ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I am thankful to the institute "INNOVIC INDIA Pvt. Ldt. Automation" for

providing necessary facility to carry out my training successfully.

It is my duty to record my sincere thanks and gratitude toward

The institute staff that helped me in bringing this project to its present form the
valuable guidance and interest taken by them has been a motivator and source of
inspiration for me to carry out the necessary proceeding for the project to be
completed successfully.

Also, I am highly obliged to the head of our traning institue "INNOVIC INDIA
Pvt. Ltd.", Mr. Vineet Dwivedi.
 CONTENTS
• Automation
• PLC
• Introduction
• History
• Advantages
• Hardware
• PLC Operation
• Communications
• PLC Programming
• Ladder Logic
• PLC application example

• SCADA
• Introduction
• System Concepts
• Alarm
• Remote Terminal Unit
• Communication
• Evolution
• Security Issues

• HMI
• DRIVERS
• AC DRIVES
• ALTIVER11

• PANEL DESIGNING
• Contactor
• Relay
• Miniature Circuit Breaker
• DISTRIBUTED CONTROL SYSTEM
 PREFACE
An industrial PLC and SCADA system is to for the development of automatic
control of machinery.PLC and SCADA system are methods to achieve
Automation. Automation industry has fast growth potential in a country
like India, which has a large industry base. This report focuses on
brief concepts of PLC and SCADA system, their development, and
also mentions possible applications of these systems. Almost every
industry that has some electrical machinery may need Automation
Services. Attention is also paid to the security issues which have arisen with time.
 CERTIFICATE

This training report is a genuine works by JAI PRAKASH Diploma (4th

sem.)Instrumentation & control Engg. The report was made under my supervision,
and I express my delight on it successful completion.

Project Manager
 AUTOMATION
Automation is the use of control systems such as computers to control industrial
machinery and process, reducing the need for human intervention. It is a self
moving, self acting & self running process. which works for required output or
desired value.

Automation impacts:-

• It increases productivity and reduces cost.

• It increases accurecy & decresses errors.
• Automation is often applied primarily to increase quality in the
manufacturing process.
• Automation reduces power consumption and reduces man power requirement.
• Automation improves production quality.
• Automation provides safer working conditions.
Programmable Logic Controller (PLC):-
A PROGRAMMABLE LOGIC CONTROLLER (PLC) is an industrial computer
control system that continuously monitors the state of input devices and makes
decisions based upon a custom program to control the state of output devices.
Almost any production line, machine function, or process can be greatly enhanced
using this type of control system. However, the biggest benefit in using a PLC is
the ability to change and replicate the operation or process while collecting and
communicating vital information .Another advantage of a PLC system is that it is
modular. That is, you can mix and match the types of input and
Output devices to best suit your application.

History of PLCs

• The first Programmable Logic Controllers were designed and developed by

• Modicon as a relay re-placer for GM and Landis.
• These controllers eliminated the need for rewiring and adding additional
hardware for each new configuration of logic.
• The new system drastically increased the functionality of the controls while
reducing the cabinet space that housed the logic.
• The first PLC, model 084, was invented by Dick Morley in 1969.
• The first commercial successful PLC, the 184, was introduced in 1973 and
was designed by Michael Greenberg.
Advantages of PLCs:-

PLCs not only are capable of performing the same tasks as hard-wired control,
but are also capable of many more complex applications.
• Smaller physical size than hard-wire solutions.
• Easier and faster to make changes.
• PLCs have integrated diagnostics and override functions.
• Diagnostics are centrally available.
• Applications can be immediately documented.
• Applications can be duplicated faster and less expensively.

