzuf
aom pm;yGJay:wGif aq;ausmif;olausmif;om;wkdYu vlwOD;udk cGJpdwfavhvmaeMupOf
uRefawmfhtm; a'gufwmwOD;u pm;yGJwckay:wGif vlwOD;\ESvkH;udk jzwfxkwfjy cGJpdwfjy
jcif;jyKygonf/
wzef cGJpdwfukorIjyKrnfhaeY rwkdifrDyif cGJpdwfukornfhtcef;okdY oGm;a&mufum
arhaq;yg&*l\tultnDjzifh cGpJ w d uf o k &mwGif tok;H jyKrnfah rhaq;ay;u&d,m ESv;Hk -t
qkwpf ufponfw\ Ydk vkyif ef;rsm;udk ar;prf;avhvm&ygonf/ xkaYd emuf cGpJ w d u f o k aomaeY
odkY a&mufaomtcg roef;at;ESifhrvdIifwkdY\ESvkH;aygufcsJYjcif;ESifhESvkH;aygufzmax;jcif;
udk tprStqkH; pkpkaygif; 10-em&DcefY avhvmcGifh&cJhygonf/ ,if;aemufrS ESvkH;tpm;xkd;
ukorIESifhtrsKd;orD;ESpfOD;\ESvkH;cGJpdwfukorIudk tao;pdwfpdwfcsvufcs aqmif;yg;a&;
Ekid cf yhJ gonf/ tao;pdwjf zpfí t,f'w D m\jzwfawmufjcif; tcsKdu Y kd cH&aomfvnf; pmzwf
y&dowftaejzifh pdw0f ifpm;onf[k od&ygonf/ ,if;aqmif;yg;udk yk*w H udk rf x S w k af 0aom
,aeYodyÜHpmtkyfwGif zwf&IEkdifMuygonf/
rdrad &;vkad om bmom&yfEiS yhf wfoufí twwfEidk q f ;Hk avhvmqnf;yl;jcif;onf
om
.c
rsm;pGm vkdtyfonf[k ,lqygonf/ 'kH;ysHtaMumif;a&;vkdu 'kH;ysH\tpdwftydkif;udk jzKwf

ic
ass
Munfh ukdifwG,fMunfhNyD; em;vnfolwOD;\&Sif;jyrIudk &,l&ygu 'kH;ysHtaMumif;udk ,kH,kH

cl
es
MunfMunfa&;Ekdifrnfjzpfygonf/ xkdYtwl rdrda&;vkd&m bmom&yfESifhywfoufí oufqkdif

es
m
ur
.b
156
w
w
w
&m pm&Gufpmwef;ESifhyg&*lrsm;\tulrsm;pGm &,lxkdufonf[k xifygonf/ 'kH;cGif;'kH;t

aMumif; a&;vkdaomtcg aumvdyfausmif;rS tEkjrLyg&*l a'gufwmrsm;ESifhaqG;aEG;&yg
onf/ armfawmfum;puftaMumif; a&;vkdaomf armfawmfum;0yfa&Smhq&mESifhaqG;aEG;&
ygrnf/ armfawmfum;ESifhywfoufí 'D*&D&NyD;olwkdYESifhaqG;aEG;oifhonf[k xifygonf/
tajymtusifh
pma&;jcif;onf rdrad jymvkad omudpu ö kd pm&Guaf y:rSm a&;í ajymjcif;yifjzpfonf/
,if;odaYk jymaomtcg em;vnfv, G af ompum;vk;H jzifh ajymolEiS chf ufcufccJ J ajymol[k ESpf
rsKd;&Sdrnfxifygonf/ xkdYaMumifh uRefawmfh t,ltqwGif rdrda&;om;vkdaom bmom&yf
ESifhywfoufí ra&;rD tajymavhusifhoifhonf[k ,lqygonf/ uRefawmfhwGif om;orD;
ajcmufa,muf&&dS m i,fpOfuyif nxrif;pm;csdeüf olwaYdk r;csifaomykpmä udk ar;cGijhf yKxm;

cJo
h nf/ uav;rsm;rSmvnf; pyfpo k rl sm;jzpfNyD; ar;vk&d mudak r;Mu&m uRefawmfrh mS oluav;
wktYd m; em;vnfEidk af paom pum;vk;H rsm;udk a&G;íajym&ygonf/ odyw HÜ iG f 0goemygolyyD D
uav;rsm;tm;vnf; odyÜHESifhywfoufí ar;ckdif;&m uRefawmf olwkdYuav;rsm;udk ajym
&if;jzifh pum;vkH;rsm; yg;pyfwGif;ü ay:vm&ygonf/ uRefawmf odyÜHaqmif;yg;a&;aom
tcg ,if;tavhtusifhonf rsm;pGm taxmuftul ay;onf[k xifygonf/
uRefawmfonf tcgrsm;pGmyif odyÜHaqmif;yg;wyk'f ra&;rD uRefawmfhom;i,f
tm; ykHajymouJhokYd ajymMunfhygonf/ ol em;rvnfEkdif[k xifaomtykdif;udk olem;vnf
onftxd &Sif;vif;ajym&ygonf/ xkdYaemufrS aqmif;yg;udk a&;NyD; om;i,ftm; zwfckdif;
&ygonf/ om;i,f em;vnfavmufNyDxifaomtcgrS owif;pmwkdufodkY ydkYygonf/ uRef
awmfhom;i,f em;rvnf[k qkdaomtykd'fudk uRefawmf jyefa&;wwfygonf/
wkd;wufNyD; EkdifiHwkdYrS omrefvlrsm; em;vnfvG,faom trsm;BudKufodyÜHpmayqkd
apumrl ,if;wkw Yd idk ;f jynf&dS trsm;jynfow l \Ydk &SNd yD; tajccHEiS u
hf Refawmfww Ydk idk ;f jynfrS jynf
oljynfom;wkdY\tajccHrsm;rSm rsm;pGm uGm[csuf &Sdaeojzifh ,if;wkdY\jynfoljynfom;
rsm;wkYd em;vnfv, G af omtcsuf jzpfapumrl uRefawmfwpYdk mzwfy&dowf em;vnfvrdk S em;
vnfayrnf/ xkt d cg trsm;BudKuf odypHÜ mayyif jzpfapumrl rdrjd refrmy&dowfEiS o hf ifah wmf
rnhf pum;[ef0guswkjYd zifh a&;oifo h nf[k ,lqygonf/ Ekid if jH cm;rS trsm;BudKufoyd pHÜ may
rsm;udk tvk;H vku
d f taMumif;vku d f xyfwl jrefrmjyefjcif;jzifh jrefrmhtm? jrefrmhvQm? jrefrmh
om
.c
em;? jrefrmhtawG;ESifhr[yfrdrnf pdk;&drf&ygonf/

ic
ss
a
cl
es
es
m
ur
.b
157
w
w
w
"mwfykHrsm;
aqmif;yg;a&;enf;t*Fvdyfpmtkyf wtkyfwGif zwf&bl;onfrSm]]ykHaumif;wykH
onf pum;vkH; waxmifcefYESifhnDrQonf}}[ka&;xm;ygonf/ pma&;olonf pmzwfol\
OD;aPSmufwiG ;f odYk rdrad &;om;vk&d mudk tvk;H pkaH om tm&kw H rYdk S 0ifa&mufEidk af p&ef tm;xkwf
&rnfjzpfayonf/ rdrdaqmif;yg;wGif aumif;rGefaom"mwfykHrsm;udk a&G;cs,fxnfhoGif;Ekdif
ygu pmzwfol\pdwf0,f xifvG,frSwfvG,fonf[k ,lqygonf/ tjzLtrJykHxuf a&mifpkH
ykHu omvGefrnfjzpfNyD; a&mifpkHokH;bufjrifykHrsm;om &Ekdifygu twkdif;xuftvGefyif jzpf
ygrnf/
xdkYjyif rdrda&;vkdaom aqmif;yg;udk taxmuftuljyKrnfhykHpHrsm;udk zwfrSwfem;
vnfí ,if;ykHpHrsKd;&Sd pmom;rsm;udkyif vG,fvG,fESifhbmomjyefí xnfhoGif;Ekdifyguvnf;
rsm;pGm taxmuftul&rnfjzpfygonf/ xkdYaMumifh ]]ppfusefaorif;}}[lonf ppfwGif;rS

usef&pfcahJ om tajrmufqAH ;Hk qHw\ Ydk tEÅ&m,frsm;yku H kd a&;om;&mwGif tajrmufqw H ck\
ykHudk qGJxnfha&;vkdufjcif;? arhaq;aoewf\twGif;oabmodap&ef ykHpHudk bmomjyefNyD;
]]arhaq;aoewf}}aqmif;yg;a&;om;vkdufjcif;? 'kH;cGif;'kH;aqmif;yg;a&;&mwGif wuúodkvf
rS tEkjrLyg&*lrsm;\tultnDjzifh wkdufcsif;ypf [kduf'&kd*sif'kH;ysHxdyfzl;rS [kduf'&kd*sifAkH;
ykHpHudk bmomjyef qGJxnfhay;vkdufjcif;jzifh pmzwfy&dowfwkdY ydkrkdoabmaygufMuonf[k
,lqygonf/
ody[ HÜ o
l nf tajctjrpf rlvOya'oBuD;rsm;ay:wGif rSí D topftopf wd;k wuf
MuHqNyD; a&SUodkYvSrf;aom ynm&yfjzpfay&m tajcZmpfjrpfrsm;udk tuRrf;0ifNyD;&ef vkdtyf
onfESifhtrQ rsufarSmufwkd;wufrI? MuHqrI? wDxGifrI? atmifjrifrI? ratmifjrifrI? qkH;&IH;rI
ponfwEYdk iS v hf nf; ruif;uGmxku d af cs/ ]]wkid ;f jynfrmS trsm;pkjzpfwv hJ yk o
f m;jynfot l m;vk;H
tm; acwfrDodyÜHynm odyÜHtaMumif;&yfawGeJY jrefjref&if;ESD;}}ap&efrSm 0goemygol odyÜH
ynm&SifESifhodyÜHpma&;q&mwkdYtzkdY rsm;rsm;zwf rsm;rsm;avhvmNyD; rsm;rsm;awGYxdNyD; a&;
rSom vkyo f m;jynforl sm;wkt Yd zkYd ,k, H MHk unfMunfEiS hf ,if;odypHÜ mayudk vufcv H rd rhf nf[xk if
&SdygaMumif; wifjy&ygaMumif;/
aemufqufwGJ -u/
bmomjyef vlxkodyÜHpmay a&om;&mwGif rSDjirf;jyKaom*sme,fr*¾Zif;ESifhusrf;rsm;
om
.c
1/ Popular Science
ic
ss
a
2/ Popular Mechanic
cl
es
3/ Science and Mechanic

es
m
ur
.b
158
w
w
w
4/ Mechanic Illustrated
5/ National Geographic Magazine
6/ Reader's Digest
7/ Time
8/ Newsweek
9/ Life
10/ Science Digest
11/ English Digest
12/ Encyclopedias
13/ English Daily Newspapers
14/ Spectrum
15/ Ak'¨\ygVdawmfrsm;
aemufqufwGJ-c/
avrD;zkd
odyaHÜ usmif;rsm;wGif vlo;Hk ukexf w
k v f yk o
f nfyh pön;f rsm;\owåo d abmobm0udk
avhvm&aom bmom&yfwck&\ dS / tkww f csyfonf rnfrQrnfrQaomzdtm;jzifh zdygu aMu
rGwwfonfudk prf;oyfod&Sd&onf/ oHacsmif; wacsmif;onfvnf; qGJtm;rnfrQjzifh jzwf
ygu jywfEidk o f nfukd qGjJ zwfMunf&h onf/ xkt Yd wl tjcm;aom aMu;owåK ponfyh pön;f rsm;
udkvnf; aqmifhMunfhqGJMunfhyGwfMunfh jzwfMunfhjcif;jzifh vlokH;ypönf;rsm; jyKvkyfMuaom
tcg rnfírnfrQaom twkid ;f twm txdomvQif qGo J ifq
h efoY ifh zdoifo h nfukd wGucf suf
prf;oyfod&SdMuNyD; awmf&kHESifhrjywfrysuf ruGJraMupaom vlokH;u&d,mypönf;rsm;tjzpf
xkwv f yk &f onf/
,if;odyYk pön;f rsm;\oabmudk prf;oyf&mwGif ]]zwdww f uf}}[kac:aom prf;oyf
jcif;wckudk jyKvkyf&onf/ xkdodkYprf;oyfjcif;udk tanmif;cHtm; prf;oyfjcif;[k uRefawmf
ac:vkdygonf/ qHn§yfwacsmif;udk csKd;vkdygu qHn§yfudk [NzJvkdufNyD;aemuf jzwfvkdaom
ae&mwGif txufatmuf tcgESpq f ,fcefY vSejf cif; auG;jcif; jyKvkyv f u dk yf gu ,if;qHny§ f
usKd;oGm;onfudk awG&Y ygonf/ oHowåKrsm;udv k nf; qHny§ cf sKd;ouJo h Ykd txufatmufveS f
om
.c
avSmjcif;jzifh ypönf;wGif]]tanmif;0ifum}}usKd;oGm;&jcif;udk prf;oyfMunfhjcif;jzifh]]t

ic
ss
a
anmif;cHEkdiftm;}}udk wGufcsuf&EkdifMuygonf/ oHowåKypönf;wckckudk Mum&SnfpGm ]]t

cl
es
anmif;}}0ifapygu ,if;anmif;aomae&m&Sd tEkjrLtzGt YJ pnf;wko Yd nf wpkw H &maom t

es
m
ur
.b
159
w
w
w
aMumif;aMumifh toGio
f P²mefajymif;oGm;&NyD; Mumaomf tEkjrLwckEiS w
hf ckw\
Ydk tcsif;csif;
qGJiiftm; ,kwfavsmhoGm;NyD; tqkH;ü vkH;0jywfoGm;&jcif;jzpfayonf/
pnfazmif;
uav;rsm; upm;Muonfhpnfazmif;ukd avrIwfoGif;aomtcg azmif;yGí wif;
vm&onf/ pnfazmif;udk rIwjf cif;? avavQmhjcif;ponfjzifh tcgrsm;pGm jyKvkyyf gu &mbm
rSm Mumaomf ]]anmif;}}vmNyD; aysmhnHhoGm;&m wae&mrS aygufuGJ&rnfjzpfavonf/
xkdYtwl urÇmhajrjyiftxuf ayaygif;av;aomif;ausmfwGif av,mOfysHBuD;rsm;
c&D;onfwifaqmifysHoef;Muaomtcg avxkyg;vTmrIwaYdk Mumifh vlwaYdk vr&SLEkid yf J &Sw
d wf
ojzifh aumif;uif,HwGif av,mOftwGif;odkY avzdoGif;ay;&onf/ ,if;odkY av,mOfysH
BuD;rsm; wNrdKUrS wNrdKUodkY ysHwuf ysHqif;avwkdif; avoGif; avxkwftcgcg jyKMu&onf/

