ASIA

BAHRAIN
A. BACKGROUND
 HISTORICAL OF COUNTRY
Bahrain formally known as the Kingdom of Bahrain is a small Arab kingdom located in the
Persian Gulf. The country is made up of a group of islands between the Qatar peninsula and
the north eastern coast of Saudi Arabia. Bahrain is an island country located near the
western shores of the Persian Gulf in the Middle East. Bahrain's history dates all the way
back to ancient history. Bahrain was the main city of the old Dilmun civilization and its
strategic position in the Persian Gulf brought about rule and influence from the Arabs,
Persians, Babylonians, Assyrians, Sumerians, and the British. Read on below to know more
on the country's history.Bahrain, small Arab state situated in a bay on the southwestern
coast of the Persian Gulf. It is an archipelago consisting of Bahrain Island and some 30
smaller islands. Its name is from the Arabic term al-bahrayn, meaning “two seas.”
Ethnic groups
Roughly half of the population is Arab, and most inhabitants are native-born Bahrainis, but
some are Palestinians, Omanis, or Saudis. Foreign-born inhabitants, constituting about half
of the population, are mostly from Iran, India, Pakistan, Britain, and the United States. About
three-fifths of the labour force is foreign-born.
B. QUESTIONS
1. WHY AND HOW A PARTICULAR LANGUAGE IS LEARNED?
The law.According to article 57 ELIGIBILITY (c) of Bahrain's constitution c. He/she must read
and write Arabic fluently.Must be fluent in Arabic to stand for parliament.
2. WHAT IS MULTILINGUAL?
BAHRAIN IS officially BILINGUAL COUNTRY with the Arabic and their second language
English.But some people living there are Multilingual speak multiple languages.
All commercial institutions and road signs are bilingual, displaying both English and Arabic.
3. HOW MULTILINGUAL METHODS DEVELOP?
It depends in every country if they promote or have a policy of Multilingualism.As the

Council Conclusions on multilingualism and the development of language competences,
Member States committed to enhancing cooperation in the field of multilingualism and
improving the effectiveness of language teaching in schools.
4. HOW THE MULTILINGUAL NATIONS DETERMINE THEIR LANGUAGE CHOICE THROUGH

LANGUAGE PLANNING?
English is widely spoken in Bahrain. It is a compulsory second language in most schools and
is widely used in business. Also, there are several newspapers issued in English, as well as
radio and TV channel broadcasts.
Other popular foreign languages spoken in the country are Farsi (the official language of
Iran), Urdu (the official language of Pakistan) and Malayalam (spoken in South India).
C. DISCUSSIONS
1. LANGUAGE AND SOCIETY
Some characteristics of the Arabic language
Arabic is one of the top five spoken languages in the world with over 250 million native
speakers. It is a phonetic language which belongs to the Semitic family of languages.The
Arabic writing system is called abjad and the alphabet has 28 letters. It consists of
consonants, vowels and symbols, and it is read and written from right to left.
The typical order of a sentence is verb- subject- object. Arabic has no capital letters. Most of
the letters have four different forms, depending on whether they stand alone or come at the
beginning, middle, or end of a word.
In Arabic people don't include most vowels when writing - maktab (office) is just written
mktb. Some Arabic sounds, such as the hh, the q or the g can be very difficult to pronounce.
All original Arabic nouns have gender,either masculine or feminine, and it depends on the
object or person being spoken to or about.
2. MULTILINGUALISM LANGUAGE
3. LANGUAGE PLANNING IN MULTILINGUALISM SOCIETY
In sociolinguistics the distinction between a national language and an official language is

generally made along the affective referential dimension, or more precisely the ideological
instrumental dimension.
LANGUAGE PLANNING
Language planning is commissioned and implemented by those in power that it can be

anyone from government to individuals. Whereas language planners are usually assumed to
be linguists, in fact language planning is centered fairly and squarely in the social sciences as
a whole.Most language planning carried out at the macro level of nations, or national groups,
occurs in a multilingual setting and is primarily concerned with language shift and
maintenance.
A. LANGUAGE PANNING AND IT CASES IN SOME COUNTRIES
A nation exists on the basis of mutual identity. The features of a nation includes language,
culture and history. National language is a symbol of national identity.
B. TYPES OF LANGUAGE PLANNING

The 2 types of language planning includes: The instrumental and socio-linguistic approach
C. IMPLEMENTATION
Implementation is the most important aspect of language planning process, because it

shows the usefulness of the planning process, this can be done by the Government through
the educational system. Also through the passage of law, and the usage of such language in
the press radio and television. All these efforts can only be positively the acceptance of the
people which the planning is aimed at Some cases of Language Planning.
D. STANDARILIZATION
This involves selection of dialect or dialects of a language, then the establishment of norms
of usage at all linguistic levels
E. MODERNIZATION
Modernization of language can be done in two ways.Firstly, development of language

structure and the development of language functions, will entails assigning roles to the
language. The already modernized language can then be implemented.Implementation is
the most important aspect of language planning process, because it shows the usefulness of
the planning process, this can be done by the Government through the educational system.
Also through the passage of law, and the usage of such language in the press radio and
television.
4 TYPES OF IDIOLOGIES THAT MOTIVATES NEUTRAL DECISION MAKING IN LANGUAGE

