(CHINA RISEARCHIMCNOGRAPH ‘Te Hu Houxuan éf 07h 1911-1985 The Ancestral Landscape Teacher and fiend Time, Space, and Community in Late Shang China (ca. 1200-1045 8.c.) David N. Keightley RU ee ea (CCS center ror crmese stupnes:‘ABeghanc sna att ane espe reset foe Seman mnt heard ny jo So, ae te ey Coa ar 6 ol unc eles DSeaeet tee eestoatent tater oenonty lRoude te pen Reh Meopph eee Hore Reser Mogens ‘pancho enint i acs Alec ebm hey. Di sa"ibsee doa apn c= Charen omg nae tiapapht nce sl ne on csi ote gu) T Chast Sang iy 1761122. 2 C—Chlenon 032 22 S'Gncbmer—Ch tel Chaar manage zh m0 The Regt of he Unt Cai Engh ere Contents Prete Citation ant Tension Concetions 1.Cliate 2 Agrcutare “Agrictua chee 10 Fatsond Disses 13 2.Time: Days, Nights and Suns Dayana Nig 19 Sun Call 35 The Stang Day 29 4. Te: Coens Structures The Saty-Day Cyl 37 ‘The Xan Wes 39 TheLimaton 43 The Five Rittal Cycle 47 ‘he Numbered i Rial Cycle 50 5: Space: Center and Periphery ‘The Capt or Cul Center 6 ae The Four Lands 6 Fang Js Arena Powers 86 Wat Powers 72 Gage Ot and Comings 74 xi cS6 Space: Cosmos and Orientation Onintation #2 Cental Ditions The Land 86 (Gta Dvections: The Water 3 Divination Bons Weld Maps 93 7-Community: TheLandand ts Inhabitants "The Royel Coma 58 (Other Commas 103 Mer, Annals ond Lendscape 107 Powers on theLand “113, |. Conmoogin and Lagacis:The"Winde of Shang Fins Tale yt the sitions rally Rene Naber Inder tote scrips Tite igen A: Aether one “Calenders Works Ce ogre 8: Ole Wirls Cat Inder a mi wi Preface “The Shang dynaety is important because i was the frst Chinese pasty fo have left writen record and because a5 those records evel, Jscaltural choies wereto provides ignicant legacy forthe Zhow and Han dynasties that olored The symbolic order thatthe Late Shang clits created for themeeives and for thet warldisacordingly of com ‘idoralehitoviealinterst. "Late Shang” the span of time covered in {his Book, refers othe pero for which we have inscriptions (2. 100 {Oise rom the eign of Ws Ding 3.7 (he twenty-trst Shang king: se igure I tothe reign of Dt Xin (he enty-tnth). ‘Theft tv chaptrs ate introductory; they adress the imate and agricaltare of the Anvang #8 region, in the northern Henan pan- Fhanlein the la ew centuries ofthe second milennium ne do nat {aim thatthe environmental base determined the Late Shang super ‘Sructre that geography Is esting” but ldo urge that enyatempe to “understand the genes the Shang world oder need to consider the Jntluence ofthe Bicol and climatological ulling blocks with which theShangeltes,andprosatry oo, workedas they constractedaninip- tent Chinese cosmology on the North China plan? sth mia te hang gy ih can dred in many of he {Bist ss ko 0 ware ne, Pen oc os pe | by cman ean tony ov el th pyc ere one ot sot ephemera trea lly Cheese, ‘Sal tdn inden Reang Magen 95 Vg Se peni Preface ‘The next five chapters address Shang notions of time, space, and community. With regard to time, much of my concernis withthe was inwhichthe Shang understood and gavestractureto the pastage ofthe hous days, and months, With repaid fo space Ifoiow ster sehelats intresting landscapes as “contract the imagination projected onto wood and wateranrork” (Schama 19951). Landscape, mother words 'sopposed to tran or topography "a cultural and socialconstructon, ‘epreentng an arial wold sf vor simpy given std ineiable™ (biel 19842, My interest isin howe the Late Shang construed and mediated terial word inthe culture they bultuponthat externa ‘work andin how tha! external wold shaped that cltre Tam inter ¢sted, moreover in what Vu Tuan (197411) has termed "topepaia” “theaffestve bond between people nd place or setting” that “couples sentiment with place” And eter fo the Shang landscape as ances, notonly Because twa inabated by ancestral and athe) Power bul alsoecause the ndscape, beth ealand symbali payed. generative Sd religous role inthe culture thatthe Shang crested and tansmitied ‘As tocommunits they at, as Benedict Anderson (1918) has nated, lvaysmagined, and they are “tobe distinguished, not by Ui fly? fenuinenes, but bythe style in which they ae imagine” Tam int ‘stein the sila we set pamarly in thei divination inscriptions ‘wth which the Shang imagined and created their word, both aman snd natural. The Book ths primary astudyinreteospectve cultural fnthropology eather than, say, tudy f Shang polite or ecosomicy| And given the theoretical ctfcultesiavoved in soating and ranking ‘he facto that played arole inthe genes sense oforderandidentty Sometiree thousand yearsaga my teatime fvorea "thik description ‘hatothers perhaps, may use to question some of my conchasions. ‘That descriptions 1 have indicated, based primary upon the oracle-bone inscriptions ofthe Late shang dynasty divination records ‘hat provide ae with numerusinsght nt the expences an ponies ofthe Shang kings* These records the eres body of wring yet ound In East Aaa, were produced in the following way. The divine so times the king buteften an efficer atthe shang court presided over the divinstory tual The divine announced the subject of Ie divination, termed a “charge” (mig! $89) by modern scolar, an appli an Isha fore Sparse nt Kee teat) oan npn be Sang ishing 8 Preface & intense heat source tothe hllow that had heen previously carved into the back of ete scapula o trl pastron; having been thinned in this way thebane or shell racked abaresulf the heat tes producing Ata shaped rack siblein figures ands) on the font surface. The ing then interpreted the crack aa response, “ck” or "unlucky" ‘varying degrees tothe charge that hadibeen proposed. He pronounced his forecast Some or all of this information, which had probaly been tren down insore frm of divers notebook” atthetime the ia ‘vas performed, war evenly carved ava record ist the sslaeaf he bone o hel together with, on occasion, 2 "orfcaon” that recorded ‘what had actually eppened” Most dvinations were not recorded 80 Completely but afl dvinatory record would have consisted of eae (the date of he divination and the name ofthe diner, which have _enerall omen he inssptons below; seep), alae (Ihe sul estate which in my transitions, place sn double quotasen mark) 2 progrostaton the King’s Forecast ain inscriptions [23 (S4AB), (8) below) ana eerjation (the results arin 3A, 18} (8), An oceatonal star provided more formation aboute date and pace of vation tnd the ccumstancesunderhichithad been performed (ain (S4A8), [S8} 108) The insted bones rere probably kepeaove round for2| period of tine and wee then place in storage pts in the ares of the Emple-palace complex at Xiao“, three hlometors northwest of ‘modern Anyang, They ay sn the ground, unknown to scholars unt the rt ofthe twentathentary” By presenting 2 relatively large number of inscriptions, {hope in some allway to give readersan almost tac sense, not only of what lewastobeaLateShanghingandaLate Shang diver but also of what {tis to bea scholar who works with these materials My reaction to Iago hg PRM the recently published compendim of almost ‘84000 orale bones, worth guodng here: would... the sense of needa contact with the ise {hate provides Kin matucv, even moving for ample to read tfreugh some J ratings fem the eno Nu Ding 1790 {EoWly al concrmed with nfl the cashing and engovingo Ns ‘ast qunty of event specie bones ad sels rarids one aoc ‘hee ive In pelorning an coin thee maton “Far fern Shane dvi ee Kap 197 86 On heen soe te pr“ ak se apy HED erst ae der gay R28 3,3. emai ae 1335's sod Pesos aex Preace vito the welling the yay. Inn, he npn fet ingtvough page aferpge ofan deve to parr oe inqite unie tht neiedinconakinghestandintaedentaee terseipions.E Fi dorsnothngeseenearages one orespon ‘Shenk coittthe sin sie prenen nd veneer Nooradetore schlaran ato salted to nw tugs ad secon a hte el hgh psy Sang ne ‘And by translating in context, more than a handed and fit ofthe inscriptions thatthe Shang inseibed on their orale bones [also hope tointroduce readers tothe waysin which he eis waitlen documents yyetfound in China may be sted Ithas been proposed that the orade-Bone intripsions permit the Late Shang tobe characterized only as" protohistor” onthe grounds that ering wasnot yet ally develope sndin common use forrecor inghistory" ames 1983:19;5e too Hopey 199130), The Shang wring system wa, infact, well developed, ands entirely kel thatthe Shang, ep other kinds of records that ave noteen preserve Is indeed the presence of thei wring system that dtinguishes the Shang fom the contemporary Bronze Age turesthat lourished in hina ape) 159.18), Nevertheless, the records that we have are certainly li ed {nnature and the icine themeelvespermittherconsnaction only of certain aspects of Late Shang history. Divination was an important ‘Shang institution, but there jo season to same that expesees the fullvange and varabiity ofthe east se too p2beiow) Ast have cater noted (Keighley 1978212, the orace bone inscptons tl us more ofthe notes of Shang cult than ofthe music of Shang bei” those notes, however placed it conten cana east give ws 2 sense of| ‘what the music would have sounded ike and whats structure was, "With these considerations in mind, ts my hope that the Book wil erveas an introduction asan informed stall through the landscape of the bone nsrpaions, suggesting some ofthe connections that may Be dlscemed beneath theirsuface contentand encouraging further explo ration It offers at east 2 partial account ofthe Late Shang elites and their dal lives based upon contemporary soures Given te chaleng ingnetureof thelnscriptions, however and he tchnical disagreements that chabenge some modern