Inside a PLC:-

The Central Processing Unit (CPU), contains an internal program that

tells the PLC how to perform the following functions: ·

• Execute the Control Instructions contained in the User's Programs. This

program is stored in "nonvolatile “memory, meaning that the program will not be
lost if power is removed·
• Communicate with other devices, which can include I/O Devices,
Programming Devices, Networks, and even other PLCs.·
• Perform Housekeeping activities such as Communications, Internal
Diagnostics, etc.
THE CPU:-

The microprocessor or processor module is the brain of a PLC system. It consists

of the microprocessor, memory integrated circuits, and circuits necessary to store
and retrieve information from memory. It also includes communications ports
to other peripherals. Today’s processors vary widely in their capabilities to
control real world devices. Some control as few as 6 inputs a n d o u tp u t s (I / O )
a n d o th e rs 4 0 ,0 0 0 o r mo r e . O n e p ro c e ss o r c a n c o n tr o l mo r e th a n
o n e p ro c e ss o r manufacturing line. Processors are often linked
together in order to provide continuity throughout the process. The job of
the processor is to monitor status or state of input devices, scan and solve the
logic of a user program, and control on or off state of output devices.

RAM:-
R A M o r R a n d o m A c c e s s M e m o r y i s a vo l a t il e m e m o r y t h a t w o u ld
l o s e i ts i n fo r ma t io n i f p o w er w e r e removed. This is why some processor
units incorporate a battery back-up. The type of RAM normally used is CMOS or
Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor. CMOS RAM is used for storage of the user's
program (ladder logic diagrams) and storage memory.

ROM:-
ROM or Read Only Memory is a non-volatile type of memory. This means you
don't need an external power source to keep information. In this type of
memory, information can be read, but not changed. It is placed there for the
internal use and operation of processor units.

EEPROM:-

EEPROM or Electrically Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory is usually

an add-on memory module that is used to back up the main program in CMOS RAM of the
processor. In many cases, the processor can be programmed to load the EEPROM’s
program to RAM if RAM is lost or corrupted.
Input Module:-

There are many types of input modules to choose from. The type of input module
used is dependent upon what real world input to the PLC is desired. Therse
signals can be analog or digital,low or high frequenc. Typically they are presented
to the programmable controller as a varying voltage,current or resistance value.
Signals from thermocouples and resistance temperature detectors are common
examples of analog signals.pushbuttons,limit switches ,or even EM relay contacts
are examples of digital signals.
All input signal c a n b e u s e d t o e n t er in t eg e r v a l u es to b e manipulated
by the PLC. DC input cards are used for this application. Since most industrial
power systems are inherently noisy, electrical isolation is provided between the
input and the processor. The component used most often to provide electrical
isolation within I/O cards is called an optical isolator or opt coupler. The
wiring of an input is not complex. The object is to get a voltage at a
particular point on the card. Typically there are 8 to 32 input points on any one
input module. Each point will be assigned a unique address by the processor.
Analog input modules are special input cards that use an analog to digital
conversion (A to D) to sense variables such as temperature, speed, pressure, and
position. The external device normally is connected to a controller
(transducer) producing an electrical signal the analog input card can
interpret. This signal is usually 4 to20 Ma or a 0 to 10 volt signal.

Output Module:-

Output modules can be for used for ac or dc devices such as solenoids, relays,
contractors, pilot lamps, and LED readouts. Output cards usually have from 6 to
32 output points on a single module. The output device within the card provides
the connection from the user power supply to the load. Usually silicon controlled
rectifiers (SCR), triac, or dry contact relays are use for this purpose. Individual
outputs are rated most often at 2 to 3 amperes. Output cards, like input cards have
electrical isolation between the load being connected and the PLC. Analog output
cards are a special type of output modules that use digital to analog conversion (D
to A). The analog output module can take a value stored in a 12 bit file and
convert it to an analog signal. Normally this signal is 0 -10 volts dc or 4
to20MA. This analog signal is often used in equipment such as motor
operated valves and pneumatic position control devices.
PLC OPERATION:-

There are four basic steps in the operation of all PLCs: which continually take place in a
repeating loop.
• Input Scan
• Program Scan
• Output Scan
• Housekeeping
 • Input Scan : Detects the state of all input devices that are connected to the PLC
• Program Scan: Executes the user created program logic.
• Output Scan: Energizes or de-energize all output devices that are connected to the
PLC.
• Housekeeping: This step includes communications with programming terminals,
internal diagnostics etc...

CHECK INPUT STATUS: First the PLC takes a look at each input to determine if
it is on or off. In other words, is the sensor connected to the first input on? Then
the second input? Then the third and so on…. It records this data into its memory
to be used during the next step.