PLANNING IN PARTICULAR SOCIETY.
1. LINGUISTIC ASSIMILATION
Linguistic assimilation is the belief that everyone, regardless of origin, should learn the
dominant language of the society.In Bahrain, where instruction in the schools had to be in
English.
2. LINGUISTIC PLURALISM
The recognition of more than one language, also takes a variety of forms. It can be
territorially based or individually based or there may be some combination of the two. It can
be complete or partial, so that all or only some aspects of life can be conducted in more than
one language in a society. . A number of other languages are spoken among expatriates in
Bahrain, including Urdu, Hindi, and Tagalog.
3. VERNACULARIZATION
The Persian language is still actively used by mainly the Persian immigrants who have a long
history in Bahrain. It is a Western Iranian language with three modern varieties spoken in the
country: western Persian, Dari, and Tajik. The varieties are based on classic Persian literature
and traditions. The Persian communities in Bahrain are commonly referred to as the Ajam.
They are mostly bilingual, with Persian as the first language and Arabic second. The Persian
language has had a major influence on Bahrani Arabic, with the indigenous Bahran dialect
borrowing many words from the Persian language.
4. INTERNATIONALIZATION
Bahrain adopt and using English,and other Languages from different Countries
Arabic: The Official Language of Bahrain
English
There are several non-Arabic speaking expatriates living in Bahrain. The presence of a large
expatriate community and the need to adopt a foreign language in the country has led to
the use of English language as an alternative language. The English language is the de facto
national working and primary business language. It is a compulsory second language in most
of the schools in Bahrain. Also, several newspapers are issued in English, as well as several
TV channels and radio broadcasts. Commercial road signs all over the country are bilingual,
displayed both in English and Arabic.
MAJOR ISSUES WITH THE LANGUAGE IN MULTILINGUAL
None
CAMBODIA
A. BACKGROUND
Cambodia, a country of nearly 13 million people, is located in Southeast Asia. Laos, Vietnam,
and Thailand are the neighboring countries of Cambodia. The people of the country are
called Cambodians, and the Khmer language is the official language of Cambodia. The nation
has only recently emerged free from the rule of the Khmer Rouge, a Maoist militant group,
after a long civil war and is now a member of the ASEAN. The Khmer people form the largest
ethnic group in the country.
B. QUESTIONS
to speak at least one language other than their mother tongue; but many read and write in
one language. People wanting to participate in globalization and cultural openness.Owing to
the ease of access to information facilitated by the Internet, individuals' exposure to
multiple languages is becoming increasingly possible. People in bahrain studying other
language to speak several languages.
Multilingual is the use of more than one language, either by an individual speaker or by a
group of speakers. It is believed that multilingual speakers outnumber monolingual speakers
in the world's population.
briefly describe the history of the development of multilingual education in Cambodia,

noting the ways in which differing orientations--and conflicts between them--have shaped
current policy and practice. When then use Ruiz's framework to consider recent shifts in
these orientations through an analysis of Cambodia's Multilingual Education National Action
Plan (MENAP) 2015-2018, which was recently approved in January 2016 and forms the road
map to further development and expansion of the program.

LANGUAGE PLANNING?
Depending on what they needed the most to study or adopt language.And also there are
certain places where certain group of people have common knowledge in a specific
language.
C. DISCUSSIONS
Khmer language, also called Cambodian, Mon-Khmer language spoken by most of the
population of Cambodia.
Hierarchy
Buddhism also reinforces a sense of hierarchy within society.
Interpersonal communication is built on the relationship between those involved.
Common hierarchical guidelines are that parents are superior to children, teachers to
students and managers to subordinates.
You will also see the value placed on hierarchy in the way that monks walk – they do so in
rank order; the most senior in front and the most junior at the rear.
As a foreigner you may find that people ask personal questions - this is a means to identify
your 'rank' rather than being nosy. They may change the way they communicate depending
on your status.
Cambodia people speak Official language Khmer.Foreign Languages:English, French.
Minority Languages:Cham, Vietnamese, Tumpoon, Lao, Jarai, Yue Chinese, and many small
Mon–Khmer languages.
Ruiz proposed a framework of three orientations to language

planning--language-as-problem, language-as-right, and language-as-resource. He explained
that orientation "refers to a complex of dispositions toward language and its role, and
toward languages and their role in society" . He noted that these dispositions "may be
largely unconscious and pre-rational because they are the most fundamental level of
arguments about language". An understanding of these orientations can be used to discover
them in existing policies and proposals, and also to propose and advocate new ones. Ruiz
explained further:
Orientations are basic to language planning in that they delimit
the ways we talk about language and language issues, they determine
the basic questions we ask, the conclusions we draw from the data,
and even the data themselves. Orientations are related to language
attitudes in that they constitute the framework in which attitudes
are formed: they help to delimit the range of acceptable attitudes
towards language, and to make certain attitudes legitimate. In
short, orientations determine what is thinkable about language in
society.
LANGUAGE PLANNING
A national language cannot be chosen in a particular country without examining the

languages in such society. These languages have to be planned, and this can only be done by
the language planning process.
All languages has the same potential for development. This approach is sensitive to the
social factors underlying language choice.The operation of language planning along these
lines is theoretically, at least quite straightforward. A linguistic problem arises such, that a
choice has to be made between or among varieties.
C. IMPLEMENTATION
involves spreading the variety through official pronouncements,education, the media etc.
various evaluations procedures are often employed at this stage to monitor the degree of
acceptance of the chosen norm. Finally, elaboration means keeping the norm viable in a
changing world, obvious necessities.
D. STANDARILIZATION
This involves selection of dialect or dialects of a language, then the establishment of norms
of usage at all linguistic levels.
E. MODERNIZATION
To become part of modern nation-building because a noticeable trend in the modern world
is to make language and nation synonymous and to expand communication through learning
new language.