interpretations, a simple “intediction™ ‘would, on oesasion, prove inadequate and even misieading. For some ‘nu py or gato ogg fee on MPT Rey oe SS Rp 9 Rte Preface lsu, ndsed, there are no simple introductions and in those cases have done my best fo indicate where farther research isneeded andthe interpretive problems involved. Qur understanding ofthe Late Shang {nerpions and of te cultre that produced them sil evolving “An eal version of thi study was presented to the Annual Sym posiumin Chinese Stacie, “Empire, Nation, and Region: The Chinese World Order Reconsidered,” at the Center for Chinese Studies, Unver Sty of Calfenia at Barkley, on 3-4 Mach 195, ram grate for the Comments of Judith Bolt, Bruce Brooks, Magnus Fiskess, Donald Harper Lia Xueshun, David Pankener, Michael Poet, Jetrey Riegel. [Edward Shaughnessy, Kerich Takashima, Lothar von Falkenhasen, nd Robin Yates, which have dane much to lmprove is accuracy and ‘elineateitsseope with more precision: and lam particulary grateful to the aclty and student nembers of a two-eeekorele-bone seminar 1 tended atthe University of Washinglonin spring 199 that used inal ‘yess ofthisstudy seis text Willa G Bol MattCartey ev Handel, Geng ang, Stevan Harel Robin Neal Newell Ann Van Aker, Suh jen Yang, Anne O. Yue, and Xaorong Zheng, Tshould aolike w thank Imre Garb for checking my inscipion references nd Seungjoon {Uneforhie research assstane. Any mistakes, of course, remain my On. ‘Tam grateful finaly to Joanne Sandstrom for copy eating the final smanaseript with clanty and efficiency.Citation and Transcription Conventions Inprovidinga key (on pp. 147-51) tothe orace-bone inscriptions rans Intedinthisbook include referencestotwre maj concordance, aBbre- ‘ited 38 ¥ and St give readers acess to (1) the oracle bone for of the inscriptions cted (which I generally transenbe in modern graph form) and (2) other nseripiens that may bearon he same topic Visa abbreviation for Yao Xagsei #4858 and Xia Ding HT eds, Youa, ing tes cua Q $1RF AB Beijing: Zhonghus, 189), for an Invroducion to this tanscrbed corps of Shang race boneinseiptions, see Keighley 1997, Sle an abbreviation for Shana Kunio 8 )8 3% Inyo Isr BREE BFR MG Cd evo, Tokyo Kya, 1971), fora review ‘ofthe 1967 edition, see Kelley 1965, Both works oelisted in Big. raphy A, The ¥citations provideacces tothe Hey rubbings the orc bone inseripion (chapter In. 8), the most comprchensive corpus vale the Stations record the onigral work which the rubbings were fant published and thas provide sees tothe eakerscholehip. shoal also be noted thatthe Vand Stancenptions donot always agree Inthose ces when Iwas unable to find a transcription in the ‘wanscription may be found in Yao Xaosul and Xiao Ding, eds, Yne ing at mos zongh RQ 198 EEE (Bejing: Zhonghua, 988) {ao ceviewed in Keighley 1997) a work that, by transerting sl he fnseripions on a particular bone, provides a content forthe study Of the meaning “Anindexto the inscriptions transated in thisbook (pp. 153-57) ven according to thei publication data in both Hg andearer colectons ofwe Cation and eanseipion Conventions inscriptions (ised in biography A), will ermit readers to determine ‘which inscriptions are treated inthe body af the book. ‘Given the elaivey large number of irscxptions that have ransatd below. and given my dese tointroduce the inscriptions toa nonspecia: istaudience, have generally nat taken the space to provide detailed plossesorto translate the fullrecord lasually exclude, for example te Preface containing theday-dateand thediviner sam); nor boca of Iny synopticapproach, and because ofthe technical distinctions that re ten invelved, have 1 usually periodized the inscriptions tte (oce ‘hapten 13) When Findicate that partial opie was of interest to particular king, such a8 Wu Ding, however, tis may be then to ‘mean thatallormest of he inscriptions dealing with ha opi may be signed to the reign ofthat king, ‘The letters” and "baer an inscription number inde “rot” (sien IE and "back for BE)“ (asin the ease of Hel 7287s = (141) indicates asocket rotation The se ofA, B,Cyete in mp reference nam ber, asin [2] and [128 ndicats thatthe inseripton its appearin Sequence on thesare bone orahell Thelstes AB et,atachedta Uae Hep nceripton number asin thecas of Hej RSTOAB = [25A-]) eer tothe fragments, iM yiZ, ete an “exploded” rejoining Elipses in a anscrpion or translation indicate that have omitted some ofan insenption’ characters, ether because they are not relevant tothepointbeing made because ido not understand they thesymbc {indicates tat one graphs mssingin the origin nscrigton, and te Syenbol 1 indeates that one or more graphs maybe missing. A "()” sheracharacterindiats thatthe moder transrption Thave peeved isuncertain Porenthesesinatranlation inccate tat supply the mean- ig square backs mean that estore a character or word that now rissng but that woul, in my view, have Been presen nthe orignal tindamaged inscription, Climate Inthe period roma. 4000103000. the cimatein the eon of Anyang ‘21% GSON, 1143) inaceord witha global end, had gradually turned oer anal die following the warmest and weltst sage ofthe Pos {lial Cimatic Optimum, During the Longphaa ML period (ca 300 §Sron.¢), many of te opie subropical nd agua ora and fauna ‘bat had teved in the veion disappeared but abundant wate, grass nd dence cet were stil present andthe temperature ase warmer ‘han today’s probably by some twoto four degreesCelsus By these ingeenturey othe second millennium nc, the time of te Late Shang, the increasing diuplocement of subwopsel fauna by temperate-zane timals tke horse and eae provides farther evidence of continued [redual cong in the repion. Nevertheless, studies ofthe paleo-ors Sd-ounaindcatethat te ciate of Nocth China wasstllrather weter {ndwarmertowar heen oe milena than ay ‘The minal lnaciptons of Late Shang for example, confer that, by ‘Somparisn with the present, rain warily tobe more prolonged and tra likely fo fallin mothe that are now vitally fee of ain sat ering ene ema Cg isfy 1436 Kap B52 archer Zhe and on ect Whh CETL LAE teekeapertn ton vm nero bata2 Chapter ‘Although the Late Shang temperature was rather warmer than at presen, it appears that the difference would have been most nae ‘uring the winter months, when, during the mid-Holocene, tempers. tures may havebeen some -5°Chigher han they ae today, compared tosummer temperatures that may have Been only seme 1’ highet Shi Yafeng etal. 1993209), LateShang winters, accordingly. ay havebeen more benevolentthan modera winter the anual ange of temperate ‘may havebeen smaller than tistoda, and the varabiity nd voles ‘ofthe modern weather in the Anyang egion may have ben rather lass ‘apgsrated although many ofthe same topographictactos would have played aroe particulary in summer Inrecent mes the summer lsh Detween warm monsoon ac rom the southeast forced wise vilenly asitencounters longthe eastern edge ofthe Iaihang 77 mountains, the cod air descending from the Shan pate, has led to torent, Mlod-producingrainsso thatthe average ainalia ely in the vicinity fof the easier slopes, sone ofthe highest in North China? Further ‘more, the rai, whea i all tends tod so moat hes in the after noon, fom about 207 pam. Ramage 195; Watts 196820). This means tht, in the modem posed, heavy bursts of precipitation could bring ‘the farmer's dally work to stop. Ite key that, daring the sume, ‘theShang king in his untsand trevels and in performing hisopen-att_ suals would have ben snuaelyassalted* The dviers athe cout lof Wing 3,7 (119 2c) her vercations, certainly recorded "in, and thunder to, inthe sternoon “The mumereus dvinations about weather—constuing wellover 7 percent ftheinseiponalcorpst can nf be ead wih ine vile ing Sag toon sete ean ten efor vicit ‘ppctShm don sw ne Wer Sec an han any 8. Png 87173, 67m, edn he LAO recede the ‘Aning dg lag sng ETOH RD A Bs Mieeoraopl Cee {tepelthe Anyang tee Mele Oti wich ara 2p ‘Soe 7 i yo en) a ‘hia pin uring he Po acl Crate Opus was td it Inder 0ce see eg Kama Lan en a OL We agin St Rar nny schemes seeps tlw a [arate ha pe iin he theca) eet uger ht kee ttre 1B SUI Qhnder on», Ses a "Guo Mrs, Rowan, a he er ef ae 293 eke tens pee eth ol paliedcopss ol estore nde! Chmate 3 and variability of the modern weathorin mind, eventhough, a0 see have seen, the Late Shang weather may have been fatherles exteme in his regard The Late Shang hing evidently had good reason obeconcerned Shout the outcome of divination charges like peered “Today the day, fthe ng hus, the whole day he wll have no leas hel ot encour get sna Similarly, the impact ofthe winds on the Shang king and pensantcy| ‘would probably have been comparable to thet iypast on farms | ‘modern Anyang where every month inotevery week. the winds ow from nearly ll points of the compas and occasionally cause local op damage between the endf Api and the begunungofJune? One would ‘exped that the winds would have ben «palpable and powerbd pres fence and fear of encountering peat wins (gb da fo 7M 389 {05) ins travels and hunts was infact, another ofthe Shang kings Aivnatory concerns (1198.12) The winds onthe NoethChina plains [Seater jlon eno napa tnt Dany et ete en te dial ear tie) TA psa he prtens eee ciate bys) 1 eayng rae) ad. pene endemic herntan nt on 1 ct rp ond ‘ie pct hein ling te ood en ayo gaan wna 2 TimitiDiy ting the pes moth ay Eno age 93) ey gues sl oe gr ata ba tie iyi a i a eH. ‘Tor iter dati charges tt ard ne ing dae ot cco see sand nents at obs 1h) sb 2 Forte ayo na Se ‘pitas rion cp Cont kin te Sarg ene iron ee 1 to {ahengyng quan 1981 A cargo th reads ety te Anyang