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 240 ( b) Radius of lens 241
CHAPTER 10 ( c ) Principal axis
.( d ) Diameter of the lens
vherc the
PHYSICAL OPTICS Q - A ' incident parallel
appear to diverge after passing through a lens is
ravs of 0r

. ( a ) Pole
TYPE A:- MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS (b ) Focus
Each question has FOUR possible answers. Selsct the ( c) Aperture
answer and encircd it
correct (d ) Optical centre
Q.8 . A fixed point inside the lens through which a ray of light does not
Q. l . A transparent refracting medium bounded by two
curved change its path is called ( Lahore 1997)
surfaces, is called (Rawalpindi 2001 , Sargodha 1098)
( a) Pc ""
(a ) Glass (b) Focus
(b ) Mirror ( n f curvature a |b c d
( C) Prism
(d) Lens
T a b c fcT ]] 7
(d ) Optical ce
of a lens is called (
Q.9 . The diameter Sargodha 200 ] )
0* 2. A lens which is thicker at the center and thinner at the edges is ) ^ocal length
called ( Faisalabad 1997) b) Principal axis
(a ) Concave lens (c) Optical centre a I b
(b) Convex lens (d ) Aperture
(c) Plano - concave lens The distance between the principal focus and the optical centre of
a b c d
(d ) Plano - convex lens the lens is called ( Faisalabad 1997, 98)
Q.3. A lens which is thinner at the centre and thicker at (a) Radius of curvature
the edges is
called ( Hahawalpur 199.1, 2002 , Faisalabad 1998, Sargodha 2001 ) ( b) Focal length
fa ) Concavo - convex lens (c) Aperture a ! b | c Id
0> ) Plano- convex lens (d ) Principal axis
(c ) 0\ . vex lens or converging lens Q. ll . When light passes from one medium to another, it is bent to or
(d ) Concave lens or diverging lens away from the normal . This phenomenon is known is
A lens which converges a beam of parallel ( Hahawalpur 1999)
ravs
( Kawalpmdi
'
200.1) fa ) Dill ruction
fa ) Diverging ( or concave ) lens ( b) Dispersion
fb ) Convergin ( or convex ) lens (c ) Refraction a j b c 1d
f< ) Concave lens (d) Polarization
(d ) Plano - concave lens Li going from a denser to rarer medium , a ray of light is
Q. 5. A lens which diverges a beam of parallel ( Faisalabad 1995)
rays is called (a )
V

fa ) Plano convex lens Undeviated

fb ) Plano concave 0» Bent away from the normal
Convex concave lens (c ) Bent towards the normal
fd ) Diverging (or concave) lens a b e d (d) Diffracted
Q. l 3. a ray of light is
A straight line joining the centres of
< urvatu re of the two
going from a rarer to denser medium
is called surfaces ( Faisalabad / 996 )
fa ) Print i pa I foe is (a)
Bent towards the normal
 242 a 243
( b) Bent away from the normal - The power of lens of one metre focal length
^Z
Q'
in is
( Bahawalpur 1991 ~S , Lahore 199
(c ) Diffracted a S 200S )
(d ) Undeviated (a ) 2.5 m
Q.14. The point which divides the line joining the centres of curvatures /M 3 Dioptre
of the two surfaces in the ratio of their radii of curvature* (c) 5 DioptFe
a b 1 c Td |
,
'
"
1 Dioptre
'

called 1998 ) .
1 (d )
. focal ength of a c nvex lens is
(a )
(b)
Aperture
Pole
O 21 The
(a) Negative °
~ ~
( b) Positive
(C)
(d )
Optical centre
Principal focus
a bfc \ d
(c) Either positive or negative a b e d
Q. I 5. The reciprocal of focal length of a lens expressed in metres is (d ) Neither positive nor negative
called ( Multan 1991S , Bahawalpur 1998, D. G. Khan 1997 , Federal 2005) 0.22. The focal length of a concave lens is ( Faisalabad 1997)
(a) Focus (a) Negative
(b) Aperture (b) Positive
(c) Power a b c d Positive and negative a b c d
(d ) Optical centre (d ) Neither positive nor negative
Q.16. The unit of power of a lens is Q .23. The power of a concave lens is ( Rawalpindi 1998)
( Bahawalpurl 994, Rawalpindi 1992, 2004 , Sargodha 2000, Lahore 2003 , Gujw
. 2002)
(a) Metre Virtual
i)
( b) Watt Positive a 1b c 1d
(c) Newton a b c d Negative
(d ) Dioptre age formed by a plane mirror is Mr
Q.17. The power of a convex lens of focal length 50 cm w ill be ( Lahore / 993, Gujranwala 1996 , Sargodha 1997)
( Punjab boards 1994 , Rawalpindi 1998 , Sargodha 1999, Multan 1998 ,
2002, Fsd. 1996 ) ) Virtual , erect and equal in size to the object
(a ) 1 Dioptre ( b) Virtual , erect and small in size to the object
( b) 2 Dioptre (c ) Real , inverted and diminished a b c d
(c) 5 Dioptre (d ) Real, inverted and magnified
(d ) 4 Dioptre Q.25. The minimum distance between an object and its real image in a
Hint: - convex lens is
D = l /f( metre) = 1 /50/100 = 100/50 = 2 Dioptre (a ) 2f
Q.18. The Dioptre power of a concave lens of 10 cm fo
( Faisalabad 1992, Multan 1997, D. G. Khan 2000, A, K. 2
< ( b) - 2.5 f
(a )
(c) 3f a b e d
10 Dioptre (d ) 4f
(b) - 10 Dioptre 6• In case of a concave lens, the image of the real object in anv
(C ) 1 / 10 Dioptre
Position is ( Sargodha 1996 , D. G. Khan 1997)
(d ) -1/10 Dioptre -
Q.19. The power of lens is measured in Virtual , magnified and erect
( Rawalpindi 1993, Gujranwa /a 2002, Sargodha 2000 ) )
^ Virtual, diminished and erect
Real , magnified and inverted a lb 1 c | d
fa) Watt
( b) Joule diminished and inverted , then the
(c ) Dioptre
Q 27 j
Ifan object is placed in front of diverging (concave ) lens
a b c d 995, Lahore 2005 )
(d ) Newton -m image w ill be ( D. G. Khan 1993, Sargodha /
fa) Virtual
 244
( b) Real and erect
(c ) Virtual and erect ( b) Virtual erect and magnified 24 *
(d ) Real and inverted (c) Real , inverted and magnified ~

0.28. If an object is placed away from 2 f of a converging ( convex) lens ,

(d ) Real , erect and magnified
[ a l b 1 c Id
then the image will be
( Sargodha J 992 S , Multan 1992 S , D. G. Khan 2002, Q.34 . Convex
(a )
lens forms ( Faisalabad 1993 S ft.
Always real and erect image
.G Khan 1997 )
(a) Real and erect
Virtual and erect ( b) Always virtual and inverted image
(b)
(c ) Always real and inverted image
(c) Real and inverted
Virtual
a
(d ) Real and inverted imaged image if p > f 1 a 1 b c |d
(d )
Q. 29. If an object is placed slightly more than 2f from a converging lens , Q .35. A convex lens gives a virtual image only when the object lies
the image is located behind the lens
( Lahore 1992 , 2001. Gujranwala 2001)
(Gujranwala / 997) (a ) Between principal focus and centre of curvature i . e . between f
(a) At the focus and

^
'