With around 16 million speakers Khmer, the official language of Cambodia, is the second
most popular Austro-Asiatic language.It originates from the Khmer people and has been
influenced considerably by Sanskrit and Pali, particularly in the royal and religious registers,
and through Hinduism and Buddhism. The Khmer still dominant language using in Cambodia
followed by English language.
The languages spoken by the ethnic minorities in Cambodia include-
Cham (formerly the language that was spoken in the Kingdom of Champa in Vietnam) that is
spoken by the Cham people living in Cambodia.
Vietnamese, the language that is spoken by the Vietnamese immigrants to Cambodia
Tumpoon that is spoken by the Tampuan people who are indigenous inhabitants of the
mountains in Cambodia’s Ratanakiri Province.
Other minority languages are Lao, Yue Chinese, Jarai, and Mon-Khmer languages.
French is one of the important foreign languages spoken in the country. The language was at
one time the official language in Indochina and today, a number of older Cambodians speak
French. French is also used to impart education in some schools and universities in
Cambodia, especially those that are funded by the French Government. Thus, Cambodia is a
member of the La Francophonie, an organization of countries or regions where a significant
portion of the population speaks French. Cambodian French is a French dialect that is
spoken on certain occasions in Cambodia, especially in court environments.
Although French was the dominant foreign language in Cambodia for a long time, English
replaced French since 1993. Currently, street signs in the country are usually bilingual,
written in both the Khmer language as well as English. A large number of universities impart
education in the English language, and a significant number of press publications are in
English. The language has also replaced French in Cambodia’s stamps and currency. English
is now used as the main foreign language in Cambodia’s diplomatic dealings with other
countries.
Cambodia’s native language is under pressure from a globally dominant English that is
generating more jargon than Khmer can easily absorb.Such terms, usually coined first in
English, present tongue-twisting translation dilemmas for Khmer speakers trying to localise
new words in what is the mother tongue for around 97% of Cambodians.That is not to say
that other tongues in the region do not face similar dilemmas. “It is pretty much challenging
in the case of Cambodia where the translation of these keywords into Khmer has been
generally slow, fragmented and not widely popularised in daily usage,”“Some researchers
have tried to translate the terms into Khmer, but from a practitioner’s perspective, we are
generally more familiar, convenient and efficient with using the terms in English per se than
the translated ones.”
INDIA
A. BACKGROUND
7th largest country in the world, India stands apart from the rest of Asia, marked off as it is
by mountains and the sea, which give the country a distinct geographical entity.
India is the second most-populous country, after China.
B. QUESTIONS
We are born without a language that others can understand. However, we learn and adapt,
and within a year, we understand, and sometimes speak, one language. Often, it is our
mother’s language—hence mother tongue—and if we are lucky enough to have parents
speaking different languages, then our father’s too.
Schools teach more languages formally, to empower us and make us participate

meaningfully in society and the economy. Each language is rich with culture, literature and
nuance.
Speaks multiple Languages.
Many children in India grow up in a bilingual environment, either because their parents
speak different languages or because they’re surrounded by a community that originates
from another part of the country. The literacy rate in India is 71.2% and most private schools
strive to motivate children to learn several languages, sometimes beginning in primary
school. Public schools (generally attended by working-class children) teach in the vernacular,
but there has been an effort to incorporate more English classes throughout the years.

LANGUAGE PLANNING?
States can specify their own official language(s) through legislation. The section of the
Constitution of India dealing with official languages therefore includes detailed provisions
which deal not just with the languages used for the official purposes of the union, but also
with the languages that are to be used for the official purposes of each state and union
territory in the country, and the languages that are to be used for communication between
the union and the states.
C. DISCUSSIONS
The first thing you need to know about India’s linguistic landscape is that it’s impossible to
speak about an ‘Indian language’ as if there were only one. Did you know that if two
unknown Indians met randomly on the street, there would only be a 36% chance that they
would understand each other? Of course, that 36% depends a lot on their ethnicity and
place of origin.
For years, classifying the languages spoken in India has been a very complicated task since
experts have to differentiate between dialects and mother tongues that share many
similarities. This isn’t exactly surprising considering that:
India is the seventh largest country in the world
Over 1.3 billion people live in India
The distance between northern India and southern India is similar to the distance between
Canada and Mexico
The Indian Language’ Is Actually 23 Separate Official Languages.
The Indian constitution draws a distinction between the language to be used in

Parliamentary proceedings, and the language in which laws are to be made. Parliamentary
business, according to the Constitution, may be conducted in either Hindi or English. The use
of English in parliamentary proceedings was to be phased out at the end of fifteen years
unless Parliament chose to extend its use, which Parliament did through the Official
Languages Act, 1963.[33] In addition, the constitution permits a person who is unable to
express themselves in either Hindi or English to, with the permission of the Speaker of the
relevant House, address the House in their mother tongue.
LANGUAGE PLANNING
Hindi is the official language of the central government in India, with English as a provisional
official sub-language, individual state legislatures can adopt any regional language as the
official language of that state. The Constitution of India recognizes 23 official languages,
spoken in different parts of the country, and two official classical languages, Sanskrit and
Tamil.
In effect, there are many "Official Languages” at the state and central levels but there is no
one "national language."
C. IMPLEMENTATION
The Indian constitution does not specify the official languages to be used by the states for
the conduct of their official functions, and leaves each state free to, through its legislature,
adopt Hindi or any language used in its territory as its official language or
languages.Individual states, whose borders are mostly drawn on socio-linguistic lines, are
free to decide their own language for internal administration and education.
D. STANDARILIZATION
The states of India were organized based on the common language spoken in each region.
E. MODERNIZATION
One of the most impressive engines of English in India is Bollywood, the mega movie
industry. Many movies mix some English into their titles or popular songs. As mentioned, it’s
also used as the language of business, especially in very lucrative sectors such as technology
and customer service (like the infamous call centers).

Hindi and English are typically used as an official language by the central government. State
governments use their respective official languages.
- the recognition of more than one language, also takes a variety of forms.
English continues to be an important language in India. It is used in higher education and in
some areas of the Indian government. Hindi, the most commonly spoken language in India
today, serves as the lingua franca across much of North and Central India. Bengali is the
second most spoken and understood language in the country with a significant amount of
speakers in Eastern and North- eastern regions.
- is the restoration or elaboration of an indigenous language and its adoption as an official

language.
The Government of India has awarded the distinction of classical language to Kannada,
Malayalam, Odia, Sanskrit, Tamil and Telugu. Classical language status is given to languages
which have a rich heritage and independent nature.
-is the adoption of a non-indigenous language of wider communication either as an official