Budrzf efrsm;vmaomtcgwGif av,mOfysHBuD;wnfaqmufxm;aom owåKypön;f tcsKdw Y rYdk mS
]]anmif;}}vm&onf/
aumruf
urÇmhyxrOD;qkH;aom c&D;onfwif*sufav,mOfysHBuD;rSm t*Fvdyfrsm;wnf
aqmuf]]aumruf}}[kac:onfah v,mOfBuD;jzpfayonf/ ,if;av,mOfysHBuD;\taMumif;
rvSyrHk mS c&D;onfrsm; wifaqmifysHoef;í rMumrD av,mOfysHEpS pf if; ok;H pif;rQ aumif;uif
,HwGif aygufuGJysufpD;um c&D;onfrsm; aoqkH;rI jzpfcJh&avonf/
ysufuscJah omav,mOf tpdwt f ydik ;f rsm;udk yifv,fwiG ;f rS o,f,cl MhJ ucg tao;
pdwaf vhvmMunfo h nf/ taumif;yuwd&adS o;aom ]]aumruf}}av,mOfysHBuD;rsm;udk ajr
jyifwGifyif puf&kHtoD;oD;ü txl;xl;aom odyÜHenf;wkdYjzifh aygufuGJ&onfhtaMumif;&if;
udk vku
d &f mS Muonf/ av,mOfwpif;udk vk;H 0ysufp;D oGm;onftxd ajrjyifwiG f prf;oyfMunfh
aomtcgwGif aygufuGJaponfhw&m;cHudk &SmazGawGY&SdcJhMuavonf/
twuftqif;wkid ;f ü av,mOftwGi;f odYk avoGi;f avxkwjf yKygrsm;onfukd Mum
&SnfrcHEkdifaom av,mOfudk,fxnftpdwftydkif;wGif tanmif;0if uGJtufum aygufuGJ&
jcif;jzpfaMumif; aemufqkH;wGif odMu&avonf/
av,mOfc&D;onfwif orkifd ;f wGif 0rf;enf;bG,f aoqk;H rIq;Hk &I;H rI jzpf&yfBuD;w&yf
om
.c
taejzifh jzpfysufcJhaomfvnf; odyÜHqkdif&mpkHaxmufrIBuD;\atmifjrifcsufw&yfukdrl &&SdcJh

ic
ss
a
avonf/ ,if;\tusKd;tmedoifrsm;onf ,aeYc&D;onfwifav,mOfBuD;rsm; wnf

cl
es
aqmuf&mwGif rsm;pGm tokH;0ifvsuf&Sdayonf/

es
m
ur
.b
160
w
w
w
xkt Yd wl uRefawmfwtYdk rd &f iS rf rsm; ok;H pGv

J suf &SMd uaom avxk;d a&eHr;D zko
d nfvnf;
avxk;d oGi;f aomtcg rD;zkad vtk;d rSm yG<uvm&onf/ avxkwv f u
fdk af omtcg usKH&Y UHI &onf/
Mumaomtcg tquftpyf ae&mrsm;rSvnf;aumif;? aMu;jym;ukd,fxnfüaomfvnf;
aumif; ]]tanmif;0if}}aygufuGJ&avonf/
puf&aHk vtk;d
avrD;zdu k o
hJ yYkd if puf&t Hk vky&f w Hk üYdk ok;H pGaJ om avtk;d rsm;&S\d / avn§ppf ufrS av
udk zdn§pfNyD;aomtcg avtkd;wGif avSmif&onf/ xkdYaemufrS zdxm;aomavtm; u&d,m
rsm;twGif;odkY apvTwfum wlxk? aqmufjzwf? &ypfawjcif;ponfhvkyfief;rsm;udk vkyfap
&onf/ omreftm;jzifh ,if;avtkd;rsm;onf aeYpOfpwk&ef;wvufrvQif aygif 100-zd
tm;&Sdaom avtm;udk ]]cH}}Ekdifap&ef wnfaqmufxm;Muonf/ aeYpOfESifhtrQ avoGif;

jcif;? avxkwfjcif;rsm;jyKvkyfaomtcg avtkd;udk,fxnfü ]]tanmif;}}0ifNyD; aygufuGJ
Ekid v
f m&onf/ aygufuzJG ;l aom om"ursm;vnf; &So d nf/ xkaYd Mumifh puf&tHk vky&f o Hk ;Hk av
tk;d rsm;udk wESpv
f Qif wBudrrf Qvkyaf eus zdtm;\ESpq f rQaom zdtm;jzifh ppfaq;&rnf[k
odyÜHausmif;rsm;ü oGefoifwwfMuonf/ xkdYaMumifh puf&kHrsm;&Sd avtkd;rsm;udk ESpfpOfppf
aq;Mu&NyD; ppfaq;NyD;aMumif; avtk;d ay:wGif aeY&ufEiS w hf uGJ a&;rSwxf m;wwfMuonf
urÇmt&yf&yf&dS puf&Hk tvky&f w Hk üYdk awGcY &hJ bl;ygonf/ tvkyo f rm; tpnf;t&k;H rsm;rSvnf;
,if;odkYppfaq;NyD;jcif; &Sdr&Sdukd txl;Muyfrwf Munfh&IwwfMuonf/ ,if;odkYavtkd;rsm;udk
pepfwus jrefjrefv, G v f ,
G Ef iS phf pfaq;ay;Ekid af om tzGt YJ pnf;rsm;udv k nf; zGpYJ nf;ay;wwf
Muygonf/ puf&t Hk vky&f w Hk &Ydk dS AGKid vf ma&aEG;tk;d rsm;rSmvnf; ,if;odyYk if tanmif;0ifayguf
uGJwwfojzifh AGKdifvmtifpyufawmfrsm;xm;í txl;*&kpkdufppfaq;Mu&onf/
apmaMumoifh
EkdifiHjcm;rS 0,fvmaom avxkd;a&eHrD;zdkwkdYonf rnfrQ xlaomaMu;jym;rsm;ESifh
jyKvkyfxm;í rnfrQ&Sdaom avzdtm;jzifh okH;pGJEkdifap&ef jyKvkyfxm;oenf;/ avzdtm;
twk;d tavsmhaMumifv h nf;aumif;? tylaiGaY Mumifv
h nf;aumif; avtk;d uk,
d xf nfonf &IUH
jcif;? yljcif;&SdNyD; Mumaomf ]]tanmif;0if}}rnfjzpf&m qufwkduf ESpfaygif;rnfrQ odkYr[kwf
em&Daygif; rnfrQokH;pGJNyD;ygu tEÅ&m,fruif;[k owfrSwfcsufrsm; &Sdoavm/ ,if;odkYr&Sd
om
.c
ygu qufwkduf em&Daygif; rnfrQokH;pGJygu tEÅ&m,fruif;[k odyÜHenf;us avhvmNyD; odkY

ic
ass
r[kwf EkdifiHjcm;odkYydkYí ppfaq;ckdif;NyD; rowfrSwfoifhoavm/ puf&kHtvkyf&kHrS avtkd;rsm;

cl
es
tEÅ&m,f &Sd r&Sd wESpfwcg prf;oyf&rnf[k owfrSwfxm;onfhenf;wl tdrf&Sifrrsm;tm;

es
m
ur
.b
161
w
w
w
vnf; rdrdwkdY\avrD;zdkrsm;udk wESpfwcg prf;oyfapoifhygoavm/ ,if;odkY wESpfwcg prf;
oyfay;&ef vkt d yfrnfjzpfaom vlo;Hk u&d,mESihf wwfuRrf;olrsm;wku Yd kd zGpYJ nf;wnfaxmif
ay;oifo h avm/ tpd;k &taeESihf ]]vuf0if}}rnfp;dk u or0g,rESiyhf *k v ¾ u d wkt Yd m; ,if;okYd
ppfaq;rnft h zGt
YJ pnf;rsm; wnfaxmif&mwGif vkt d yfrnfwu
Ydk kd &SmazGay;í jzpfajrmufap
oifhoavm/ wnfaxmifNyD;u a&mufvmaom rD;zdkrsm;udk tjrefqkH; prf;oyfNyD; ay;Ekdif
atmif pDpOfoifhoavm/ wwfEkdifygu tyfxm;cJhaomrD;zkdwkdYudk ppfNyD;vQif NyD;csif; tdrf
wkid ,
f ma&muf vku d yf aYkd paom tpDtpOf&o
dS ifo
h avmponfjzifh ,ckwavm rD;zkrd sm;ayguf
uGJí tdrfrsm; vlrsm; rD;avmif&onfhowif;rsm; qufwkduf Mum;ae&onfhaemufydkif;wGif
apmaMumrd&aMumif;ESifh wifjy&ygonf/ /
bmomjyefvlxkodyÜHpmay
1/ ygarmu©OD;pHomatmif
2/ OD;wifatmif(pmayAdrmef)
3/ OD;okw
4/ OD;jrwfpdk;
5/ OD;pkd;ol(wuúodkvf)
6/ armifarmifausmf
7/ OD;wifxGwf(rGef,k)
8/ cspfpH0if;
9/ '*kefa&TrQm;
10/ vef'efysHUoif;
11/ OD;aZmfjrifhodef;
12/ OD;vSjrifh
13/ atmifoef; (rEÅav;)
1/ odypHÜ may bmomjyeforl sm;onf uk, d u
f Rrf;usifonfb
h mom&yfrsm;udo k m a&G;í
jyefqkd&efoifhaMumifh yg0ifaqG;aEG;onf/
om
.c
2/ vlxo k yd pHÜ mayudk bmomjyefa&;om;olrsm;onf vlxt k m; odyyHÜ nmwwfatmif

ic
ss
a
oifay;&ef r[kwfbJ odyÜHynmESifh &if;ESD;vmap&efom jyKvkyfbkdY jzpfaMumif; o

cl
es
abmaygufoifhonf[k aqG;aEG;&m pmwef;&Sifuvnf; oabmwlonf/

es
m
ur
.b
162
w
w
w
3/ vlxo k yd pHÜ mpOfrsm;? odyrHÜ *¾Zif;rsm;ESiu

hf av;ody*HÜ sme,frsm; ay:xGuvf mbdYk tm
&kHpl;pkdufoifhaMumif; aqG;aEG;onfudk pmwef;&Sifu vufcHonf/
4/ vlxo k yd yHÜ nm&yfukd a&;om;&mwGif ay:yifuv kd u
dk íf ra&;bJ OD;wnfcsufxm;í
a&;om;oifhaMumif; aqG;aEG;onf/
5/ bmomjyefvlxkodyÜHpmay a&;om;&mwGif a0g[m&uspfvpfvGef;vQif em;rvnf
Ekdif azmif;zGvGef;vQifvnf; em;rvnfEkdifaMumif; wifjyaqG;aEG;onf/
6/ vlxo k yd pHÜ may xGe;f um;a&;twGuf taxmuftuljzpfaom odyjHÜ ywku d ?f ody&HÜ yk f
&Sifum;rsm; &SdoifhaMumif; aqG;aEG;onfudk vufcHonf/
om
.c
ic
ss
a
cl
es
es
m
ur
.b
163
w
w
w
bmomjyefoifwef;
wifjyol
OD;tkef;az(wufwkd;)
bmomjyefvyk if ef;onf Ekid if w

H nfaxmifa&;wGif ta&;ygaomvkyif ef;w&yfjzpf
onhftavsmuf xkdvkyfief;udk EdkifiHtpkd;&u pepfwus wnfaxmifay;&ef vkdtyfonf[k
,lqygonf/ þtqkdonf qkd&SpfvpfvlYabmifopf wnfaxmifaeaom jrefrmEkdifiHuJhodkY
aom EkdifiHrsKd;ESifhtxl;avsmfuefygonf/ bmomjyefvkyfief;onf omreftjriftm;jzifh
wef;oifynmwwfajrmufatmifjrifolwkdif; 0ifa&mufaqmif&GufEkdifaomvkyfief;[k xif
EkdifzG,fjzpfaomfvnf; pifppftm;jzifh pepfwusoifMum; avhusifhrI&&SdNyD;olrsm;rSty t
jcm;olrsm;tzkdY vG,fulaom vkyfief;r[kwfaMumif; vufawGYod&SdEkdifayonf/

bmomjyefvkyfief;wGif 0ifa&muftrIxrf;vkdaom yk*¾KdvfwkdYonf bmomjyeft
wwfynmudk tjcm;aom twwfynmrsm;enf;wl oifwef;wufí qnf;yl;oifhayonf/
bmomjyefoifwef;udk pepfwus zGifhvSpfNyD;vQif tawGYtMuKHrsm;íwwfuRrf;aomq&m
rsm;u oifMum;ay;rSomvQif xl;jcm;aom tusKd;oufa&mufrI &&SEd idk rf nfjzpfonf/ ]]bm
omjyefoifwef;}}[laom omrefa0g[m&udk tok;H jyKvku fd af omfvnf; pifppfvufawGt Y m;
jzifh omref&ufwkdoifwef;rsKd; zGifhvSpf&kHESifh aumif;usKd; roufa&mufEkdifyJ bmomjyeft
wwfynmudk rwwfao;aomfvnf; oifwef;qif;NyD;NyD jzpfí wwfuRrf;NyD[k xifrSwfrSm;
Ekdifojzifh tjypfjzpfzG,f taMumif;rsm; &Sdacsonf/
]]bmomjyefoifwef;}}onf &ufwkdoifwef;rsKd; r[kwfyJ ESpfjzifh csDí oifMum;
avhvm? avhusifh&rnfhoifwef;rsKd;jzpfonf/ ausmif; odkYr[kwf odyÜH[laom a0g[m&udk
okH;í ]]bmomjyefausmif;}} odkYr[kwf ]]bmomjyefodyÜH}}[kac:vQif oifMum;qnf;yl;tyf
aom ynm&yfESifh[yfrdvdrfhrnf xifygonf/
,if;odkYqkd&jcif;\taMumif;&if;rSm bmomjyefrIonf vG,fulonf/ bDat? bD
tufpD ponfhwuúodkvfbGJYrsm; &zkdYyifrvkd/ vlwkdif;xí bmomjyefEkdifonf/ ]]puúL&,f?
uavmif&,f? tbd"mef&,f? ig&,f &S, d if bmomjyefwmyJ}}[laom tawG;pkwu f av;onf
rsm;pGmaom yk*¾KdvfwkdY\&if0,f udef;atmif;vsuf&SdaMumif; awGY&ygonf/ xkdtawG;&Sd
aMumif;udk olwkdYu zGifh[0efcHrnfr[kwfaomfvnf; olwdYk\vkyfief;pOfu txift&Sm;
om
.c
azmfjyvsuf &Sdacsonf/
ic
ss
a
bmomjyefudk oD;jcm;twwfynmw&yftjzpfjzifh oifMum;ydkYcsrIjyKzkdY wkdufwGef;

cl
es
&m0,f tjcm;EkdifiHrsm;ü jyKvkyfvsuf&Sdaom oifMum;ydkYcsrIykHpHrsm; tcsKdYudk pkHprf;&&SdorQ

es
m
ur
.b
164
w
w
w
azmfjyvdkygonf/
bmomjyefvkyfief;udk us,fjyefYrsm;jym;pGm vkyfukdifvsuf&SdaomEkdifiHrsm; &SdMuay
&m urÇmay:ü bmomjyefpmtkyfpmwef;rsm; trsm;qkH; ESpfpOf xkwfa0vsuf&Sdaom EkdifiH
onf &k&mS ;Ekid if jH zpf\/ &k&mS ;Ekid if w H iG f bmomjyefvyk if ef;ü 0ifa&muftrIxrf;aeaom bm
omjyefq&mrsm;pGm&S&d m ,if;wko Yd nf t*Fvyd ?f *smref? jyifopf ponft h aemufwidk ;f bmom
rsm;ESifh*syef? udk;&D;,m;? w&kwf? AD,uferf? jrefrmponfhta&SUwkdif; bmomrsm;omru
tmz&duwku d bf momrsm;tygt0if urÇmt&yf&yfo;Hk bmomrsm;udk wwfuRrf;í bmom
jyefrIjyKvsuf &SdMuonf/
w&kwfjynfolYor®wEkdifiHrSmvnf; acwfopfw&kwfpmay\zcif[k ac:qkdjcif;cH&
aom vlqeG ;f u pwifwnfaxmifcahJ om bmomjyefvyk if ef;onf ,cktcgwGif BuD;rm;us,f
jyefYvsuf &Sdonf[k Mum;od&ygonf/ yDuif;wuúodkvfü EkdifiHjcm;bmomoifXmeBuD;wGif