( b) At 2 f ( b) . Bey d 2 a b e d !
(c ) Between the lens and focus a b. c | d (c ) At the principal locus
(d ) Between f and 2f
J (d ) Between principal focus and optical centre
Q.30. If an object is placed at 2 f from a convex lens, the image is located QB6. An object is placed at 18 cm from a converging lens of focal
behind the lens length 6 cm . The image formed is ( Lahore 1991)
(Sargodha / 992, Gujranwala 1998) ( a) Real and inverted
(a ) At the focus Real and erect
( b) Between the lens and focus Virtual and erect a j b c d
(c ) Between f and 2 f a b c d (d ) Virtual and inverted
(d ) At 2 f Q.37. he image formed by a convex lens of focal length 10cm is twice
Q.31 . The image of an object placed far away from a converging lens is e size of the object . The position of the object w ill be
found behind the lens ( Rawalpindi 1993 )
(a ) Between f and 2 f (a ) 20 cm
( b) At the focus ( b) 30 cm
( c) ( C) 50 cm v
Between the lens and focus a b c d
(d ) At 2 f (d) 15 cm a b e d
Q.32 . If an object is placed between the focus and a converging th Hint:-
final image will be q = 2p, l /p + l /2p = l / io or 3 /2p = 1 / 10 = 2 p = 30 or
( Lahore / 992, Gujranwala 1 9 9 / , Rawalpindi 1998)
JHk p = 15 cm Ans .
( a) Virtual , erect and magnified in front of the lens Q - 38. A double convex lens acts as a diverging lens when the object is
( b) Real , inverted and magnified in front of the lens ( Rawalapindi 1991, D. G. Khan 2000 , LHR. 200i )
(c ) Real , erect and magnified behind the lens (a ) Inside the focus
(d) Real , inverted and magnified behind the lens (b) Between f and 2 f _l
(C ) At the focus a b c d
a d b e
(d ) At a large distance
O 33. If an object is placed between f and 2 f of a convex lens , then the
image w ill be ( Gujranwala 199.1)
Hint:-
(a ) Virtual , erect and diminished Bctween focus and lens lens of
Q .39. An object a distance of 1.5 m from a convex
is placed at
focal length 2 m . Its image will be
(a ) Real and erect
 (b) Virtual and magnified 247
( b) 25 cm
(c) Real and magnified (c) 30 cm
(d ) Real and inverted 40 cm a b c | d
(d )
Hint:- Least distance of distinct vision
Q 46 .
1 -*-1=1 or I0 + i = i or l = l - 2 = 3 - 4 = -l (a ) Increases with increase in age i
p q f 15 q 2 q 2 3 6 6 ( b) Decreases with increase in age
Q.40. Linear magnification is given by the ratio of (c ) Neither increases nor decreases
( Multan 1993 S. D. G . Khan 1993) a b c d
(d ) Becomes infinite after 60 years
(a) Size of the object/size of the image
. Lenses suffer from the defects of ( Faisalabad 2002 s )
( b)
(c)
(d )
Size of the image/size of the object
Size of the object/focal length
Size of the image/focal length
Q.4 I . The image of an object 5 mm high
La I J
b £ j< _ .Q
Q 47
(a )
( b;
(c)
Spherical aberration only
Chromatic aberration only
naticSa rration and spherical aberration
^
i !> c (I

is only I cm high. Th
« ( <i ) ist<
r n f
magnification produced by lens is

(a ) 0.5
( b) 0.2
( Rawalpindi 1991, Mlulun 2000)
.
Q 48 a c
single poi . lens fails to converge light of diffemit colours to a
it is said to suffer from
(Gu)runwata / 996 )
( a; 1 > i,stortion
(c) 1 b) Spherical aberration
(d ) 2
f fin t:-
Chromatic aberration a b e d
f oth spherical and chromatic
-
Magnification = I /O, O = 5mm 5/ 10 = 1 /
2 cm , I = 1
(d )
^
C hromatic aberration can be removed by using
/. I/O = 1/ '/2 = 2 ( D. G. Khan 1997)
Q. 42. Magnification of a lens is positive (a ) Convex lens
when the image is
(a ) Real and erect ( b) Two convex lenses a b c d
( b) Virtual and erect (c) Concave lens
(c) Real and inverted ( d) Combination of a convex lens and a concave lens
(d ) Virtual and inverted Q.50. If a convex lens of large aperture fails to converge the light rays
Q. 43. Magnification of a lens is negative incident on it to a single point, its said to suffer from
(a ) Virtual and erect
• when thee iimage is
(a ) Chromatic aberration
( b) Real and inverted ( b) Spherical aberration
(c) Erect and inverted ^
(c) Both spherical and chromatic a b c d
(d ) Virtual and inverted b |c | d (d ) Coma
Q.44. Magnifying power of an optical
ins tru me nt is given
Q .51 . Spherical aberration can be removed by using
( Bahawalpur 2000, D. G. Khan by the ratio of ( Bahawalpur 1999 _ s)
2005)
(a) 0o/0i jm
( a) Concave lens a b c d
( b) 0,/0o ( b) Convex lens
(c) 0/20 (c) By limiting the number of rays using stop
(d) 20/0, a Fb Tc Td (d ) By using concave - convex lens
1
Q.45. The least distance of distinct vision for a
norm al eye
^ Q. 52. Two convex lens es of
leng
equa
th (
l
or
foca
the
l leng
foca l
th f
leng
are
th of
plac
the
ed
com
in cont
bina
act
tion
,
)
is the resultant focal
( Sareodha 1995, Faisalabad 1996, 95 , Gjw
Multan 2003, Gjw. 2003, 2005)
.
2003, D G.Khan
1997 is (Gujranwa / a 1996, Faisalabad 1999 )
(a) 15 cm ( a) Zero
 f
( hi 249
(c )
2f a compound microscope , the lens near
*he u
obJec ,
Ive » called
(d)
f'2
Q.53. A convex lens of focal length f| and a concave lens
f: are placed in contact . The focal length of the
LP LtljQd
.
of focal|Cngth
,
— Q.5 S . In
objective. It is
(a )
( b)
A convex lens
( Sargodha 2005 )
of large focal length and large aperture
A convex lens of small focal length and large aperture
( a) fj + f, combination i
(0 A convex lens of small focal length and small aperture
( b) f2 - f i ( d ) A convex lens of large -f ocal length and small aperture
(c ) ff
|> a b c d
fj + fi
(d )
f2 - f
fit
.
Q.54 . If a single convex lens is placed
a hTc ]d ]
close to the eye, then it can be
used as ( Gujranwala 1996s , 2003, Multan 2001 , Sargodha
~
Q 59 In

(a )
#
a

Convex
( b ) „ onyex
C '
compound
piece. It is a
lens
lens
of
of
microscope

large
small focal
, the lens near the eye is called eve -

( Sargodha 2002)
focal length
length
and
and
large
small
aperture
aperture
2001 ) lens of small focal length and large aperture
( a) telescope (0 Convex
(b) simple microscope (d ) Convex lens of large focal length and small aperture
(c ) compound microscope a b c d
(d ) opera glass a b |c [ d
Q.55. The magnifying power of a fe denote respectively the focal - length of the objective
simple microscope (or magnifying telescope. The magnifying power of an
glass) is and eyepiece of
when focused at infinity is given by
I Sargodha 1993 -5,
Gujranwala 1993, Gujranwala 2000 , Faisalabad
2005, 2000, Lahore 2004)
astronomical telescope .
(a) M = 1 + f/d Rawalpindi 1991 , Rawalpindi 2000 , Lahore 1997 , Faisalabad 2004 Gjw 2006 )

( b) M = 1 d/f - ( a) f0 + fc
(c ) M = 1 + d/f ( b) f0 - f,
(d) fo/fc a b (c) fofe a b eld
Q.56. The final image produced byy a (d ) fo/fe
compound microscope is , length of astronomical telescope is
( Gujranwala 1992 S ,
Lahore 2000) Q.61 . For normal adjustment , Sargodha 1995 ,
( a) Real and inverted ( Rawalpindi 1993 , Bahawalpur 1992, 2004 , Gujranwala 1998
( b) Real and erect Faisalabad 1998 , Lahore 2005)
< C) Virtual and erect (a ) f0 + fc
(d ) Virtual and inverted aib c | d (b) -
f0 fc
Q.57. The magnify ing power of ra compound (c) fo/fc a b c d
lenses of focal length fQ and fe respectively microscope using convex (d) fc/ f0
as ’ s telescope is given by
eyepiece is given by objective and Q .62 . The length of a Galileo
( Bahawalpur 1992 , Rawalpindi 2003)
( aj
( Faisalabad

Ld + k )
u d
1993, Gujranwala 1992, D. 0
Khan 1998 j
-
( )
( b)
U + fe
fo - fc
fb ) f„( 1 + dj (c) 1/fo - l /fe a |b |c d
L fc (d ) l /fo + I /fe has the least length when
following telescopes
( vJ L ( l + di Q -63. Which one o f the
rays ( Faisalabad 1992)
fo fc set for parallel telescope
(J) L( I * d) (a) Astronomical
telescope
Galileo’ s
fc fc [ a Tb Tc [ d (b)
telescope
(C) Terrestrial
'
 Because Galileo s length = f0 - U
Q.64. In Galileo's telescope, eye
- piec
pi e is a
( Faisalahad 1993 S, D. G. Khan 1999)
(a )
( b)
Convex lens
Concave lens
- Q. 70. Sho
(a )
rt - sig hte dne
Convex lens
ss can be remove
o d by th e use of