language or for such purposes as education or trade.
That said, English doesn’t have a strong presence in the general social life of India, except in
the upper classes. For many people in India, English is no longer a foreign language because,
after almost 100 years of colonization, Indians made it their own. For cultural and linguistic
reasons, Indian English is very different from Standard English, and is best known as
“Hinglish.”
Language issue in India:
The recent move by Govt of India to promote Hindi has opened up a can of worms and
scratched old scars. Social media is abuzz with debates over linguistics. While there seems to
be a general consensus among citizens that no language must be imposed upon anybody
against their wishes, South India in general, and Tamil Nadu in particular have vehemently
opposed any such move.
ISRAEL
A. BACKGROUND
ISRAEAL- Country in the Middle East, located at the eastern end of the Mediterranean Sea. It
is bounded to the north by Lebanon, to the northeast by Syria, to the east and southeast by
Jordan, to the southwest by Egypt, and to the west by the Mediterranean Sea. Jerusalem is
the seat of government and the proclaimed capital, although the latter status has not
received wide international recognition.
Related biblical, religious and historical English terms include the Land of Canaan, the
Promised Land, the Holy Land, and Palestine.Above all archeological research clearly reveals
the historical link between the Jewish people, the Bible and the Land of Israel, uncovering
the remains of the cultural heritage of the Jewish people in its homeland. These visible
remains, buried in the soil, constitute the physical link between the past, the present and
the future of the Jewish people in its country.
B. QUESTIONS
We learn and adapt language.It is for us to communicate to broadening our knowledge.
Speaks multiple languages.And people of Israel either bilingual or multilingual.Because there

four most common languages spoken in Israel:Hebrew,Arabic,English,Russia;and other
languages that immigrant spoken language.
When the State of Israel was formed in 1948, the government viewed Hebrew as the de
facto official language and initiated a melting pot policy, where every immigrant was
required to study Hebrew and often to adopt a Hebrew surname.It is mandated to study
other language.

LANGUAGE PLANNING?
Hebrew is the official language used in government, commerce, court sessions, schools,
and universities. It is the language most commonly used in everyday life in Israel. Native
Hebrew speakers comprise about 53% of the population.[10] The vast majority of the rest
speak Hebrew fluently as a second language. Native-born Israeli Jews are typically native
speakers of Hebrew, but a significant minority of Israelis are immigrants who learned
Hebrew as a second language. Immigrants who come under the Law of Return are entitled
to a free course in an ulpan, or Hebrew language school. Most of them speak fluent Hebrew,
but some do not. Most Israeli-Arabs, who comprise a large national minority, and members
of other minorities are also fluent in Hebrew. Historically, Hebrew was taught in Arab
schools from the third grade onward, but it has been gradually introduced from
kindergarten onward starting in September 2015. A Hebrew exam is an essential part of the
matriculation exams for students of Israeli schools. The state-affiliated Academy of the
Hebrew Language, established in 1953 by a Knesset law, is tasked with researching the
Hebrew language and offering standardized rules for the use of the language by the state.
C. DISCUSSIONS
The Israeli population is linguistically and culturally diverse. Hebrew is the country's official
language, and almost the entire population speaks it either as native speakers or proficiently
as a second language. Its standard form, known as Modern Hebrew, is the main medium of
life in Israel. Arabic is used mainly by Israel's Arab minority which comprises about one-fifth
of the population. Arabic has a special status under Israeli law.
Russian is spoken by about 20% of the Israeli population, mainly by the large immigrant
population from the former Soviet Union, and English is a known foreign language by a
significant proportion of the Israeli population as English is used widely in official logos and
road signs alongside Hebrew and Arabic. In addition, the 19th edition of Ethnologue lists 36
languages and dialects spoken through Israel.
Even though Hebrew is preferred for all forms of official and unofficial communication, Israel
still preserves a culture of multilingualism. This is due, in part, to the school system and
administration. Hebrew is the preferred medium of instruction in secular and ultra-orthodox
schools. Students in Arabic-medium schools are required to learn Hebrew. The reverse is
also true to some extent. Both Hebrew and Arabic enjoy the status of ‘official language’.
English is taught as required second language across the board and is even widely used in
government administration. The prevalence of English in Israel may be due in great part to
the legacy of British civil administration in the region until 1948. In present times, however,
fluency in English is a reflection of an increasingly well-travelled and internationally
connected younger generation.

"All Ordinances, official notices and official forms of the Government and all official notices
of local authorities and municipalities in areas to be prescribed by order of the High
Commissioner, shall be published in English, Arabic and Hebrew."
LANGUAGE PLANNING
Israel has welcomed wave after wave of immigrants from countries all over the world
including the former Soviet Union, Germany, Ethiopia, India and Brazil. The country is also
home to Arabic speakers whose forebears occupied the region well before the creation of
the sovereign State of Israel. In the early years of nation building, Israel took pride in its
diversity but acknowledged the need to create a unified identity through a common
language. Now that Hebrew is firmly established as the national tongue, Israel is witnessing
a resurgence of interest in foreign languages.
Mandated by the law of Israel to study their language hebrew.
C. IMPLEMENTATION
LANGUAGE RIGHTS: DEFINITIONS AND TYPES
Various definitions and distinctions are offered regarding different types of ‘language
rights’ constituting civil rights, referring to the right to understand and participate
fully in societies. Examples of such rights include:
– Making public documents available in a variety of languages
– Teaching and/or testing in ‘the other languages’
– Having public and private signs in the other languages
– Using ‘the other’ languages in the media
D. STANDARILIZATION
The language policy of a country includes policy issues related to
the use of the official language (where there is one) and also issues
related to languages of the minorities. Hebrew Renaissance and The Melting Pot
In order to forge a strong sense of unity and national identity among its ethnically and
linguistically diverse population, the newly formed government of the independent State of
Israel resolved to actively revive and promote the use of the Hebrew language in all spheres
of private and public life. An intensive programme supported by the public enabled the
remarkable renaissance of Hebrew, a language that had formerly been reserved for
literature and prayer. It was now to be spoken in homes, schools, offices, courts and
parliament.
E. MODERNIZATION
Adapting and learning other language like English.