si ptt ened ue Selene ey ene endnenetr Tr mma otros {aameretiewds raced foret ron eben Saleen eee dames Spe pl ange so mont Sy md Ny ene ie ot dye 1 {n'a Cre 9574 wren Tsang Sires pine wan ade savant Fey spite Themes tar tee | ilceceienr hal Sets trhmenaeay eematecveve git hat ner den” Compe my epee with [NS Eine es msde nero ay en rom ego 18 |4 Chapter were sulficenly strong that the dvines, as they sought toast the King satfairs ad toasiess the wind force and timing" The king, more ‘over engaged ina series ofrituals which on ocasion involved the ac fice of dogs sheep, and pgs, that were designed “to pac the wind ning feng Y10821, 53881, asin axem, x We wl pay the Win with hres sheep thre dog. thre PgR” “Theshangconceved ofthe wind tke somany other natural phenomena, both beneticaland hrmful,asunder the command oD, the High God (Ao) RAGE. Im MER MOE “On the new gin (ay 0 Dl nt order Wind Wirt) Inthe evening it wen overco (an,prsumaly, not windy} On herent gumay Day order Wd Incerain ae divination in fact, the Shangappeartohave rested the winds a the emissines of Di," asin {sil “Onehad a se of renee ponernd presser at re tthe rch rthe we fring arsod sun pean nt ang Ai re ‘te noi tl edd ns ee is Dba he wndein hang cote eee Ae 7S 2.52.7 ghey 80,3, 299) Ome as Sang wid ‘inn Steg an ton Tagg 9 19 "2 Sn theron Zag 097) who mo atthe ate eel ht th Shang sci ot deg a an fo tee (rn) (Bicep a em tS Being at ‘ove the ange sin strtphon ape camglenetry cages ha vwrepated onthe Gene svn scan oe gs: ote age Ps trkahey 98 Frenne res erg ew ons ‘ate The precntoesnthatg pea ers brent ‘ter actus ep 1, kahuna won os ly note bre tha any ot ia Beier ev arg eo ede ‘Sim Seog 78) had Ht ete he tegen seated wh ‘ee ntleot wo sheets hs sevagto wenn einseedoctane the “ay eer ind of ae Key I, 9.8.9) Ta ese ‘tena 0 80H fs oA) AT PAROHT PROP am OH Fic arial we propo hhine (9) wn eee mac the tet cht sonesar anspor woasa ums ae Ietsjac" De attending Wind) gh beeen Wn er minmodeton he esa peed whe ply pune om Pee 11M og pom Voi fans On FL kay 1892 San ISR foe rem ampere on els Koen nd Peng Sonne 1H Snead ae ec oo acpi nck he pe = Climate 5 WigFeea=aAD tis emsay Wind, wee two dogs. Biase ie make burnt offering (to) Dis emisary, Wind, ene bovine = “These cargos indicate the wea in which theShang attempted to under stand the lores that shaped thelr wor, placing the Wind Powers ut {eri command and concelving ofthe winds a Ds subordinates ™ ‘Tre emissares themselves, moreover, may have been conceived the formota phoenix (fo )." "Kimospherc phenomena in genera appear to have been the special province Ds, who, madaiton to commanding the wind, commanded {he rain (a in [15AB] and [90AB). The clouds night be referred to as Dre (aerre Zee ke burst tering to Ds Cows” ‘And that burn offering was evdendy intended to produce ain, asin~ ‘ated by another charge onthe same bone: Biappa ting able Rene a hen ES“ Fe rues chaperrn hover encurge th vw ar he Shang noe ‘Sonor fa ies and vt po at pooenain moe Teoma se po rae “ae Powe Fowe oe he eater at he tag ‘et mi wei drei er cin 8) STacrciguoseeeplns ie Ds tie tants ower pet nj ‘Secon copa me wh lathuman stot hye aed ESR a tel and pap mre poner owtenen estore ‘Botts eg Nadl 95-4 Cbd elk ab es Ran Heton See alr at wet srsiod a petal her sure ee iniCiate se elo thn sy oe py ta beside ase "ore snc tenten Wiarton se Chen Meng 98372 se ullctlnnnan aro Shas Kangke 988 hla ‘feo, Teel acremis serene esate url a Hoop ‘don dome haps) ate tba hur nana cs as ‘meaner Scie tongs kesyeen ange ajo Ange oe {Tefen Say may heen oe Sang rope he Wind Power‘ Chapters (@ngtenm “When (ve) cameto te preset hteeth moon," il an ”® ‘The expectation that ain might fallin the intecalary thiteenth moon | (Ge, inDecemberor January) isoneof the pecs evidence indicating ‘tha the Late Shang climate was weties than is today when vray nora falls atthe ten othe year" ‘Thunder tke other atmospheric phenomena, wasalso commanded bby Di the High God. That the Late Shang dvined about thunder ore corded forthe fist second, third, tenth and thteenth moons—as i CA RRS+ SRR Dell en (we) come to the present deerth meen, order Thunder i GeRte—nem Pi wil at he Ue ofthe waxing fst oon, cederTnder™ provides an ational cue tothe reduced severity ofthe Late Shang. ‘winter, for thunder is generally associated withthe warm season. In| modern ines thunder tarts oramble over Anyang about 21 Aprl in bout the Shang fourth moon) with most modern thunderstorms cut ring in July ov Angus thunder is last heard in the region about the ‘mide of September (in the Shang eighth or ninth moon) Its occur Sethe eS sarge tm ccm si pei Ph ge a a nd “To he ew hte Shan sted thee mumbeing he ment th "Ang he weather nds eae Cea rrp tm nny hogs ppt 37 mn a ee Te te levee ender cep oe fet moon Ht 0) = nr an GN op 0 at) = Dae SE pay aad 3) ‘ew edn ey 1 (10) = Nan pt) = yon ‘Sedan Mes rs) «Cera 9 eh won ts Fata 2112 (112) Fore amlten og purring en et aghtay 13 htonan 43 Dewan 4135 Cog 736 Wate 8925 ‘Ahonen gina HAI Aang he eter reo 8-80 oe climate 7 rence inthe fs second, third, tenth, an thirtensh moans of Shang — that isin approximately January-February, February-March, March ‘Apa October November and December Janaay—isfurtherindicaon ‘hat there months musthave been warmer and presumably unr than they areat present (Wen Shaofeng and Yuan Tingong 1963.15). Disi- ‘ations ike (7AB] tat were concerned with thunder inthe thirteenth ‘or ist moon, sugges, Furthermore, that in Shang esas in Zhou Sand Han-the first peas of thunder may have bees associated with the Sart ofthe year™ This association suggest n tur, tat thunder must Ihave been sufficiently normal in late December January, or February forsuch an expectation toarse Andi the yen tact was primary con ‘xived asthe tart ofthe “agricaltra” year, then we once again have ‘evidence thatthe growing season would have started ear in Late Shanes that in January-February than it does today. Shang age culture was essed witha relatively benevolent climate Te shoul be rote in losing this cscussion of imate and weather thatitis not alvays eaeyto determine the Shang garded wind, for ‘example as a mundane phenomenon or a a Power, Wind, 1 assume that they didnot drow a sharp dirtineson between natural phenomena and the Powers that animated them, fr they lived ina world in which {the spheres that we regard as secular and sacred were not distinct or fuoated eg, Keighley 1978.212,212 m2; DeBernard 199229, 22-53, 250). At the sme ime it also probable that context determined the {egree to which the regarded particular phenomena in religious or ‘pudane terms. Although itis evident, accordingly, that phenomena Sich as nd and can were endowed with sprival significance, the Inscriptions suggest that they were primal regarded as phenomena, a the contro other Powers ke Dy, the High God (asin SAB), [7ABD, (Ta the Earth Power as (80), (818 for other Powers, se [98], ‘and [PAD rather than a Powersin hele own ight Asaresuly Ido not [Boneraly capitalize terms ike wind a un bat teat them ater as ‘Phenomena tha the Shang regarded as ordinary manifestations ofthe {orcesthat shaped theiworld. Amber ofnsripons steve such ‘3 Saboveh mde Annet othe hd th 9 mm ot ‘Secoljeedpon yee jy td age foes etl ‘Render ner the Sangeet ion one 8 "an cum fhe Zeng A x 299) Kobe sd Rp pes Latin nti tee mth ig ys Niptasqein og she ee te opengequoy, har uncrere ib codsechtnnamdasodi et ge ihn Faerasing rere Seine ems unr waco eat5 Chapter 2 [sand [Sin which the Wind may have Been given particular status 16 "DYs emissary” and was actually the recipient of serial vit, ‘aggre that on such oceasons the Shang were indeed treating Wind 3:2 Power Sima, when the Shang conducted artual the Wind ‘nd offered it ssl victims (asin 2), assume that hey conceived ff some Wind Fower asthe recipient of thei attentions. In sch eases, accordingly, Ido indeed capitalize te word Bat in the case of [i] and {S]itmay be noted that Wind, as “emissary” was sil subordinate Di and wasrotrezarded.asa“highdevel” Power Tira these atmosphere phenomena in more mundane terms—as ‘ain, thunder and wind —when they were merely thesubjectoa forest [304-D} [21A-F) orwere secondary tothe main activity being dvined {(U-13} [16 oe werethe topic weather records (verifications) about ‘what had actally happened (18), [S6),In other cases, however i i Iardto determine the degreeto which the Shang wer conferring ep: tual identy upon the phenomena, Should a case such a “Wp 240" (Gig 10876 discussed in chapter x. below), for example,be under Stood as"Di vail order much rain” orat "Dk wllarder the Many Raine"? TWstruethot i was conceived of erderng”the"Many Rain wich bby analogy with the Linge ordering or calling upon ofcers called "The “Many Yin" (Due Yi 43 [4, “The Many Horse” (Duo Me 385; 047), oe"The Many Dogs” (Duo Quon $2; [14]) would encouragetheview ‘thatthe Rain was indeed coneotved asa Power obedient 10 i's com ‘ands. A the sare time, however, there are inscriptions such asthe following charge, 318" "There wil be much rin” end ts progrost- cation, "Fi “Auspeious there will be much ran” (12638 ‘Y12712} in which t would be dificult tae duo yu 3 asthe name of afally delineated Power althoughits animistic potent was presum- ‘hy sil present It come beet fo ake the unceraintyinvalved in such ‘questions of conception and translation as an indication ofthe ange of *pitualintenses rom which the Shang themselves might.om oan, Choose as they sought toundertand, contol ad recor he phenomena {at shaped thelr word Agriculture Thebasie Shang staple, thestafof the dynastic sate and the elites who