(c)
Plano Concave lens
(d )
Pla
Q.65. A Galileanj
no Co nv ex len s
-
-
telescope with objective of
eyepiece of focal length 8
UL l
.
J L£ I d
focal length 30cm
cm when focused for inity
inf
n
and
—— _
Q. 71 .
( b)
(c )
(d )
lon
(a)
g -
Cylindrical lens
Concave lens
Concave mirror
sig
C
hte dne ss can be rem ove d by the use of
a b c d

equal to (Gujranwala 1991 ) has length Conca tens

( a) 38 cm
(b) C cal a b c d
22 cm 1
(c) 7.5 cm
(d)
frometer is used to study ..
( A K 2001, Bahawalpur 2006 )
240 cm Collimator
Hint:- Telescope
fo - fc - 30 - 8 = 22 cm .
L
Q.66. Maxim um
Refractive index -
.r a b c d
detail of an object can be Spectrum
the object is illuminated by seen by a microscope when unhofer lines are observed in/ ( Faisalabad 1993)
light of
( Bahawalpur
1993) Emission spectra
(a) Longer wave length (b) Continuous spectra
(b) Short wave - length (c ) Band spectra a b c d
(c) x - rays (d ) Absorption spectra
(d ) r - rays Q.74. Two converging lenses , eac h of foc al len gth f use d in com bin atio n ,
Hint: - become a tele sco pe if the dist anc e bet wee n the m is
Because the resolving power iincrease ( a) f
of light used with the decrease in ( b) 4f
Q.67 . The magnifying power of the (c ) {12 a b e d
Ga
( Rawalpindi 1992,
lile an telescope is given by (d ) 2f
fa) M = f + fe Lah ore 199 H)
0

fb ) M = f0 - fe Because the leng th of ast ron om ica l tele sco pe f0 + f ;

fc) M = f > fe = f + f = 2f
(d ) M = fo/fe .75. A spectrometer is use d to find ( Bahawalpur 1997)
Q .68. In terrestrial telescope, (a ) Wa ve len gth of ligh t
the number of Ions are of the pris m
used Refractive ind ex
fa)
fb) 4
2 - I ( b)
(c)
(d )
Wave -
All ofth
len
e
gth
abo
of
ve
diff ere nt col our s a b c d

(c) dis tan t obj ect as see n L

thr oug h an astr ono mic al
3 Q 76, The image of
-
(d ) 1 a b c d telescope is
(D.
A. Khan 2001)
0.69. Terrestrial telescope produces (a) Re al and inv ert ed
K 2000)
Virtual and inv erte d
<a ) An erect and real image ( b)
^

b JL
 ( C)
Rea! and erect 253
252 (c) Neither real nor virtual
fd )
Virtual and erect (d ) No ne of the m
Q- 77 . Which one of the following ci
or
does not given an er< t 1
O 83 - ° sp ec tr om et er th e co lli m at is us ed to
( Lahore 1993) * image (a) Collimate the beam
(a ) Galilean telescope ( b) Disperse the beam
( b) Terrestrial telescope (c ) Reflect the beam a
( C)
Prism binoculars None of the above
!b j c ; d
(d )
(d )
Astromical telescope a Q.84. An im ag e fo rm ed by a co nc av e len s is alw ay s
Q. 78. If a convex lens of
focal length f IS
i cut into two
- . .
( D G Khan 1997 98),
along the lens diameter. the focal id en
length of each half is
ti ca l halves (a ) Virtual
( Federal hoard ( b) Real
(a ) 2003) Inverted
f (c ) a I b |c I d
( b) f/ 2 (d; None of the above.
(c) 2f Q.85. Cr iti ca l an gle of a m ed iu m de pe nd s up on th e
(d) 3 f/ 2 (a ) Refractive index of the denser medium
Hint:- ( b) Relative refractive index of the two medium
Because l /f = 1 /fi + 1 /fj = 2/f| (e ) Speed of light in air
0 79.
*
convex lens of focal length f is
A or
j f, = 2f • (d) Intensity of the beam of light a b c d
index less than that of lens. Its immersed in a liquid of refractive ch an ge d in lig ht sig na ls by m ea ns of
( a) focal length Q.86 Te
. lev isi on sig na ls ar e
Decreases A transistor
(b) Increases
(c ) Decoder
Remains unchanged (c ) Photodiode a b c d
(d ) Becomes zero (d) Optical fibre
.87. Cladding in optical fibre is used to
Since the liquid optically nser Absorb unnecessary light
po we r of the lens so its focal length de th an a
ai , r decreases the ( a)
increases. co nv erg ing ( b) Produce total internal reflection
Q. 80. How is the image
formed by a convex lens (c) Transmit light a b c d
half of the lens is covered with a
pa pe r af fe ct ed if th e up pe r (d ) Filter light
fa ) The size of the image become Q. 88. Snell ’ s law is given as
( b) on - ha lf i
The upper half of the image is t V2
(c ) cu of T (a) n ,2 v,
The brightness of the image is
”

(d) e ss
Th brightne of the image is re du ce d i T
n ] ? = Sin O i
Q. l . The magnifying power of a
* (a) in cr ea
compound icroscope
se d % L - - c I d ( b)
SinG2
Magnific ati on m
of objective x Magnification is (c) n i sinOi = n:Sin02 |a b c d
(b) Magnification of objective + Magnification ofeye piece (d ) All of the above
of ey e to re ve al th e m in or de ta ils of th e
(c ) M ag ni fic ati on of objective Magnification piece Q - 89. The ability of an instrument
(d ) M agnificat ion of objective of eye piece object under ex am in at io n is its

.
Magnifications of cycpiccc
.
astronomical dcscopc the mage formed by
eyepiece is
I a l-
b Ic d
L J- - [J
(a )
( b)
(c)
Resolution
Re
Re
so
so
lvi
lvi
ng
ng
ma
po
gn
we
ifi
r
ca tio n
a b
(a) Real
( b; Virtual
 (d)
None of the above
Q.90. The resolving power is expressed by a formula
(a) amin = 1.22 D
X
( b) am in = 1. 22 X
D
(c) CLmin 1.52 _A, Q. 97. In co m po un d mi cr os co pe, th e focal length of eye - piece is
, D
(d ) amin = 1.22 X D (b) Large
Q.91. The formula a min = 1.22 X f D for (c ) Very small
resolving power was given by (d ) None of the above
(a) Faraday
( b) Newton Q.98. Resolving power of compound microscope depends upon
( Federal board 2004)
(c) Young
(a) Focal length of eye - piece
(d) Raleigh a b c d
( b) FocaJ length of the objective lens
Q. 92. In case of grating spectrometer
, the resolving power R (c) Diameter of the objective lens
( a) R= X is giv en as _
(vd ), Diameter of the eye - piece
AX Q. 99. Trie ratio of the angle subtended by the image as seen through
(b) K= _X optical device to that subtended by the object at the unaided eye is
Xi X l
+ called
(c) R= (a) , Magni fication
( b) Resolving power
X (c) Magnifying power
~

(d ) R = X2 - Xl a b 1c d
(d ) Resolution
a b c d Q.100. The instrument which is used to see the smallest objects is called
Q.93. In case of ' N * no. of rulings ( Gujrunwala 2003, Multan 2003 )
on the grating, the resolv
mth - order diffraction is equal to ing power of (a ) Microscope

^ 1
( Rawalpindi 2004)
(a ) R= N+ m (b ) Telescope
( b) R = m/N (c ) Binoculars a b c d
(c) R = Nm (d ) Spectrometer
~
(d ) R = N/m v - I a b 1 C |d ]
l 0.101. The instrument used to see the distant objects is called
Q.94. The optical resolution of a micr (a ) Microscope
oscope tells us that ( b) Magnifying glass
(a ) How close together the two point
( b)
so ur
How far the two point sources of light
ce s of lig ht ca n be (c) Telescope
(c) ca n be (d) Spectrometer
How close together the three point
(d ) so ur
How far the three point sources of light
ce s o fli
. gh t can be Q. 102 . In telescopes , eye - piece used has focal length
can be (a) Very small

Q.95. For higer magnification , which n

instrument should
r rb
~

be used
~
ic U
( b)
(c )
Very large
Neither small nor large
(a ) ( '( > nvex lens (d ) None of the above
(b) Simple microscope Q . 103. In astronomical telescope, the final image seen through the
(c ) Compound microscope eyepiece is
(a) Real, inverted and enlarge
(d ) AJI of the above
' A

( b) Virtual, inverted and enlarge 2.V . 257

(c) Virtual , erect and enlarge The diameter of the eyepiece.
- (d ) Real, erect and enlarge
Q. l 04. A good telescope has an objective of Q.lH
(j

.
( )
In
e *
Michelson
ght -sided
’ s experiment
mirror at the
the angle
centre is
subtended by an side of the
(a ) large focal length and small aperture n/4
(a)
( b) small focal length and large aperture / u\, 71/8
(u
(c ) Large focal length and large aperture
. n/ 2
(d ) Small focal length and small aperture
Q. 105. The scientist who
correctly measured the speed
( Multan 1991 , 2000 , BHP.
,