Hebrew dominating Language in Israel followed by English. The great emphasis on Hebrew
for all forms of communication resulted in creating a culture of monolingualism among the
younger generations, a pattern that is only now beginning to be broken as globalisation
prompts more and more Israelis to acquire wider language skills.
At the end of the British mandate, there were three official languages for the region that is
now Israel: Hebrew (for the Jews), Arabic (for the Arabs), and English (for the British).
Following the independence of Israel in 1948 and the end of the British rule in the region,
Israeli leaders removed English as an official language to mark the end of British influence in
the area. Hebrew, which had been an official language of the mandate since 1923, remained
an official language alongside Arabic. Hebrew and Arabic are the official languages of Israel
by law, not by constitution. Although Hebrew and Arabic are both official languages of Israel,
there are many differences between officiality and actuality, as there are in language
policies in countries around the world.
The movement for the revival of Hebrew as a spoken language was particularly popular
among new Jewish Zionist immigrants who came to Ottoman ruled Mutasarrifate of
Jerusalem beginning in the 1880s. Eliezer Ben-Yehuda (born in the Russian Empire) and his
followers created the first Hebrew-speaking schools, newspapers, and other
Hebrew-language institutions.
As a country of immigrants, many languages can be heard on the streets. Due to mass
immigration from the former Soviet Union and Ethiopia (some 130,000 Ethiopian Jews live in
Israel),Russian and Amharic are widely spoken. More than one million Russian-speaking
immigrants arrived in Israel from the post-Soviet states between 1990 and 2004.French is
spoken by around 700,000 Israelis, mostly originating from France and North Africa (see
Maghrebi Jews).Many Israelis communicate reasonably well in English, as many television
programs are broadcast in English with subtitles and the language is taught from the early
grades in elementary school. In addition, Israeli universities offer courses in the English
language on various subjects.

NONE
MYANMAR
A. BACKGROUND
Myanmar and burma.
With the name change from "Burma" to "Myanmar" in 1989 causing confusion, many people
are wondering: where is Burma?
Burma, officially the Republic of the Union of Myanmar, is the largest country in mainland
Southeast Asia. It's located at the northeast edge of Southeast Asia and borders Thailand,
Laos, China, Tibet, India, and Bangladesh.
Burma or Myanmar, Which Is It?
Burma's name was officially changed to "The Republic of the Union of Myanmar" by the
ruling military junta in 1989. The change was rejected by many world governments due to
the junta's messy history of civil war and human rights violations.
Although diplomats and governments once showed disapproval by sticking to the old name
of Burma, that has changed. The 2015 elections and the victory of Aung San Suu Kyi's party
helped open up international relations and tourism, making the name "Myanmar" more
acceptable.
People from Myanmar are still referred to as "Burmese."
B. QUESTIONS
One of the aspects in relation with the language and society language that is very interesting
to study is the relation between the language and its speaker and how they form a speech
community.
It is constituted of individuals who speak more than two languages. A society where two or
more languages exist side by side, is refer to as a multilingual society, while a person that
speaks more than two languages, is refer to as a multilingual person.
Immigrants to a new country bring their languages into contact with each other, and with
those of existing population”.It can be noted from the above expression, that Migration is a
factor, responsible for language coming in contact or how multilingual developed.

LANGUAGE PLANNING?
identifying a suitable program for the bilingual students is a fundamental principle for their
educational benefit. The program types are identified with respect to the variables, namely
the type of child (minority or majority), the language used in the classroom (minority or
majority language or both), the educational aim (assimilation, enrichment, or pluralism), and
the linguistic aim (monolingualism, limited bilingualism, or bilingualism).It is important to
note that a certain type of multilingual education program along with a proper
implementation go with a particular language policy goal. In a weak multilingual education
program, the use of the mother tongue of the learners has two main purposes such as
temporary use to explain lessons and superficially keeping cultural values. The former
applies the model of limited use of the mother tongue in the early grades and the latter
refers to the program that teaches the mother tongue only as a subject.
C. DISCUSSIONS
The Constitution of Myanmar officially recognizes the English name of the language as the
‘Myanmar language’,but most English speakers continue to refer to the language as
Burmese, after Burma, the older name for Myanmar.
Archaelogical findings reveal that parts of Myanmar were inhibited some five thousand
years ago. The ancestors of present-day Myanmars, the Pyus and the Mons established
several kingdoms throughout the country from the 1st century A.D. to the 10th century A.D.
From that early beginning, there are today a fascinating 135 nationalities who call Myanmar
home.
There are approximately a hundred languages spoken in Myanmar (also known as

Burma).Burmese, spoken by two thirds of the population, is the official language.
Languages spoken by ethnic minorities represent six language families: Sino-Tibetan,

Austro-Asiatic, Tai–Kadai, Indo-European, Austronesian, and Hmong–Mien, as well as an
incipient national standard for Burmese sign language.
to establish a federal union multilingual programme and to integrate it in government

schools. Some of the schools from the ethnic regions are not integrated in the government
education system. Thus, after high school students from these schools are separated at the
national level, they don’t speak Myanmar very well and face difficulties getting into
universities.
LANGUAGE PLANNING
A. LANGUAGE PLANNING AND IT CASES IN SOME COUNTRIES
Implementing language policies in education and applying strong mother tongue-based

multilingual education programs in the communities where there are predominantly ethnic
people could result in the enhancement of the maintenance of ethnic languages for ethnic
minorities.
The choice of language of instruction and language policy in schools is a recent issue of
concern with the maintenance of linguistic diversity through structured education in
Myanmar. When multilingual societies adopt single-language-in-education policies, the
trend is to assimilate different language speakers into that dominant language and their
languages and cultures gradually decline and are lost.
C. IMPLEMENTATION
As the government would be implementing the policy, the process will develop trust
between the government and ethnic groups.Actually, language policy is often implemented
from a top-down approach in which a national governing body makes decisions to be
implemented at a local level. These top-down approaches are typically prescriptive and
generalized across multiple contexts.
D. STANDARILIZATION
The Ministry of Education allowed the teaching of ethnic languages in schools beginning
the academic year to preserve and develop ethnic groups’ languages, literatures and
cultures with the approval of regional Hluttaws.
Over 5000 ethnic language teachers have been appointed as teaching assistant in schools
since last December to improve the education of ethnic students.
E. MODERNIZATION
English is an important foreign language whose study is highly promoted in Myanmar.

English was taught as used as the primary language of instruction in the nation's educational
institutes.