EXECUTE PROGRAM: Next the PLC executes your program one instruction at a
time. Maybe the program says that if the first input was on then it should turn on
the first output. Since it already knows which inputs are on/off from the previous
step it will be able to decide whether the first output should be turned on based on
the state of the first input. It will store the execution results for use later during the
next step.

UPDATE OUTPUT STATUS: Finally the PLC updates the status of the outputs. It
updates the outputs based on which inputs were on during the first step and the
results of executing your program during the second step. Based on the example in
step 2 it would now turn on the first output because the first input was on and your
program said to turn on the first output when this condition is true.
After the third step the PLC goes back to s tep one and repeats the steps
continuously. One scan time is defined as the time it takes to execute the 3 steps listed
above.

COMMUNICATIONS:-
There are several methods to communicate between a PLC and a programmer or even
between two PLCs.Communications between a PLC and a programmer (PC or Hand
held) are provided by the makers and you only have to plug in a cable from your
PC to the programming port on the PLC. This communication cans beR S 2 3 2 ;
RS485. Communications between two PLCs can be carried
o u t b y d e d i c a t e d l i n k s supplied/programmed by the makers (RS232 etc) or via
outputs from one PLC to the inputs on another PLC. This direct link method of
communication can be as simple as, if an output on the first PLC is on then the
corresponding input on the second PLC will be on and then this input is
used within the program on the second PLC .If a word of input/outputs (16 bits)
are used then numerical data can be transferred from one PLC to the other (refer
back to the section on numbering systems).There are many other methods of
communication between PLCs and also from PLC to PC. Refer to the
manuals supplied with the PLC that you are using for full details on
communication.

PLC PROGRAMMING:-

Various languages are used for programming of PLCs:

• Ladder diagram (LD)

Ladder diagram is a graphic programming language derived from the circuit

diagram of directly wired relay controls. The ladder diagram contains contact
rails to the left and the right of the diagram; these contact rails are connected to
switching elements (normally open / normally closed contacts) via current paths
and coil elements.

• Function block diagram (FBD)

• Sequential function chart (SFC)

• Instruction list (IL)

• Structured text (ST)

LADDER LOGIC:-
Ladder Logic or Ladder Diagrams is the most common programming language used to
program a PLC.

Fig:- Shows a single circuit or "rung" of ladder

Ladder logic was one of the first programming approaches used in PLCs because
it borrowed heavily from the Relay Diagrams that plant electricians already knew.

The symbols used in Relay Ladder Logic consist of a power rail to the left, a
second power rail to the right, and individual circuits that connect the left
power rail to the right. The logic of each circuit (or rung) is solved from
left to right. The symbols of these diagrams look like a ladder - with two side rails
and circuits that resemble rungs on a ladder.

The picture above has a single circuit or "rung" of ladder

• If Input1 is ON (or true) - power (logic) completes the circuit from

the left rail to the right rail - andOutput1 turns ON (or true).

• If Output1 is OFF (or false) - then the circuit is not completed and
logic does not flow to the right - and Output 1 is OFF.
There are many logic symbols available in Ladder Logic - including Timers,
Counters, Math, and Data Moves- such that any logical condition or control loop
can be represented in Ladder Logic. With just a handful of basic symbols - a
Normally Open Contact, Normally Closed Contact, Normally Open Coil,
Normally Closed Coil, Timer, Counter - most logical conditions can be represented.
CONTACTS AND COILS:-
With just the Normally Open Contact and Normally Open Coil - a surprising
array of basic logical conditions can be represented.

Normally Open Contact –

This can be used to represent any input to the control logic – a switch or
sensor, a contact from an output, or an internal output.
When "solved" the referenced input is examined for an ON (logical 1) condition. If
it is ON, the contact will close and allow power (logic) to flow from left to right. If
the status is OFF (logical 0), the contact is Open, power (logic) will NOT flow
from left to right.

Normally Open Coil-

This can be used to represent any discrete output from the control logic. When "solved" if
the logic to the left of the coil is TRUE, the referenced output is ON (logical 1).