—
a

1992, Punjab board 1994 , Cjw

‘
of
^
light
•pd

*’
as
(c )
(d ) 7i

Q . l 12. Alexanda r Graham Bell invented a

2004)
( Sargodha
device known
a I b c d
as
(a) Newton . 2004s)
(a) Telescope 1

( b) Galileo ( b) Compound microscope

(c ) Michelson
(d ) (O Photo - phone a Ib c d
Faraday a-
(V ) Spectrometer?
Q. 106. The scientist who A
made of
made first attempt to measure
the speed of light Q. 113. The detector in photo - phone is
was
(a)
(Gu)ranwala 2004 ) (a) Cadmium
Huygen U &man!ium
(b) Galileo CM
(c) Selenium a b I c Id
(c) Young
(d )
( J) Silicon
Newton its protective case may be typically
Q. l 07. In Michelson’ s An optical fibre with
experiment, the equation (a) 6.0 mm
light is used to find the speed of
( Multan 2005,
Faisalabad ( b) 6 cm
(a) c = 16fd 2006 )
(c ) 7.62 cm
( b) c = 16f7d (d ) 7 mm
( C) c = 16d/f an optical fibre requires that
Q . 115 . Propagation of light in
(d) c = fd/ 16 ( a) That light should be totally confined

—
Q. l 08. Speed of light in dispersed
vacuum or in air is (b ) That light should be
fa ) 3 xl 09 ms (c) That light should travel along a straight line
(b) 3xl 08 ms - i (d ) None of the above a
(c) 3x 10 ' ms - i
°
(d) 3 xl 07 ms -i Q . l 16 . T otal confined light is obtained by
Q. l 09. The speed of light in ( a) Total internal reflection
other materials is fb ) Continuous
(a ) Greater than c
(b) Less than c (c ) Both a
( ) and ( b ) a l b 1 c [ d
(c ) Equal to c (d ) None of the above depends upon
travels within the material
« 0 None of the above
Q. l 10. The resolving power of an JL__
b c d
Q. l 17 . The s peed at which
(a ) Wavelength
light

astronomical telesc Pe depends ( b) Frequency

(a )
( b)
(c)
^
{ Federal 2004 s )
The focal length of the eyejiece
The focal length of the objective lens
o ive lens
° on
(c)
( d)
Refractive index
Velocity
Q . l 18 . Bell was able to transmit a
(a) Beam of light
voice message via a
a b 1c |d

( b) Telescope
 (c) Compound microscope 259
(d ) None of the above Th re e m aj or co mp on ents
( b)
Q. l 19. The index of refraction is defined by the ratio of (c ) Tw o m ajo r co m po ne nts a ib ic d
(a) Speed of liuht in air i .e. ( v/c ) (d ) Fo ur m aj or co m po ne nt s
Speed of light in vacuum . Ty pe s of op tic al fib re ar e
( b) Speed of light in vacuum i.e. (c/v ) Q.12 6 Si ng le m od e ste p in de x
(a )
speed of light in air ( b) M ul ti m od e ste p in de x
(c) Speed of light in vacuum i . e. (c/vm) M ul ti m od e gr ad ed in de x a b e d
* fc)
Speed of light in medium
_ (d ) A ll of th e ab ov e f
(d) None of the above - L
Q.120. At some angle of incidence when the angle of refraction b
b Jj T T d
— Q 127. A la ye
refractive
r of
in
lo
de
w
x
er
is
re
ca
fr
lle
ac
d
tiv e in de x ov er th e ce nt ra l co re of hi gh
A
90 °, this angle is called ec om es (a) Cladding
Multimod e gr ad ed in de x fib re
(a) Incident angle (b )
ste p in de x fib re a b c 1 d
(b) Refractive angle (C ) [ Multimode
(c) Critical angle (d) Rusting
*

(d) Phase angle a 1b 1c |d Q . 12 8 . An op tic al fib re in w hi ch th e ^

ce nt ra l co re ha s hi
its
gh
pe
re
rip
fr ac
he
tiv
ry
e
is
de ns ity gr ad ua lly de cr ea se s to w ar ds
Q.121. For the phenomenon of total internal index and its
reflection , the angle of called
incidence should be ste p in de x fib re
(a) Equal to the critical angle Multimode
Multimode gr ad ed in de x fib re
( b) sSmaller than the critical angle
(c) Both ( a ) and ( b)
Greater than the critical angle
(d) Zero £ d) Cladding
ptical fibre in w hich a lay er of lo we r re fr ac tiv e in de x is ov er
Q. 122. For incident angles equal or greater re fr ac tiv e in de x is ca lle d
than the critical angle, the the ce nt ra l co re of hi gh
glass - air boundary w ill act as a ste p in de x fib re
(a) (a ) Multimode
Convex mirror ( b) Multimode gr ad ed in de x fib re
( b) Concave mirror (c ) Cladding
(c) Mirror (d ) Rusting
(d) None of them Q. 130. Multimode step index fib re is us ef ul fo r
Q.123. For glass - air boundary , the value of Long distance
critical
( Rawalpindi 2004 , D. G.
(a )
Khan 2006 ) ( b) Short distance
(a ) 41.5 °
'
no r sh or t a b c Id
(c) Neither long
(b) 41 ° (d ) None of the above fib re co re is
(c) 41.8° of sin gl e m od e ste p
(d ) 41.2°
-
Q 131 . The diameter
(a ) 10 pm
Q.124. How many types of optical fibres are? ( b) 30 pm
(a) Two types
~
a l 1 1c
b [d
(c ) 5 pm
( b) Three types (d ) 10 0 pm
fc ) Four types
*

ste p in de x fib re co re is
Q. 132 . The diameter of multim od e
(d) One type
(a ) 10 pm
0.125. A fibre optic communication system consists of ( b) 50 pm
(a ) Five major components ' a b 1 c d 1
(c) 10 0 pm

_
 261
(d) 20 pm 260 . A fibre optic communic ation system contains
Q. 133. Multimode graded index fibre core has diameter of range
Q.14
° (a ) A
An
transmitter
optical
that
fibre tor
converts
guiding
electrical
the
signals
signals
to light signals
( Rawalpindi 2005) (b )
(a) 50 - 1500 Jim ( c ) A receiver that captures the light signals at the other end of the
(b) 50 - 3000 jim fibre
(c ) 50 - 1000 jim (d ) All of the above a b c d
(d) 50 - 2000 jim L The light emitted from LED has a wave length
Q i 41 .
Q. 134. The refractive index of multimode step index fibre fro (a ) 1.3 pm
m centre 1.2 pm
to the boundary is (b)
(a) 1.50 ( c) 1.4 pm a b c d
( b) 1.40 ( d) 1.5 pm
(c ) 1.48 Q.l 42. The most common m d of modulation is called
(d) 1.52 (a) Frequency modulation
Q. 135. The Value of refractive index of Wave modulation
Multimode step index fibre (b)
remaining constant throughout the cladding is (cl Digital modulation a b c d
(a) 1.5 (d ) None of the above
(b) 1.32 Digital modulation is expressed as
Q. l 43.
(c) 1.48 abits
(d ) 1.25 a b c d
1 s ~
Q. 136. How many TV channels can be carried Terabits a b !c d
by single mode step index
fibre ) None of the above
(a ) 10 regenerate d by a device which is called
he light signals must be
(b) 14
(a) Repeaters
(c ) 12
( b) . Transmitter
(d ) 16 a
(c) Regenerater
Q.137. How many phone calls can be carried
fibre
bv si .
(d,) None of the above
Q. l 45. Repeaters are placed typically apart at a distance of
(a) 15000
(a) 20 km
< b) 12000
( b) 25 km
(c)
(d )
16000
14000 (c) 30 km a | b c d 1 |
Q. l 38. The optical fibre is covered for protection by (d ) 35 km multiple reflection ,
travels along fibres by
(a) Glass jacket
a Q. 146. When a light signal
is absorbed due to
( b) Plastic jacket some light
in theq )lastic
(c ) Copper jacket (a) Impurities
( b) Impurities in the glass
(d) Rubber jacket in the plastic
(c) Purities
Q. 139. The components of fibre optic communication system of the above
(d ) None difference may be
(a) 4 index fibre , the overall time
( b) Q.147. With a step -