Burmese is the primary language of instruction and the dominant language society.
Aside from Myanmar (Burmese) and its dialects, the hundred or so languages of Myanmar
include Shan (Tai, spoken by 3.2 million), Karen languages (spoken by 2.6 million), Kachin
(spoken by 900,000), various Chin languages (spoken by 780,000), and Mon (Mon–Khmer,
spoken by 750,000). Most of these languages use the Myanmar (Burmese) script.
In Myanmar, usage of its minority languages is discouraged.
Vernacularization is the restoration or elaboration of an indigenous language and

itsadoption as an official language.
The local languages of Myanmar belong to three language families. Burmese and most of the
other languages belong to the Tibeto-Burman subfamily of Sino-Tibetan languages. The Shan
language belongs to the Tai family. Languages spoken by the Mon of southern Myanmar and
by the Wa and Palaung of the Shan Plateau are members of the Mon-Khmer subfamily of
Austroasiatic languages.
English is the secondary language taught.English was the primary language of instruction in
higher education from late 19th century to 1964, when Gen. Ne Win mandated educational
reforms to "Burmanise".[English continues to be used by educated urbanites and the
national government.
none
QATAR
A. BACKGROUND
The State of Qatar is a West Asian country. The population varies widely in culture and origin,
with different groups using different languages.The people of Qatar are called Qataris and
the majority of them are Arabs.
Qatar, independent emirate on the west coast of the Persian Gulf.
Occupying a small desert peninsula that extends northward from the larger Arabian
Peninsula, it has been continuously but sparsely inhabited since prehistoric times. Following
the rise of Islam, the region became subject to the Islamic caliphate; it later was ruled by a
number of local and foreign dynasties before falling under the control of the Āl Thānī (Thānī
dynasty) in the 19th century.
B.QUESTIONS
1.WHY AND HOW A PARTICULAR LANGUAGE IS LEARNED?
Learning First Language It comes to as an inheritance/legacy/birthright. The mother tongue

or native language of a person while a second language is a language a person learns in
order to communicate with the native speaker of that language.We learn multiple languages
but those languages will always be different from the first language. Second language is a
personal choice of a person of what we want to learn.
Multilingual means having the capacity to speak at least two languages for example the
mother tongue and another language, fluently.
Apart from the ethnic languages of the native inhabitants, there are several foreign
languages, as well as ethnic languages, from other immigrant communities spoken by the
expatriate community.
4.HOW THE MULTILINGUAL NATIONS DETERMINE THEIR LANGUAGE CHOICE THROUGH

LANGUAGE PLANNING?
Immigrant communities within Qatar have continued to speak their native languages. Some
of these languages include Farsi, Urdu, Malayalan, and Sinhalese. Farsi is an Indo-Iranian
language of the Persian dialect spoken by natives of Iran and Iranians living in Qatar. Around
30,000 people in Qatar currently speak Farsi. Urdu is a widely used Hindustan language
spoken by more than 100,000 people in Qatar. Most of these speakers are immigrants who
moved to Qatar in search of better economic opportunities. The Filipino community in Qatar
has introduced the Tagalog language into the country, with more than 200,000 speakers.
Most of these Filipinos are immigrants or descendants of former immigrants. About 37,000
people in Qatar speak Sinhalese, a Sri Lankan language of the Brahmic family.
C.DISCUSSIONS
The government of Qatar is an absolute monarchy, headed by the Al Thani family.
Qatar's population is estimated at about 2.4 million as of 2018. It has a huge gender gap,
with 1.4 million males and just 500,000 females. This is due to a massive influx of primarily
male foreign guest workers.
Non-Qatari people make up more than 85% of the country's population. The largest ethnic
groups among the immigrants are Arabs (40%), Indians (18%), Pakistanis (18%), and Iranians
(10%). There are also large numbers of workers from the Philippines, Nepal, and Sri Lanka.
Qatar is a desert country bordering Saudi Arabia on the Arab peninsula. There is only limited
natural water supply and thus there is not much agriculture or crop farming possible, only
5% of the lands is used for agriculture such as for date palm plantations.
Most food produce must be imported into the country and thus the citizens rely on good
relationships with its neighbouring countries. Qatar, however, is a very rich country due to
its mineral resources such as oil and natural gas. Qatar has the third largest gas reserves in
the world.
Multiple immigrant languages in Qatar include Hindi, Urdu, Tamil, Nepali, Malayalam, and
Tagalog.Most of them are bilingual or multilingual.Combining and adapting the language
they hearing and socializing with.
Language planning associated with government.Language purification, prescription of usage

norms in order to preserve the "linguistic purity" of language, protect language from foreign
influences, and guard against perceived language deviation from within.
LANGUAGE PLANNING
language education has shifted from monolingualism to bilingualism and

multilingualism.There are many more bilinguals or multilinguals than monolinguals in the
world now.
The 2 types of language planning includes: The instrumental and socio-linguistic approach.
The socio-linguistic approach when acquiring second language by socializing and little by
little learning.
C. IMPLEMENTATION
Its by adaptation,acceptance of the chosen norm. Finally, elaboration means keeping the
norm viable in a changing world, obvious necessities. Learning other language by the
immigrants.
D. STANDARILIZATION
Mother-tongue instruction should be the best way for children to learn as it bridges the gap
between home language and language of instruction. Every language is sufficient enough to
give high cognitive skills to its users and there are no major or minor languages. Therefore,
mother-tongue instruction should be extended as long as possible. A LinguaFranca or a
language of wider communication cannot be a substitute for the mother-tongue, and it
should be avoided until the child fully acquired their mother-tongue.
E. MODERNIZATION
English is particularly useful for communication with Qatar's large expatriate community. In
the medical community, and in situations such as the training of nurses to work in Qatar,
English acts as a lingua franca.