Solving a Single Rung-

Suppose a switch is wired to Input1, and a light bulb is wired through Output1 in
such a way that the light is OFF when Output1 is OFF, and ON when Output1 is ON.
Wh e n I n p u t 1 is O F F (l o g i ca l 0 ) t h e c o n ta c t r e ma i n s o p e n a n d
p o we r c a n n o t fl o w fr o m l e ft to r ig h t . Therefore, Output1 remains OFF
(logical 0).When Input1 is ON (logical 1) then the contact closes, power flows
from left to right, and Output1 becomes ON (the light turns ON).
The AND Rung-

The AND is a basic fundamental logic condition that is easy to directly represent
in Ladder Logic.

Suppose a switch is wired to Switch1, a second switch is wired toSwitch2, and a

light bulb is wired through Light1 in such a way that the light is OFF when Light1
is OFF, and ON when Light1 is ON.

In order for Light1 to turn ON, Switch1 must be ON, AND Switch2 must be ON.

If Switch1 is OFF, power (logic) flow from the left rail, but stops at Switch1.
Light1 will be OFF regardless of the state of Switch2.

If Switch1 is ON, power makes it to Switch2. If Switch2 is OFF, power cannot flow
any further to the right, and Light1 is OFF.

If Switch1 is ON, AND Switch2 is ON - power flows to Light1 solving its state to ON.

The OR Rung:-

The OR is a logical condition that is easy to represent in Ladder Logic.

Suppose a switch is wired to Switch1, a second switch is wired to Switch2, and a light bulb
is wired throughLight1 in such a way that the light is OFF when Light1 is OFF, and ON when
Light1 is ON. In this instance, we want to the light to turn ON if either Switch1 OR Switch2 is
ON.

If Switch1 is ON - power flows to Light1 turning it ON.

If Switch2 is ON - power flows through the Switch2 contact, and up the rail to Light1 - turning
it ON.

If Switch1 AND Switch 2 are ON - Light1 is ON. The only way Light1 is OFF is if Switch1
AND Switch2 are OFF.

• Another set of basic contacts and coils that can be used in Ladder Logic
are the Normally Closed Contact and the Normally Closed Coil. These
work just like their normally open counterparts - only in the opposite.

When "solved" the referenced input is examined for an OFF condition. If

the status is OFF (logical 0) power (logic) will flow from left to right. If the
status is ON, power will not flow.

When "solved" if the coil is a logical 0, power will be turned on to the

device. If logical 1, power will be OFF.
SCADA (Supervisory Control & Data Acquisition) :
SCADA stands for Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition. It refers to
an industrial control system: A computer system monitoring and
controlling a process. The process can be industrial, infrastructure or
facility based as described below:

•Industrial Process: it includes those of manufacturing, production, power

generation, fabrication and refining and process may be in continuous, batch,
repetitive or discrete modes.
•Infrastructure Process: it m a y b e p u b l i c o r p ri v a te , a n d w a t er
t r e a t m en t a n d d i s tr i b u t io n , wastewater collection and treatment, oil
and gas pipelines, electrical power transmission and distribution, and large
communication systems.
•Facility Process: it occur both in public facilities and private ones, including
buildings, airports, ships and space stations. They monitor and control HVAC, access and
energy consumption.
A SCADA System usually consists of the following Subsystems:

• A Human-Machine Interface (HMI) is the apparatus which presents

process data to a human operator, and through this, the human operator
monitors and controls the process.
• A supervisory (computer) system, gathering (acquiring) data on
the process and sending commands (control) to the process.
• Remote Terminal Units (RTU) connecting to sensors in the process,
converting sensor signals to digital data and sending digital data to the
supervisory system.
• Programmable Logic Controller (PLC) used as field devices because they
are more economical, versatile, flexible, and configurable than special-
purpose RTUs.
• Communication infrastructure connecting the supervisory system to the Remote
Terminal Units.

Systems concepts:-

The term SCADA usually refers to centralized systems which monitor and control
entire sites, or complexes of systems spread out over large areas (anything
between an industrial plant and a country). Most control actions are performed
automatically by Remote Terminal Units (" RTUs" ) o r b y P ro g r a m m a b le
L o g ic Controllers ("PLCs"). most control functions are usually restricted
to basic overriding or supervisory level intervention.