( c) about
(a ) 30 ns/km
( dJ 35 ns/ km
( b)
 261
(c)
(d )
33ns/km
3! ns/km .
Q I &' V hich of the fo
W llow ing gives erect image
( Rawalpindi 1996 )
Q.148. The disadvantage of the step- index fibre can be reduced by (a ) Si m pl e m icr os co pe
*
(a ) Impurities in the plastic (b ) Ga lie an tel es co pe
( b) Graded index fibre ( c) Terrestria l tel es co pe a 1 b 1 c d
(c) Purities in the glass (d ) All the above
a pa ral lel be am fro m the he ad lig ht of a ca r it be
Q.156. To
(d ) None of the above ob ta in mu st
Q.149.1 sing a graded index fibre, the time difference is
re du ced to
, fitted w ith ( Gujranwa /a

about (a ) A convex mirror

(a) 15 ns/km (b) A concave mirror
(b) (c ) A convex lens\
a b 1c 1d
10 ns/km
(c) 1 ns/km (d ) A plane pu
when passed through prism is
(d) 50 ns/km Q.157. A mwiochro
. .
Q 150 W hen a light signal travels along the length of the optical re,
fib (a )
( Gujran
ai
the power lost by it is due to
(a) Refration (b) M a b lc l d
_

(C) Disi
fb) Reflection ~ ~ ~ No ne fth e ab ov e
fc) Diffraction a b_ !c Td | '
(d ) •
ins tru me nt
. ollow ing is the op tic al
(d ) Scattering and absorption Q',158 Which ol
(Gujran wala 1999 )
.
Q lSLThe unit of magnifying power is ( Rawalpindi 1999) fa) Galvanometer
(a) J 1
( b) Telescope a Ib 1 c Id
(b ) Dioptre fc) Voltmeter
(c) Watt a b c d None of the above
/ (d ) *
20 02 )
(d) Has no unit fo un d in ( Fa isa lab ad
Q. 159. Chromatic ab er ra tio n is
CM 52. The magnify ing power of a convex lens of focal length 5cm is (a ) Mirror only
( Rawalpindi 2002, Sargodha 1995)
w
(b) Lenses only
s
a b 1c 1d
fa ) 3 (c ) Bo th in mi rro rs an d len se
fb) 5 \
None of the above
fc)
(d )
6
20
•
'
m .
(d )
Q 160. The focal length f an d ra di us of cu
ltan 1993)
( Mu
rv atu re are re lat ed by

Q. I 53. The wavelength of refracted wave in a denser medium f = 2R

(a )
( Lahore 1996 ) ( b) R = 2f a 1b 1c 1d
fa ) Same as that of the incident wave (c) R=f
fb) Becomes smaller than the incident wave (d ) No ne of th e ab ov e
mi cro sco pe ac ts as
(c ) Becomes greater than the incident waver ^ .
Q.161 The eyepiece of a co m po un d
. Khan 1997).
(d ) None of the above
Q.154. Light entering glass will not suffer change in
THJLK JJ (a ) Diverging lens
(D G

Converging lens a jb 1 c | d
( Lahore 1996 % ) (b)
Converging mirror
(a )
fb )
Frequency
Wave length
Ik.
^ (c)
(d ) None of the above
(c ) Velocity T1 JL C d
( d) Direction
 Q. 162. Magnifying power of simple microscope can
a lens of
be increased
i
b
264
y Usi n
( Federal 2003)
(a) Small focal length 8 magnify ing power of a convex lens of focal length 10 cm is
Q. 168. The ( Multan 2006 )
(b) Large focal length
(c) Focal length of a lens has no effect (a ) 7
(d) None of the above ( b) 9.6
Q. 163. A fringe is shifted in Michelson ( c) 11
mirror is displaced through interferrometer , each tim (d) . 3.5
a b c
(Satgodha 2004, * the Hint :-
(a) }J 2 20031
M = 1 + d/f = 1 + 25/10
(b) m a b c d = 1 + 2.5 = 3.5
(c ) X lens is .
O 169. Magnification of convex ( A Kashmir 2006 )
(d ) 2 A. (a) ( 1 +f /d )
Q. 164. If a single converging
A
lens is placed close to eye, then it is being ( b) ( 1 - f /d )
used as
'
(Gujranwala (c) ( 1 + d/ f
(a) 2003) a b c
Telescope ( dr ji r
(b) Compound microscope lens is the reciprocal of its ( Federal hoard 2005 )
Q . 170. Power of a
(c ) Simple microscope ( a) Wave length in meter
(d) Reading glass
Q. 165. Michelson a bj_ cJT]
interferometer isi used to find the speed of
( Multan 2003, A. A.
(a) Light 2003)
(b) Sound
(c) Air
(d) Water
Q. 166. Fibre optic cable
carries data in the form of
( Federal board
(a) Light 2005)
(b) Sound
(c) Heat
(d) Mechanical waves
Q.167. If focal length is 5 cm
, then power of lens is
( Lahore 2006 )
(a) 5 Dioptre
( b) 10 Dioptre
(c) 15 Dioptre
(d) 20 Dioptre
Hint:-
1
D
f (metre) 5/100
100
- - 20 Dioptre
^
 maximum , n = 2 is the se co nd or de r maximum and so
Q.55. What do you mean by Polaroid ?
-
Ans: A Polaroid is a transparent plastic sheet in which Spec
a NO 10
crystals of heropa
light ca n pa ss th
th
ro
ite
ug h
ha
it
ve
on
be
ly
en
if
embedd
its el ec
ed
tri c
\ ,
a 0
ri ‘,
en
|
n
vectors vih13 6 ed. Tv
CHAPTER
- '
the axis of transmission of the polaroid . The tourm a I Ine Parallel l
OPT I C A L I N S T R U M E N T S
be replaced by polaroid. crystal °
scai) i -

SHORT ANSWER TY PV Q U ES TI O N S WITH ANS .

Q.l. What do you understand by linear magnification and angular
magnifcation ? Explain how a convex lens is used as a magnifier?
20 03 , Ba ha wa lpu r 20 06 , D. G Kh an 20 05 t Faisalabad 2005 supp )
( Multan
Ans: Li- ne ar M ag ni fic ati on : -
It is defined as the ratio of the size of the image to the size of
the ob jec t. It ha s no un it bu t on ly a sim pl e nu m be r be ca us e thi s is th e
ratio between two similar quantities.
Anglular Magnification:-
It is defined as the ratio of the angle subtended by the image as
seen through 7 the op tic al de vic e to the an gle su bte nd ed by th e ob jec t at
the unaided ( ) J
ey e pl ac ed at eq ua l dis
of
tan ce
o
s .
sim
It ha
ila
s
r
als
qu
o
an
no
tit ies
un
.
its bu t
im ple nu mb er be ca us e th is is a ra tio tw
fA • nv ex Le ns As a M ag
s
nif
of
ier
sh
:-
or ter fo ca l len gt h ca n be us ed as a
A convex len
magnifier when the ob jec t is pl ac ed ve ry clo se to it i .e W he n th e
object lies between the len s an d its fo cu s. Th e im ag e thu s fo rm ed is
virtual, erect and magnified .
For detail , see theory art 1 0.3.
Q.2. Explain the difference betwee n an gu lar ma gn ifi ca tio n an d
resolving power of an op tic al ins tru me nt . W ha t lim its the
magnification of an optic al ins tru me nt ? ( Ra wa lpi nd i 20 05 )
ap pa ran t siz e of the im ag e
Ans:- Angular magnification simply increases the
of an object when seen through an op tic al de vi ce (J '
JA ). It ca n be
se s of su ita bl e fo ca l len gth s .
made as large as we wish by using len de tai ls
un les s we ca n se e the
But the magnification alone is of no use
of the object distinctly ( /;>JL). ab ilit y to
res olv ing po w er of an op tic al ins tru me nt is its
Th e t un de r
( ) de tai ls ot an ob jec
reveal (show ) th e m in or

—
an gle '
in ' be tw ee n tw o po in t
examination. It is the m in im um am
di sti nc t sp ot s of
im ag es to be re so lv ed as tw o
sources that allow the

. on e
) .
light rather tht uy <J an op tic al ins tru me nt is lim ite d du e to
The magnification of
defecs or he
image does no
len
t
s
rem
su
ain
ch
we
« «
££
 be seen clearly. 446 447
it be advantageous to use blue light with a The object of height h is placed just beyond ( ) the
Q.3. Why would
focus of the objective , this produces a real , magnified image
microscope . . principal
e focal length
(A . Kashmir 2006 , Multan 2005 , faisalabad 2005 , Lahore
Rawalpindi 2005, Bahwalpur 2004)
aperture and use of blue
2005* 2004I
of height hi insic
^
the
magnified by the eye piece.
were looking
-
through a
of the

telescope
eye - piece. It is further

Ans An -
objective
•

length produces
lens of
less
large
diffraction and increases its
light of sh
f Ca|resolving °
) 6 if a
would
person
the appearance of the m o r n be
at the full moon , how
changed by covering half of
Thus more
, details of the object can be seen by the eye. Povver. ^ the objective lens . ( Gujw 1987 , Lahore 19hfi, Sargodha 2003 , Fsd. 2004 )