Arabic is an Afro-Asiatic language spoken in several countries in parts of Asia and Africa.
Arabic is the official language in Qatar, with a majority of the population using Arabic as a
mother tongue. The Arabic spoken in Qatar is of two distinct and mutually intelligible
dialects: standard Arabic and native Gulf Arabic. The dialects used are affected by the
migration and interaction of citizens of Qatar with other Arab-speaking foreigners. Qatar is
used for official purposes, in business, daily communication, and as a method of instruction
in Qatar’s institutions of learning.
Some of the languages spoken in Qatar include Arabic, English, French, Hindi, Urdu, Tagalog,
Malaysian, Nepali, and Baluchi. Arabic is designated as the country's official language.
Vernacularization is the restoration or elaboration of an indigenous language and its

adoption as an official language.
Mainting used of Arabic as the country’s official language despite of many flourishing
language people adapting.
4.INTERNATIONALIZATION
English is the second most commonly used language in Qatar, with its roots in the colonial
era. Since Qatar is a former British colony, English was used for official purposes during their
rule. While English is not an official language, it is widely accepted as the second language in
Qatar. English has been introduced as a second language in schools and has gained
prominence among the business community. The presence of expatriates from English
speaking countries has also contributed to the growth of the language in Qatar.
Reviving the Local Dialect in Qatar: An Issue of Linguistic Concern or Identity Politics?
Historically, Qataris have strived for autonomy and independence, and have always sought
to define themselves apart from others. This has dictated a specifically defined identity in
which language stands at the core of identity formation. In the process of constructing a
national identity, Qataris realized that a revival of the Arabic language, following a decline in
its use, needed to stress the use of Nabati, a local Qatari dialect that is closely linked to
Qatar's historical identity, and the tribal structure that preceded state formation. Alongside
a linguistic revival in Qatar, came a rebirth of national history that paved the way for the
construction of national discourse. The Qatari dialect being revived forms part of the current
state ideology, which sees the language's revival as a critical step in state building.
Differentiation, even from the closest neighbors, is an essential component in Qatar's state
ideology, which supports the nations desire to build an independent Qatari identity within
its borders.
Language is, after all, not just about speaking, but about knowing where and how it is
used-this is what defines the power of language. Indeed, the strongest indicator of the
power of language is in its application. For example, in order to use it as a scientific language,
one needs to understand it as a language of thought and critical analysis. The more people
apply language in everyday life, whether socially or professionally, the more powerful it
becomes. Likewise, the more individuals feel dependent on a specific language, the more
powerful and central it becomes. By understanding how language empowers people, one
can begin to understand how the revival of nationalism and national history is taking place in
Qatar.
TA JIKISTAN
A. BACKGROUND
Tajikistan is a Central Asian landlocked country with a mountainous terrain.
For centuries, the region that is now Tajikistan was occupied and invaded by several
kingdoms and their armies. People of different ethnicities have lived in the region over a
period of centuries. The languages of Tajikistan thus reflect a great influence of the
languages of the ethnically diverse population of Tajikistan. The use of Russian in Tajikistan
became popular during the Soviet period. After the country gained independence following
the break-down of the Soviet Union, Tajikistan became and independent country.
B. QUESTIONS
Learning First Language It comes to as an inheritance/legacy/birthright. The mother tongue

or native language of a person while a second language is a language a person learns in
order to communicate with the native speaker of that language.We learn multiple languages
but those languages will always be different from the first language. Second language is a
personal choice of a person of what we want to learn.
Multilingual means involving several different languages.
Tajik as the state language and Russian, designated as language of interethnic

communication in the constitution.
part of their FOUNDATIONS OF THE CONSTITUTIONAL SYSTEM
According to Tajikistan 1994 (rev. 2003)Chapter 1 ARTICLE 2:The State language of Tajikistan
is the Tajik language;Russian is the language of communication between the
nationalities;and All nations and nationalities living on the territory of the Republic have the
right to freely use their native language.

LANGUAGE PLANNING?
Other language itself is spoken mostly at home amongst the family, while Tajik is used to
discuss formal matters, such as business matters, or for communicating with other dialect
speakers.
C. DISCUSSIONS
The Tajik language- is a modern version of Persian spoken in Central Asia.
Most speakers: in Tajikistan, Uzbekistan

Tajikistan means the "Land of the Tajiks". The suffix "-stan" is Persian for "place of" or
"country" and Tajik is, most likely, the name of a pre-Islamic (before the seventh century
A.D.) tribe.
The Constitution mentions Russian as the "language for inter-ethnic communication.
In the Council Conclusions on multilingualism and the development of language

competences, Member States committed to enhancing cooperation in the field of
multilingualism and improving the effectiveness of language teaching in schools.Working
together with national governments to meet an ambitious goal – for all citizens to learn at
least two foreign languages and to begin learning foreign languages at an early age.
LANGUAGE PLANNING
Taking the actions recommended in the Council Recommendation on a comprehensive

approach to the teaching and learning of languages. This includes working with Member
States and leading experts in language education to modernise language teaching and to
make it more efficient.
strengthening its drive for evidence-based policymaking, rendering legislation more effective
in providing public goods, such as a cohesive, multilingual society.
promoting innovation in language teaching. As many education systems are not using
common methods of assessment, efforts to improve language teaching should be
coordinated with the development of modern assessment methodologies.
C. IMPLEMENTATION
Tajiki, was created and implemented throughout all education curricula.
D. STANDARILIZATION
take action to encourage broad and international commitment to promoting

multilingualism and linguistic diversity, including the safeguarding of endangered
languages.Languages unite people, render other countries and their cultures accessible, and
strengthen intercultural understanding. Foreign language skills play a vital role in enhancing
employability and mobility.
E. MODERNIZATION
The progress of Tajikistan tajik language.expansion in the size and range of vocabulary
especially in its coverage of diverse registers and developmentof new differentiations.
The development of language functions.