&k&mS ;Ekid if eH nf;wl bmomoifMum;rIEiS w hf zJG ufí bmomjyeftwwfynm oifMum;qnf;yl;
rIudkvnf; jyKMu&aMumif; od&ygonf/
bmomjyefvkyfief;udk tvkyfcGifus,fjyefYpGm vkyfudkifaeaom*syefEkdifiHwGif bm
omjyefq&mrsm;udo k ifMum;ydcYk savhusifah y;onft h aMumif;udv k nf; pkpH rf;od&&dS oavmuf
azmfjyygrnf/
*syefEkdifiHwGif EkdifiHjcm;bmomwckudk tv,fwef;ausmif;(ckepfwef;rS udk;wef;
txd) rSpí txufwef;ausmif;(10 wef;rS 12 wef;txd) roifrae& bmomw&yftjzpf
,lMu&onf/ wuúodkvfwGif EkdifiHjcm;bmomESpfckudk r,lrae& bmomrsm;tjzpf ,lMu&
onf/ ppfrjzpfrDu *smrefbmoma&yef;pm;cJhaomfvnf; ,ckrSmrl t*Fvdyfbmomudk tm;
vkH;vkdvkd ,lMuonf/ jyifopfESifh*smrefbmomwkdYvnf; vlBudKufrsm;ayao;onf/
wuúokdvfrsm;omru EkdifiHjcm;bmomoifausmif;rsm;vnf; &Sdao;onf/ wEkdif
iHv;Hk wGif ausmif;aygif; 30 avmuf&o dS nf/ Ekid if jH cm;bmomoifMum;&mü bmom\oabm
obm0rSonf o'´gudk ausmfjzwfí aumif;rGerf eS u f efpmG a&;Ekid af jymEkid o
f nftxd av;ESpf
odkYr[kwf *kPfxl;wef;tygt0if ig;ESpfoifMum;Mu&onf/ ,if;odkYoifMum;wwfajrmuf
NyD;rS EkdifiHjcm;bmomoifausmif;q&mtjzpfaomfvnf;aumif;? bmomjyef pum;jyeft
jzpfaomfvnf;aumif; toD;oD; aqmif&GufMu&onf/
*sD't
D m(ta&SU*smreD)ESit hf ufzt f m&f*sD(taemuf*smreD)ESpEf idk if w H w
Ydk iG f bmomjyef
om
.c
twwfynmoifMum;rIudk waphwapmif; qufvufMunfh&IMuygpkdY/

ic
ass
ta&SU*smreDEdkifiHwGif tajccHynma&;pepft& [dkufpul;[kac:aom txuf

cl
es
wef;ynmudk 12 wef;txd oifMum;Mu&onf/ EkdifiHjcm;bmomudk atmufwef;rsm;rSpí

es
m
ur
.b
165
w
w
w
oifMum;&\/ rlvwef;rSty ig;wef;rS &Spfwef;txd tv,fwef;rsm;wGif &k&Smbmomudk
oifMum;&onf/ ud;k wef;rS 12 wef;txd &k&mS bmomtjyif tjcm;Ekid if jH cm;bmomwckukd
xyfí ,lMu&onf/ t*Fvyd ?f jyifopf? pyde?f ydv k ef? csufponfwYdk &So d nf/ trsm;qk;H ,laom
EkdifiHjcm;bmomonf t*Fvdyfbmomjzpfonf/
[dkufpul;atmifNyD;vQif wuúodkvfodkY qufíoGm;Ekdifonf/ pufrItwwfoif
ausmif;rsm;odkYvnf; oGm;Ekdifonf/ tvkyfxGufívnf; vkyfEkdifonf/ bmomjyef? pum;
jyeftwwfynmudk xl;xl;cRefcRef wwfuRrf;vdkaom [kdufpul;atmifolrsm;onf vkdufy
ZpfNrdKU&Sd um;vfrmhcpf f wuúov dk Ef idk if jH cm;bmomoif XmeodYk avQmufxm;Mu&onf/ avQmuf
wkdif;vnf; 0ifcGifh&onfr[kwfacs/ usyfwnf;pGm pdppfNyD;rS pDrHudef;t& vkdoavmufom
vufcHonf/ ausmif;0ifEkdifzkdY t0ifpmar;yGJ ajzMu&onf/ rdrdwkdYqufvuf wkd;wufoif
Mum;vkdaom EkdifiHjcm;bmomESpfckudk a&G;í ajzMu&onf/

tv,fwef;vGefí txufwef;rsm;wGif oifMum;&mwGif odyÜHynm&yfrsm;udk ,l
onfhzufu wzuf&Sdonf/ 0dZÆmzufwGifom EkdifiHjcm;bmomESpf ,lMu&onf/ txufwef;
pmar;yGJ atmifNyD;aemuf EkdifiHjcm;bmomwkd;wufoifMum;rIXmeodkY oGm;a&mufoifMum;
olwkdYonf 0dZÆmzufrS atmifolrsm;om rsm;onf/ odkYaomf odyÜHzufrS atmifaomfvnf; t
jyiftyrS Ekid if jH cm;bmomrsm;udk oifMum;NyD; 0ifvo dk rl sm;vnf; ausmif;0ifpmar;yGu J kd 0if
í ajzqkdEkdifonf/
pDru H ed ;f t& vkt
d yfaom ta&twGuu f o kd m ,lojzifh ausmif;0ifciG &hf olonf t
awmfyif awmfol jzpf&ayvdrfhrnf/ wcgw&H okH;av;&m pmar;yGJ0ifMu&mwGif 10 a,muf
15a,mufom ,lwwfonf/ ausmif;0ifcGifh &olonf EkdifiHjcm;bmomESpfckudk wGJí ,l&
onf/ t*Fvyd Ef iS jhf yifopf? t*Fvyd Ef iS &hf &k ?S &k&ES iS chf sufponfjzifh ESpo f ufovkd wG, J Ml uaomf
vnf; wcgw&H wzufzufwGif vkdtyfaom ta&twGufxuf ydkaevQif rdrdu jyifopfbm
omudk ,lcsifaomfvnf; &k&S odrYk [kwf pydeb f momponfukd ,laponf/ t*Fvyd b f momt
wGuf ta&twGuf ydkonfom rsm;\/
Ekid if jH cm;bmomwk;d wufoifMum;rIXmewGif oifMum;cGi&hf olonf omreftm;jzifh
av;ESpfMumrQ oifMum;&onf/ yxrESpfwGif rdrd,laom EkdifiHjcm;bmomESpfckudk a0g[m&
wkd;wuftm;aumif;aprI? o'´gwwfuRrf;rI ponf bmomoifMum;rIoufoufoifMum;&
onf/ xkdYjyif vufESdyfpuf&kdufjcif;? vufa&;wkda&;jcif;twwfrsm;udkvnf; yl;wGJíoif
om
.c
Mum;&onf/ &ufowåywfwGif oifcsdef 30 &Sdonf/ oifcsdefwcsdefonf 45 rdepfMumonf/

ic
ss
a
,if;tcsdef 30 wGif Ekid if jH cm;bmomESpcf t k wGuf 10 csdepf yD g&So

d nf/ usef 10 csdew f iG f vuf
cl
es
a&;wkd vufESdyfpuf avhusifhrIrsm;tjyif rmhcfpfvDeif0g'oabmw&m; oifMum;rIwkdYvnf;

es
m
ur
.b
166
w
w
w
yg0ifonf/
,if;ESpfwGif EkdifiHjcm;bmomrsm;udk EIwfwkdufoifay;jcif;? toHxGufrSefatmif
oifay;jcif;? a0g[m&t"dyÜg,fESifhZpfjrpfwkdYtaMumif;udk &Sif;vif;oifjyjcif;? oufqkdif&m
bmom\wkdif;&if;a'otaMumif;udk pmaytEkynm? orkdif;? yx0D? vlrsKd;a&;? EkdifiHa&;
ponft h aMumif;t&mwkYd yg0ifatmif A[kow k jzpfap&ef &nf&,
G í
f ajymqk&d iS ;f vif;jyjcif;
wkdY jyKvkyfonf/
'kw,d ESpEf iS w
hf wd,ESpw f w
Ydk iG f bmomjyeftwwfynmudk vufawGaY vhusifch ef;rsm;
jzifh avhusifhqnf;yl;&onf/ wkdif;&if;om;bmomrS EkdifiHjcm;bmomESpfckwGif wckpD? EkdifiH
jcm;bmomwckpDrS wkdif;&if;om;bmomodkY tjyeftvSef jyefqkd&onf/ q&mu trSm;rsm;
udk axmufjyNyD;vQif enf;jyoabmjzifh oifjyonf/ pmoifom;rsm;u 0dkif;í aqG;aEG;Mu
onf/ oifcef;pmrsm;udk a&;om;ajzqkMd uonf/ Ekid if jH cm;bmomjzifh a&;xm;aompme,f

Zif;rsm;ESifhpmtkyfpmwef;rsm;udk ajrmufjrm;pGm zwfjcif;? EIwfjzifh bmomjyefavhusifhrIjyK
jcif;ponfjzifh vkyfief;udk wGifus,fpGm aqmif&Guf&avonf/
pwkw(¬ omrefaemufq;Hk )ESpw f iG f pma&;í bmomjyefqjdk cif;? EIwjf zifh bmomjyef
qkdjcif; ponfwkdYudk wESpfywfvkH; vkyfaqmifMu&onf/ aemufqkH;wGif tqifhtwef;jrifhí
cJcufaom ta&;tom;rsm;udk bmomjyefí pmwef;w&yftaejzifh wifjyMu&onf/ ay;
vkud af om pmyk'u f kd wdusrSeu f efí ta&;tom; tqift h wef;jrifrh m;pGm jyefqEdk idk &f ef ouf
qkdif&m tjcm;pmtkyfpmwef;rsm;udk zwf&onf/ wcgw&H oufqkdif&m ynm&Sifrsm;xHodkY
csOf;uyfí a0g[m&rsm;? taMumif;&yfrsm;? twGi;f cHt"dygÜ ,frsm;ESiyhf wfoufí aqG;aEG;
&avao;onf/
,if;odkY bmomjyefudk bGJYtwGuf pmwef;tjzpf wifoGif;NyD;cgrS auseyfvQif pm
ar;yGJatmifí bGJY&Muonf/ &aombGJYrSm ]]'DyvkH;}}[kac:aom bDatbGJYrsKd;yif jzpfonf/
xkdokYdatmifjrifolrsm;teuf xdyfwef;a&mufol tenf;i,fudk a&G;cs,fí aemifwESpfae
í bGJYvGefoifwef;wGif oifMum;avhusifhcGifhjyKonf/ xkdvufa&G;pifausmif;om;wkdYonf
csufjcif;EIwjf zifh userSeu f efpmG jyefqw dk wfatmif avhusifMh u&onf/ pum;jyef txl;oif
wef;jzpfonf/ xkdoifwef;wGif wkdif;&if;q&mwOD;ESifh{nfhonfwkdif;jcm;q&mwOD;wkdYonf
wzufpD ppfaq;Muonf/ ppfaq;,if; oifMum;ay;Muonf/ ykyH rmqk&d vQif t*Fvyd ?f *sm
ref tjyeftvSefpum;jyeftwwfoifwef;wGif *smrefq&mESifht*Fvdyf(NAdwdoQ odkYr[kwf
om
.c
tar&dueftrsKd;om;)q&mwkdYu t*FvdyfbmomjyefESifh*smrefbmomjyefrsm;udk oifwef;

ic
ss
a
om;rsm;tm; oifMum;ay;Muonf/ bmomjyeftrSm;rsm;udk axmufjyNyD;vQif oifhawmf

cl
es
aom tokH;tEIef;rsm;udk xkwfazmfajymjyMuonf/

es
m
ur
.b
167
w
w
w
,if;odYk csufjcif; EIwjf zifh bmomjyefEidk pf rG ;f udk aumif;pGm&&Scd grS wuúov kd rf x S uG f
í ta&;ygaom EkdifiHwum tpnf;ta0;yGJrsm;wGif pum;jyefrsm;tjzpf trIxrf;Mu&
onf/ acgif;aqmifBuD;rsm;ESifhtwlvkdufí ta&;ygaom awGYqkH;rIrsm;wGif pum;jyeft
jzpf aqmif&GufMu&onf/
taemuf*smreDEdkifiHrSmvnf; xkdykHpHrsKd;yif jzpfonf/ ausmif;rsm;wGif ig;wef;rS
pí wavQmufv;Hk t*Fvyd b f momudk r,lrae& bmom&yfwcktjzpf ,lMu&onf/ &Spw f ef;
rS 12 wef;(txufwef;ausmif;)wGif jyifopftp&SdonfhEkdifiHjcm;bmomwckckudk r,lrae
& bmom&yfwcktjzpf xyfí,l&onf/ jyifopfbmomudk t,lrsm;onf/ wuúokdvfwGif
Ekid if jH cm;bmomwck tenf;qk;H ,l&onf/ t*Fvyd u f kd ,lMuonfu rsm;onf/ t*Fvyd b f m
om oifMum;onfu rsm;onf/ t*Fvyd b f momoifMum;&mwGif ]]vufawGt Y *Fvyd b f mom}}
[laomtcef;wGif ta&;tajymoifcef;pmrsm; avhusifch ef;rsm;udk av;ESpyf wfv;Hk ajrmuf

jrm;pGm oifMum;avhusifMh u&onf/ wuúov kd bf &YJG NyD;onfah emufrS bmomjyeftwwfynm
udk bGJYvGefoifwef;wGif oifMum;Mu&onf/ ESpfESpfokH;ESpfMumonf/ ]]bmomjyefoifwef;
Xme}}wGif pum;ajym avhusifhcef;? owif;pmrsm;udk zwfí EIwfjzifh bmomjyefrIavhusifh
cef;? pmtkyfpmwef;rsm;udk yifwkdifxm;í bmomjyefa&;om; avhusifhcef;ponfwkdYudk jyK
vkyfMu&onf/ EkdifiHwumtpnf;ta0;rsm;? okawoeESD;aESmzvS,fyGJrsm;odkY oifwef;
om;rsm;udk vTwí f wwfuRrf;NyD; wm0efxrf;aqmifvsuf&adS om bmomjyef? pum;jyefrsm;
ESifhyl;wGJum vufawGYvkyfaqmif oifMum;Mu&onf/
qufvufí &k&Sm;EkdifiHwGif zGifhvSpfxm;aom bmomjyefXmeBuD;taMumif;udk pkH
prf;&&Sdonfhtcsuftvufrsm;t& azmfjyvkdygonf/
&k&mS ;Ekid if w
H iG f bmomjyefoifwef;? pum;jyefoifwef;? Ekid if jH cm;bmomoifq&m
jzpfoifwef;[lí oifwef;BuD;ok;H ckcí JG Ekid if jH cm;bmomrsm;Xme(odrYk [kwf ody)HÜ wGif xm;&Sd
onf/ oifwef;wufvkdolrsm;onf wuúodkvf0ifpmar;yGJ atmifNyD;Mu&onf/ wuúodkvf
0ifpmar;yGJ atmifjrifolwkdYonf xkdoifwef;rsm;teuf wckaom oifwef;odkY wufa&muf
vkdvQif oifwef;0ifpmar;yGJudk ajzMu&onf/
oifwef;0if pmar;yGw J iG f &k&mS ;bmomESit hf jcm;ody0HÜ Zd mÆ bmom&yfrsm;tjyif Ekid if H
jcm;bmomwck jzpfap? ESpcf jk zpfapwküYd 0ifa&mufajzqkMd u&onf/ olwq Ydk rD mS wuúov kd 0f if
oifwef;txd txufwef;ausmif;rsm;wGif 0dZÆmodyÜHbmom&yfrsm;udkomru EkdifiHjcm;
om
.c
bmomESpcf , k Ml u&onf/ oifwef;0ifpmar;yGJ atmifjrifaomtcg qkcd NhJ yD;aom bmomjyef

ic
ass
oifwef;? pum;jyefoifwef;? Ekid if jH cm;bmomq&mjzpfoifwef; ,if;ok;H ckwiG f wufa&muf

cl
es
oifMum;cGifh &onf/
es
m
ur
.b
168
w
w
w
bmomjyefoifwef;ESiphf um;jyefoifwef;wko Yd nf tpü twlwyl ifjzpfNyD; wwd,

ESpfa&mufcgrS vrf;cGJMu&onf/ oifwef;oufwrf;rSm ajcmufESpfjzpfonf/ bmomjyefol
rsm;ESifhpum;jyeftjzpf aqmif&Gufolrsm;tzkdY oif&kd;oifwef;wGif twlvkdvkdjzpfonf/ odkY
aomf bmomjyeform;rsm;rSm ta&;tom; avhusifrh rI sm;NyD;vQif pum;jyefoifwef;om;
wdkYtzkdY pum;ajymavhusifhrI rsm;avonf/
EkdifiHjcm;bmomtoD;oD;twGuf oifMum;rIykHpHrSm wax&mwnf;jzpfonf/ ykHpH
tm;jzifh t*Fvdyfbmomjyefoifwef;\oif&kd;oifwef;udk tMurf;zsif; azmfjyygrnf/ t*F
vdyb f momjyefoifwef;om;wko Yd nf yxrOD;pGm t*Fvyd b f mompum;\orkid ;f tajctjrpf?
bmompum;taetxm; wnfaqmufykH? bmompum;\xl;jcm;csufrsm;? a0g[m&rsm;
ukd Zpfjrpftxd &SmazGavhvmrI? pum;tokH;tEIef;rsm;udk avhusifhjcif;? 0guswnfaqmuf
rIESifho'´g? 0guspdppfa0zefrI ponfjzifh bmompum;ESifhywfoufonfh taMumif;tcsuf

rSeof rQudk aphaphpyfpyf uGuv f yfrusef avhusufrw S of m;Mu&onf/ ,if;odYk ]]bmompum;
avhvmrI}}udk yxrESpfESpfywfvkH; BudK;yrf;Mu&onf/
,if;odaYk om bmom&yfukd oifMum;&mü yxrwkid ;f &if;om;bmomjzpfaom &k&mS ;
bmomjzifh oifMum;ay;onf/ 'kwd,ESpfukefqkH;NyD;onfhaemuf wwd,ESpftprSonf oif
wef;oufwrf;qk;H onftxd t*Fvyd b f momESiphf maytcef;u@rsm;wGif q&mu t*Fvyd f
vkd oifjya[majymonf/ yxrESpfESpfu oif&kd;ukdyif wzef t*Fvdyfvkd jyefíoifonf/
wwd,ESpfukef;qkH;NyD;onfhtcgürl oifwef;om;wkdYonf rdrdwkdY pdwftm; ÓPftm; oef&m
bufodkY tkyfpkcGJí txl;uRrf;usifrI&&Sda&;twGuf oifMum;Mu&onf/ pwkw¬ESpf tprS
oifwef;oufwrf; tqk;H txd bmomjyefvyk if ef;udk vufawGaY vhusifah vhvmoifMum;Mu
&onf/ bmomjyefvkyfief;wGif tcef;u@tm;jzifh okH;ckcGJjcm;xm;onf/ wckckudk pGJ,l
vkdufpm;avhvmoifMum;Mu&onf/ ,if;u@okH;ckrSm
(1) vlrIa&;;? EkdifiHa&; bmom&yfrsm;udk jyefqkdrI?
(2) odyÜHpufrIbmom&yfrsm;udk jyefqkdrI?
(3) pmaytEkynmbmom&yfrsm;udk jyefqkdrIwkdY jzpfonf/
u@toD;oD;odkY0ifcgeD;wGif oifwef;om;toD;oD;wkdY\aemufcHynmukd pdppf
onf/ wuúov dk 0f ifoifwef;wGif odybHÜ mom&yfrsm; oifMum;vmcJo h rl sm;omvQif odypHÜ uf
rIbmom&yfu@odkY 0ifMu&onf/ xkdenf;twlyif orkdif; EkdifiHa&;ynm rEkóaA'ponfh
om
.c
bmom&yfrsm;udk oifMum;cJholrsm;onf vlrIa&;ESifhEkdifiHa&;u@odkY 0ifMu&onf/ pmay?