Q.4 .
One can buy a cheap microscope for use by the childre Ans: . If half of the objective lens of a telescope is covered , the moon will

images seen in such a microscope have coloured iniayec „, f

n ' 1| , appear full to the looking at it. But the intensity of light
so ? ( D . G . Khan 2006 ) " it depends upon the diameter of the object lens, therefore the intensity
-
Ans: The images seen in the cheap microscope have coloured edges d of the light received from the moon will decrease. 1 hus, its brightness
defect of the lenses . Such a defect is known as ue to is reduced by the half - covered objective lens.
chromatic aberr i ’

A lens acts like two prisms placed end to end . this gives Q.7. How the light signal is transmitted through the optical fibre?
(.Bahawalpur 2003, 2006 , D. G, Khan 2005 , Faisalabad 2005)
dispersion of light. When rays of white light parallel to the princi '° - Light signal is transmitted by
.
^
Ans:
axis pass through a convex lens, they are dispersed (Xr p' ) jnto se ( i ) Ar Total internal reflection from the surface of the outer layer
colours in such a way that different colours are brought to focus at ( cladding) (ii ) Continuous refraction .
different distances from the lens as shown in fig Since blue rays are Both of these totally confine the light within the fibre
bent more than the red , so the focal length for blue is smaller. Such a Q.8 .How the power is lost in optical fibre through dispersion ?
lens cannot bring all the rays of white light from a point on the object Explain.
to a single point on the image. As a result , the image is not sharp and (Gujranwala 2006 , 2005 , Sargodha 2005 , Faisalabad 2005 , supp , A . Kashmir 2004 , Lahore 2004)
is coloured at edges and not clear. This image defect is called Ans; When the source of light signal is not perfectly monochromatic , then
chromatic aberration ( the narrow band of wave - lengths will disperse in different directions.
Q . 5. Describe with the help of diagrams, how (a ) a single bioconvei When the light signals enter the glass fibre, the light spreads into
lens can be used as a magnifying glass ( b) biconvex lenses can be different wavelengths XiM and
arranged to form a microscope (compound ). ( Multan 2006 , Fsd. 2006) as shown in fig. As meets the
-
Ans: (a ) A biconvex lens is used as a magnifying gfess is shown in the core and cladding at the critical angle Q I? k

following ftg (a ). The object is placed between the lens and focus.
^
and 2 and A 3 are at slightly greater j ^
^1
•3
„ #1 angles. The light paths have thus <

J
%
w

•^
different lengths. So the light of .
different wavelengths reaches the
^ (a )
other end of the fibre at different times. In the presence of power
losses due to dispersion and spreading of the light signal, the
information received at the other end of a fibre will be faulty and
Simple Microscope distorted
( b)
O # cornpounJ -
Q 9. Define resolving power? ( Rawalpindi 2006 )
Ray diagram of two biconvex lenses arranged to make a Ans:- The resolving power of an optical instrument is its ability ( « )
microscope. to reveal (show ) die minor ( details of)an object under
between two P01 *
—H

*
elective
A;
examination. It is the minimum angle amin
sources that allow the images to be resolved
light rather than ( f ) one -
as two distinct spots o
^
s' fir
v.•
* '
s
COMPOUND MICROSCOPE
n
 Q. IO. ID a compound microscope, magnification produced
by o|). i
, - :
; :;
the Sight waves . The most common method is digital
+19

^I
Ui
magnification produced by the microscope ?
*
" h« totij
U ** n : w hich a laser is flashed on
n on in and off at any extremely fast
. jujranwata
(( 2006 )
ralC iUC ,iuIe of light represent s number 1 and the absence of light
SolutJon ;- . s o Anv information can be represented by a particular
Magnification produced by the objective is UMI
pattern ' code of these Is and 0 s. The receiver is
programmad to
Mi = 5
Magnification produced by the eye - piece is
M 2 = 50
The total magnification M produced by the objective and eye
* Q ’ H < >*
AnsofQ.8
decode
required.
power
;
the

is
1

lost
s and

in
Os

optic
1
, it

hrough
^ nt

Ji
)> sound, pictures

^ persion ? (
or data as

Alternati ve
of the compound microscope is equal to the product of M i Piece -
*
Ans: If the light signal no erfectfy monochr omatic and contains
and M2.
That is different wavelengr tsper hv takes place in the fibre A narross
,
M = M M2 beam of waveiengtl s n refracted in different directions and the light
e S tra along the fibre by multiple reflections,
Putting the values of M| and M 2, we get
M = 5x 50 = 250
.spri ds. A l l
^
different wavelengths reaches the other end at
ijsignal received is, therefore, distorted or faults '
M = 250 power is lost during the transmission in optica )
Ans.
Q. l 1. Why an objective of large aperture is used in a reflecting n.
mirror photodiode to transmit TV signal through optical
telescope?
-
Ans: As we have read that the objective of a telescope should be of long
focal length and of large aperture. As it is difficult to make a large
s:- end of the fibre, a photodiode is used to transmit TV signal
bec it converts the light signals. Which are then amplified and
lens free from chromatic and spherical aberrations. It is easier to make
ded and reconstructs the signals originally transmitted .
a mirror of large aperarure than a large lens. Moreover, concave Q. l 7 U hy do astronomers prefer reflecting telescope over refracting
mirrors are free from chromatic aberration . Spherical aberration can telescope?
also be eliminated in reflecting telescopes by using parabolic mirrors. Ans: - Retracting telescope has an important defect. This defect is called
. .
Q I 2 An octagonal mirror is rotating with frequency f. calculate the chromatic aberration. Because of this problem , refracting telescope
time of rotation of one of its sides. cannot be focused properly. On the other hand, reflecting telescopes
-
Aos: Th~ ‘'tic taken by mirror to complete f revolutions second
Time taken by mirror to complete one revolution * 1/fsecond (
M *.
<
do not suffer from this problem .
W h a t is t h e effect on the image if half of a converging lens is
Or time taken by 8 faces to complete one revolution = Wfec«M covered ? itederaI board 1998, 2003 Lahore 1992, Rawalpindi / 993)
The time taken by one face of the mirror = 1 Sf Aas . Ans:- So far as the size of the image is concerned, the image will remain
•*
'
Q.l 3 . W hat are different ty pes of optical fibre? ( Gujramwala 2006 ) J unchanged but its brightness will be reduced due to less intensity ( half
Ans:- There are three types of optical by of the intensity ). Ihis is because half of the lens is covered, then only
fibres which
, arc grouped halt of the aperture will be used to collect the rays.
they propagate light . These are named as
(i)
hi )
Single mode step index
Muti mode step index
^ 19.
• Show why a pinhole placed in front of a lens leads to good image
e v e n if the image is not q u i t e in focus.
( Federal board 1997, 1999 )

^
fiii ) MuJti mode gradfl J Anv:. ~
l he pinhole placed in front of a lens enables us to use only central
Q. l 4. How signal is transmitted
and converted into sound * in D optie* * portion of the lens. Since a lens of small aperture gives
the
the
image
image
fibres aberratio n and thus
Ans:- To transmit inf
-A.
sign* 1 - completely free from spherica l
sharp .
on by hght wav«. whether it is an audio w will be very well defined and
a television si or a computer data signal it is neces sary
e ?

i
 . Why is a conv ex lens of small focal length
0.20 Prcfc
magnifying glass.
( Federal board 1996 , 1992 , Rawalp indi 87 ,, 89 Gujranwala 1994 "•* C! i 451
Thus the outer incident rays come to a focus closer to the lens than the
Lahore 2006)
, Sare
* « 199 j 0dh central ( inner) rays, producing more than one focus. In this way the
the magn ifying power of a image no longer remains sharp and well defined but becomes
Ans: We know that magnifying g|ass 0 blurn ed
microscope is given by > This defect is mainly caused due to the large size of aperture of
rSit
M = 1 + d/ f
This relation shows that smaller the focal length
be the magnification (i.e. M <x 1 /f )
SrCfit cj . .
*ill
.
lenses.
n 24. Find the Magnifying power of a
length. ( Federal hoard 2000) ^
convex lens of 25 cm . focal

Therefore, a lens of smaller focal length is used t 0 • Ans: - Data >

|
lfc! %
the magn ifying powe r of magn ifying glass. lncr <*ses |
The focal length vex lens = / = 25 cm
Q.21. Under what conditions does a double convex lens
acts Magnifying power of lens = M. P. = ?
-
The least distinct of distinct vision = d = 25 cm
diverging lens. , as J
j
-
Calculations :
^-
" W
Ans:- A double convex lens acts as diverging lens under the
conditions. , .
foil owing ing the formula for magnifying power
0) If an object is placed between the focus and the optical M '
d + d)
cen f
of a convex lens. The rays are diverged and virtual
formed.
imaged Putting the val , we get
M. P. =h - 2 5) = 1 - 1 = 0
Hi) If the double convex lens is placed in a medium whose
refractive index is greater than the refractive index of the
; 25
< *