supported it thought t have been rll, reseded in dhe oade-bone inscriptions a shu oc he! Few i any finds of met have been > porte from Shang sites (KC, Chang 198146, but milets have boon found in mamerous Neolithic test North China The great narsber 7 Fors peo maf he rt id of Shing cope an ee sisntwaliin cee @ chang hts on Sone hang inc ne Suess Otc ay tte Samm ‘Scene Gung (SiR nancent tes apa ohare dk ‘ov ning ii) nd nt ren nese em el fe SECM tlc ewes a ‘Hh ae unenaing area ran aes Gera oe ti te “neuen tee trate 2 oa e379 ora he gon ‘Ginna seth hn Mn dns eo ed itg et pr sce ect pt irk pyr gina te nd Cop nes er cd a san RE eto Fiat: He fewresn es acjun 12) ch comers neg antae heap aver ie cong tonand ee her ha bce pe ona btn hae ‘Ehstucy ant pronto ane rd nan haw (3 ck we Enter 1 GFL he ah) Och aed underneath pei te min nin unin spe inlet rnc npr can Yor eh cots mE bu fen am 9 KC Cane HORA ake 9 ene eat pp lara a et dr oerr) Chapter2 of miles referze to inthe Shing #8 of Zhou Ping Ho 17558) and in the sih-century AD. Qt yisha FEE BEA (Needham and Bray 198441, 41) suggests that a siniian although possibly smaller, ‘number would have wastedin the elfth century BC isso probable thatlocal groups gavedferentnamesto thei own meta’ Sh, andi, therefore may have been adopted bythe Shangdviners as generic tr for various miles, including both S. ae and 2 micrantha the more likly since wis hard to itingich the thrsshed gran of ita rom thatof main The dviners, moreover, were itl tech iians not farmers; theirconcerns were presttaby with harvestesa ‘hoe asin (8), (714-EL, [74], (76A-H, [113 rather than with parti lirerop varieties, ‘Agyicultual Schedule ‘Altough given the more abundant rainfall and higher temperature, the Late Shang growing season was probeblylenger than tis today, the ‘coldness and dryness othe winter in North Chin woul stil avem= [posed period of agricultural inactivity on the Late Shang pedsants {they ued in their hats or pits They could not have safely planted ‘here unall danger af fest wasps? Norcoul they have planted ‘ui he spring rans had moistened the groand soffit for germ ratio occur” ‘The exigencies ofclimate and crop, in shor, would lead us to expect situation in which the Shang farmers planted mit nthe spring and ‘aya Recent inden ste "eNom carats in Chil si enh ares ed 3h, 3 iwansestrgnesmay pvean nce aa: “Eth tite eee sertraline force peer or ee ithe ve ttl guage ‘yal ana Pave a andr Ge) ne rach st ny and ws reson hy Hai Sa ‘Scty cents pons red sin ance age SIO. Whe ‘ne recom chromato hay at cee ee {ier Hanif rns cc ype el aor ere ‘Reap: (Neca and ay 00) whe gta Wang en a te ‘OMe angen Res P18 5 Patan Seu Ln en rk 373,746, ny 1310, Chapan 87 Te pont deny te ae ne ninja “Ganiava etwas ie ml ecg an yoo ‘ition needy ine wilh ne mash mice pan opea Peo end Agviutare 0 cenaly summer harvest inthe ald estly winter, na prepared the fields inthe winter and early spring Although the great majonty ofthe Shas divination about agriculture and weather record no moon ‘numbers se toon. Slow, the calendcal information they contain ‘generally acords with what we would expect extapolating from and ‘vtncing the present anal paternsat Anyang” The agecultusal year Appears have started with nsalculvation inthe twelth moon (es in the period from late November to mid January) mExematy =e he king leer ation and cuit shoat beta he got odes" Twelth moon. ‘The “mile planting” charges recorded forthe thiteenth to the second moons (e,ate December to md February), asin Beneene.—n “Tsu be he Yeung Sete who wilder the shang ape lent ater to pln met Fist moon” appear tohave ben preparatory lhe in rival or administrative terms, 196 be ander Ryegate” Oe acters apa {eat nay een Zhang Zerg 97357- hen ahene18e Feng S Ts Sra 1. The zh pest rmne poned nig "Ohyoe 2 (lege e233 may ange tment Sn he ate ttc ign Oe nan Leg {HeLa hay eh onset he Gated wets peed an hme eer mie ie IN Inte bei pow in egitim at ‘Semone const aden ay ed Ce ‘Shang sn ea sep oe) 1 hy ston tenner aan, ang ang Changs 197024 Sa eng eo heptane ga ar cup ree tne hng waste plunge econ tel go {See at) Yor solnp onthe Shang werd ha Tat an ae heer no ghey hte a gC ‘trap ata pa eve Sena, Bung ne Seto (82) = Yan 1979 On eslong ee cape 8232 Chapter2 Aivinedat the endof one year orthestartofthe next." Mostofthe"pray focran” Uo yA) inscription (5641-27 S2062-3) record no moon rumbecs but the few cases that are dated ll mainly in the period for the neetmoon of one yeartothe fourth moon othe next te Novem ‘ertomnid-May) wit the greatest number inthe fit tothe third oon, {ate December to mid-Apri The few divinations about paying for harvest (ont; YS80.1-31-20r 1942-851 for which te Shang recorded a aon namie all primarly inthe period frm the fist to fourth moon or the ninth to tenth moon,” Drvnatons about drought tnd harmtathe crops canbe foundin the frst to the th moons, when anxiety about the success of the newly planted and sprouting grain ‘woul have been high References to undesired loding inthe fifth and seventh moons would appear to coincide with the June-to-August petiod when heavier, destroctverains would have ben expected” ‘The opening up ef new fs (ain [7 in the sch men (late ‘May fo miJuly would seem to have taken place relatively late nthe sgrcultural year may have been prompted by the discovery frustor ‘other disease bighing the sprouting met" Athe same te, he prepa tation mighthayebeen fora second cop, winter wheat Sutsugu Nobu {70 (191), in fact, basing his argument primarily upon the monthly ‘stabuton ofagnclrure-lated divination, has proposed thatthe si- rican Late Shang crop wat not milt (a summer crop) Bl winter ‘wheat Its certainly posible that he Shang grew asecons crop, fortis Unlikely thatthe dynasty would have depended upon 2 one-zop economy; the “recive harvest dvinations, accordingly, need ot nee tsar have efered to he samekind of cop inallases Nevertheless Suetsugu's hypothesis neds tobe treated with cation for = momber of To Foran paertatmay ave bee sac th te tft ais epee tr ran sot ge "1 Saag 991 oye eels Many eed per datos touts pet place rng harvest PACD) a a OBA (2 = ae {Bini verted dong ted an dean ebay Apa Ines, psmshy nen apn ong ar abo ora fo ae pe ‘Deg agit tod = Binge 6 Snags OTe ‘yume lh on nt tt he vat tent an ele es enum a for ony ssl pemalatne te Sewn Sail a Wes = Qader tS sme) = MI ng ha Yaa = ea seared Gon ain 4.0 SSSMafig na) = fn tod 035 Pang Zerg 1998 te es ‘Signed thon rh Aaricalture 1B reasons. Bt itis generally thought that wheat did not become 3 ig ‘icant cop in North China until the Churqiu period (722-453 BC) (Crawiord 192.25; Cho-yun Hs 1999577), accordingly i Seems wn lial thatt would haveteen the principleShang crop Second, theres nocertain way ta determine the intent of articular Shang harvest v= ‘ations tis hard to determine accordingly ithe "agricultural" divin ‘Sons performed through the winter months were preparatory forthe Spring planting and sumer harvesting of millet or were diected to tespainghsrvest of winter wheat There sno way oll in aher words, ita Teceive Harvest” divination was linked to crops that were planted find growing or #0 crops that were about to be harvested. The the ‘ingot Shang warfare suggests thatthe slack season for hela gangs ‘would have beenin the winter notin the summer TheShangearpaigh ‘against the Renfang 47, for example, dated othe tential ce of [DIX (ee p. 78) extended fom the ninth meen of one yea to the fourth moon of the next year, for 2 period of more than 275 day: itis hazy Ukely thatthe Shang would have engagedin such a major can plign through the winter month if the culvaton and harvesting of fhe winter wheat erp had been their main agricultural concern. Fend- ing farther archacoogieal discoveries, accordingly, still seems best to ‘cept the view that the Late Shang clwated metas theirma crop ™ estand Diseases Miles n modern Ching and in the Anyang area have been subject to the ravages of disease There so easonto think tha the Shang.cops ‘would have been spared simular viskations Stale sujet o bern “Shuts crop rotations the best contro measure since the disease pt tials severe in dry areas when the sporesoverwinterin the ol. Those ‘onsderatons may parly explain the Shang concer with preparing rev feds (n 13 above). The disease vesuls in stunted grow, with Sbnormally shaped snd yellow heads, and leads othe destruction of Seen oe yay men I Pe. 119 ‘Seton ope wc utp tmnt an 2 pect {te capetaschinrptons teem sory ten weet tat ths ey Scierareh rights mabnpe te pns e ‘ec ge, move nat te wee marr vitae eat th ‘Sroteg cn) Str tt oun number were oe eee ‘Shun ton, tee Wn aye cos saded moot mame coe ‘Ey toute yer« Chapter? virtually every panicle 5. lic in China is aso subject to downy mill ‘ew which has caused cop losses upto 0 percent the dieaced plans are dwarfed and develop excessive tilrs* The elatively high humid- ity ofthe North China plain in Cate Shang times would presumably have encouraged certain plan diseases. "othe Shang farmers and dviners uch lights would have been a ‘ear indication that some Power was stacking ther cops! HOAs) as ER "Tang sang?) Ue Mountain Fewer eep. 108 sot harming te _gain harvest] may bearing he in herve an serrate = A ore si the High Go) who harming out harvest” Inthe second ‘neon nt Ds whotaharmng ous aervet™ (28) em “ie Noo or Kos 3 rain harvest)” High Arcee who i harming the (am ere Malic tereow tetova shaming hein Such dvinations may in some cases, have refered tocrops endangered by lack of ain and they may have involved atempis to forestal by spiral identification and prayer any diene