Tajik is the official language of Tajikistan while Russian is another major language spoken in
the country.
Tajik is used widely in government administration, education, business, courts, and daily
lives of the people of Tajikistan. Many consider the Tajik to be a variety or dialect of Persian.
However, others doubt this fact. In fact, there is great debate regarding the relation
between the Tajik and Persian languages. The Tajik is believed to have evolved separately
from Persian due to the geographical isolation and political barriers and also the influence of
Russian and other languages. A number of archaic elements are still used in the Tajik
language.
- the recognition of more than one language, also takes a variety of forms.
Other than Russian, several other minority languages are spoken in Tajikistan. Uzbek, a
Turkic language and Uzbekistan’s official language is spoken by about 900,000 people in
Tajikistan. The official language of Kyrgyzstan, the Kyrgyz language, is spoken by the Kyrgyz
ethnic minority of Tajikistan. It is spoken by about 60,000 people in the country. Tajikistan
also has about 50,000 Persian speakers as well Arabic and Pashto-speaking communities.
Other minority languages or regional languages of Tajikistan which are lesser known and
have few speakers include Yaghnobi, Parya, Shughni, Wakhi, etc. The Shugni language is the
most widely spoken among these languages and is spoken by about 40,000 people in the
country as a first language.
The various immigrants to Tajikistan from the neighboring countries and beyond speak their
own languages for intra-community communication. These languages have a few thousand
to a few hundred speakers in the country. Examples of the immigrant languages spoken in
Tajikistan include Armenian, Belarusian, Lithuanian, Romanian, Turkish, Western Balochi,
Korean, Kazakh, etc.
- is the restoration or elaboration of an indigenous language and its adoption as an official
language.
Russian is another important language spoken in Tajikistan. It is a legacy of the Soviet rule in
the country. It is widely used for formal and informal communication in the country. The
Constitution of Tajikistan does not mention Russian as an official language but mentions that
this language can be used for communication between people belonging to different ethnic
communities (as a lingua franca). In 2009, it was believed that an amendment was made to
the Constitution removing any mention of Russian. However, the language was again
returned to its original status at a later time. The number of speakers who speak Russian as
their first language has, however, fallen in the country in the past few decades due to the
large-scale emigration of ethnic Russians from Tajikistan to their homeland in Russia.
-is the adoption of a non-indigenous language of wider communication either as an official

language or for such purposes as education or trade.
English language policy as ideology in multilingual Khorog, Tajikistan.English has steadily

grown in importance in Khorog since the late 1990s, and particularly as a result of efforts by
the spiritual leader of the transnational Ismaili community, the Aga Khan IV, to promote
English among his local followers, who form a majority in Khorog.
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BAHRAIN

1. WHY AND HOW A PARTICULAR LANGUAGE IS LEARNED?

3. HOW MULTILINGUAL METHODS DEVELOP?

It depends in every country if they promote or have a policy of Multilingualism.As the

4. HOW THE MULTILINGUAL NATIONS DETERMINE THEIR LANGUAGE CHOICE THROUGH

1. LANGUAGE AND SOCIETY

Some characteristics of the Arabic language

3. LANGUAGE PLANNING IN MULTILINGUALISM SOCIETY

In sociolinguistics the distinction between a national language and an official language is

Language planning is commissioned and implemented by those in power that it can be

A. LANGUAGE PANNING AND IT CASES IN SOME COUNTRIES

B. TYPES OF LANGUAGE PLANNING

Implementation is the most important aspect of language planning process, because it

Modernization of language can be done in two ways.Firstly, development of language

4 TYPES OF IDIOLOGIES THAT MOTIVATES NEUTRAL DECISION MAKING IN LANGUAGE

Arabic: The Official Language of Bahrain

MAJOR ISSUES WITH THE LANGUAGE IN MULTILINGUAL

1. WHY AND HOW A PARTICULAR LANGUAGE IS LEARNED?

3. HOW MULTILINGUAL METHODS DEVELOP?

briefly describe the history of the development of multilingual education in Cambodia,

4. HOW THE MULTILINGUAL NATIONS DETERMINE THEIR LANGUAGE CHOICE THROUGH

1. LANGUAGE AND SOCIETY

Buddhism also reinforces a sense of hierarchy within society.

Interpersonal communication is built on the relationship between those involved.

Cambodia people speak Official language Khmer.Foreign Languages:English, French.

3. LANGUAGE PLANNING IN MULTILINGUALISM SOCIETY

Ruiz proposed a framework of three orientations to language

Orientations are basic to language planning in that they delimit

and even the data themselves. Orientations are related to language

attitudes in that they constitute the framework in which attitudes

are formed: they help to delimit the range of acceptable attitudes

towards language, and to make certain attitudes legitimate. In

short, orientations determine what is thinkable about language in

A. LANGUAGE PANNING AND IT CASES IN SOME COUNTRIES

A national language cannot be chosen in a particular country without examining the

B. TYPES OF LANGUAGE PLANNING

4 TYPES OF IDIOLOGIES THAT MOTIVATES NEUTRAL DECISION MAKING IN LANGUAGE

The languages spoken by the ethnic minorities in Cambodia include-

Vietnamese, the language that is spoken by the Vietnamese immigrants to Cambodia

MAJOR ISSUES WITH THE LANGUAGE IN MULTILINGUAL

India is the second most-populous country, after China.

1. WHY AND HOW A PARTICULAR LANGUAGE IS LEARNED?

Schools teach more languages formally, to empower us and make us participate

Speaks multiple Languages.

3. HOW MULTILINGUAL METHODS DEVELOP?

4. HOW THE MULTILINGUAL NATIONS DETERMINE THEIR LANGUAGE CHOICE THROUGH

1. LANGUAGE AND SOCIETY

India is the seventh largest country in the world

Over 1.3 billion people live in India

The Indian Language’ Is Actually 23 Separate Official Languages.

3. LANGUAGE PLANNING IN MULTILINGUALISM SOCIETY

The Indian constitution draws a distinction between the language to be used in

A. LANGUAGE PANNING AND IT CASES IN SOME COUNTRIES

B. TYPES OF LANGUAGE PLANNING

4 TYPES OF IDIOLOGIES THAT MOTIVATES NEUTRAL DECISION MAKING IN LANGUAGE

- is the restoration or elaboration of an indigenous language and its adoption as an official

-is the adoption of a non-indigenous language of wider communication either as an official

MAJOR ISSUES WITH THE LANGUAGE IN MULTILINGUAL

Language issue in India:

1. WHY AND HOW A PARTICULAR LANGUAGE IS LEARNED?

We learn and adapt language.It is for us to communicate to broadening our knowledge.

Speaks multiple languages.And people of Israel either bilingual or multilingual.Because there

3. HOW MULTILINGUAL METHODS DEVELOP?