Hence M.P. = 0 Ans

material of the lens.
Q.22. How can a real image be distinguished from a virtual image? Can .25. When light enters glass from air, its speed becomes less. Is it due
each type of image be projected on a screen ? Explain t > change in its frequency or wavelength?
( Lahore 19985, Multan board 1989) (Gujranwala 1986 )
Ans:- Real and virtual imager - Ans:- peed of light changes with w ave length: -
1 he speed of light ( i.e, v = ft.) in various media depends upon
A real image is formed by the actual intersection of te
reflected rays, so it can be projected on the screen. On the other hand, the wavelength of light and not on the frequency. When light enters
glass from air, its wavelength decreases, thus its speed becomes less.
a virtual image is formed by the imaginary intersection ol the Q. 26. Why does a diamond sparkle more than glass
reflected or refracted rays, so ti can not be projected on the screen . A a imitation of the
same shape and size?
real image is usually inverted while a virtual image is erect. Hence, il ( Rawalpindi 1998 , 1989)
an image can be projected on a screen it is real otherwise virtual. Ans:~ l he refractive index of diamond is very high and its critical angle is
Q.23. What is the difference between (i) chromatic aberration and (ffl quite small ( i.e. 24°). Hence, when a beam of light enters it, it is
spherical aberration. S ) totally reflected a number of times inside it and it emerges in random
I Ans;- i) Chromatic aberration:-
( * directions causing the sparkling of the diamond. But in case of a glass
It is the defect of a lens due to which lens
with
A imitation refractive index is low, so it does not sparkle like a
diffraction also disperses white lightL into component c0 ° diamond .
complete image thus formed will have all the colours of the
The lens focuses all the dispersed colours at one point. u ^
^^ Q - 27. Why is a beam of white light not dispersed into component
colours when it passes perpendicularly through a pane of glass?
defect, the image will be coloured and not well defined . Ans:- White light through a glass pane:-
r When a beam of white light falls perpendicularly on a pane of glass,
( ii) Spherical aberration:-
This is a defect of lens in which the outer rays after P
1
ass
r
'11- _ the angle of incidence is zero, therefore the angle of refract ion is also

through the lens converge more thaij the inner rays ( Cc

r 453
1 hi eq ua tio n sh ow s tha i gre ate r the dia me ter ( aperture) of the
zero and it passes through without suffering any 45 2
de vi at io n Si . eX !ens and smaller value of the wave length of light , higher will
colours are separated due to their different deviations, "^ ' op tic .
case they will not be separated and no dispersion will takth er ef or -" be rciolv' ing po w er of the al ins tru me nt
Q.28. Why are danger signals in red when the eye is
yellow and green ?
e pla ce
1
^
more sensitive
De fin e re fr ac tiv e ind ex ( Ra wa lpi ndi 20 0b )
Q j 1• ri ind of refraction can be defined as Ute ratio of speed of light V .
ex
t0 Ans : !aiJ v in dium .
of lig
^
’
or va cu um to the sp ee d the giv en me
( Faisalabad 1989 , Multan 1984 ) n
- Mathematically, it is written as
Ans: Danger signals are in red : -
Light of any colour, when travels through space _ speed of light in air or vacuum
is scatt Index ol retraction - speed of light in medium
from dust particles etc, present in the atmosphere and
decreases with the distance. The scattering of light depends
its int *n *
c ‘e

wavelength which is given by the relation up on its Or

4
Scattering oc 1 /A. Q.32. What is Snell
i.e. The larger the wave length , the smaller the scattering - ra of of incidence to the sine of angle of
As the wavelength of red colour is larger than all
. Ans: Th e tio
refractiorLis ratio of refractive indices of two media is
the other
colours, so it can travel with a small loss of intensity and called snell ’ s lalv.
can be seen
at longer distance. That is why danger signals are in red . a atically, it is expressed as
Q.29. Why objective of short focal length is preferred sinGi
in microscope?
( Lahore 2006 ) i
-
Ans: The magnifying pow'er of microscope (e.c compound
microscope ) can or nisinGj = n2sin 02
be written as . >
0 33. Write different types of optical fibres (Gujranwala 2006 )
L Ans:- i here are three types of optical fibres depending upon the w'ay they
M * 7 ( 1 + d/ fc) ( i) m gate light . These types are given hclovv:-
Where f0 = focal length of objective lens i) Single mode step index fibre
fe = focal length of eye piece
L = Length of compound microscope
d = Least distance of distinat vision
i
^ (2 )
(3)
Multimode step index
Multimode graded index
Here the wwd mode is us ed for me tho d by wh ich lig ht is
I

It is clear from the above relation that smaller theffocal length, propaged within the fibre or va rio us pa ths tha t lig ht ca n fol low in
greater will be the magnifying power ( i .e. M or l / f . therefore, in
> traveling down the fibre.
. , sup p
order to increase the magnifying power of microscope an objective ot 0 - 34. Define magnifying power ( Gu jra nw ala 200 6 Fa isa lab ad 200 5 .)
short focal length is used . Ans:- It is defined as the ratio of the an gle su bt en de d by the im age as see n
Q.30. Explain resolv ing power of an optical instrument through the optical device to the an gle su bt en de d by the ob jec t at the
are

^
( Rawalpindi 2006 , A. £ ) bo th the ob jec t an d the im age
Kashmir 2006 ) naked ( ) eye, provided ( * /
Ans:- The ability of an instroument to reveal (show) the minor details of the placed at the same distance fro m the ey e .
object under examination is called its resolving power. ca
It n be ex pr es se d as
The purpose of a microscope or telescope is not only t0 Angle subtended by image
magnify an object but to reveal (show) it in great detail . The amout of
.
Magnifying power = subtended by the object.
detail revealed by an optical instrument depends on what is called
resolving power. Or a
n M
00 A
, La hor e 200 S )
Mathematically it is expressed as »? ( Fa isa lab ad 200 6
- -
Ans: Optical fibre is a
fib
Q 35. What is an optical re
thi n gla ss or pla sti c ma ter ial in the sh ap e
transmitted. The
of a
C niin
* = « 22
•
% flexib rod thr
le ou gh wh ich lig ht sig na ls are

• . ( . .
 X

455
of light in the optical fibre occurs by total jnt 454 ® wer of a lens and its unit ( Faisalabad 2005 supp./
propagaiicm
' IXi P
'/

refraction . The fibre optic (M -

Define a lens:-
reflection and by continuous techno! U ° of
being
much
widely
wider
The fibre
used now
bandwidth
optic system
cables having diameter
a days
capacity
has
o
much
in communica
that is
thinner
* about 6.00 mm .
tion
information
and light
system

(
due ils
^
°
carrying CaPacity
> eight
"
. Power
The reciprocal
in metres
is
is called
D=f
the
1
(
power
)
of
of
a
the
lens.
focal
It is
length
denoted
of
by
a
D
lens
.
expressed
That is

Q36. Define total internal reflection ( Multan 2005)

Unit of Power : -
-
ADS: When the ray' s of light pass from a denser medium to a rarer mediuni
then angle of refraction for each ray is greater than the critical *
‘