ic
ss
a
bmomaA'ponfwkdYudk oifMum;cJhbl;rSomvQif pmaytEkynmu@odkY 0ifMu&onf/

cl
es
,if;odYk bmom&yftm;jzifh cGjJ cm;í oD;oefw Y wfuRrf;rI&&Sad tmif oifMum;avhvm

es
m
ur
.b
169
w
w
w
qnf;yl;Mu&aomfvnf; bmomjyeftajccHw&m;rsm;ESifh ywfoufonfha[majymykdYcscsuf
rsm;udkrl tm;vkH;wufa&muf oifMum;Mu&onf/ bmom&yfokH;u@wGif pmaytEkynm
u@ü oifMum;&jcif;onf tcufq;Hk jzpfonf[k qk\ d / tjcm;bmom&yfrsm;wGif t"dygÜ ,f
ay:vGif jywfom;pGm jyefqkdEkdifvQif udpöNyD;ajrmufaomfvnf; pmaytEkynmudk jyefqkd&m
ü rl&if;\&oMoZwkdYudk bmomjyefwGif ygEkdifoavmuf ygatmif jyefqkdEkdifrSom atmif
jrifrnf jzpfavaomaMumifh þvkyfief;onf tcufqkH;jzpfonf[k qkdonf/
pmaytEkynmukd bmomjyefEdkifbdkY avhvmBudK;yrf;jcif;ESifhywfoufí qkd&ayOD;
rnf/ Oyrm t*Fvyd b f momrS 0w¬Krsm;udk jyefq&dk ef avhusifMh uonfqydk gpk/Yd t*Fvyd pf may
udk pmayorkdif;rS tpcsDí oifMum;&onf/ t*Fvdyf0w¬Krsmudk pma&;q&mtvkduf tuefY
tuefYjyKí zwf&Iavhvm&onf/ qkdvkdonfrSm t*Fvdyf0w¬Ka&;q&mBuD; wOD;NyD;wOD;wkdY
\0w¬Krsm;udk tukeftpif t*Fvdyfrl&if;twkdif; zwfxm;&onf/ NyD;vQif pmayESifhywf

oufonfha0zefpmrsm;? jcif;&mpmwef;rsm;? pma&;q&mtw¬KyÜwådrsm;udk zwfxm;Mu&
onf/
NyD;vQif t*FvdyfEkdifiHa&;ESifhvlrIa&;orkdif;? t*FvefEkdifiH\yx0D0if? "avhxkH;pH
rsm;? w&m;Oya'taMumif;t&mrsm;? awmawmifa&ajrü rSw D if;vsuf&adS om owå0grsm;
\taMumif;rsm;ponfjzifh A[kow k taxGaxGukd &SmrS;D qnf;yl;Mu&onf/ ,if;odjYk yKrSom
vQif 0w¬Krsm;wGifygaom tao;pdwf "avhxkH;pHuav;rsm;? opfyif? 0g;yif? wd&pämef? t
pm;taomuf t0wftpm;rSpí t*Fvyd v f rl sKd;wkt
Yd aMumif;udk em;vnfNyD; jzpfEidk af yrnf/
xked nf;twlyif tar&duef0w¬Krsm;ukd jyefqrdk nfo h rl sm;onf tar&duefvrl aI &;?
EkdifiHa&;orkdif;rSonf "avhxkH;pHrsm;txd txufu nTef;qkdcJhonfhtwkdif; avhvmMu&
onf/ wzef jyifopfbmomjyefolwkdYonf jyifopf? *smrefbmomjyefwkdYonf *smrefponf
jzifh xked nf;ESiEf iS f avhvmMu&onf/ ,if;odYk aemufcyH nm A[kow k &Srd o
S mvQif bmomjyef
&mwGif rcRwfacsmfbJ &Sdayrnf/
wbufoYkd vSní hf qk&d aomf Ekid if aH &;? vlraI &;bmom&yfrsm;udk jyefq&dk rnfyh *k K¾ v
d f
wko Yd nfvnf; urÇmEh ikd if aH &;? vlraI &;orkid ;f rsm;? Ekid if tH oD;oD;\yx0D0ifrsm;? orkid ;f rsm;
ponfwkdYudk avhvmxm;Mu&onf/
pufrIodyÜH edosbmom&yfrsm;udk bmomjyefa&;onf cufcJonfqkd&rnfxuf oD;
oefYusonf[k qkd&ayvdrfhrnf/ xkdbmom&yfrsm;ukd jyefqkd&mü bmomjyefolonf ouf
om
.c
qkdif&m pufrIodyÜHbmom&yfudk wwfajrmufNyD;ol jzpfoifhonf/ xkdYaMumifh Oyrm aq;odyÜH

ic
ss
a
pmtkyfrsm;udk q&m0efrsm;u bmomjyefNyD;vQif bmomjyefoifwef;qif;wkdYu wnf;jzwf

cl
es
ay;Muonf/ tcsKdYq&m0ef tif*sifeD,mponfwkdYonf bmomjyef&ufwkdoifwef;rsm;udk

es
m
ur
.b
170
w
w
w
wufí ]]jyefqkdenf;tajccH}}ukd oifMum;xm;MuNyD;vQif rdrdwkdYwm0ef0wå&m;rsm;udk xrf;

aqmifvsufyif tcsdeyf w kd iG f oufqidk &f mbmom&yfpmtkyrf sm;udk bmomjyefMuonf/ ,if;
odkY jyefqkdonfhtwGuf &oifh&xkdufaom bmomjyefcrsm;udk &Muonf/
bmomjyefoifwef;om;wko Yd nf aemufq;Hk ESpEf pS w
f iG f bmomjyefvyk if ef;udk vuf
awGYvkyfaqmifMu&onf/ pmtkyfrsm;udk jyefqkdMu&onf/ oifhawmfvQif ykHESdyfxkwfa0ay;
onf/ pum;jyeftjzpf aqmif&Guf&rnfholwkdYonf toHxGufrSefuefatmif avhusifhMu&
onf/ &k&Sm;bmomjzifh ajyma[maom rdefYcGef;udk em;axmifNyD; csufjcif; t*Fvdyfbmom
(odkYr[kwf rdrd,lxm;aom EkdifiHjcm;bmom)odkYEIwfjzifh jyefqkdí ]]wdwf&Daumf'g}}wGif oGif;
NyD; q&mhxHodkYwifjyMu&onf/ uRrf;usifrI wkd;wufvmonfhtcgwGif EkdifiHaygif;pkHtpnf;
ta0;BuD;rsm;odkYoGm;í pum;jyeftjzpf vufawGYaqmif&GufMu&onf/
bmomjyef&mwGif tNrJrSwfom;em,ltyfaom tajccHnTefMum;csufrsm;rSm

atmufygtwkdif; jzpfonf/
(1) rl&if;udk aumif;pGm em;vnfjcif;/
(2) rl&if;üyg&SdaomtESpfom&ESifhMoZ*kPfwkdYudk xGif;azmufodem;vnfjcif;/
(3) wduspGm bmomjyefqkdjcif;/ (wdusonfqkd&mü pum;vkH; wvkH;csif; jyefqkdjcif;r[kwf?
t"dyÜg,fudkwdusapjcif;? rl&if;t"dyÜg,fESifhteD;uyfEkdifqkH;jzpfapjcif;wkdYudkqkdvkdonf)
(4) tao;pdwftcsuftvuf taMumif;t&mwkdYudk rcsefrvSyfbJ jynfhpkHatmif xnfhoGif;
jyefqkdjcif;/
(5) wdusrSefuefaomt"dyÜg,f ay:xGufvmapEkdifaom pum;vkH;tokH;tEIef;rsm;udk a&G;
cs,fokH;EIef;jcif;/
(6) Oyrm Oyar,s pum;y&d,m,f ponfwkdYwGif rl&if;ESifhteD;pyfqkH; jyefqkdjcif;/
(7) xkdenf;wlpGm pum;ykHrsm;? qkd&kd;pum;rsm;udk jynfhpkHpGm jyefqkdjcif;/
(8) a0g[m&rsm; txm;tokd tpDtpOfrSefuefjcif;? Xmefu&kdPf;usapjcif;/
xknd eT Mf um;csufrsm;tjyif? pmayjyefq&dk mü vku d ef mtyfaomtxl;nTeMf um;csuf
ESpf&yfrSm-
(1) 0w¬K? tw¬KyÜwåd? tprf;pm ponf pmayykHpHtoD;oD;wkdYudk rl&if;bmomjzifh OD;pGmavh
vmjcif;/
(2) jyZmwf uAsmrsm;tzkdY pum;tokH;tEIef; txm;todkXmefu&kdPf; ponfwkdYudk rl&if;
om
.c
bmomü avhvmí xl;jcm;csufrsm;udk rSwfom;jcif;wkdY jzpfonf/

ic
ss
a
]]bmomjyefolü wm0efESpf&yf &Sdonf/ olonf taqmuftODudk wnfaqmufol

cl
es
jzpfonfrSefay\/ odkYaomf olonf yef;&HuJhodkY r[kwf/ olonf tkwftoifh&SdNyD; pD&kHom pD

es
m
ur
.b
171
w
w
w
&olr[kwfay/ olonf tkwfudk t&ifzkwf&onf/ NyD;rS rdrdzkwfvkyfaomtkwfjzifh pDí t
aqmuftODudk aqmuf&oljzpfayonf/}}
,if;odkYvQif &k&Sm;EkdifiHwGif xdyfwef;bmomjyefq&mBuD; rkd&kdaZmhAf (Morozov)
uqkad vonf/
q&mBuD;\pum;udk &Si;f jy&ygrl bmomjyefoo l nf rl&if;q&m\ta&;tom;udk
tav;teuf avhvmNyD;vQif rlrysuf topfwnfaqmuf&ayrnf/ ,if;odkY wnfaqmuf
&mü jyefqkdrnfhbmomü &Sdaom a0g[m&rsm;? tokH;tEIef;rsm;udk &SmazGpkaqmif;&onf/
r&Sdao;aoma0g[m&rsm;udk topfwDxGif&onf/ (,if;onf tkwfzkwfjcif;rnf\/) NyD;rS
taqmuftODopfukd rl&if;ykpH EH iS t hf eD;pyfq;Hk wnfaqmuf&onf[í l qkv
d jdk cif;yifjzpfonf/
t*Fvef tar&duefEidk if rH sm;ürl bmomjyefoifwef;rsm;? ausmif;rsm;oD;oefrY &Sd
aomfvnf; wuúov dk Bf uD;rsm;wGif Ekid if jH cm;bmomoif XmeBuD;xm;&Sí d bGv

YJ eG of ifwef;rsm;
zGifhvSpfum EkdifiHjcm;bmomudk ausmif;q&mtjzpf jyefí oifMum;Ekdifatmif oifMum;ydkYcs
ay;MuaMumif; od&ygonf/ ,if;odkY oifMum;ydkYcs&mwGif bmomjyefoifcef;pmrsm;onf
vnf; ta&;BuD;aom tcef;u@tjzpf yg0ifMuonf/
tcsKdYaom EkdifiHrsm;wGifvnf; bmomjyefoifwef;rsm;? ausmif;rsm; oD;oefYr&Sd
Muay/ odkY&mwGif xkdEkdifiHrsm;wGif bmomjyefvkyfief;rsm;udk raqmif&Guf[lí r[kwf&kHom
ru tcsKdUEkdifiHrsm;ü wGifwGifus,fus,f aqmif&GufaeMuaMumif; od&ygonf/ yrm? csuf
udkpvkdaAuD;,m;EkdifiHwGif EkdifiHjcm;bmomoif Xme&Sdaomfvnf; bmomjyeftwwfynm
udk oD;oefYoifMum;ay;jcif; r&Sdacs/ odkYaomf csufbmomjyefq&mwkdYonf t&rf;bmom
jyefcGifh romMuay/ a0zefa&;q&mrsm;u wwfuRrf;rIudk txl;pdppfMuonf/ xkdYaMumifh
EkdifiHwumbmomjyefq&m tpnf;t&kH; (FIT - International Federation of Translators)
u xkwaf 0aom Babel r*¾Zif;wGif csufbmomjyefq&mwOD;\a&;om;csufrS aumufEw k f
jyefqkdí ay;vkduf&ygonf/
]]tjcm;vkyfief;wGif vkyfukdifolrsm;ESifhrwlyJ bmomjyefq&mü pmar;yGJatmifp
&mrvkd? oD;oefYoifwef; wufp&mrvkd? odkY&mwGif tjcm;vkyfief;wGif vkyfukdifrsm;ESifhrwlyJ
rdrd\vkyfief;ü aumif;pGmuRrf;usif&ayonf/}} olqkdvkdonfrSm tjcm;vkyfief;wGif vkyf
ukdifolrsm; tm;vkH;onf oufqkdif&m oifwef;udk wufí oufqkdif&mpmar;yGJudk atmif
vQif wu,fwrf; rwwfuRrf;onfhwkdifatmif vkyfudkifEkdifao;onf/ bmomjyefvkyfief;
om
.c
ürl aumif;pGm rwwfuRrf;vQif rjzpfEkdif[líyif jzpfonf/

ic
ass
bmomjyefvkyfief;ü xl;cRefpGm wwfuRrf;rIonf tjcm;vkyfief;rsm;xufyif ydkí

cl
es
vkdtyfonf[k xifrdygonf/ tjcm;vkyfief;tcsKdYü toifhtwef wwfuRrf;vQif ]]arQm}}

es
m
ur
.b
172
w
w
w
ívkdufoGm;Ekdifao;\/ bmomjyef&mwGif tcsuftcsm pmwvkH; tjyefrSm;vkdufvQif 'ku©