Ex: A PLC may control the flow of cooling water through part of an industrial process, but the
SCADA system may allow operators to change the set points for the flow, and
enable alarm conditions, such as loss of flow and high temperature, to be
displayed and recorded. The feedback control loop passes through the RTU or
PLC, while the SCADA system monitors the overall performance of the loop.
Data Acquisition begins at the RTU or PLC level and includes meter readings and
equipment status reports that are communicated to SCADA as required. Data is
then compiled and formatted in such a way that control room operator using
the HMI can make supervisory decisions to adjust or override normal
RTU(PLC) controls. Data may also be fed to a Historian, often built on a
commodity Database Management System, to allow trending and other
analytical auditing

TAGS (POINTS)

SCADA systems typically implement a distributed database, commonly referred to

as a tag database, which contains data elements called tags or points. A point
represents a single input or output value monitored or controlled by the system.
Points can be either "hard" or "soft". A hard point represents an actual input or
output within the system, while a soft point results from logic and math operations
applied to other points.(Most implementations conceptually remove the
distinction by making every property a "soft" point expression, which may,
in the simplest case, equal a single hard point.)
Human Machine Interface

A Human Machine Interface or HMI is the apparatus which presents process data to a human
operator, and through which the human operator controls the process. An HMI is usually
linked to the SCADA system's Database and software programs, to
provide d i a g n o s t i c d a t a , a n d m a n a g e m e n t i n fo r m a t i o n s u c h a s
s c h ed u l ed ma in t e n a n c e p r o ce d u r e s , lo g i s ti c information, detailed
schematics for a particular sensor or machine, and expert-system troubleshooting
guides. The HMI system usually presents the information to the operating
personnel graphically. This means that the operator can see a schematic
representation of the plant being controlled.
For example, a picture of a pump connected to a pipe can show the operator that
the pump is running and how much fluid it is pumping through the pipe at the
moment. The operator can then switch the pump off. The HMI software will show
the flow rate of the fluid in the pipe decrease in real time. Mimic diagrams may
consist of line graphics and schematic symbols to represent process elements, or
may consist of digital photographs of the process equipment overlain with
animated symbols.The HMI package for the SCADA system typically includes a
drawing program that the operators or system maintenance personnel use to
change the way these points are represented in the interface. These
representations can be as simple as an on-screen traffic light, which represents
the state of an actual traffic light in the field, or as complex as a multi-projector
display representing the position of all of the elevators in a skyscraper or all of the
trains on a railway.

ALARM
An important part of most SCADA implementations is alarm handling. The system
monitors whether certain alarm conditions are satisfied, to determine when an
alarm event has occurred. Once an alarm event has-been detected, one or more
actions are taken (such as the activation of one or more alarm indicators, and
perhaps the generation of email or text messages so that management or remote
SCADA operators are informed). In many cases, a SCADA operator may have to
acknowledge the alarm event; this may deactivate some alarm indicators, whereas
other indicators remain active until the alarm conditions are cleared. Alarm
conditions can be explicit - for example, an alarm point is a digital status point
that has either the value NORMAL or ALARM that is calculated by a formula
based on the values in other analogue and digital points- or implicit: the SCADA
system might automatically monitor whether the value in an analogue point lies
outside high and low limit values associated with that point. Examples of alarm
indicators include a siren, a pop-up box on a screen, or a colored or flashing area
on a screen (that might act in a similar way to the “fuel tank empty" light in a
car); in each case, the role of the alarm indicator is to draw the operator’s
attention to the part of the system 'in alarm' so that appropriate action can be
taken. In designing SCADA systems, care is needed in coping with a cascade of
alarm events occurring in a short time, otherwise the underlying cause (which
might not be the earliest event detected) may get lost in the noise.

Remote Terminal Unit (RTU)

T h e R T U c o n n e c t s to p h y s ic a l e q u ip m e n t. T y p i c a ll y , a n R T U
c o n v er t s th e e le c t r i ca l s ig n a ls f ro m t h e equipment to digital values such
as the open/closed status from a Switch or a valve, or measurements such as
pressure, flow, voltage or current. By converting and sending these electrical
signals out to equipment the RTU can control equipment, such as opening
or closing a switch or a valve or setting the speed of a pump.