Beloretappenred. Some Aivinations in fact, were sbout exorcism rituals ( W), crected to predyastc ancestors ike Shang fia: to dynastic ancestors Uke Zi "LZ (hetwelh Shang ng see figure), and the Fe River ower, to protect the harvest (953542; S197.) Theres hte doubt that cop Te Raa fr igh snd ine in te Aang is a sz ths ct yea fe taps eve my ood ee Sudltoe heipimr oder rarer opekiensci tice another ample ofthe tendency o perform certain {evils at certain periods during the dural eye Sun Cult “TheShangsualsts linked cosmic and human tmeby making the temple names of the ancestors and ancesinescs the names ofthe dsyson which ‘hey offered them cul.” Every ancestorand apcesress,accomdingy Was Jona Revsn(cnment thet akon ore Can ry {Ascot OuenteNene t hremadatepto es “fons sttiniaablorethe tana Zn Theta cera eng aps |Rimraary conta ey: paps, be expnied ye it lh en eases ‘ere gh espe ob A a Wes he “iseonrereoptiotremr insane under aie weet Se Dong Banas Sam bo ope of Cody Is Manon 975. Sach onsets pret ne stone ped. Te Shah IE ma ‘Sipe (e207 BC) x pecan pel eps rae etn of age (Ge pote ectnpe ata proctor epps i te Ba pelt SDs edie a eae gen ‘Genesee tees ek oo chosen se Te hen ng 2 ‘format andr the use Eenthe tne men donot rem oti Thee ‘Sonch eren ttt te fea at poopchvedring te ng ton ang Sguatengetngngtng fer Co Ng Bre Rag Gover NSE Ome ise "Sty “wpe nama” Cnt ho I Lr he potas sto ees sare KE ly") Dag Pane Dg) Pe ja Ss Chater B Genet Fane en) a hn Cee Xin hams Lc pt hap Fc wether at the pedeterben cat Edy oe er).% Chapters associated inthe Shang liturgy with one ofthe fn Suns that, at eas ‘symbolically, was thought tose intra ove he course of Ue ten-day situal week™ The assocation isinherentin theambiguty ofthe word which cou mean “sun” or "day. There sno renzo fo suppose thatthe Shang dvinerscleasy ditnguished between “day” and san” ‘mall occasions the day was the domain of the Son, and each itl day wat under the influence of particule San Powe” "TheSun, moreover wasacasionally worshiped, Independently of the ancestors ap an object of cl ints Own igh™ bel en KE ARS "(te allupon Qiao topeioom abeheningsosce (then, Samana the seting Sun tera penned animal” eee teeny economies Pa tein oe ‘the argument thal the Shang paid more cule atension te un than has normally ‘Seatowent sc kophy Soret eet astra he Sapna fg F 00 cg HST) ade Wotan esau state rian owe TEM MEO \tt@e 4h canbe undentond ay, Cotenaing on al yh Zener Mee Eptelbovne’™ sso cert one senna sey eon eeecereine aw dey nicer es “Plea Peet arm cacao an rice” arma Seceaeet an tergtanetane evans aceeeet ‘ete he word wesc he ame a sre sce He Cheng 1844-75, semen nc ean Map eh ed ee Sioa ale Tacae ieee mes keg aed SOAR ay ard al spree t dey wn peal ats whch st sd in pling ry SEiegeratyedt? Gh Wa atiaastaencnsnte eee SORE er eartay porn STH tigi leh be fed Sew a ange sen Seon EN Sh Chen yaa ee BS ‘UL nec via nberee a ‘Sie au he pee thn ee ne sop tetevenbaitnedel Sasa kins nse ‘Time: Days, Nights and Suns a ‘Tre kings willingness, an the inscription just ted o delegate the performance ofthe nifual—in this ease, to delegate i to Qiao i, the leader or representative of powerful soca or politcal unt within the ‘Shang poity*suggests thatthe nsing and seting Su, urlinked to any arcestalcull may have been 2 Suto which al elites might make ‘peal "The cal the rising and setting Sans involved the shedding ofthe re blo of anima and even human, victims, 35 in [2] and (Ag Bm ote anga etn sno wl hop up andi ope A fragmentary inscription on thesame bone— sm] ROR SAS RCL (ngs. wl pi open (victims fo the seting Sun and ‘opp oa bavi 10 Sheng he two bene” in which the divinr proposed inthe sme hargeto offer ca toboth the setting Sun (presumably tobe performed at sunset onthe day of the divination the st day ofthe week) andto the preiynastc founder, Sangin (presumably tobe performed in daylight on the next day, the ‘ay of Shang a the fa day that stared the next week) suggest the ‘degree to which the cultinvolving specficroyal ancestors and theirso larassocasons was compatble withthe Sun cul avalabetocther ets, 3 For Qh fr Que a det and sou amuse sh se ‘ota 75 oie 1709 39,298 35m By [ein 7 On econ of Qe Gch apes ent pti SC, ee ila: ed by Bic, whe pcs tenon ame “sts wesc of enadn A en an (984 28-2) a e ‘vey iam theo to e he mors men Zheng eke | Ciuelsoune nd ne pte erly nd many tnd ‘Satu Spensupen oot achte deere, ar pote "hemo mt and conpontnse tm a an inal ian tar ot the ‘mapa pez 5s Che ZnegeongOR hs supe atte paced thecal te stngaodetng nn as arctan mole once en ene wea fae permed ese etc nd of eu cr ‘Seti Stanger ede nm nthesey sagt apen cidin on inte now haha 1-H eaa chapter3 For whatever reason, cult tothe ring and setting Suns orto the ‘unalone, was not divined as part of aregular schedule The close assoc tionbetween the day,on the onehand,ssgned othe col ofparticlar Ancestors identified by thelr temple mares, andthe Sun, on the other hhand.may havelessned the need for separate tusk and expe dvin- tory seenarios addressed tothe Sun alone” In fact the comparative rarity or absence of divination charges abou celestial phenomena Uke Solar and lanse slips, si spots solar aloe, planetary conjunctions, supernova, comets andso on, contastsmarkeay withthe tong concern thediviner shoved for matters involving the wind ania that shaped ther day westher (Chapter 1, 6). The Shang presumably obeerved their shareo astronomical phenomena, and the peasants probably inked ther agnalural activites tothe Hsing and setting of certain storms such as Da Hao 4 (Antares) (p. 4 below) Ie tempting to read 3 few divination chagesasreerdngto the Sve planets" Ande oll Ing ventcation for example, may have recorded a supernova igure) (as cece (me) wom He (nthe seventh day ae the divination) in the nightin which ji (aay) caves to gengu (a7) there wasa great new sar sand tng topeter with he Fe Sar (Antaresh = ‘Batmostmodernatempis—simulatedby Zhou aecounsofShangasto logedl concernsto ind sar names (nd other ola and aetronomic [phenomena inthe lviraion charges remain, amy view peoblematic Thisdoesnot mean that asteclogy didnot playa prominentralein Shang, political cultures but the primary cance of the Shang dviners do Nata (744 made ins sgpstn Se ls Keghey 199751724 \digeted nm stove athe epomen wey prise nay Hata sedi fd ay pang ogy ol cea tt Ping Chang Cnagang 18 Ptr, Tht hen Menge (8569) pe Pantene (B71. 01). cha notappear tohave been atrologitl. Astrological event were recorded ‘occasionally inthe verfistions of Ws Ding’ time asin 25), but they ‘were rarely fever made the abject the divine charges. TheShang Day ‘The divinr’s fundamental calendrial measure, as | have suggested hove, was the day nd to lesser extent the night. The days and the rights were the primary units in which bath man and the Powers were thought te act asin the case of anny 9 RI I ay ayn Tada itmay not ran” pa gnc “inay there will not be someone bringin news” pigarierk “ay the king goes to Dun Po ZR azn OMe EE rastmaking on vc (ay 3) “Today, veto, we ofr one pened herp 2 Kn ne hreeth hanging) lige Beto Se pearance cnt ttn tin Spier ears cree ee remnant abe teaesiearatinnaia Usor acrar sta Setemaigehieaas yoiees eater Sec oes etetstaar cee Separate meeceracate an tonarngoremte ne sea rho haa Adee ha es Renee paticadeoec Eee aneoeta! wench tee gente ae nies ica ee ear a earn eee» Chapter3 ‘The redundancy of [20 n which the day-date. yin ofthe preface was reiterated the charge, was nctuncommon twas evident ipo {ant that te diviner specify with no posslity of confusion that the “today” he was divining about was indeed the particular gechi day on which he was performing the divination ® ‘Similar divinatons were made about the perio of darkness: inom “Thisevening we ake bunt fering “* msscerms “Teshould be his evening hat we make ia prt inthe south ps9 “lig em an” pa gous “Tih there wil be ne dts” ‘Sega snd anening sane Mbwhe net tata S05 = 2) pops ‘ott the Sang gph ws n er Mt pce Tape ae ‘othe exc Erm he werd meu" ps uy heen ‘al sty ered er ct a ha ie pepe rice a gested Itecnpons hei ts ead nm ste es G83) = (ur wrkee anys taste: tm pearance Pater (soz theta ing Vs Digan renee lr sh opiate a eg (358i) tne ane ac fer a fr lng oi ng Se tn ‘get at the verb done Sec neon, der Rae's se (G80 aati pent tl we sone pac ated pes Sat whaever sing ting udev Qe ce sy eo sant dan Sng we pecan ee ae," RT ‘fhe has Sco ee Is on yu en ean 9 8837 al ema nent cnt bern eat See ‘Toes 9 evening eh han acti were onempa an lett ang whan noshumampercmens wee ered “Time: Days, Night and Sune n ‘But the charges about nighttime human activities were for obvious ea- sons, ft es numerous than those about the day. Thevea issue at ight ‘was not what man would do fer the Rowers o ts fellow men But trl sme Power might do toh, Thus the mostcommon of linear {atory formola, four in al five orace-bone periods, was, a in (3), “Finatwanghao 4 97 “Tonight there willbeno disasters” In certain Asereso divinatons rom single, eve ‘scapula fagment wl lustrate the diviner practice (gure 3)” HD PRE A OE WE ITA EEA [On ue (dy 20), the King mas race snd vine} Inthe ret) tendaythere willbe no [asters In etenth oon [When he Ling ws tacking te Renta” (GE) ROE FA OM EAR EAI ‘On ian ny 0) tek made rack and cvined“In the ret) tem ly, there wil be no Stes tha sleversh mon Whe theking was atacking the Renang In Shang DO RRE NAMM ENR SEAR. {mc (5) he hing made crack and divine “nthe (et) ten day, there wl be no dssters In he Seer moan, When Uhebing was atackingte Renting IB SC] ACE ba EMR EAR EAR CR ‘On si day 0 he ing made cracks an vied“ the (est) ten days