BuD;pGm a&mufEkdifonf/ a&muf&onfhjzpf&yf om"ursm;vnf; &SdaMumif; trsm;todyif
jzpfonf/
bmomjyefnHhzsif;í rl&if;pma&;q&m\odu©mudk usqif;apaombmomjyefo
rm;udk 'def;rwf? bla*&d,m;tp&Sdaom EkdifiHrsm;wGif xkwfa0olrsm;u 0dkif;y,faMumif;udk
vnf; od&ygonf/ bmomjyef&mü rl&if;pmütmabmfukd rysufp;D ap&yJ jyefqo dk nfb
h mom
jzifh ajyjypfpGm jyefqkdzkdYta&;onf rnfonfhwGufudef;jzifh wGufapumrlvnf; vG,fulonf
[lí wGufcsufí &Ekdifrnfr[kwfay/ xkYdaMumifh bmomjyeftwwfynmudk oifMum;avh
usifah y;tyfaom twwfynmw&yftjzpf owfrw S Nf yD;aemuf ]]bmomjyefoifwef;}}[lí
tMurf;zsif;tm;jzifh ac:qkdEkdifaom pepfwus oifMum;avhusifhrI tajctaew&yfudk
uRefawmfwkdYqDrSm wDxGifay;oifhonf[k tqkdjyKvkdygonf/

xkdtqkdukd tajcjyKNyD;vQif tu,fíom uRefawmfwdkYqDrSm bmomjyefoifwef;
zGifhvSpf&ef tcGifhomí zGifhvSpfzkdYtpDtpOfudk vsmxm;&ef csrSwfygu uRefawmfhtaejzifh
atmufygtpDtpOfrsm;udk tqifq h ifjh yK&ef vkt
d yfvrd rhf nfxifjrifaMumif; wifjyvkyd gonf/
bmomjyefoifwef;udk zGifhvSpfrnfjzpfaMumif;? oifwef;wufa&mufvkdolwkdYonf
avQmufxm;EkdifaMumif; ponfjzifh aMunmcsufw&yf xkwfzkdYvkdygonf/ xkdaMunmcsuf\
tMurf;onf ykHyrmtm;jzifh atmufygtwkdif; jzpfaumif; jzpfayvdrfhrnf/
bmomjyeftwwfynmudk aumif;pGm wwfajrmufap&ef pepfwus oifMum;ydkYcs
avhusifrh rI sm;jyKa&;twGuf ]]bmomjyefoifwef;}}udk awmfveS af &;tpd;k &jyefMum;a&;Xme
u zGifhvSpfrnfjzpfaMumif; aMunmvkdufonf/
bmomjyefoifwef;\oifMum;ydcYk scsderf mS we*FaEGEiS t hf pd;k &&k;H ydw&f ufrsm;rSty
aeYpOf nae 6-em&DrS 9-em&Dtxd jzpfonf/
(1) oifwef;wufvkdolwkdYonf trsKd;orD;jzpfap? trsKdom;jzpfap wkdif;&if;om;
rsm;jzpf&rnf/
(2) tajccHynmtjzpfjzifh tajccHynma&;pepf txufwef;pmar;yGJatmifNyD;
jzpf&rnf/
(3) touftydkif;tjcm;r&Sd/
avQmufxm;olwo Ydk nf oifwef;0ifpmar;yGu J kd 0ifa&mufajzqk&d rnf/ atmifjrif
om
.c
í a&G;cs,fjcif;cH&olwkdYomvQif oifwef;wufcGifh&rnf/
ic
ss
a
,ck tajctaet& bmomjyefvkyfief;ü tokH;jyK&rnfhEkdifiHjcm;bmomrSm t*F

cl
es
vdyfbmomjzpfonf/
es
m
ur
.b
173
w
w
w
avQmufvmT rsm;udk ........... XmeodYk aeY&uf ...........rwkid rf D
wifoGif;Mu&rnf/
oifwef;0if pmar;yGJar;cGef;vTm (1) t*FvdyfrS jrefrmodkY jyefqkd&ef pmwyk'fjzpf
ap? ESpfyk'fjzpfap/ ar;cGef;vTm (2) jrefrmrS t*FvdyfodkYjyefqkd&ef pmwyk'fjzpfap? ESpfyk'fjzpf
ap/ ar;cGef;vTm (3) taxGaxG A[kokw/ /xkad r;cGe;f vTmok;H ckukd wckvQif trSwjf ynfh
100 xm;&Sd&ayrnf/
oifwef;twGuf xdyq f ;Hk u vko d avmuf ta&twGuu f kd ,l&ayrnf/ yxrtywf
wGif vufa&G;pOf 20 rQom,lvQif oifhavsmfrnfxif&onf/
oifwef;oufwrf;udk av;ESpfxm;oifhonf[k oabm&ygonf/ odkYaomf tprf;
oabmjzifh OD;pGm wESpo f ifwef; zGiEhf ikd yf gonf/ &k&mS ;oif&;dk nTe;f wrf;onf pH,zl , G jf zpfonf
[k xifygonf/ tjcm;Ekid if rH sm;uvnf; xked nf;ESiEf iS f aqmif&u G Mf uaMumif; od&&dS ygonf/

w&kwfjynfolYor®wEkdifiH yDuif;wuúokdvfwGif ,cifu (qkdvkdonfrSm ,Ofaus;rIawmfvSef
a&;BuD; rwkid rf u D ) bmomjyefEiS phf um;jyefoifwef;rsm;\oufwrf;onf ajcmufEpS &f o dS nf
[k rSwfom;cJh&bl;ygonf/
bmomjyefvyk if ef; jyefqjdk cif;cH&onfEh idk if jH cm;bmomudk eufeufeeJ J EIu d Ef udI u
f Rwf
uRwf wwfuRrf;zkdY vkdtyfvSonf/ wzef wkdif;&if;om;bmomta&;tom;üvnf; use
ckid cf zhH Ydk vkad yao;onf/ xkaYd Mumifh oif&;dk nTe;f wrf;wGif bmomjyefenf;edosrsm;onf vuf
awGjY yefqrdk I avhusifch ef;rsm;\ed'gef;rQom jzpf&ayrnf/ bmomjyeftwwfynm oifMum;
oltzkdY a&ul;oifMum;olonf a&xJwGif vufawGYa&ul;usifhrSom wwfuRrf;ouJhodkY]]w
jyefwnf;jyef}}ae&rS vufom;usí wu,fwrf; wwfuRrf;ayvdrfhrnf/
bmomjyefwwfuRrf;olonf vlrsKd;\ynma&;ESifhtodwkd;yGm;a&;udpörsm;wGif
ta&;yg t&ma&mufaom tcef;rS yg0if&rnfhyk*¾Kdvfjzpfayonf/ wwfuRrf;rIonf avh
usifhrI? qnf;yl;rIwkdYtay:wGif vkH;vkH;vsm;vsm; wnfaeonf[k qkd&ayrnf/ xkdYaMumifh
atmifvufrw S uf kd xkwjf yjcif;xuf rnfonft h cgumvürqkd bmomjyefprG ;f &nfukd ppfaq;
cHEkdifjcif;u t&nftcsif;jynfh0aMumif; ydkíazmfjyayvdrfhrnf/ xkdYaMumifh atmifvufrSwf
jzifh NcD;jr§ijhf cif;cH&olonf oifwef;umvNyD;qk;H csdew f iG f tenf;qk;H pmtkyw f tkyuf kd usepGm
bmomjyefNyD;ol jzpf&ayrnf/
]]bmomjyefoifwef;}}onf a&S;OD;pGmu qkcd NhJ yD;onft h wkid ;f yif omref&ufwo dk if
om
.c
wef;xuf ausmif;? odyÜHponfwkdYuJhodkY jzpfrSom odomaom tusKd;jzpfxGef;rI &&Sdayrnf/

ic
ass
oD;oefaY usmif;? odypHÜ onfjzifh wnfaxmif&ef rvG,u f al Mumif; owdrrl yd gonf/ xkad Mumifh
cl
es
tMuHay;Ekid af om taumif;qk;H enf;rSm &efuek 0f Zd mÆ odyw HÜ uúovkd w f iG f bmomjyefbmom&yf

es
m
ur
.b
174
w
w
w
udk t"dubmomw&yftjzpf xnfo h iG ;f xm;&SNd yD;vQif bmomjyefoifMum;rIXmewck zGiv

hf pS f
jcif;yif jzpfonf[k xifrdygonf/
xkdodkYaom tajcodkYrqkdufrD umvtwGif;wGifrl a&SUwGif qkdcJhonfhtwkdif; wESpf
oifwef;zGifhí prf;oyfzkdY oifhonf[k tMuHay;vkdygonf/ /
bmomjyefoifwef;
1/ vif;,kefarmifarmif
2/ OD;omnTefY(pmayAdrmef)
3/ Akdvfat;armif
4/ armifodef;nTefY (aumhu&dwf)
5/ OD;oef;vIdifopf(jrefrmhtoH)
6/ OD;odef;wef(jyefMum;a&;XmecGJ)
7/ OD;baomf(armifaomfu)
8/ a':&DBudef
9/ wuúodkvfjrwfol
10/ jrefrmhtvif;pdef0if;
11/ OD;at;armif(pmayAdrmef)
12/ a'gufwmarmifarmifajy
13/ '*kefa&TrQm;
14/ a'gufwmarmifjzL;
1/ bmomjyefoifwef;rsm;ac:,l&mwGif jrefrmpmuRrf;usifrIudk t"duta&;ay;
oifhojzifh oifwef;0ifcGifhppfaq;&mü jrefrmpmar;cGef;vTmudk tqifhjr§ifhí ar;
oifhonf[k aqG;aEG;onf/
2/ bmomjyefcRwfacsmfrI trsm;tjym;awGaY e&aomaMumifh bmomjyefjcif;twwf
udk oifwef;ay;&ef rkcsvkdtyfaMumif; axmufcHaqG;aEG;onf/
om
.c
3/ jrefrmrS t*Fvyd o
f Ykd jyefqEdk idk &f ef bmomjyefoifwef;zGií
hf avhusufay;&mü oif
ic
ss
a
wef;om; rsm;rsm;pm;pm; rvkad Mumif;? vufwqkwpf mrQ tenf;tusOf;udk uRrf;

cl
es
usifatmif avhusifo h ifMum;ay;vQif vkaH vmufygNyD[k yg0ifaqG;aEG;onfudk pm

es
m
ur
.b
175
w
w
w
&Sifuvnf; vufcHonf/
4/ bmomjyefoifwef;[lí zGifhvSpfaomtcg t&nftcsif; jynfhí xGef;xGef;ayguf
ayguf jzpfEidk rf nfo
h ifwef;om;rsKd;udk txl;*&kjyKí avhusifo h ifMum;ay;oifo h nf
[k aqG;aEG;onf/
5/ bmomjyefoifwef;ausmif; oD;jcm;r&SdrD wuúokdvfü bmomjyefoifwef;wkdrsm;
udk zGifhvSpfay;oifhaMumif;? bmomjyef bGJY'D*&Drsm; csD;jr§ifhoifhaMumif; a&wkd a&
&Snfoifwef;rsm;jzpfoifhaMumif;wkdYudk yg0ifaqG;aEG;onf/
6/ bmomjyefrIudk tavhtusifhay;onfhtaejzifh bmomjyefr*¾Zif;wapmifudk t
csderf eS f xkwaf 0ay;oifah Mumif;/ ,if;r8¾Zif;wGif rl&if;pmESib
hf momjyefpmayrsm;
yg0ifoifhaMumif; aqG;aEG;&m pmwef;&Sifu vufcHoabmwlonf/ /
om
.c
ic
ss
a
cl
es
es
m
ur
.b
176
w
w
w
E-book is created by shanyoma www.burmesesclassic.com
aemufqufwJG
om
.c
ic
ssa
cl
es
es
m
ur
.b
177
w
w
w
jyefMum;a&;0efBuD;Xme
pmayAdrmeftkyfcsKyfa&;tzGJYrS usif;yaom
bmomjyefpmay ESD;aESmzvS,fyGJwGif
jyefMum;a&;0efBuD;Xme twGif;0ef 'k-AkdvfrSL;BuD;wifxGef;
ajymMum;zGifhvSpfonfhrdefYcGef;
<ua&mufvmMuwJh pmayynm&Sif y&dowfrsm;cifAsm;/ pmayAdrmefu wm0ef,l
usif;ywJhbmomjyefpmayESD;aESmzvS,fyGJudk pdwftm;xufoefpGm wufa&muftm;ay;Mu
wJhtwGuf pmayAdrmeftkyfcsKyfa&;tzGJY\udk,fpm; 0rf;ajrmuf0rf;om BudKqkdygaMumif;OD;
pGm ajymMum;vkdygonf/
,aeYupNyD; ig;&ufwkdifwkdif usif;yoGm;rhJ 'DESD;aESmzvS,fyGJBuD;udk atmifjrifx
ajrmufatmif obmywdrsm;? pmwef;&Sifrsm;? yg0ifaqG;aEG;olrsm;eJYavhvmolrsm;u rdrd

wkdYqkdif&m wm0eftoD;oD;udk aus>yefpGm vkyfaqmif&if; acsmarmpGm pkaygif;vkyfukdifoGm;
EkdifMuvdrfhr,fvkdYvJ ajr§mfvifhygw,f/
bmomjyefvyk if ef;[m pmaye,fus,f0ef;oavmuf ta&;BuD;wJv h yk if ef;BuD;w
&yfjzpfygw,f/ acwfajymif;awmfvSefa&;&JUt"duvkyfief;BuD;w&yfjzpfwJhtawG;tac:
ajymif;vJa&;tydik ;f rSm rygrjzpfwphJ may,Ofaus;rIu@BuD;w&yfvJ jzpfygw,f/ 'gaMumifh
bmomjyefpmay zGJYNzKd;wkd;wufa&;udpö[m wkdif;jynf&JUpmay,Ofaus;rIwkd;wufa&;udpö
ESifhxyfwl uRefawmfwkdY ta&;xm;&rJh vkyfief;vJ jzpfygw,f/
'D&nf&G,fcsufrsm;t& pmayAdrmefu BuD;rSL;usif;ycJhbl;wJhuav;pmayESD;aESm
yGJ? odyÜHpmayESD;aESmyGJ? pmMunfhwkdufvkyfief; ESD;aESmyGJrsm;enf;wl bmomjyefpmayESD;aESmyGJ
udkvJ 'DESpfrSm usif;y&jcif; jzpfygw,f/
vlxq k ufo, G af &;vkyif ef;rSeo f rQrSm bmomjyefvyk if ef;[m tNrJyg0ifaeygw,f/
'DuaeY pwifusif;yrJh bmomjyefESD;aESmzvS,fyGJrSmawmh]]bmomjyefpmay}}vkdY 0daoojyK
xm;wJhtwkdif; &opmay? usrf;pm? aqmif;yg;eJYowif;bmomjyefvkyfief;rsm;taMumif;
udk t"duxm;NyD; tawGYtMuKHrsm; xifjrifcsufrsm;? jyóemrsm;udk aqG;aEG;wifjyMuyg
vdrfhr,f/
tckvdk bmomjyefpmayvkyif ef;udk a'gift h rsKd;rsKd;u wifjywJah e&mrSm bmomjyef
orkid ;f aMumif; wpdww f a'oudk pmwef;&Siw f OD;u wifjyygvdrrhf ,f/ [kad &S;,ciftcsdeu f
om
.c
jrefrmEkid if &H ,fvYdk ay:aygufvmrJw h idk ;f jynfrmS bmompum;rwlwv hJ al wG pwifpak ygif;ae

ic
ss
a
xkid Mf u&muwqifh a&ajcajrjcm; vlrsKd;rsm;eJyY g qufo, G rf Nd yD; bmomjyefru I pd uö kd vkt

d if
cl
es
t& vkyfudkifvm&wJh [dkwkef;u tajctaeawGudk tuJcwfMu&ygvdrfhr,f/ tJ'Dorkdif;

es
m
ur
.b
178
w
w
w
aemufcHtcsuf[m a&SUaemufajr§mfac:csifhEIdif;bdkY ta&;BuD;wJhtwGuf rSwfwrf;wifxm;

bdkY vkdtyfwJhudpö jzpfygw,f/
jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEkdifiH&,fvkdY zGJYpnf;NyD; wkdif;&if;om;vlrsKd;aygif;tawmfrsm;
rsm; aexkdifvkyfudkifvmMuwJhtcgrSm jynfaxmifpkpnf;vkH;a&;twGuf tajccHjzpfwJhwOD;
&JU,Ofaus;rIudk wOD;u em;vnfa&;? wOD;&JU"avhbmomudk wOD;u oabmaygufa&;wkdY
[mvJ ta&;BuD;ygw,f/ wkdif;&if;om;rsm;udk bmomjyefpmayenf;eJYacwfrDtodw&m;
awGyg wkd;wufatmif vkyfay;EkdifMurSbJ pmay,Ofaus;rIvkyfief;buf [muGufudk jznfh
wif;EkdifMuygvdrfhr,f/ 'DtaMumif;udkvJ pmwef;wifNyD; aqG;aEG;Muygvdrhfr,f/
bmomjyefpmayudprö mS yg0ifaewJt h jcm;u@w&yfuawmh Ekid if jH cm;bmomrsm;
teuf t*Fvyd b f mompmayudk trsm;qk;H ok;H ae&wJt h csderf mS jrefrmbmomrS t*Fvyd b f m
omodkY jyefqkdrIrsm;ukd jyKvkyfNyD; jrefrmukd urÇmuodatmif aqmif&GufMu&ygr,f/ jrefrmh