~
The unit of powder
of Dioptre : -
of a Jen is
Definition r
no refraction will take place and the total light rays will be refl ^ One dioptre is th Jowe a lens of one metre focal length .
back into the same denser medium from the boundary
phenomenon is called the total internal reflection.
Q.37. What are the conditions necessary for total internal reflection ^
•
Thus,
of the
^
lens in metre
1
f
Focal length
(Multan 2005)
' 1 a convex lens is positive while that of concave is
powe of
Ans: -
There are two conditions of total internal reflection The
^
negative *. ;
(1) The ray of light should travel from denser medium to rarer ( Faisalabad 2005 supp)
medium . Q.41. What is SimpI icroscope?
is held close to the eye to magnify the
(2) The angle of incidence should be greater than the critical angle Ans:-An ord
o
con
ject
ens which
is called a simple microscope ,

of the denser medium. between eye and object , it helps us to

en this lens is placed
Q.38. Define critical angle and its formula bringing it closer than 25 cm . Its
( Bahawalpur 2004, A. Kashmir 2004) the tails of an object by
given by M = ( 1 + d /f )
Ans: - When a ray of light travels from a denser medium (glass) to a rarer agnifying
hat is
power
compound
is
microscope ? ( Multan 2004 )
medium (air) it bends away from the normal. The angle of incidence
for w'hich angle of refraction is 90° is called critical an It is impound microscope is an optical
gher magnification of a near small object.
-
instrument which is used for

denoted by 0C compound microscope is given by the

Magnify ing power of a
Formula: - formula
According to SnelFs law
njsinGi = n2 sin02 M = p ( 1 + d/fc)
when ec
0| = , 02 = 90° Where p is nearly equal to focal length f0’ of the objective
'

equation ( 1 )
and
can
q is
be
Therefore, nearly equal to the length L’ of the tube. So
njsinGc = n 2sin90° written as
or njsin0c = n2
M= jr ( l +d/f )
«
.
orsin0c = r /nj
^
0 39 Define least distance of distinct vision.
- G- Man 2005 , Faisalabad 2005 )
(D
Am> The imnmym distance fr< n the eye at which an object appears to be lens.
An astronomical telescope of havi
consists two t h i n lens 24
( D. G.
cm
Khan
apart
2005)
. F nd h
the . ^^
“^lengths
fnranenetbs
focal j
of
of
5
the

di Uinct U u * ikm or near -

Ans: Th v total length of the tube is given by
i «

WKm> ' ® distance of distinct vision

*
V L £ + fe
= > .
ha ,,-
-
r.r
>- - - -
Th . .istMtt natmmd it % value is about 25 cm fro® Putting the value , we
(2) -
24 = f © + •
 457

Magnifying power = M - jr or 5= 1 456

) A Turntable
l O ' \ Telescope
Or C, = 5C ( 3) ( iii )
Puttmu the value of f , from equ (3) in equ ( 2) we uCr llses: -
is Used to lind the wavelength of light
(1 ) It fincL the refractive index of transparent
24 = 5£ + £ It is also used to
6 = 24 ( 2) prism
or
^ ,
fc - 4 cm
(i e )
material study he s ctra different sources of light .
Putting the value of fe in equ ( 2 )
24 = & + 4
( 4)

Q. 47._
(3)
What is a
to
It is used
is collimator? ^
:t m t construction of spectrometer It
or £, = 24 - 4 = 20 cm Ans :- A collimator
consists of a me # ube g an adjustable slit
parallel
3t
beam
one
of
end
light
and
from
a
end provides a
f„= 20 cm (5) convex lens ayhe
the source .
' '

. through scattering and

Q. 44 . Distinguish between convex lens and concave lens. is lost in optical fibre
(Gujranwala 2004 ) Q.4*. HOW the
absorption . multiple reflections , some
Ans:- Convex Lens: - :- When a light signal travels along fibres by
The groups of atoms
A lens which converges a beam of parallel rays to a point after Ans due to impurities in the glass .
light is absorbed together also scatter some
refraction is called convex lens for converging lens ). where fibres arc joined
formed at joints scattering and absorption can be reduced by
A lens which is thicker in the center ( middle) and thinner at due to
light . Power losses
the edges is called a convex or converging lens . manufacturing .
careful (a ) single mode ( b ) Multimode
This lens produces a real image whose sign is positive. . E# in the difference between
Concave Lens: -
A lens which diverges a beam of parallel rays after refraction - (
- cp index fibre.
a ) Single Mode Step Index
( Federal
JFibrc
hoard
-
:
2005)

of about 5 mm
is called concave lens (or diverging lens) has a very tlun core
Single mode step fibre cladding ot glass or plastic A
A lens which is thinner at the center and thicker relatively large
he edges is diameter and has a source is used to send
called a concave or diverging lens monochromatic light source or laser
or
strong
carry more than 14 TV channels
A concave lens produces a virtual image whose signn is taken ] » light signals through ir It can
as negauve 14000 phone calls.
Q. 45. Name the instrument which is used to find the refractive index of ( b) Multimode Step index Fibre : - of relatively larger
index fibre lias a core
transparent material . ( D. < f . Khan 2004 ) A multimode step
carry white light signals
Ans - The instrument which is used to find th
transparent material is called spectrometer
.
ractiv < index of

The refractive ( p ) of prism can be found by using tht formula

sin ( A + D,n )/2
diameter such as
bu due ,
central core
to
of
50
dispersion
this
pm

fibre
it
effects
has
is
,
mostly
it
a
is
constant
from
used
useful
1.52
to
only
.-
rcfract
to n
for
v
1
short
c
-
mdex
48 at
distances

the
( 1.52 )
.

boundary
The
The
'
\% refractive index then decreases the thickness of the
constant t irou 8
sin AJ 2 of cladding and remains index multimode
step
where A is the angle of pnsm and IT, is nlc angle of minimum cladding. This is called
deviation. Q .50. Describe multimode
graded in
centraj core whose diameter
grader ^ relatively high refractive
0.46. What is spectrometer ?
which is
( Fuisalahad 2004, Siv-votlha 200S )
used the
Ans:- A multimode
50 mm to
' '
Jts core has
middle to the outer surface
Ans:- It is an optical instrument for careful sludv of ranges from grac from the
core and
sources of light decreases ^ houndary between central
spectra from different index which no pa graded - index
of three main parts fibre There is
ca ] ject a multimode
It consists of the .
^ ^
(i) A collimator cladding. T

I
I fibre, ft is useful for long distance applications and white li ht
to carry the signals.
458
is used ^ X X_
459
i

0- 51 . What do you understand by cladding? ^ AX

-
Ans: In optical fibres when the propagation of light is through <
continuous R
X
refraction with in the fibres, the central core ( part ) has high i. e. AX.
Value
refractive index (high density ) and over it is a layer of a
refractive index ( less densit ). This layer is called claddin
of
lower
Such a
where
& X = X -
X —Ai X\ = Xi
type of fibre is called modulated step index fiber. and 2
Q.52. Describe the uses of Fibre optics . Therefore, grating with high resolving power can distinguish
in wavelengths whose line spectrum is very close to
-
Ans: ( I ) -
It has much wider band width capability and safe
from
small difference
electromagnetic interference. each other.
the resolving power in the mth order
(2) Fabric optics is also used to transmit light around
comers . .
Q 55 What do you understan
unapproachable places. and diffraction of N ri gs on the grating?
of li ; es ruled per unit length of the grating then it
0) Fabric optic tools are commonly used in industry. Ans: - If N is the number
power in the m th order diffraction is
(4) They have proved their importance in medical
science for
can be : 1 that *1 solving
diagnostic purposes particularly in endoscopy. equal to the product Nx m i e . .

(5) Fibre optics technology has introduced a Nxm

communication
system, which has the ability to transmit thousands of
telephone Q.56. W hat do you mean by fibre optic communication system?
conversation, several television programmes, through one or two Ans:- idea of transmission is used in communication technology .
flexible hair thin threads of optical fibre. A fibre optic communication system consists of three major
(6) The fibre optic system has much thinner and light weight components named as -
cables, whose protactive case has dimameter of about 6.0 mm. 0 A transmitter to convert electrical signals to light signals .
.
Q.53 What are the principles of propagation of light optical ^
in fibr . ( ii ) fibre as carrier of light signals.
.An optical
-
Ans: Light propagating in an optical fible should be totally confined wi L * (m) A receiver that captures the light signals at
signals
the other end of the
the fibre. This condition can be made possible by the phenomena 0 fibre and reconverts them to electric .

-
(i ) Total internal reflection The light source in the transmitter - can be either a semi
di ) Continuous refraction. conductor laser or a light emitting diode ( LED ).
sound in optical
O)
'
Total Internal Reflection:
When the angle of incidence, at the
- W
s- incidence is
Q - 57 . HOW signal is transmitted and converted
fibre.
into

light signal by using semi

greater than the critical angle, the light is tot iy reflei d back into Ans:- 1 he voltage signal is converted with fibre
_ f
*

signal is transmitted through optical

the fibre. conductor diode . This light signal by
. A
converted into voltage
(ii) Continuous Refraction:- / j
At the other end light signal is again
T
by a sound amplifier to listen .
using photodiode. It is amplified
refraction
a layer of a
fhen C re
,t Ve °
tfle hre
,
reactive
through continuous
^
index and
15
over it is Q.58. What w ill be power of a lens having focal
s)
length
( Lahore 2006
20 cm ?

0-54. What i, the

r Jow
if * s a> er called »
cladding. 20

-
Ans:- Focal length = f - 20 cm |QQ = 0.2 m
difrraction grating.
- ofulri °',
Ans: The resolving power
,
g S 3 measure of how efficiently it can

~ ^^ ^
separate or
/Us o °R |
Ve er thS
Mathematically, it js expressed as
* given order of their 1 ovver

D=
1
D poca|length
10 5 dioptre Ans
=
of lens in metre
.
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