thre rl beno ders Inthe hve non, When ‘he king wes aachng the Renan In Bang Ta 1:59.29 sta pon stone namo 4S anton dvnaion at pled eu ty st Sous the mcrpane npc 1.31 4-43 Fors cenit Reng ‘angie and tecnico Dg data 8 Ce ‘Meng 0-0 No 10, Suh AAT hg Poa ‘Gang vn 907277 eng hang oe ‘The wht ced ne prev ae gy date Revang comin roe ims charge oe eal eyset Dako Shag OS Si dherg hang hae ‘Time: Calendria trctures a (S00 JB EO OU EN ‘n(n (dy 1 hekengmadecracksin and divine "Tn the {cen em day there wl be o disasters” inthe tweith moon, ‘When the king] wan stacking Rerdang* ‘Thelunations may have been noted more systematically in such a= tions to prevent any disorder inthe sequence of te divination recor daring the course ofthe return ofthe bones and shalt the cul center ‘And the very fact thatthe Shang diviners returned these bones toino~ tur, where they were eventually excavated some three millenia late, further cons the importance thatthe king ard his offices attached tothe ntuals of divination when he wasaway rom home It wasimpor tant that he continge to divine; andit was important that the evigence of those divination the records of when and where they were pe formed, and with hat ress, accompany his return presumably 3 testimony-—to his retainer to his ancetor—that ven at a distance, hhehtdnotnelecte his dies ae the dymaty’schit spinal mediator “The Five-Ritval Cycle ‘The Shang liorecordedtimein terms the ital they offered other ancestors and ancestreses. Starting with the reign of ia (KZ) (Terod if not ener" and aso extensively practiced inthe reigns of DW (Kas and DXin 129) (Period V, ascheduleof Bue regular rivals inked tothe hosting that eee fered tthe individual ptelinealryalascen- dante inthe onder of ther accession, formed thecare oftheshangsystem ‘of ancestor worship." The schedule by which he Shang offered the five 3 [SO rng 299, ae 12a to fr gmants nin St nds panama nomen eae) es ons tat ‘Retnghadeen ded hme sepa al wend Nem ‘otine tentang get ayn he mth no as SA an age sy {imac an mo fhe mtg Eupmene wn wou ave rede ‘her nnn hte mn Dato erent natn bt te roel art 6399-97 nse ch appears [SoSheng ered hr nn mer onset perc oe Rod Vor oet (rtd sa er fume, yh ved te Hetarg mpm 4 “Cr ardre ath etal ye war nga Sarog eect be eg dnb wopy apbong ey ee Int dnote pent wo rie rhe aetna Svterncyetbcsumarhed Soo, hata Forte suatonin esods8 Chapters rituals to their ancestors gvenin able2. Although scholars may differ bout the detals, the cjle othe ritual, which were offered othe ol sneesos(andanetstresses)in sequence maybe reconstructed as fallows ‘Alteran inital gong dion U8 Cresent the tables") tal the eye Stare with the 2 (ory 32H, "y-day) situa flowed by the, 2a BU(oe and i & (ore BF, "a.day”) tals performed a3 tani se below), and concluding with the rout or rong 2, “rn day’) tual cycle performed separately (se, og, [SAAB] (57) * Once the cee to a parteuar ancestor was completed ending wi the 7rg, the eee to that ancestor started again wth the ‘By theend of the dynasty the entire cycle ofthe ive tual was take ing some 260 days to perform, with the yritual eye tothe Ja kings starcng (ith Shang is [PI} on the fst, day of Week 2 the ital tele othe Ja kings starting (agai ta Shang Jia) on he fst, i sy lof Wek 13, the an tua eye othe a Kings starting again with Shang Jia) on the ist ji day of Week 14, the wi ital eye tothe fia Kings starting (again with Shang a) onthe ist ji, day of Week 15, and the rong ritual eyelet the a kings starting (again with Shang Ji on the frst ja day of Week 26 Ineach case, he subsequent ancestersreceved their cuitaccordingto thesia schedule, so that Da Jia 1), the nex ia ing, ecelved he yt atthe star of Week, the fit at the tare of Weck 15, and soon." Since the fveitual ee for other Kings (and onsets), whose temple names were Vi, Ding, Geng and so on, 35 tao being performed during these same weeks (2c able wi for iey apenas a te Sone caer ores iehniercaeesteertoms ons which never record the five situal yee dle sce, (830-4, Since, eweves It noe enema ees isolates entetie etnernea iets aemalateanndesaroeaa raat Ss mented rare Eiisciesteri ition earatertont Sess auieraete he teemaraat Boylan Rune pea omit rege Receeeoeee tamara mae creo SEAS an merece etme acorn “Time: Colendrical Structures ” ‘example, the yistual to the YI kings stating (with Bao VAG, (F2} on ‘he rst p-dayof Weck’ and soon the hed of cult performance wascomplcate, 1s complesty can be demonstrated bya consideration of how the \treelinked suas reconstructed here once again jastor the Joonamed ancestor) were scheduled during the course of one thiteen-week period, starting withthe ritual to Shang is (1) atthe str of Weck 2, fhe 2 tual to Shang Ja at the start of Week 3. andthe ve ritual to Shang ie tthe start af Week 4 (abl 3). Each o the des eyes, this ‘xample then prooeded down the king-lit agengthe previo ial bya week: the to Shang a started Week? the at to Shang ia started ‘Wek 3 an the arto Shang ia started Week ¢The tual overpped In sucha way tht, by Week 9, thre separate Ja ancestors would have ‘ben fered cult on the same jis-day Kiang fia (KI?) would have been offered the jetual, Qiang ha (Kis) would have been offered the 2a fitual and in a (K21) would have been offered the santa ee 00 thedlscusion of S448])” ‘Thefive ls each with its owen cycle, had tobe ordered and syr- -hronized (sin 9940) (54AB) 27). The yee of atts offered to she ancesteses net reproduced in table 2), moreover, was timed ag bee hind that of thee royaleonsortsby one wesk 20 that the kings reseed cultone weekahead oftheir consors and onl consorsof the Lingson the main in of descent were offered the ve stuals is hs way. The ‘oneor's like the kings, received cu on the gu-days of thee temple ames but the consort of colateral kings were nto honored by ino ‘on in the cycle” Maintaining such a complex schedule of divination [and worship mast have required assiduous attention on the part ofthe ‘ual pedliseat the Shang court Ritual ime wa highly structured ‘And it was also used se below) to date non-ntual events, 10 acto popse (Chang Yah 10 8.) ate hang veyed he Act anthem owe ne goactoane ee ej on te fmastadtecspsaoednsneens fee dene wea hevehenicyee (eediy wena hh nd yaaa de eye at tas Weal eS eeded he engin he ee ‘hte ahr enh eg a 4 win he pre ‘Scale ieseshog af ea hmm meneso Chapters “The Numbered Si Cycle ‘The absence of year count and the relative inference to recording the moon numbers inthe Vu Ding inscriptions confirms that teal me was not yet conceived—of more precisely, wat not yetrecorded on the rade bones in trmthat were leoinear The Zui Petied I) divs ations about the frtunef the coming week didonocasion eH 26186; Y11972)speelfy the moon number and situate the day of dvi tion within the vesntua yee By Period V the offering ofthe cul. on schedule, had become so routine that It could be used in this way 10 locate and disambiguate each woekin tual ine, ain (gure 6) (REE MCW SBE SHARON EWA ‘On gut day 30, De ing made cocks and dened: inthe ne) ten days thre wl ben ders The king ced the cakes SU Auspoun” (es) in the twelth taco vned for Oe ‘weckinwhihon sy 31) (we were helen aa {ahanglin Pl)and the jenn Woe ia, IO) RE ba NEM, EMO W ELAR PERABE HE Gnu he angmadecracks and ine “ihe en) ten days there be no dsstrs” The king se he cai end ‘St spouses) In the tweth can (ined ore ‘wou in whihon he (yt) ove were tole) heels ‘aia (and ijl oi fe). ‘And, asalready noted the days were geting crowded. Inthiscase, there ‘were two Ja ancestors scheduled to reaive elton the same ida ‘Shang ia and Dafa on jiu (54A) in Wee he ertal cyl, Da [lean Xiao fis on fhm (54) in Week S (Chang Yash 1987-1, 168. By the reign ofthe last two kings the divinrs were lo ocaon= ally ecording both the ital event and the numberof the Kinga {elem the posfaces to thei routine divinatione—alvays performed tn the guday tho lst day of the week-sbout “no distor” in the tweak te come (te 0 (57). SIRE WOR Shes CANE TERRE ER ‘On gui (ay 30) te hing made rst and ined In he (ex) ten Saye thor sl ben deaes The King snd the ci aa ‘a Auspicoos” sie) nthe sith moe ried or te wes {in which ony 1) Ge were toe theron alo ne Jia 19, waters id tale ‘The way in which the Shang inscriptions on both bone and bronze, Tire: Calenéial Stuctres| st came to date events and speciythe su interme ofthe ritual calendar demonstrates how tual Ue and ts religious festivals were used to ppartculaize the eepetions of the gansh-cycle® The Shang rualists ‘were not clock watchers, for they hana clocks, but they were certainly «calendar, day, and sun watcher, whose temporal and jursltonal or ems weresancied by profound religious sumptions Temay also be neted thatthe invocation ofthe individual ancestors, fod within thee ritual ejele, to mark the postage of ime would have regulary served to reassert heir exitence in the minds ofthe ving. The perormunceoftherituale indeed, would have equled the Shang, to" make time" and to"take time or ther ancestors to pay them atten tion on a regular schedule that could notbe speeded por condensed, “Theperformance of he ntuals would alo have given the Bving 63 cestorsto-be, the expectation tha they too would be commemorated ‘nd sustained inthis way. And the conception ofan ancestral existence ontinuingaiter death might well have encouraged by modern sian dards atleast relatively else view of human tet leas forthe tits who were ableteengagein he ancestral itualsthat demonstrated both the endusing status af the deceased andof thei descendants for there would have boen no sense that imei ther nse world con come tbastop.