BudK;yrf;rIrsm;? jrefrmhajr§mrf eS ;f csufrsm;? jrefrmhc, H cl sufrsm;udk urÇmph mzwfy&dowfoad tmif
wifjy&ygvdrfhr,f/ 'DudpöudkvJ vuFm? pum;ajyESpfaxGaom jyóemrsm;tjzpfeJY pmwef;
&Sifrsm;u wifoGif;Muygvdrfhr,f/ aemiftcGifhomwJhtcg jrefrmbmomrSaeNyD; EkdifiHjcm;
bmomrsKd;pkHeJY jyefqkdNyD; jrefrmhtaMumif;? jrefrmhudpöudk urÇmuodatmif jzefYwJhvkyfief;
BuD;ukdvJ vkyfMu&ygvdrhfr,f/
&opmay bmomjyefqrdk I vkyif ef;[mvJ pmzwfy&dowftay:rSm MoZmtBuD;rm;
qkH;jzpfwJhtwGuf ,ckxuf us,fjyefYatmif bmomjyefpmayvkyfom;rsm;u BudK;pm;&yg
vdrfhr,f/ &opmaybmomjyefvkyfief;rSm awGYMuKH&wJhtcuftcJjyóemrsm;udk pmwef;
&SifeJYwuG yg0ifaqG;aEG;olrsm;u jynfhjynf00 ESD;aESmzvS,fMubdkYygbJ/
0w¬Kr[kww f ahJ qmif;yg;rsm;? usrf;pmrsm;udk bmomjyefqadk y;&wJv h yk if ef;[mvJ
todynm? twwfynmawG w[kex f ;dk wk;d wufrsm;jym;aewJah cwfrmS &opmayenf;wl t
a&;ygwJhbmomjyef&efvkyfief;e,fy,fwck jzpfygw,f/ e,fy,foD;jcm;qkdovkd oD;jcm;
jyóemrsm;vJ &Sdygvdrfhr,f/
'geJwqufwnf; tm&kpH ;l pku d o f ifwh uhJ pd u
ö awmh aumif;Ek;d &m&m odypHÜ mayrsm;udk
jyefqkda&;om;jcif;vkyfief;ygbJ/ ,ckacwfrSm wkdif;jynfwjynf? EkdifiHwEkdifiHtbkdY olrsm;
wef;wl BuD;yGm;wk;d wufcsifw,fq&dk if odypHÜ ;l prf;rIvyk if ef;rsm;udk ud, k Ehf idk if rH mS jyKvky&f rHk u
tjcm;wkd;wufzGHYNzdK;aewJhEkdifiHBuD;rsm;u topftopf awGY&SdvmwJhodyÜHtaMumif;csif;&m
om
.c
awGudkvJ tNrJwef; zwfrSwfavhvmcGifh&bdkY vkdvmygw,f/ 'DwcgrSm bmomjyefvkyfief;&JU

ic
ass
wm0ef 0ifvmjyefygw,f/ odypHÜ may bmomjyefvyk o f m;rsm;tbkYd t"duxm;NyD; aqG;aEG;

cl
es
&rJhudpöuawmh vlwkdif;odxkdufwJh? zwfxkdufwJhvlxkodyÜHpmayrsKd; jzpfygw,f/ vlxkodyÜHpm

es
m
ur
.b
179
w
w
w
udk b,fvkdjyefqkdrvJ? b,frQtwkdif;twmeJYem;vnfoabmaygufaprvJ? b,fvkdt
aMumif;&yfawGudk a&G;cs,frvJqkdwJh jyóemrsm;udk jcKHikHavhvmNyD;wJhaemf vlxkudk odyÜHt
odynmay;bkdY vkyfief;[m odyÜHbmomjyefpmayorm;rsm;&JUvufiif;wm0efw&yf jzpfyg
w,f/
bmomjyefvkyfief;&JUusefwJhtydkif;BuD;wydkif;uawmh owif;bmomjyefvkyfief;
jzpfygw,f/ owif;pmrsm;? owif;rsm;qkw d m[m vkyo f m;jynfot l m;vk;H udk jrefjrefeYJ us,f
us,fjyefYjyefY today;&wJhudpöjzpfavawmh owif;bmomjyefjcif;udk t&yfxJu vlrsm;
em;vnfatmif xrif;pm;a&aomufupd aö vmuf vG,af tmif jyefqadk &;om;Mu&rJh wm0ef
&Sdygw,f/ 'DudpöudkvJ oD;jcm;pmwef;wcktaeeJY aqG;aEG;ygvdrfhr,f/
'DESD;aESmzvS,fyGJBuD;rSm bmomjyefvkyfief;&JUtpdwftydkif; awmfawmfrsm;rsm;ukd
cGJjcrf;wifjyMuwJhae&mrSm ESpfaygif; av;? ig;q,ftawGYtMuKH&dSNyD;jzpfwJh bmomjyefol

yk*K¾ v
d Bf uD;rsm;&JUud, k af wGt Y csuftvufrsm;udv k J Mum;em&if; aqG;aEG;ES;D aESmMur,fq&dk if
jynfhpkHonfxuf jynfhpkHvmygvdrhfr,f/
bmomjyefwJhae&mrSm taMumif;&yftvkduf? a0g[m&pum;vkH;tvkduf qDavsmf
jcif; rqDavsmfjcif;? tH0ifjcif; r0ifjcif;pwJhykHpHom"ursm;udkvJ EIdif;,SOfa0zefNyD; tajz
&SmMur,fqkd&if bmomjyefpmayvkyfief; wkd;wufa&;rSm taxmuftulrsm;pGm jzpfp&m&Sd
vdrfhr,fvkdY ,kHMunfygw,f/ 'DudpöudkvJ pmwef;wcktaeeJY wifjyr,fvkdY od&ygw,f/
bmomjyefjcif;udpö[m pmay,Ofaus;rIeJYvlrIa&;? pD;yGm;a&;? EkdifiHa&;udpöawG
rSm trSew f u,fr&Srd jzpfwhJ vkyif ef;BuD;jzpfw,fqw dk m oabmaygufMuw,fq&dk if bmom
jyefpmay vkyfom;aumif;rsm;? bmomjyefxl;cRefol twwfynm&Siftopfrsm; ay:xGuf
vma&;udw k qifh tm&kpH ;l pdu k &f ygvdrrhf ,f/ tJ't D cgrSm enf;ay;vrf;nTejf yKrJh vufawGo Y if
Mum;ayrJh oifwef;rsm;udk b,fenf;b,fyHk xlaxmifziG v hf pS af y;oifoh vJqw dk mudyk g a&qk;H
a&zsm;vdkufNyD; aqG;aEG;avhvmtajz&SmMu&ygvdrhfr,f/
'DE;DS aESmzvS,yf BJG uD;[m bmomjyefvyk if ef;&JUjyóemawGukd csufcsif;tajzxkw?f
csufcsif;qkH;jzwfcsufcs? csufcsif;taumiftxnf azmfEdkifrSm r[kwfygbl;/ odkYaomfvJ t
ajz&SmbdkY? qkH;jzwfvkyfukdifbdkY? taumiftxnfazmfbdkYtwGuf pmayvkyfom;xkxJu uRrf;
usif&m yk*K¾ v d rf sm;udk vIaHY qmfjcif;? pnf;&k;H jcif;rsm; jyKvkyaf y;Ekid af tmif t&Sed w f ifay;vdu k f
Edkifr,fqkd&if usif;y&usKd;eyfNyDvkYd qkdEkdifygvdrfhr,f/
om
.c
'gaMumifh vkyfom;jynfolrsm;&JUtodynm? tawG;ynmrsm; <u,f0zGYHNzdK;a&;udk

ic
ss
a
a&SU&INyD; ,aeY<ua&mufvmMuwJyh *k K¾ v d rf sm;u rdrw d jYdk yKvky&f rJh &nfreS ;f csufrsm;udk rsufjcnf
cl
es
rjywfyJ qufvufESD;aESmaqG;aEG;MuygvkdY arwåm&yfcH&if; ed*kH;csKyfvkdufygonf/

es
m
ur
.b
180
w
w
w
bmomjyefpmayESD;aESmzvS,fyGJ
obmywdrdefYcGef;
«yxraeY obmywd OD;cifaZmf ajymMum;onf/»
'DuaeY pwifusif;yrJh bmomjyefpmay ESD;aESmzvS,fyGJudk wufa&mufvmMuwJh

{nfhonfawmfrsm;? pmwef;&Sifrsm;? yg0ifaqG;aEG;vkdolrsm;eJY avhvmolrsm;cifAsm;/
ckvkd okdufokduf0ef;0ef; <ua&mufcsD;ajr§mufMuwJhtwGuf ESD;aESmzvS,fyGJusif;y
a&;OD;pD;aumfrwD&JUudk,fpm; ynm&Sifrsm;eJY pmayvkyfom;rsm;udk vIdufvIdufvSJvSJ aus;Zl;
wifygw,f/
,aeYupNyD; ig;&ufwkdifwkdif usif;yoGm;rJh ESD;aESmzvS,fyGJBuD;[m wufa&mufol
tm;vk;H &JUpnf;urf;wus yg0ifaqmif&u G rf wI aYdk Mumifh NyD;qk;H onftxd acsmarmatmifjrif

oGm;vdrfhr,fvkdY ajrmfvifhygw,f/
ESD;aESmzvS,fyGJudk rpwifrDrSm ESD;aESmzvS,fyGJwkdY&JUxkH;pHtwkdif; aeYpOfaqmif&Guf
vkyfudkifoGm;rJh tpDtpOfeJY vkyfxkH;vkyfenf;uav;rsm;udk tpD&ifcHcsifygw,f/
wifjyrJph mwef;rsm;udk BudKwifa0iSxm;wJt h wGuf wufa&muforl sm; zwf&aI vhvm
NyD;NyDvkdY ,lqygw,f/
aeYpOfwifoGif;oGm;rJh pmwef;awGrSm pmwef;&Sifu rdepf 20 avmuf rdrdpmwef;eJY
ywfoufNyD; jznfhpGufp&m &Sif;vif;p&mrsm;udk jynfhpkHatmif wifjyoGm;ygvdrfhr,f/
pmwef;&Sif wifjyoGm;NyD;wJhaemuf pmwef;wckudk tajcjyKaqG;aEG;bdkYtwGuf rd
epf 80 tcsdefowfrSwfxm;ygw,f/ tJ'D rdepf 80 twGif;rSmyg0ifaqG;aEG;olrsm;xJu pm
wef;eJyY wfoufNyD; a0zef?ok;H oyf? jznfph u G cf sifwt hJ csufrsm;udk wkwd edk v
YJ &dk if; aqG;aEG;oGm;
MubkdY arwåm&yfcsifygw,f/ aqG;aEG;rJhyk*¾KdvfwOD;udk tMurf;tm;jzifh ig;rdepfrQomtcsdef
ay;Ekdifygvdrfhr,f/ aqG;aEG;vkdol rsm;jym;aecJh&if; rJcsNyD; aqG;aEG;cGifhjyKyghr,f/
trsm;eJYaqmif&Guf&wmjzpfwJhtwGuf aqG;aEG;ajymqkdvkdwJhyk*¾Kdvfrsm;rSm tcsdef
rvkaH vmufc&hJ if pma&;q&mpmayvkyo f m;rsm;jzpfwt hJ wGuf pme,fZif;rsm;uwqifh a&;
om;aqG;aEG;wifjyMuygvkdY arwåm&yfcsifygw,f/
aqG;aEG;cGifhtwGufuawmh wufa&mufvmMuwJhyk*¾Kdvfrsm;xJu ]]yg0ifaqG;aEG;
ol}}tjzpf zdwfMum;xm;jcif;cH&olrsm;uom aqG;aEG;cGifh&Sdygw,f/ 'g[mvJ ESD;aESmzvS,f
om
.c
yGJwkdY&JUxHk;wrf;pOfvmjzpfygw,f/
ic
ss
a
yg0ifaqG;aEG;olrsm;&JUzkdifwGJrSm aqG;aEG;cGifhykHpHrsm; n§yfay;xm;ygw,f/ rdrdwkdY

cl
es
aqG;aEG;vkw d phJ mwef;twGuf aeY&uftvku fd f jzwfyidk ;f uav;rsm;udk jzwfNyD; pmwef;&Siw f if

es
m
ur
.b
181
w
w
w
jyaewkH;rSm twGif;a&;rSL;xH ay;bkdYjzpfygw,f/ aemufaeYrsm;twGufvJ aqG;aEG;vkdwJh
yk*K¾ v
d rf sm;u pmwef;wifjyaeqJrmS jzpfap? w&ufBudKwifNyD;jzpfap aqG;aEG;cGiyhf pHk rH sm; oGi;f
EkdifMuygw,f/
qkdif&mpmwef;udk aqG;aEG;NyD;wJhaemuf pmwef;&Sifu rdepf 20 cefYjyefMum;ygvdrfh
r,f/
aeYpOfaqG;aEG;csufrsm;rSmygwJh ta&;ygwJhtcsuftvufrsm;udk pkaygif;NyD;rSwf
wrf;wifay;ygvdrfhr,f/ rSwfwrf;rsm;udk aemufwaeY eHeufrSm a0iSay;&ef &Sdygw,f/
tm;vyfcsdefudk aeYpOf em&D0ufowfrSwfxm;ygw,f/
,ck tpD&ifcHwJhtwkdif; ESD;aESmzvS,fyGJ&JU aeYpOftpDtpOfrsm;udk pHepfwusvkduf
em&if;eJY bmomjyefpmay ES;D aESmzvS,yf JG xajrmufatmifjrifatmif 0dik ;f 0ef;ulnMD uygvkYd
arwåm&yfcH&if; ed*kH;csKyfvkdufyg&apcifAsm;/
om
.c
ic
ss
a
cl
es
es
m
ur
.b
182
w
w
w
obmywd ed*kH;csKyfrdefYcGef;
«aemufqkH;aeY obmywd OD;cifaZmf ajymMum;onf/»
ES;D aESmzvS,yf u JG kd wufa&mufMuwJ{h nfo h nfawmfrsm;? yg0ifaqG;aEG;olrsm;eJaY vh

vmolrsm;cifAsm;/
pufwifbmv 23 &ufaeYupNyD;? ,aeYtxd ig;&ufwkdifwkdif usif;ycJhwJhbmom
jyefpmay ES;D aESmzvS,yf BJG uD;udk ,ckvdk atmifjrifxajrmufatmif yg0ifun l cD MhJ uwJt
h wGuf
bmomjyefpmay ES;D aESmzvS,yf JG usif;ya&;OD;pD;aumfrwD&UJ ud, k pf m; rsm;pGmrS aus;Zl;wif
aMumif; ajymMum;vkdygw,f/
wufa&mufot l m;vk;H &JUud,

k Ef w
I af pmifx h ed ;f rI? pnf;urf;&Srd ?I uln,D idk ;f yif;rIrsm;
rygcJh&if ckvkdaqG;aEG;yGJBuD;rsKd;[m atmifatmifjrifjrif txajrmufbdkY cJ,Of;ygvdrhfr,f/
'DE;DS aESmzvS,yf rJG mS uRefawmfwYdk bmawGNyD;ajrmufatmif vkycf MhJ uovJvYdk jyefNyD;
okH;oyfMunhfoihfygw,f/ uRefawmfwkdY[m pmwef;aygif; 11 ckudk wifoGif;cJhNyD;? ,if;pm
wef;rsm;udk pma&;q&m? owif;pmq&m pmayvkyfom; 120 ausmfu yg0ifaqG;aEG;NyD;
a0zefokH;oyf tMuHay;cJhMuygw,f/
'DvkdESD;aESmzvS,fMu&if;eJYbJ us,f0ef;wJh bmomjyefpmayvkyfief;BuD;&JU xl;jcm;
xif&Sm;wJhjyóemrsm;udkvJ jrifcJhMuygw,f/ tcuftcJrsm;udkvJ oabmaygufcJhMuyg
w,f/ pkaygif;aqmif&GufEdkifbG,f&SdwJhvrf;prsm;udkvJ awGYcJhMuygw,f/ bmomjyefvkyfief;
udk vkyfukdifaeolrsm;eJYbmomjyefvkyfief;rSm 0goempl;pdkufvkdolrsm;&JU apwemudkvJ t
xkduftavsmuf EId;aqmfEkdifcJhygw,f/
ESD;aESmzvS,fyGJwavQmufvkH; yg0ifaqG;aEG;MuwJhtxJrSm bmomjyef&rJhpmay?
bmomjyef&rJhenf;emrsm;? bmomjyeftaxmuftulypönf;rsm;? bmomjyeftwwfavh
usifah y;a&;oifwef;rsm;? pmapmifrsm;udpu ö kd tjriftrsKd;rsKd;eJY wifjyoGm;cJMh uygNyD/ ckvdk
wifjyoGm;wJhtxJrSm wOD;eJYwOD; oabmcsif;wlwm&Sdovdk? oabmcsif; rwlwmawGvJ yg
0ifaeygw,f/
'Dawmh rdrw d t
Ydk ,ltq aumif; raumif;? rSef rrSeq f wdk mudk bmomjyefpmayvkyf
om;rsm;u vufawGYvkyfudkifjyo&if;eJY oufaoxlMubdkYbJ &dygw,f/ wenf;tm;jzifhqkd&
om
.c
&ifawmh ESD;aESmyGJNyD;wmeJY wNydKifeuf tajympcef;ukefNyD/ tvkyfpcef; pMubdkYbJ jzpfw,f