Characteristics of Quality SCADA RTUs:

• Supervisory Station:-

The term "Supervisory Station" refers to the servers and software responsible for
communicating with the field equipment (RTUs, PLCs, etc.), and then to the HMI
software running on workstations in the control room, or elsewhere. In
smaller SCADA systems, the master station may be composed of a single
PC. Enlarger SCADA systems, the master station may include multiple servers,
distributed software applications, and disaster recovery sites. To increase
the integrity of the system the multiple servers will often be configured in
a dual-redundant or hot-standby formation providing continuous control and
monitoring in the event of a server failure.
• Operational philosophy:-

For some installations, the costs that would result from the control
system failing are extremely high. P o s s i b l y e v e n l i v e s c o u ld b e l o s t.
H a r d w a r e fo r s o m e S C A D A s y s t e m s i s r u g g e d iz e d t o w i th s ta n d
temperature, vibration, and voltage extremes, but in most critical installations
reliability are enhanced behaving redundant hardware and communications
channels, u p to t h e p o in t o f h a v in g m u lt i p le f u l l y equipped control
centers. A failing part can be quickly identified and its functionality automatically
takeover by backup hardware. A failed part ca n often be replaced without
interrupting the process. The reliability of such systems can be calculated
statistically and is stated as the mean time to failure, which is a variant of mean
time between failures. The calculated mean time to failure of such high reliability
systems can be on the order of centuries.

Communication Infrastructure & Methods

SCADA systems have traditionally used combinations of radio and direct serial or
modem connections to meet communication requirements, although Ethernet and
IP over SONET / SDH is also frequently used at large sites such as railways and power
stations. T h i s h a s a ls o c o m e u n d e r t h r e a t w i t h so m e c u s t o m er s
w a n t i n g S C A D A d a t a to t ra ve l o v e r t h ei r p r e - established corporate
networks or to share the network with other applications. SCADA protocols are
designed to be very compact and many are designed to send information to the master
station only when the master station polls the RTU. Typical legacy SCADA protocols
include Modbus RTU, RP-570, Profibus and Conitel. These communication protocols are all
SCADA-vendor specific but are widely adopted and used. Standard protocols are
IEC 60870-5-101 or104, IEC 61850 and DNP3. These communication protocols
are standardized and recognized by all major SCADA vendors. Many of these protocols
now contain ex tensions to operate over TCP / IP. It is good security engineering practice to
avoid connecting SCADA systems to the internet so the attack surface is reduced

1
EVOLUTION
SCADA systems have evolved through 3 generations as follows:

• First generation: "Monolithic"

In the first generation, computing was done by mainframe computers. Networks
did not exist at the time SCADA was developed. Thus SCADA systems were
independent systems with no connectivity to other systems. WAN were
later designed by RTU vendors to communicate with the RTU. The first-
generation SCADA system was redundant since back-up mainframe system was
connected at the bus level and was used in the event of failure of the
primary mainframe system.

 Second generation: "Distributed"

The processing was distributed across multiple stations which were
connected through a LAN and they shared information in real time. Each
station was responsible for a particular task thus making the size and cost of each
station less than the one used in First Generation. The network protocols used
were still mostly proprietary, which led to significant security problems for any
SCADA system that received attention from a hacker.

 Third generation: "Networked"

These are the current generation SCADA systems which use open system
architecture rather than a vendor-controlled proprietary environment. The
SCADA system utilizes open standards and protocols, thusdistributing
functionality across a WAN rather than a LAN. It is easier to connect
third party peripheral devices like printers, disk drives, and tape drives due to
the use of open architecture. WAN protocols such as Internet Protocol (IP)
are used for communication between the master station and
communications equipment. Due to the usage of standard protocols and the fact
that many networked SCADA systems are accessible from the Internet; the systems
are potentially vulnerable to remote cyber-attacks. On the other hand, the usage of
standard protocols and security techniques means that standard security
improvements are applicable to the SCADA systems, assuming they receive timely
maintenance and updates.
Security Issues

The move from proprietary technologies to more standardized and open

solutions together with the increased number of connections between SCADA
systems and office networks and the Internet has made them more vulnerable to
attacks - see references. Consequently, the security of SCADA-based systems has
come into question as they are increasingly seen as extremely vulnerable to cyber
warfare/cyberterrorism attacks.