* Shang] for exam, thepre-dynasicfounderofthe Une, \wasslbsing commemorated twenty-two or twenty-three generations fers deathin the D1 HDi Xin postacesthat used itualtietospeciy Tana ime, asin Tes more orone cape f uch te pte, YE set enemare (905-0 er ees ve Shug tos sean tat {i te mating e vne ty arenes he le Te pnts es ‘So aun EB he Brendage Rw)“ ERE AD HE HEWES “is when te ingame om sting eg wae ng aes a ‘ete ne te ogy i (Aad IP Fay SM aiiycomtinr the ato try on tat een ‘2 han i (97907 res sina ieee ay ntti sy he hn oe "End he war mare pct he Shang ec ‘Slams 57:9 i ach pona ommuncan, 7 Aap 17. The ‘epi ames oft ruts hacer heed Lye ‘Sees anvay ano teow ighon Sung on ei i habe ‘Sigs apr" dm’) op cond tert enc tern tad ape atari aeons chore Us ng and De Geng ernst wey ep bgt he at eam ch ‘and oyun aeigre Arq won hae confer rndPy Chaptert PAREENA NCR SSR AKAM eR ‘On gsi day 5, he Ling made cence ad dvined nthe (next) ten dys tee wl be no dst The Ring read the cracks and ‘si: "Anspsus Inthe eighth moon fr the weak which) on Fina (2ay 1) we (weet) perform the etal to Shania Pt DRE TOC EAR RRR ED Ente Cackmaking on such (ly 0), Yong dvac: “The King the {nent ten days have no Ganon Inte sth moon for he ‘weck in wich) an jg (day 31) we wert) pero the ec Vingand yin to Shag Pl) Thekingsteentthsitl eye The situa cyte grew Longer ower the gonerations—to make space forthe ancestors ney admated tote clk yee thal by the end ofthe dynasty, as we have seen (p. 48), the ce of offerings occupied ‘tually the ene sol year comingto serve asacalendsfoethe yea (Kcighthey 1978116 m 107, Chang Yahi 1967 218-2) By the endo the ‘dynasty infact small nomber af esod Vinssiptions were recording the date ofthe tual cy number by itself with no reference to any specificritual within theeydle. Such” suipped down dates presumably ‘tained thet speci fom the moon number that was olten attached tothat kind of date, an PAREN SRO a eRe EE {nie (dy $0), vind “Tar enc (oe) ll recive rn (haves): (Paguotianon) Bcensvely aspiau (Pace) he tig enan vas he Ling sight sal ce ‘Some charges, moreover simply specied the number ofthe situaleyce and the nah day name baste nwer kot 5a wl bem the preset rinth ntl yl, on dag (Cay 442) ‘hat ost the enemy) = ‘The diviners were evident simplifying and appropriating the ritual ‘yc to date other events ke the campaign of (39, anlto staat those ‘rents on the nea ime frame tat the cee provided. “The lack of Shang intorest—at last. as we se tin the divination Insriptions—in ecerding moon aambersin any sysematic W304 unl “Chang eS 1142.24 Conga te eS (BE = De up ind Cukor aio eamps tied ate dae Th ‘olin ng ever clr ner ee S43 gat ney ‘Sega colbert occ vane hg ao” ‘me: Calendral Structures s Period Vin recoding sual cycle numbers, provides farther evidence thatthe datingsystem bused upon the gail eainerenly eylal tnd repetitions, nthe sense that twas unable in theory to provide, or “uninterested in providing, unique date forthe dvinaions and tals ‘ecorded. Even the adion of moon numbers alle to provide, when combined ith gas ay.dates, a Unique date By the end of the dy- ‘nasty howevey, with she addition, in the postiace to many charges of ‘more speatic dating ‘oemulas, the Shang were recording atime that ‘vas ineeasngly linear. The treatment of ume Ike dvinatory practice {set underwent significant changes during the reigns ofthe lst nine [ings is worth remarking, however that Shang record ofthe King’s th itual cyl’ (sin 57] and 58) end the dates recorded in Western ‘Zhou bronte inscriptions generally followed Shang practice ia this {gard (Shaughnessy 1991:108)—ever indicated the name ofthe King {hose eyelet wast for tie reaton tat so mach scholarly fort hasbeen devoted tothe attempt to distinguish te inscptions of Dt from thoe of Os Xin The dates that te Shang diviners of Feiod V recorded were not yt tre hitrial dates; the purpose af she dates twas to place the even within “the present nth tual eye” as [59]) ‘ather than within alonger span of ine “Ties dap te would ave een te ne posite ae moe vation os Deng Zn 1850 10-8 ST) “tna tna ne tht ere Eton ei he Cah aes nat pve tpame of asin hg tes ting a ‘Simtt ESEH, henge st men fe te con» Lg ioe "Su Kole 7838.2 Carga 790; angSpace: Center and Periphery ‘Many inhabitant of Shang China would have had ite notion of the land that ay beyond the dally horizon. Traveling na farther than thet local fields und woods, many pewsants would have flt themselves at thecenter ofa smal fair world that was intermittent nd unpe= italy invaded by external frces—Ike the Hingon huntor campaign, ‘marauding heats enemy alder, voracious bids arinvects, and, above alsthe onslaught of win rain, drought an ood that entered often Sbruptlyand unpredictably, from one horizon, tthe mark onasetde ‘ment and then passed ou ofits ken The fequentperegrinations of the king and his entourage, by con teat combined with he ports, bbut payments, cour vite, rage allanes, and so on made by his dependents, offers and alles, ind ‘tethat the Shangcourts knowledge of» wider geography mist Nave been extensive. The welloverfive hundred placenames hat appear in the inseipions (Song Zhena0 1991101) even Shang knowledge of farang sees ofsetiemente and thee human and spinal inhabit- fants. Ba the basic peasant perception, that ofthe parochial inhabitant Aarsiusly serutnizing the surrounding borders, attempting to under Stand and contol the iuptions of benevolent or hostle Powers that, Turkod beyond, may stillbe discerned nthe diviner’s cosmological con ceptions6 apters ‘The Capital or Cult Center “TheLateShang state may be charateried aan incipient dynasticstae, focused on the person of the hing and his immedite supporters it poical organization largely inseparable fm Shang socal organization, Tes uly tht he fl Shang state exo atit center an be steditha dened and bounded entry. The pollyseens to have ‘on conceived in terms of personal power (ato was m onal and LEnshpastocaton it selsonahpi had othecenter These ite was conceived f rot Shang lenny, Dulas a aries f po Shang jurisdictions, exch with partclrseatorp tothe center hierarchy of such local jerstictions—socal religions, and poitieal— ‘vaedistbuted throughout the North China plain Their rulers bound {othe Shangby varyingand mutable tes of kinship, religous belie oF self interest, would have performed a the loa fevel many ofthe function of leadership and governance undertaken by the king in the domains that were move dicey under hi own contol. The evidence ‘suggests thatthe Late Shang state may be regarded a what nthropol- ogists have calles asegmentary state” Among its features (as defined by Southall 1956248) are the following ‘eer sovereignty recopised bullied and eset relative, forming aweres of amen which authority most able ner he ‘entre td resin gy etic towards the peiphery often shading, ‘fina tu hegemony. ‘There centslned government, ye there are abo numerous pelphal oc of adrian over wich te centre exer ony ‘Manopty of he use of force i sues edt tes ‘ecentandwitinalinitedrngeby thecetalauthonybutlegtinate fore ofa moe reseiced order eres tall the peripheral foa 1 egy 179-802. On Shangbendr and concolor toe ghey MOY Conn geass ‘eer ded peep one nae 2th Sang eee sot ent ere och sen whe econ "Un tn pln ogee woe ply nay ened a ie iy C7000 A) sme god wt fh gentry stn actag te plea tonne tase a me ee prays propor Lae shang ‘ace: Center and Periphery a ‘Atte time ofthe Late Shang, the lca rater would have been chal- lenged, rewarded, and cowed by the occasional progresses thatthe king ‘made through th ands over which he aimed ymanticordship, as he bhunted, fought, observed regulated, and performed rituals of religions intersesion forhisaBesand dependents ina continual atiempttonego- Ute and legitimate his paramountey* “The police geography ofthese relationships cannot yet be deter ‘mined with recon. Thelineage and pace names recorded in thebone fd bronze inscriptions indicate, however, that the various descent [rou tat were allied at onetime or anocher with the dynasty were Eistebuted mainiy in northers. and northovstern Henan and in south fastern Shans along the Yow and OM sevens’ Whetver the Late Shang conceived othe prindpalactlement ofthis domain asa capt rather thanacultcenter and whether thrcughout the Late Shang period, tht setUement was at modern Xinoton rather than near modem hang. {gu i inthecasternFenan panhandle’ cot yt entiey clear (Zheng Fiewang 1949.20, On thebasvof the evidence prevent aval, haw “igi 17-898 Traore ee San erp pe sony eft! a on ond ae nr in thereat, Tipu seas ep 9) proves ode tae he wy ‘Seow often etaoned byte kngorfinrprentnes ewan {cane obese independ‘ irdesdewront ge Ge bathe dco ‘ei. High Spey 1881-1 Xan 197202 Fghan rym Eng nang to 8 Peay tel hae Sg te ‘atin tn Sangam bao cst y Boles conn 9028) ft ‘Snag te mame fo la pad oer ser repo eet ebet nowhre me tyne yey ge mea eer ‘Re neon ste a i ig a "interes Chinen cy pj der heen sfc Chant Zang Chanson) acne ns nas emer, ‘Rosceane te omesnncy wa ere tobe tobe Een Zs ty of SAE Tata one ws ttt tn ce of eso Bey chang SB [Beco 2 ar sptriry dacs oe neo fDi chargset py 3 Sung St Setoon Tow) Seen carats ay Sec giten thee ant tro hp hang oe Te ames eg rai a) tg ory a ‘Soetuon Gt 70 yoy tasted AB). pene hat Qu shang and 2 ‘Sunfreeuedert ee pee Con enpetze cence ht Zhang ang ‘Payityetapertn tsedp scion usisharg a G28 any she Biles tab Sang ad Shang Male toe pa. Zen Bn (font ah none ede atc be Gu Sanyo nner hong thay tse su! meds an 8 an sane eu oe ‘ijt nthe Shang teen A chug ua a S09 = hose8 Chapters ver Iblieve thatthe Da yiShang ER, “the great setlement