ic
ss
a
qkdwm oabmaygufMurS jzpfygvdrhfr,f/

cl
es
ESD;aESmzvS,fyGJqkdwmrsKd;[m qkH;jzwfcsufcsjcif;? taumiftxnfazmfjcif;wkdYudk

es
m
ur
.b
183
w
w
w
wkduf&kdufvkyfukdifEkdifwJhtpkta0;rsKd; r[kwfygbl;/ okdYaomfvJ okH;oyfawGY&Sdcsufrsm;udk t
rsm;jynfow l Ydk od&adS tmif tMuHay;axmufcw H ifjyEkid yf gw,f/ 'Dvw dk ifjyMu&k;d vJ &Syd gw,f/
'gaMumifh ES;D aESmzvS,yf t JG pD&ifcpH mudk a&;om;ykEH ydS Nf yD; jzefcY sdyghr,f/ pmayAdrmef
uvJ pmtkyfxkwfa0rJh tpDtpOf&SdaMumif; od&ygw,f/
ed*;Hk csKyf&&ifawmh ES;D aESmyGuJ kd zGiv
hf pS af y;wJjh yefMum;a&;twGi;f 0ef 'k-Akv d rf LS ;BuD;
wifxeG ;f eJw
Y uG? pmwef;&Sirf sm;? wufa&muforl sm;eJEY ;DS aESmyGu J sif;ya&; OD;pD;aumfrwDEiS hf
pmayAdrmeftyk cf sKyfa&;tzGBYJ uD;eJ0Y efxrf;rsm;ukyd g aus;Zl;wifaMumif; ajymMum;vkyd gw,f/
ckvkd odkuf0ef;pnfum;NyD; acsmarmatmifjrifwJhtpOftvmrsKd;udk aemifusif;y
rJh pmaytpkta0;rsm;rSm qufvufxed ;f odr;f Ekid Mf uygapvkYd qE´jyK&if; ed*;Hk csKyfvu dk yf gw,f
cifAsm;/
om
.c
ic
ss
a
cl
es
es
m
ur
.b
184
w
w
w
tpD&ifcpH m
usif;yonfhae&m/ /*E´Dcef;raqmif
ukefonfvrf;ESifhAdkvfatmifausmf
vrf;axmifh? &efukefNrdKU/
usif;yonfh&ufrsm;/ /1969-ck? pufwifbmv 23 &ufaeYrS 27 &ufaeYxd
(ig;&uf)
ESD;aESmyGJobmywdrsm;/ /OD;cifaZmf(K)
/OD;a,m(aZ,s)
/OD;odef;[ef(aZmf*sD)
/OD;tkef;az(wufwkd;)
ESD;aESmyGJtwGif;a&;rSL;/ /OD;rsKd;oefY(armifqk&Sif)
rSwfwrf;wifolrsm;/ /OD;armifarmifjrifh
/OD;&Jjrifh
/OD;pdefwif
/OD;pdk;jrifh
bmomjyefpmayESD;aESmzvS,fyGJudk pmayAdrmeftkyfcsKyfa&;tzGJY ESD;aESmzvS,fyGJ
usif;ya&;OD;pD;aumfrwDrS wm0ef,lusif;y&m pwifzGifhvSpfaomaeYwGif jyefMum;a&;0ef
BuD;Xme? twGif;0ef? 'kAkdvfrSL;BuD;wifxGef;u wufa&mufí rdefYcGef;ajymMum;ygonf/
twGif;0ef 'k-AkdvfrSL;BuD;wifxGef;\rdefYcGef;wGif bmomjyefpmayvkyfief;\t
a&;BuD;ykHESifhtawG;tac: ajymif;vJa&;tydkif;ü bmomjyefpmayvkyfief;onf rygrjzpf
aompmay,Ofaus;rIu@BuD;jzpfaMumif;? bmomjyefpmay zGHYNzdK;wkd;wufa&;udpöudk pm
ay,Ofaus;rI wkd;wufa&;udpöESifhxyfwl ta&;xm;&rnfjzpfaMumif;wkdYudk ajymMum;&if;
þES;D aESmzvS,yf o JG nf bmomjyefvyk if ef;\jyóemrsm;udk csufcsif;tajzxkw?f csufcsif;
qk;H jzwfcsufcs? csufcsif;taumiftxnf azmfEidk rf nfr[kwaf Mumif;? odaYk omfvnf; tajz
&Sm&ef? qkH;jzwf&ef? taumiftxnfazmf&eftwGuf pmayvkyfom;rsm;xJrS uRrf;usif&m
om
yk*¾Kdvfrsm;udk vIHYaqmfjcif;? pnf;&kH;jcif;rsm; jyKvkyfay;NyD; t&Sdefwifay;EkdifcJhvQif usif;y

.c
ic
&usKd;eyfvdrfhrnf[k ,lqaMumif;jzifh ajymMum;oGm;onf/

ass
cl
twGi;f 0efu rdecYf eG ;f ajymMum;zGiv hf pS Nf yD;aemuf yxraeY obmywdtjzpf aqmif

es
es
&Gurf nfOh ;D cifaZmfu ES;D aESmyGJ vkyx

f ;Hk pnf;urf;rsm;ESiphf yfvsOf;í rdecYf eG ;f ajymMum;ygonf/
m
ur
.b
185
w
w
w
ESD;aESmzvS,fyGJodkY pma&;q&m? owif;pmq&mESifhpmayynm&Sif pmayvkyfom;
rsm; 400 ausmfrQ wufa&mufMuygonf/ ,if;wkdYteuf yg0ifaqG;aEG;ol 221 OD;ESifhavh
vmol 185 OD;wkdY jzpfygonf/
ESD;aESmzvS,fyGJwGif bmomjyefpmayynm&Sif 11OD;u atmufazmfjyyg tpDtpOf
twkdif; pmwef; 11 apmifudk wifoGif;cJhMuygonf/
1/ jrefrmEkdifiHa&S;acwfbmomjyeforkdif;tcsKyf OD;0ef(rif;ok0Pf)
2/ bmomjyefolwOD;\tawGYtMuKHESifhxifjrifcsufrsm; ocifbaomif;
3/ &opmay bmomjyefjyóemtcsKdY OD;odef;[ef(aZmf*sD)
4/wkdif;&if;om;pmayrsm; tjyeftvSefbmomjyefa&; OD;wif{
5/ bmomjyefaqmif;yg; OD;xifzwf(armifxif)
6/ bmomjyefowif; OD;odef;(Z0e)
7/ qDavsmfonfhbmomjyefESifhrqDavsmfonfhbmomjyefrsm; OD;xifBuD;
8/ jrefrmuAsmrS t*FvdyfuAsmodkYjyefqkdjcif; OD;0if;az
9/ jrefrmpum;ajyrS t*Fvdyfpum;ajyodkYjyefqkdjcif; OD;cifaZmf
10/ bmomjyefvlxkodyÜHpmay OD;wifarmif(rSL;wif)
11/ bmomjyefoifwef; OD;tkef;az(wufwkd;)
txufygpmwef;rsm;udk pmwef;&SiftoD;oD;u waeYvQif pmwef;ESpfapmifpD
(wwd,aeYwGif pmwef;okH;apmif)wifjyoGm;Mu&mwGif yg0ifaqG;aEG;olrsm;u 0ifa&muf
a0zef? ok;H oyf? tMuHay;aqG;aEG;Muygonf/ yg0ifaqG;aEG;csufrsm;tNyD;wGif pmwef;wck
pDtvkduf qkdif&mpmwef;&Sifu jyefvnfajzMum;wifjyygonf/
ES;D aESmzvS,yf iJG g;&uftwGi;f pmwef;tvku d f wifjyaqG;aEG;olrsm;rSm atmufyg
twkdif;jzpfygonf/
1/ jrefrmEkdifiH a&S;acwfbmomjyeforkdif;tcsKyf
OD;0ef(rif;ok0Pf) okH;OD;/
1/ Ekdifyef;vS
2/ OD;vSjrifh(wuúokdvf)
3/ OD;vlaz0if;
2/ bmomjyefolwOD;\tawGYtMuKHESifhxifjrifcsufrsm;
om
.c
ocifbaomif; 14 OD;/
ic
ss
a
1/OD;armifarmifajy 2/ a':cifrsKd;cspf
cl
es
3/ OD;jrwfpdk; 4/ OD;cspfodrf;
es
m
ur
.b
186
w
w
w
5/ OD;wif{ 6/ wuúodkvfjrwfol
7/ OD;vlaz0if; 8/ OD;boef;("r®du)
9/ OD;tkef;cif(vef'efysHYoif;)
10/ OD;baomf(OD;aomfu)
11/ a'gufwmarmifjzL;
12/ OD;ausmf0if; (wuúodkvf)
13/ rsKd;jrifhapm 14/ atmifoef; (rEÅav;)/
3/ &opmaybmomjyefjyóemtcsKdY
OD;odef;[ef(aZmf*sD) 10 OD;/
1/OD;aomif;a&T(apma&TAkdvf) 2/ocFg
3/'*kefa&TrQm; 4/OD;ausmf0if;
5/awmifwGif;BuD;OD;udkudkBuD; 6/OD;ausmharmif(aiGrQm;)
7/qef;vGif 8/armifomEkd;
9/OD;vlaz0if; 10/a'gufwmarmifjzL;/
4/ wkdif;&if;pmayrsm; tjyeftvSefbmomjyefa&;
OD;wifat; 12 OD;/
1/ref;nTefYarmif(armifpifMu,f) 2/a&Twnfavsmif
3/rsKd;jrifhapm 4/[Hom0wDOD;b&if
5/OD;vlaz0if; 6/OD;armifpdef
7/OD;rif;Ekdif 8/a':&DBudef
9/Ekdifyef;vS 10/qef;vGif
11/a'gufwmarmifjzL; 12/OD;ombef;/
5/ bmomjyefaqmif;yg;
OD;xifzwf 15 OD;/
1/OD;okw 2/wuúodkvfpef;
om
.c
3/OD;pkd;ol(wuúodkvf) 4/OD;vSjrifh
ic
ssa
5/OD;bkef;oefY 6/jrefrmhtvif;pdef0if;
cl
es
7/'*kefewf&Sif 8/armifausmfom
es
m
ur
.b
187
w
w
w
9/a':cifrsKd;cspf 10/vSordef
11/OD;baomf(armifaomfu)
12/'*kefa&TrQm;
13/OD;tkef;cif(vef'efysHUoif;)
14/OD;vlaz0if; 15/a'gufwmarmifjzL;/
6/ bmomjyefowif;
OD;odef;(Z0e) ckepfOD;/
1/OD;aomif;(atmifAv) 2/OD;armifarmifav;(cifav;armif)
3/OD;oef;vIdifopf(jrefrmhtoH) 4/taxmufawmfvSatmif
5/OD;bkef;oefY 6/OD;xGef;oef;(jrefrmhtoH)
7/OD;armifarmif(rGef;"mwk)
7/ qDavsmfonfhbmomjyefESifhrqDavsmfonfhbmomjyefrsm;
OD;xifBuD; ckepfOD;/
1/'*kefa&TrQm; 2/a&Twnfavsmif
3/atmifoef;(rEÅav;) 4/OD;armifarmif(orm"darmifarmif)
5/OD;at;armif(pmayAdrmef)
6/wuúov kd pf ef; 7/wuúov kd jf rwfol
8/ jreffrmuAsmrS t*FvdyfuAsmodkYjyefqkdjcif;
OD;0if;az 14 OD;/
1/OD;jrifhodef;(MMT) 2/OD;armifarmif(rGef;"mwk)
3/a':cifrsKd;cspf 4/a&Twnfavsmif
5/a'gufwmarmifjzL; 6/yef;csDOD;bMunf
7/OD;tkef;armif(armifMo) 8/armifomEkd;
9/awmifwGif;BuD;OD;udkukdBuD; 10/OD;vSwif(vSordef)
11/OD;ausmf0if;(wuúodkvf) 12/OD;cspfodrf;(ausmfodrf;)
om
.c
13/wuúodkvfpef; 14/OD;vlaz0if;/
ic
ssa
cl
es
es
m
ur
.b
188
w
w
w
9/ jrefrmpum;ajyrS t*Fvdyfpum;ajyodkYjyefqkdjcif;
OD;cifaZmf 10 OD;/
1/OD;jrifhodef;(MMT) 2/OD;baomf(armifaomfu)
3/Arkd; 4/oxkHwifxGef;
5/OD;ombef; 6/aZmfjrifhodef;(ZMT)
7/a'gufwmarmifjzL; 8/a':cifrsKd;cspf
9/OD;armifarmif(orm"d) 10/OD;vlaz0if;/
10/ bmomjyefvlxkodyÜHpmay
OD;wifarmif(rSL;wif) 13 OD;/
1/ygarmu©OD;pHomatmif 2/OD;wifatmif(pmayAdrmef)
3/OD;okw 4/OD;jrwfpkd;
5/OD;pdk;ol(wuúodkvf) 6/armifarmifausmf
7/OD;wifxGwf(rGef,k) 8/cspfpH0if;
9/'*kefa&TrQm; 10/vef'efysHUoif;
11/OD;aZmfjrifhodef; 12/OD;vSjrifh(wuúokdvf)
13/atmifoef;(rEÅav;)/
11/ bmomjyefoifwef;
OD;tkef;az(wufwkd;) 14 OD;/
1/vif;,kefarmifarmif 2/OD;omnTefY(pmayAdrmef)
3/Akdvfat;armif 4/armifodef;nTefY(aumhu&dwf)
5/OD;oef;vIdifopf(jrefrmhtoH) 6/OD;odef;wef(jyefMum;a&;XmecGJ)
7/OD;baomf(armifaomfu) 8/a':&DBudef
9/wuúodkvfjrwfol 10/jrefrmhtvif;pdef0if;
11/OD;at;armif(pmayAdrmef) 12/a'gufwmarmifarmifajy
13/'*kefa&TrQm; 14/a'gufwmarmifjzL;/
pmwef; 11 ckudk yg0ifaqG;aEG;olaygif; 119 OD;u aqG;aEG;cJhygonf/
om
.c
ic
ssa
cl
es
es
m
ur
.b
189
w
w
w
tMuKHjyK
aqG;aEG;csufrsm;
1/ bmomjyefoo l nf jyefqrdk nfb h momESp&f yfpvk;H udk uRrf;usifEidk ef if;oifo h nf? jyef
qkrd nft h aMumif;&yf bmomwkEYd iS v hf nf; &if;ES;D NyD;om; jzpfoifo
h nf[al omtcsuf
rsm;udk vufcHonf/
2/ bmomjyef&mü wkid ;f wyg;\obm0p&ku d rf sm;udk qDavsmfatmif jyefqo dk ifoh nf/
rSerf eS u
f efuef &J&0J ef0Y efjY yefoifo h nf/ rl&if;\tajctae obm0vnf; ay:vGif
yDjyifap&rnf/
3/ 0w¬K? uAsmponfh jrefrmh&opmayrsm;udk wkdif;wyg;odkY a&muf&SdjyefYESHYap&ef EkdifiH
jcm;bmomjzifh jyefqkdí jzefYcsd&ef vkdtyfonf/
4/ bmomjyefvyk if ef;wGif tavhtusifjh zpfaprnfh bmomjyefpmapmifrsm;? t*Fvyd f