In particular, security researchers are concerned about:

• The lack of concern about security and authentication in the design,

deployment and operation of existing SCADA networks

• The belief that SCADA systems have the benefit of security through
obscurity through the use of specialized protocols and proprietary
interfaces.

• The belief that SCADA networks are secure because they are physically secured.

• The belief that SCADA networks are secure because they are disconnected from the
Internet.

SCADA systems are used to control and monitor physical processes, examples of
which are transmission of electricity, transportation of gas and oil in pipelines,
water distribution, traffic lights, and other systems used as the basis of modern society.
The security of these SCADA systems is important because compromiser destruction of
these systems would impact multiple areas of society far removed from
the original compromise. For example, a b lackout caused by a
compromised electrical SCADA system would cause financial losses to
all the customers that received electricity from that source. How security
will affect legacy SCADA and new deployments remains to be seen.
HMI (Human machine interface):-

They have many packages available at any given time, each package supports
particular features.

Selection of package should be based on the integrators, support manufacturer

training and proven experience.

Company Name of HMI:-

• Siemens S7 TD 200
• V3.0.2
• IP 6ES7272-0A730-OYAO
• DC. 24 V/ 120MA.
 DRIVERS
• DRIVERS: - it is an electrical devise, which helps to start /stop,
fwd/rev used to vary the speed of the motor.
• Drives are generated the o/p of adjustable frequency.

Types of DRIVERS

• Ac DRIVERS.
• Dc DRIVERS.

AC DRIVES
Types of drives
1.VFD:- variable freq drives.
2. VVD:-variable voltage drives.

Worked on AC drives
• Altivar

• O/p frequency :-0 -200 Hz

• Switching frequency :-2- 16 KHz
• Speed range:-1-20
PANEL DESIGNING

Control panel is a housing in which we located all our instrumentation, control

wiring and power wiring (it is an enclose) is known as a PANEL DESIGNING
RELAY
A relay is electrically operated switch.it consist of a set of input terminals for a
singal or multiple control signals and a set of operating terminals .Relay are used
where it I necessary to control a circuit by an independent low-power signals,or
where several circuit must be controlled by one-signal.
A simple relay consists of a coil of wire wrapped around a soft iron core ,an iron
yoke which provides a low reluctance path for megnatic flux,a movable iron
armature and one or more sets of contacts the aemature is hinged to the yoke and
mechanically linked to the one or more sets of moving contacts .the armature is
held in place by spring so that when nthe relay is de-energized arm return its relax
position

Types of Relay
 power relay
 telephone relay
 card actuated
 sensitive relay
CONTACTOR
A contactor are usually described as a piece of equipment used for joining two
pieces of electronic equipment .when the current pass through the electromagnet
,a magnetic field is produced ,which attracts the moving core of the contactor .the
EM coil draws more current intiitally ,untillits inductance increases when the
metal of the core enters the coil.the moving contacts propelled by moving core ,the
force developed by the electromagnet holds the moving and fixed contacts
together. When the contactor is de-energized ,gravity or springs returns the EM
core to its initial position and opens the contacts
CIRCUIT BREAKER
A circuit breaker is an automatically operated electrical switch designed to protect an electric
electric circuit from damage caused by excess current from an overload or short circuit .its
basic function it to interrupt current flow after a fault is detected,a circuit breaker can be
reset either manually or automatically to resume normal operation.
Distributed Control System (DCS)
The DCS uses multiple processors, has a central database and the functionality is
distributed.

The controllers subsystem performs the control functions, history node connects
the data, the IMS node gives reports, operator station gives good HMI, the
engineering station allows engineering changes to be made

Leading Manufacturers of DCS

• Yokogawa
• Fisher Rousemount
• Asia Brown Browary
• Tata Honeywell
• Siemens
• Micro works