Shang” (or"Shangot the great setlement(s); 1778152792) hatappeasinthe Insciptons wast Xiao, and tatit was abo knowns henson 252 9 EL, “this settlement” (se below). The Niaotun site, with fs bttendant cemeteries and dependent settements, symbolized the eg ‘mating concentration of potal eligious energy thatthe peripatetic Shang kings needed to presde over thelr rave undifeeniated ‘merpingate structure. twas inmoern terme, acombinedalt center tnd capital but Xiotun had not yet assured the central poitical and ‘hueaucraticrole ofater Chinese capitals” “The Xiotun site was certainly knoven inthe divination inscriptions a5"thssetlement (ay Y1162-172; 5431-2)" And Wu Ding was ‘evidently much concerned about spatual end physi wellbeing, ‘exposed asthe setlement wastothe omlaughts fhe weather of nse {nfestations (asin 3), andof enemy stacks ll pregnant with pital meaning era Divine "The Fag... may tack ti setement™ (ora sue A “Ast ths steer, there may be (ome Fower sending down Basten Ato hs setemen here nt ome Power send Ingdown dts” [532 Gre OER MSL“ Lady Inga cu, Pa mie i Sarg {ea} te aren ogg tb Os Qe Sang mot tre ry ‘Scetevoete nay tee Seng (rth pyc en ae dren cones Heures st 231 ac cms at S40 a waraneaon ran ro $5 ean nt ee hag” in th FV rcp He [e23.atr tass hand orwedyetaroer etc (ees Savane we) sa) + engaging he ew of in Wesherg 85a ope tng wits ang aceon (0, rs ht Maton steed eae hang pi eta hi cnn m put on fe appara i ee Tan Shang PB, “he very Stumen Sharyn th Fed nrg (IB Hace owe a en nthe Sang cps hath poe ea a acute “ost many he ani Sn gna mening ec tree ene Zhang hn ony vee tne aD shag wed ‘kta es ne gon tba tomer ey oan teas tt Zoya Lets southern he ‘teeta muplrenmyShngeapen where Xin met hae her eZ deed Be Shang ibe ta iaye ‘Ttetian Rees torent orange hentai (STA ae AS Hh prove on rae (Shaking waraveoces tothe Morn ste eng holag oe Space: Center and Peiphery ” (eam) om oye stem CTL “Ditsattieung issetdemenDiisnotssngtissetement” (a8) FERBER/ RETR =A “is that Dimay put an end tothissetdement Dt will not pt an oth element” Seanad son Jas as the Shang divined about the Fang attacking “this setement” (op sodid hey dvine about he Fang atnkang "us andin one parc lar case atleast they desired toknow iD had commanded that tack (ol nce ete. =A hate’ Tangarc harming and attacking (a) mean that DI ‘sondern them wo maiedaaters on ue" Thind moon, Déssuspectedinvolvementin cuchaltacks i aio reves bythe ele {ng two charges on a scapula fragment: sal Bute A, “aces the Fang sre harming and atachng (a, we) will abe sm) Kierra “Tis nor D who orders (he Fang Yo mae disasters for a” i's disapproval of the principal Shang settlement, in fact could smanifetitein several forme, The presie meaning [AB] and [67AB] ‘Spot dear tome, but itis evident that theShang suocated Ds with lack ‘fra, and thus with droagh (een) i Nit ORR. = A Canc mating on ein (Sy 39) Bn vind “Ato nara ie ‘hss this setfement vor that D does nt approve' Second (0) can weReMTE ‘Te king red the cracks and sad“ s this setlement' fave that Disoecnot approve” ster cee 8 Sn na Oa altne omc one pup ome ela aera ot ing HL pace | asabobenods eng fo wat ordre pc, ‘Sen the harpets [el ugh ean ‘ho tring Ihe th tenes ‘tsps One ape netgear pepe cy ge (tleg tm uct oes avecing senor Onur tine te Gu {Sint dtehoctes spp Mess «hp 3000S) NIMES iw ak gh agente Bis few tran Te a tso Chapters ‘Drought wascertainy one ofthe manifestations of spiritual power that the Shang settlement feared, as the folowing chergepai,dvined On| the same jonah day a8 (66, revel: (ern em he RAVES HER {Gckakng om gn (ay 39, Que dived That we ae not ‘shed on mesna thu forts (teen) Shang Game Powe) ‘ning disaster That we ae nat aie on does ot ean at {oc ettement) Shang bone Power balan dsr “Andone ofthe Powers involved when: ‘been the Hoan River (v8 above), 3 in (Wo eRFERM ‘(we mae olering to th Haan River: there will berain” i's approval for what the Shang di in “thi settlement” evidently underlay much of ther ritual actly, though twas nly rarely aria Inte in divination charges such ae (CORE PA RERGAMEH SARE ER ORT Crackmaking on gin (by 5), Zheng died! we ede at "Risetement and perorm ent Hosting taal wl pore” ‘Third meon Crackrmaking om uo, Zheng dnc "Deal cot ‘woother charges on the same pastron, the second divinedon these ay a [69CD], ead as flows: On EF Set RE OMME. = 8 Crake om rosy $9) Zhengdvined“weballd sete. ‘men Da wil ot cba ful) wil approve” Thid me, lore eh etme rat making on gut (lay 0), Zheng vine: “We should not fds petionent orf we do nop Dt wilapprove” ‘ken together the fou charges suggest tha. in 69AB],the Shang were considering the possiblity of exablshing a new setUement elsewhere, butthen,asindieated by 68CD}, decided ta remain with Ds approval, wasneeded appears tohave Fenaremmaatirrteieremye ements Spent bane erence orereresonert Gaps ieee meen teyreereereaee Bhan ieeertetsmenemeateatene ere cee ees eae reas su Shutcsreieneaeas! Space: Center and Periphery o a0 hic aetlement"* Thee continsed occupation ofthe site and tcon- tinued exposure 1 D's uncertain favor (sin (62AB] and (3B) was evidently under Wa Ding, a matter of equentconceen as Wasthe pos Siity that anew sit needed tobe Bu. Tu 4: The Four ‘The Shang cites employed series of overlapping and renforcingcate gzves, oth tests and polite, to pive ape and meaning to the ‘world that surrounded thetrcultcenter Thum one system, which ap ‘ears to have heen concerned primarily withthe lad ital with is products and with its tutelary Powers hey divided thelr domain into four areas, known a i Te, "the Four Lands” off the Lands” same for the cardinal directions. The er su, ft wasrarely used $Mappearsin ony two charges af he form Co Rm LTE “resent the for lndin the temple of 5." “The general acceptance ofthe four lands cosmology, however, can be discerned na sere oflateinserpuonsthat moveup ascapula ragment, Starting with the general charge, (7m) Re EME "pis year Shan wil receve Pares]” The king ead the racks sels Apiius” hich was flowed by four subcharges about the easter, southern, ‘western and northern receiving harvest im ee Fine aster anda veeeeiveharvect™ rich west a ie ontnorn land wi receive harvest” (Thebingread he cacks nei aapicous” roe the ang” oe hap} A) an el a ot iting setienenter DS cppaio fo 7 Sit Beye Pd gs sting ete any ve fe et nn mayb plo kf te prt on Ht rt (eh = Nei" “Bsi23. Ni wry Sout ‘Stoning (20-0, mang tu wan toe scp cout eh ste floes rede pasha esr ene {Gob tr swe od tee once Late PTa chapeers ic) ieaee "The western ans wlrcrve harvest” (The king read the cacs ans) Auspiooas” ie eee 8 “Tire nother lands wil rece harvest” (Thekingresdtheracke andi) "Apion Shang in ths case presumably stood not just for Zhong Shang ¢B “Central Shang."® or Da vi Shang, ba forthe Shang domain the four tu that were conceived primal in terms ofthe culvabe, harvestable Tand that layin the foureadinal directions (ae toon. 0 below) ™ The charge mi nenseee Our norher elds may not recive ares” wos presumably reference tothe fields the nrthern ands the charge TINBes "The southem lei eeive gain ares” wis presumably areferenc tothe feks of the southern ands, The ilds being opened up in the west-asin OY EasrmntmeR “Ifthe king orders he Duo Yin ices) fo open up Belin the vest (ve) wlectve gin arent? —woald have been in the western ands and soon.” And orcasonally| the Shang undertook campaigns agains the inhabitants othe ee ons tha were designated imply by ther cardinal directions: 15 The Zheng Shanghai ole emt a spt 1), 16 Despasthe nays Pang Py a ese de ot thnk teh” evden fn a9 ope aa sd he at ‘iene made ere set illo taper ato, Snr cna te at prapses poate te tn iene “Sg este ‘SS wee hare —ebwe ys sews anaconda ‘ht deta nd el at edn the fi er oer ep ‘ree ACE Hy (ah) = Yun 0728 ange Phen 7) = Fae mieeael! {To lated cares on other acetone Ug 7 = 7 SS, pt ede iheratweenanen nd REE C Taree al "cst anda fre mwa probate he ‘i aoe CY 8 G8 wth Cesar HL Ca {EE win itn 3 2 to 947) th dae 9 = Ban Sloper Be bs order emt beg Space: Center and Fephery 6 Ps ome TMZ ET. AA Disned: "That (ve have oer Qin to attack the easter ands porto ZW {k2} and) tet) Ding Ge Ws Dg KB) Eph mcs According to Zheng sang reconstruction ofShang politic geogra- phy; the ester andslay near the Puyanghunting ares (se chapter7, 1.35) ofthe Skang king, sohe pad much attention to dhem (1984 158). “The Shangdiviners~-whese concerts presumably feted the polt- ical and administrative eroctre of the Shang state—would alo om ‘canon discriminate about the harvests of particule places within particular t over which, presumably, the ttelary Power the Ty, ofthe particular direction n which the place was stusted (Se below) had juris Alcon. Ths indicted forexample by the followingcomplemietary charge pai (igure), eed “ie western nce wl exe harves"/“The western lands ay potrecive harvest ‘which was flowed on the sme plastron bythe subshanges Pecoymeie 5H Rs wil ceive harvest." may noteecne havea)” Daren ern lvlaeeive vet” not receive have" DecH rae) 2RRoe 1 wilreciveharves. ‘One charge about labor mobilization inte ands, maeews PI) ede Raise he men af teeter ands" may have been rented tothe mostering ofthe harvesters may natreceiveharvest” 7 Ogtiecancine are yn ha aoa shine ssueteaess Ree rumen web nppond they atanchge ered ola tng the heh nor bu gt tite ein ad ‘ei ee th Zu en, Gh ga 1 Sheng ang {sis trey news G's faunal ere ‘Seg Bi and dss seu uty gn Dg {Seow tom er stn YR aed Asks 19746) ‘ou 2 en on ote fobs Sang teen cpt (ewe te Shang (ang Rnggan comme to ge 36 pI Sg, Sahar a= = yh Sl) 2nd within he Soman lhe mee i tig 9 ct, tao od ng