-jrefrmESpfbmomr*¾Zif;rsm; avmavmq,f ay:xGufoifhonf/ ,if;wkdYjzifh t
avhtusifah y;&if;u bmomjyefoifwef; ay;Ekid o f nftxd OD;wnfaqmif&u G o f ifh
onf/
5/ bmomjyeforl sm;onf a0g[m&rsm;udk toH;k jyK&mwGif jrefrmqefí vlxek m;vnf
vG,af om a0g[m&rsm;udk ok;H pGo J ifo h nf/ bmom&yfqidk &f m a0g[m&rsm;udk ynm
&Sirf sm;ESinhf E§d idI ;f NyD; tok;H jyKoifo h nf/ bmomjyef&ef cufcaJ om a0g[m&rsm;udk
toHvS,fí ,loifhonf/
6/ bmomjyefupd üö jrefrma0g[m&tbd"mefrsm;? pum;eufusrf;rsm; rjynfph o Hk jzifh
tcuftcJawGY&wwfonf/ ,if;tcuftcJudk ausmfvGefEkdif&ef tbd"mefpaom
&nfnTef;usrf;rsm; jynfhpkHa&;twGuf tm;xkwfoifhonf/
7/ wkid ;f &if;om; pmaytcsif;csif; bmomjyefa&;udk rltm;jzifh axmufco H nf/ wkid ;f
&if;om;wkdY\pD;yGm;a&;? vlrIa&; zGHYNzdK;rItajcay:wGifrlwnfí pmaywDxGifoifh
u wDxiG jf cif;ESib hf momjyefjcif;vkyif ef;rsm;udk qufvufvyk u f ikd o
f mG ;oifo h nf/
8/ jrefrmpmrwwfao;aom wkdif;&if;om;rsm;tm; jrefrmpmwwfatmif oifMum;
ay;oifhonf/ wkdif;&if;om;pmayrsm;udkvnf; oif,loifhMuonf/
9/ wkdif;&if;bmompum;tbd"mefrsm;? ykHpH/ /rGe-f jrefrmtbd"mefay:xGuaf &;
twGuf tm;xkwfoifhonf/
om
.c
10/ pmayAdrmefpmrlNydKifyGJwGif wkdif;&if;om;pmayu@ xnfhoGif;ay;&efrSm wkdif;&if;

ic
ass
om;pmaywwfuRrf;ol tuJjzwftzGJY r&Sdojzifh wwfuRrf;ol&SdNyD;jzpfaom ouf

cl
es
qkdif&mjynfe,fOD;pD;tzGJYrsm;u aqmif&GufoGm;oifhonf/
es
m
ur
.b
190
w
w
w
11/ odyÜHa0g[m&rsm;tygt0if bmomqkdif&m a0g[m&tbd"mefrsm; pkHvifpGm ay:

xGufvmzkdY tm;xkwfoifhonf/
12/ bmomjyefodyÜHpmayrsm; vlxkESifhtuRrf;w0if&Sdap&ef odyÜHr*¾Zif;rsm;? uav;
odyÜH*sme,frsm;? vlxkodyÜHpmpOfrsm; ay:xGufvmatmif BudK;yrf;oifhonf/
13/ t*Fvyd bf momjzifh jyefqx
dk w
k af 0aom pmayr*¾Zif;rsKd;ay:aygufatmif BudK;yrf;
oifo
h nf/
obmywd ed*kH;csKyfrdefYcGef;
pmwef;tm;vk;H udk wifoiG ;f NyD;í yg0ifaqG;aEG;olrsm;uvnf; tMuHay;aqG;aEG;
MuNyD;aemuf yOöraeYnaeydkif;wGif obmywdOD;cifaZmfu ESD;aESmyGJ ed*kH;csKyfrdefYcGef; ajym
Mum;ygonf/
oabmywd\ed*;Hk csKyfred cYf eG ;f wGif wufa&mufot l m;vk;H \ud, k Ef wI af pmifx
h ed ;f rI?
pnf;urf;&kad orI? uln, D idk ;f yif;rIrsm; rygcJv h Qif ,ckuo hJ Ykd ES;D aESmyGBJ uD; atmifjrifxajrmuf
zkYd cJ,Of;aMumif;? ES;D aESmzvS,yf MJG u&if;jzifh us,f0ef;aom bmomjyefpmayvkyif ef;BuD;\
xl;jcm;xif&Sm;aom jyóemrsm;udk bmomjyefpmayvkyfief;BuD;\xl;jcm;xif&Sm;aom
jyóemrsm;udk jrifcJhMuaMumif;? tcuftcJrsm;udkvnf; oabmaygufcJhaMumif;? pkaygif;
aqmif&u G Ef idk zf ,
G &f adS om vrf;prsm;udv k nf; awGcY ahJ Mumif;? bmomjyefvyk if ef;udk vkyu f ikd f
aeolrsm;ESifh0goempl;pkdufvkdolrsm;\apwemudkvnf; txkduftavsmuf EId;aqmfEkdifcJh
aMumif;? ESD;aESmyGJwavQmufvkH; wifjyoGm;MuonhftxJwGif wOD;ESifhwOD; oabmcsif;wl
onfrsm; &SdouJhodkY rwlonfrsm;vnf; &SdaMumif;? odkYjzpfí rdrdwkdYt,ltq aumif;? r
aumif;? rSef rrSefudk vufawGYvkyfudkifjyo&if;jzifh oufaoxlMuzkdYvkdaMumif;? wenf;tm;
jzifhqkdvQif ESD;aESmyGJ NyD;onfESifhwNydKifeuf tajympcef;ukefí tvkyfpcef;pMu&ef jzpf
aMumif;wkdYudk ajymMum;onf/
ES;D aESmyGv J yk if ef;&yfrsm;ESiphf yfvsOf;í ES;D aESmyGw J rYdk nfonfrmS qk;H jzwfcsufcsjcif;?
taumiftxnfazmfjcif;wku Yd kd wku
d &f ukd v f yk uf idk o
f mG ;Ekid o f nft h pkta0;rsKd; r[kwo f nft h
wGuf okH;oyfawGY&Sdcsufrsm;udk trsm;jynfolwkdYodatmif tMuHay;wifjyEkdifaMumif;? ESD;
aESmzvS,yf t JG pD&ifcpH mudv k nf; ykEH ydS Nf yD; jzefaY 0rnfjzpfaMumif;? ES;D aESmyGu J kd usif;yay;aom
pmayAdrmeftkyfcsKyfa&;tzGJYBuD;ESifhwuG bmomjyefpmayESD;aESmzvS,fyGJusif;ya&;OD;pD;
om
.c
aumfrwDESifh0efxrf;rsm;tm; aus;Zl;wifaMumif;? aemifusif;yrnfhpmaytpkta0;rsm;

ic
ass
ü ,ckuJhodkY okduf0ef;pnfum;NyD; acsmarmatmifjrifonfhtpOftvmrsKd;udk xdef;odef;Ekdif

cl
es
zdkY qE´jyKaMumif; ajymMum;oGm;onf/

es
m
ur
.b
191
w
w
w
obmywde*d ;Hk csKyfred cYf eG ;f tNyD;wGif bmomjyefpmayES;D aESmzvS,yf JG atmifjrifpmG
NyD;qkH;aMumif; twGif;a&;rSL;u aMunmí tcrf;tem;&kyfodrf;ygonf/
OD;rsKd;oefY
twGif;a&;rSL;
om
.c
ic
ss
a
cl
es
es
m
ur
.b
192
w
w
w

ကေလာင္စံု ဘာသာျပန္စာေပ PDF

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

ကေလာင္စံု ဘာသာျပန္စာေပ PDF

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

E-book is created by shanyoma

bmomjyefpmayESD;aESmzvS,fyGJwGif wifoGif;cJhaom pmwef;rsm;

1970? tkyfa& 25000

pmayAdrmeftkyfcsKyfa&;rSL;OD;xifBuD;(rSwfykHwiftrSwf 0480)u wm0efcHxkwfa0í

pmayAdrmefykHESdyfwkduf(rSwfykHwiftrSwf 0032) 361? jynfvrf;? &efukefNrdKUwGif

trSwfpOf taMumif;t&m pmrsufESm

8 qDavsmfonfhbmomjyefESifhrqDavsmfonfhbmomjyefrsm; - OD;xifBuD; 102

pmwef; 11-apmifa&;om;jyKpkwifoiG ;f cJyh gonf/ þpmtkyrf mS pmwef; 11-apmifEiS hf ,if;

jrefrmEkdifiH a&S;acwfbmomjyef orkdif;tcsKyf

acwfNydKifausmufpm? rifpm? tkwcf u G pf mtaxmuftxm;? a&S;a[mif;okawoe

xkid af eMuonfr[kw/f wjcm;vlrsm;ESiahf xG;a&m,Suw f if qufqaH ygif;oif;aexkid af eMu

Ä jrefrmEkid if aH &S;acwfbmomjyeforkid ;f tcsKyfqadk om pmwef;udk 1962-ck? ZEé0g&Dv 26-&ufaeYwiG uf sif;yaom jrefrmEkid if H

okawoetoif;ESpfywfvnftpnf;ta0;ü OD;0ef zwfMum;wifjycJhonf/ ,if;pmwef;udk jrefrmEkdifiHokawoetoif; *sm

,ckwifjyonfhpmwef;rSm xkdpmwef;\wpdwfydkif;udk zGifhqkdjznfhpGufaom pmwef;jzpfonf/

tjcm;aomoufaotaxmuftxm;rsm;t&vnf;aumif; ajym&rnfqkdvQif jrefrmwkdY

em*&Dtu©&m? ysLtu©&m? rGeftu©&m[lí rdrdwkdYa&SUü tu©&mokH;rsKd;&SdonfwGif

rGefpmayESifhtawmf&if;ESD;aeykH&aom jrefrmwkdYonf rGeftu©&mudk ,lMuonf/ wcgzl;rQ

tu©&mrwif&ao;aom jrefrmpum;udk rGefwkdYtokH;jyKaeaom ukvm;tu©&mrsm;jzifh

þodkYpum;ukd tu©&mwifckduf wcsdefwnf;rSmyif ygVdusrf;*ef? ouúwusrf;*ef?

aeMuNyD[k xifrw S &f ef&odS nf/ þbmomjcm;pum;wku Yd kd jrefrmpum;jzifh zvS,u f m bmom

jyef&ef tm;rxkwaf wmhyJ emrowfenf;jzifh vufcv H udk Mf uonfrmS þt&m0w¬K? þtawG;

tac:wkYdonf xkdacwfjrefrmwkdYtzkdY bmomjyef&ef rvG,fulaomaMumifh jzpfwef&monf/

awGU&aomaMumifh jzpfonf/ Oyrmtm;jzifh jy&rnfqv dk Qif uvkef(yg? *&kV)? ul(yg? *k[m)?

aeMuaomfvnf; yk*Hom;wkdYum; &GwfzwfoHodkY vkdufum yefvif[k a&;cJhMuonf/ þum;

tjriftm;jzifh a'G;abmfoH,kwfrJhykH om"ujzpf&monf/)

wzef jrefrmwko Yd nf rGew f \ Ydk enf;eme,udk vku d í f tcsKdUaom ygVd? ouúwpum;

wkdYudk emrowfjyef,lcJhonf[k xifzG,f&Sdaom taxmuftxm;wkdYudkvnf; awGU&onf/

obm0ESifhroifhawmfojzifh xifonf/ þenf;onf tjrpfrwG,fcJhacs/

bDvl;jzpfaom ykPÖuudk ykPÖubDvl;ponfjzifh jrefrmpum;pDpOfxm;odkykH &Sdvifhupm; yk*H

acwf ZmwfurÜnf; tcsKdUwGif qifz’yvvnf? ykHemau0wf? zdvlykEé,uf? rifumodu&pf?

Ä yvvnf; qifjzL? au0#fykPÖm;? ykPÖu,u©bDvl;? umodu&mZfrif;? plVeDjA[®'wfrif;/ yDVd,u©rif;[lí ,cktcga&;Murnf/

pum;vkH; wvkH;wnf;udkyif [kdokdYa&;vQif oifhEkd;Ekd;? onfodkYa&;vQif oifhEkd;Ekd;ESifh pa0p0g

14 trwf trwsm? trwå sm? trwf& sm

15 t&darawå,s t&d,arwånf? t&drdwåd& sm? r[mrdwå& sm

16 t0Dpd t0Dpd? t0dpD,f? t0pd,f

txufwiG f bmomjyefupd \ ö ta&;BuD;aom t*Fgw&yfjzpfonfh udwrdå pum;rsm;

xm;vsuf&Sdonf/ þurÜnf;rsm;ESifhausmufpmrsm;udk Munfhí jrefrmjyefrI pGrf;&nfudk

wkdYudkum; jrefrmyDyDjyefqkda&;om;Muonfudk txufygZ,m;ü awGUEkdifonf/

usefppfom;rif;onf om;awmf&mZukrm&f\aumif;rIudk tEkarm'emjyKaom

e0&wfudk;yg;uddk &GJjrwf 9 yg; yg;? rif;usifhw&m;q,fyg;udk rif;w&m; 10yg; 10yg;? Zmwd

jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEkdifiHawmf awmfvSefa&;tpkd;&? jyefMum;a&;Xme? pmayAdrmef

a&;BuD;aomtvkyfwckjzpfaMumif;udk todtrSwfjyK&mvnf; usonf/ xkdYjyif bmomjyef

rsm;wGif wufa&mufí wifBudKoifMum;jcif;rjyKyJ? tjcm;wenf;wvrf;jzifh wifBudKoif

Mum;í vkyfaqmifEkdifaomtoufarG;rItwwfrsm;vnf; &Sdygao;onf/ Oyrmqkdaomf

vufa0SYtwwf? vuform;twwf? owif;pma&;jcif;twwf? owif;axmufenf;ESifh

ud, k f wifBudKoifMum;í vkyaf qmifEidk af omtwwfrsm; jzpfygonf/ od&Yk mwGif toufarG;rI

trsm;tm;jzifh bmomjyeftwwfukd wenf;enf;jzifh wifBudKoifMum;xm;rIr&Sjd cif;aMumif?h

uvwf0g&if (Henry Clarke Warren:1854-1899) awGU&aom tcuftcJrsKd;rsm;jzpfygonf/

ygVd-twåH(ou #-twåref)udk Self [laompum;vkH;jzifh wkduf&kdufjyefavh&dSaomfvnf;

0g&ifu xkdpum;udk Self [laompum;ESifhjyefvkdufvQif [dE´Lbmomt& owå0gtm;vkH;

wGif aumif;aomt"dymÜ ,fvnf;&S?d raumif;aomt"dymÜ ,fvnf; &Syd gonf/ owåKrsm; wl;

ESpfvkH;\yif&if;t"dyÜm,fudk t*Fvdyfvkd jyefír& (...because their ground meaning is not

translatable into English-p.116 Buddhism in Translation First Ed., 1896.) [kqkdygonf/

0g&ifu ]"r®}udk pmukd,fyga&SUpum;? aemufpum;t& Elements of being [k jyefonfhtcg

jyefí? NyD;vQif wcgw&H "r® (Dhamma) udkyif ]Ak'¨}\w&m;rsm;ESifhpyfvsOf;aomtcgü

ygVdusrf;rsm;udk tESpf 30 Mumatmif avhvmNyD;rS t*Fvdyfbmomjzifh Ak'¨usrf;

pum;vkH; jzpfouJhodkY jyefEkdifaomaMumifh jzpfygonf/

wbmomrS wbmomodYk jyef&mwGif rl&if;bmompmyk'd u f a&;yko

ap? a&;ykH rwdusvQifjzpfap? pum;aMum&Snfí a0hvnf;a0hvnf&SdaevQifjzpfap?

jyefMuaomfvnf; jrefrmteufjyefolwkdYurl ]r*¾}udk ]vrf;}[k rjyefcJhMuyg/ ygVdrS r*¾ESifh

wlnaD om jrefrmpum; vrf;onf jrefrmvlrsKd;wkaYd y:OD;tcsdeu

f yif &Sad ernfrmS ,krH mS ;zG,f

r&Sdyg/ xkdYaMumifh ]r*¾}udk jrefrmvkd]vrf;}[k rjyefjcif;rSm ]vrf vrf;}}[k jyefvQif rcefYnm;rnf

þodkYpum;ukd tu©&mwifckduf wcsdefwnf;rSmyif ygVdusrf;ef? ouúwusrf;ef?

awGU&aomaMumifh jzpfonf/ Oyrmtm;jzifh jy&rnfqv dk Qif uvkef(yg? &kV)? ul(yg? k[m)?

jyefMuaomfvnf; jrefrmteufjyefolwkdYurl ]r¾}udk ]vrf;}[k rjyefcJhMuyg/ ygVdrS r¾ESifh

tFvdyfbmomonf pum;aMum&Snfaom bmomjzpfNyD;vQif &dwfbmomonf

yk¾Kdvfrsm;u qkH;jzwfcsuf csvkdufMuygonf/ xkdqkH;jzwfcsufonf twdvkdufpm;aomqkH;

axmifru D E¦avmur¾Zif;wGi]f ]armifbaomif;}}a&;cJah om acgif;BuD;tcsKdU jzpfygonf/

E¦avmur¾Zif; jrefrmpmykdif;t,f'DwmvkyfaepOfwGif rpöwmzmeDA,fu urÇmh